A4

Saturday, 20 April 2024 8:37 PM

If an object returns to its original shape and size when force is removed, then it behaves elastically.
Latent heat is thermal
energy required to
phase change 1kg of
If L > L0 then tensile strain is positive substance
(lengthen)
U is stored energy
Compressive is opposite.
Q is heat energy
Flow of viscous fluid through pipe required W is work energy
higher pressure at inlet than outlet E is 'food' energy

1000 cal = 1Cal = 1.49kJ

When motion is complicated,
use Energy
Re < 2000 = laminar, Re > 3000 = turbulent
Absolute temperature measures average
Inelastic = Plastic kinetic energy of a molecule
Movement of thermal energy due to
temperature is heat transfer.
Heat transfer continues until thermal
equilibrium is reached - at the same
temperature.
Thermal equilibrium does NOT mean the
same thermal energy.
Properties of pressure:
- A Fluid exerts pressure in all Directions
- At a given depth in a stationary liquid, pressure is equal in all directions.
- Fluid pressure always acts perpendicular to surface in contact. Laws of thermodynamics:
- Pascal's principle states pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted 0th - Objects in contact will reach thermal EQ.
undiminished to all parts of the fluid 1st - Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
- Pressure is the same at equal depth in a stationary fluid of uniform density, independent
of the shape of the container.
Energy is always conserved
Critical point: temperature where vapour density
and liquid density are the same, above this point
liquid cannot exist and a supercritical fluid
substance forms (no phase change back possible).
Triple point: temperature where solid, liquid and
gas phases are all in thermodynamic equilibrium
(0.01°C for water).
Absolute humidity = Moisture content in air =
mass of water present per kg dry air
Relative humidity = Partial pressure of water /
sat. vapour pressure at that temperature
Dry-bulb temperature = Normal temperature
measured with a thermometer
Dew point temperature is the temperature when
liquid is formed, RH = 100%
At RH = 100%, Dew point temp = Dry-bulb temp.
Wet Bulb Temperature = Thermometer reading
while covered in a wet cloth.
Air passing a wet surface will evaporate the
water when RH < 100%, cooling the surface to
wet bulb T, no further. - The temperature of the
cloth will decrease to attain thermal EQ B/C the
evaporating water requires energy

Most gases have the same volumetric

expansion coefficient at atmospheric
pressure: 3411 x 10-6 oC-1 at 20 oC.
Charles' Law: Volume is proportional to
temperature when pressure is constant.
Boyles' Law: Volume is inversely
proportional to pressure when temperature
is constant.
Buoyancy - Archimedes' principle:
Ideal gas law: Charles' + Boyles' Law
A body immersed in a fluid, upwards force exerted
Impulse is external force causes change in momentum by fluid equals weight of fluid displaced by body.
Inelastic collision: E K is NOT, P is conserved. Sticky = Inelastic
Elastic: E K and P are conserved.

Relative velocity before = Relative Velocity after

k is thermal
conductivity.
Total Energy in springs = E k + EP hcond is the
Surface tension - Cohesion is attraction
between like substances, adhesion is the conduction heat
attraction between unlike substances. transfer coefficient.

Capillarity - Phenomenon
where balance between Negative meniscus - Positive meniscus -
cohesive and adhesive forces Cohesive > Adhesive Adhesive > Cohesive
Transverse wave = Vertical Amplitude cause the fluid to climb up.
Longitudinal wave = Horizontal Amplitude
Incompressible - Fluid has constant density. Mass flowing in = Mass flowing out
Distribution of speeds of molecules is called
Viscosity - Internal friction of fluid.
the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.
Laminar - Steady and Smooth. A is the surface area, T is in K, σ is Stefan -
Turbulent - Occurs at higher velocities Bernoulli's equation - Laminar, incompressible, small Boltzmann constant, ε is emissivity of the
viscosity fluids. e.g. Energy conservation. surface, and hrad is the radiative surface heat
180 degree phase change when wave hits wall transfer coefficient
Nodes have amplitude = 0 Emissivity of black surfaces is between 0.9 and
Higher velocity means less pressure.
Antinodes at peaks and troughs 1, shiny metallic surfaces is less than 0.1.
Fluids and objects go from high pressure to low pressure

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