CE 305

Hydraulics

19 October 2020 – Week 03

Step 1 in pipe flow analysis: determination of the flow type
Laminar flow Turbulent flow
V V
D D

* highly unidirectional * 2- or 3-dimensional

* in relative order * highly complex
* predictable * irregular
* unsteady
* unpredictable
 b

a
 Laminar Flow of a Newtonian fluid

y, v

x, u

* Shear stress (due to tangential force on a surface) is linearly related to

the vertical gradient of mean/average flow velocity (rate of shear strain).

* The ratio of the former to latter is the kinematic viscosity.

Vertical structure/profile/gradient of flow velocity

Flow velocity (m/s)

 y, v
x, u
Turbulent Flow

Shear stress has a laminar and a turbulent (Reynolds) part.

 Turbulent Flow components
y, v
: velocity gauge
x, u

Flow
u'(t) : Velocity fluctuations in time
velocity,
u(y,t)
Time-averaged
mean flow velocity

Time (t)

Turbulent flow has a time-averaged component and fluctuations in time.

 Turbulent Flow & Reynolds stresses
y, v

x, u
Flow velocity
u(y,t)
y

u'(t)
v'(t)

Time (t) Flow velocity, u(y)

* Laminar stress is associated with vertical gradient of average flow velocity.

* Reynolds stress is associated with transfer of momentum by fluid parcels
moving between different vertical levels.
 So, it all boils down to the estimation of...

which is EXTREMELY complicated, if not impossible, to:

- solve analytically

- measure in the laboratory or in the field

- compute numerically
As a result, parametrizations are needed to relate
Reynolds stresses to the average flow field.

μt : eddy viscosity

μt (eddy viscosity) varies with not only fluid type but also flow conditions.
This yields...
 Turbulence is one of the hottest research topics ever that concern
several disciplines of Science, Technology, and Engineering:

* Civil Engineering

* Mechanical Engineering

* Physical Oceanography

* Atmospheric Sciences

* Aeronautics and Aerospace

* Sports (soccer, athletics, swimming, surfing, golf)

* Medicine (blood circulation; fluid flow into and out of lungs)

 Host-to-Host Airborne Contagion As a Multiphase Flow Problem
For Science-Based Social Distance Guidelines
S.Balachandar
University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
Seminar Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought sudden and broad social awareness about the
fundamental role of airborne droplets and aerosols as virus carriers. Droplets are
formed and emitted at high speed during a sneeze, and at lower speed while
coughing, talking or breathing. The virus-laden droplets are then initially transported 
as part of the coherent puff of buoyant fluid ejected by the infected host. Larger
droplets fall out of the puff, while smaller droplets rapidly evaporate and the virus
takes the form of a potentially inhalable aerosol. The use of a mask or other
protective devices by the receiving host diminishes the probability of inhalation of
the virus-laden aerosol, but its effectiveness depends on the droplet/aerosol size.
CDC guideline of social distancing of 2 meters (6 feet) is based on the disease
transmission theory developed in 1930s. Incorporating the effect of adverse flow
conditions that prevail under confined environment of elevators, aircraft cabins and
public transit, or favorable conditions of open space with good breeze or cross
ventilation is important. Only through reliable understanding of the underlying flow
physics of virus transmission one can arrive at a nuanced multi-layered guideline in
designing case-specific social distancing guidelines. The talk will focus on the
physics and theoretical modeling of droplet/aerosol dispersion.
Vertical structure of turbulent flow & shear stress

Pipe wall Pipe wall

R R
pipe centerline
Distance from

pipe centerline
Distance from
Pipe centerline

0 0
Vc
Shear stress Flow velocity
* Flow goes from zero at the pipe wall to Vc at the pipe center.

* Shear is maximum near the wall (with stress ) and zero at the center.

* Shear stress is dominated by laminar component very near the wall and
Reynolds component everywhere else.
 We will be focusing on fully developed flows in pipes.

- The boundary layer structure is formed.

- The flow velocity varies only across the pipe,

not along the pipe.

Image Courtesy: Munson, Okiishi, Huebsch, Rothmayer

Laminar flow in a pipe
 Laminar flow in a pipe
P1
P2

Laminar flow in a pipe is governed by a balance between:

* pressure gradient along the pipe ( )

* shear stresses at the pipe walls ( )

vs.
Analytical solution of steady laminar flow in a pipe,
based on F=ma

Isolate a cylindrical fluid element with radius r and length l

between points 1 and 2 with a pressure drop of Δp:

Flow
p1 p2 = p1 - Δp

Besides the pressure forces, the other force would come from the
shear stresses on the fluid cylinder surface.
Steady laminar flow in a pipe, based on F=ma

x, Flow
p1 p2 = p1 - Δp

Steady state →
 Steady laminar flow in a pipe

x, Flow
p1 p2 = p1 - Δp

PressureForce1 - ShearForce - PressureForce2 = 0

 Steady laminar flow in a pipe

Seeking a solution that would satisfy the following:

Pipe wall Pipe wall

D/2 D/2
pipe centerline
Distance from

pipe centerline
Pipe centerline Distance from
0 0
Vc
Shear stress Flow velocity
 Steady laminar flow in a pipe of diameter D
l

p1 p2 = p1 - Δp

Shear stress structure Velocity structure

within the pipe within the pipe

Average velocity Discharge

 In case of nonhorizontal pipes:

θ (positive)

Replace with

* θ is positive for uphill slopes

* θ is negative for downhill slopes

* : specific weight
Problem 3
Problem 3: For a fully developed laminar flow through a horizontal pipe,
the following structure is given for the velocity within the pipe as a function
of distance away from the pipe center (r) and pipe diameter (D):

a) what is the maximum velocity?

b) Assuming average velocity is half of the maximum velocity, and for a 4-
cm diameter pipe, what is the discharge?
c) Using average velocity, what is the smallest kinematic viscosity that
satisfies the laminar flow condition?

a) Max. velocity (Vc) occurs at the pipe centerline (r=0) Vc = u(r=0) = 2 m/s

b) Vav= Vc /2 = 1 m/s

c)
Problem 4
Problem 4: Oil with dynamic viscosity μ=0.4 N.s/m2 and density of
ρ=900 kg/m3 flows laminarly through a pipe of 0.02 m diameter.
a) If the pipe is horizontal, what is the required pressure drop between
points x1=0 m and x2=10 m to obtain a discharge of 2x10-5 m3 /s?
Problem 4: Oil with dynamic viscosity μ=0.4 N.s/m2 and density of
ρ=900 kg/m3 flows laminarly through a pipe of 0.02 m diameter.
b) In case of no pressure change between two points, what should be
the pipe slope to be able to achieve the same discharge in part (a)?

(downhill)
No such analytical solution is possible for
turbulent flow in pipes. Instead...

Pipe wall

Laminar pipe flow

Turbulent pipe flow

Pipe centerline

n = f(Re)
No such analytical solution is possible for
turbulent flow in pipes. Instead...

Friction velocity
Problem 5
Problem 5: There are velocity, u(y), measurements at two elevations within
turbulent flow of a fluid (with a kinematic viscosity 1.5 x 10-5 m2/s) in a pipe.
The flow is assumed to follow this overlap region structure; compute u*.
Problem 5: There are velocity, u(y), measurements at two elevations within
turbulent flow of a fluid (with a kinematic viscosity 1.5 x 10-5 m2/s) in a pipe.
The flow is assumed to follow this overlap region structure; compute u*.
Problem 5: There are velocity, u(y), measurements at two elevations within
turbulent flow of a fluid (with a kinematic viscosity 1.5 x 10-5 m2/s) in a pipe.
The flow is assumed to follow this overlap region structure; compute u*.

u* = 0.075 m/s
Losses in pipe flow
 But, “loss” in what?

* The driving force in pipe flow is the pressure variation along the pipe.
* Therefore, we talk about pressure loss (and associated energy) when
we say “loss.”
* We will also be commonly referring to pressure loss as head loss:

hL
 Losses in pipe flow

Friction losses Local losses