Name Class Date

Chapter 9 Energy

I Summary
lHE B¡G Energy can change from one form to another without a
IDEA net loss or gain.
9.1 Work
Ø Wort is done when a force acts on an object and the object moves in
the direction of the force.
. Work is the product of the force on an object and the distance through
which the object is moved.
. In the simplest case, when the force is constant, the motion takes place
in a straight line in the direction of the force: work = force x distance. In
equationform,W=Fd.
¡ Work generally falls into two categories: work done against another force
and work done to change the speed of an object. In both categories, wôrk
involves a transfer of energy between something and its surroundings.
. The unit of work is the newton-meter (N.m), also called the joule. One joule
(]) of work is done when a force of 1 N is exerted over a distance of 1 m.

9.2 Power
S Power equals the amount of work done divided by the time interval
I during which the work is done.
. Power is the rate at which work is done:
:@

a
POwe'=ffi
o
. A high-power engine does work rapidly. If an engine has twice the
o
:< power of another engine, this means that it can do twice,the work in the
same amount of timð or the same amount of work in half'the time.
@
.9 o The unit of power is the joule per second, which is also known âs the
õ watt. One watt (W) of power is expended when one joule of work is
Õ done inrone second.
o In the United States, we customarily rate engines in units of horsepower

is the same as 0.75 kW

o
'oÞ
È 9.3 Mechanical Energy
@
S fne two forms of mechanical energy are kinetic energy and potential'
energy.
. The properfy of an object or system that enables it to do work is energy.
. Like work, energy is measured in joules.
. Mechanical energy is the energy due to the position.of something or the
movement of something.

Conceptual Physics Reading and Study Workbook . Chapter 9 63

 Name Class Date

Chapter 9 Energy

9.4 Potential Energy

I thru" examples of potential energy are elastic potential energy,
chemical energy, and'gravitational potential energy.
r Energy that is stored and held in readiness is called potential energy
(PE) because in the stored state it has the potential for doing work.--
o A stretched or compressed spring, a bow that is drawn back, and a
stretched rubber band have elastic potential enerry.
. The chemical energy in fuels is potential energy at the submicroscopic
level. This energy is available when a chemical change in the fueh tãkes
place.
. The potential energy due to the elevated position of an object is
graaitational potential energy. j

a The amount of
object is equa!

in this equation is the distance above some chosen reference level.

9.5 Kinetic Energy

Ø rn" kinetic energy of a moving object is equal to the work required
to bring it to its speed from resÇ or the work the object can do while
being brought to rest.
. The *"*, ãf motion is kinetic energy (KE).
. The kinetic energy of an object is equal to half the object's mass
multiplied by the square of its speed. hr equation form, this is
yB =lmaz. @
-oo¿
. The net force on an object muttiplied by the distance along which the a
force acts equals the object's kinetic energy. In equation foine, this is ñ
4
q
a
p¿ =l*o2. o
=
I
o
9.6 Work-Energy Theorem o
+
Ø fn" work-energy theorem states that whenever work is done, en ergy o
o
changes. Y
Þ
' The work-energy theorem describes the relationship between work and @

energy.
o
. Work equals change in kinetic energy. Lr equation form, Work = AKE, o
o
where the delta symbol, A, means "change in." The work in this equation F-
is the net work.
. lf y9* push a box across a floor at a constant speed, you are pushing just
hard enough to overcome friction. In this example, the net force and net
work ate zero, and KE = 0.
. Kinetic energy often appears hidden in different forms of energy.
Random molecular motion is sensed asheat. Sound consists of moiecules
vibrating in rhythmic patterns. Light energy originates in the motion of
electrons in atoms. Electrons in motion make electric currents.
.t''
64 Canceptual Physics Reading and Study \lüorkbook . Chap_ter 9
.l
 Name Class Date

Chapter 9 Energy

9.7 Conservat¡on of Energy

Ø ffru law of conservation of energy states that enêrgy cannot be created
or destro¡red. lt can be transformed from one form into another, but l-

the total amount of energy never changes.

. The study of the various'forms of energy and the transformations from
one form into another is the law of conservation of energy.
. Everywhere along the path of a pendulum bob, the sum of potential
energy and kinetic energy is the same. At the highest points, the energy
is only potential energy. At the lowest point, the energy is only kinetic
enerSy-
. The sun shines because some of its nuclear energy is transformed into
radiant energy. úr nuclear reactors, nuclear energy is transformed into
heat.
o Some electric-generating plants transform the energy of falling water into
electrical energy. Electrical energy then travels through wires to homes.

9.8 Machines
Ø R machine transfers energy from one place to another or transforms it
from one form to another.
. A maçhine is a device used to multiply forces or to change the direction
of forces. A machine cannot put out more energy than is put into it.
. A lever is.a simple machine made of a bar that turns about a fixed point,
. If heat from friction is negligible, the work put into a machine equals'the
work put out by the machine: work input = work ouþut.
Eo (force x distance)iop,rt = (force x distance)output
¿
o
E
. The pivgt point of â lever is the fulcrum.
Þ
'=
. The ratio of output force to input force for a machine is called the
< mechanical advantage.
. A tFpe l- lever has the fulcrum between the input force and. the load. If
..e-
the fulcrum is closer to the load, a smalf input force exerted. through-a
o
'= large distance produces alarger output force over a shorter distance. The
.o ' directions of input and output are opposite.
s
föicès
have the same
É
E.
o
o
In a type 3 lever, the fulcrum is at one end and the load is at the other.
d
The input force is applied between them. The input and ouþut forces
o have the same direction.
a A pulley is a kind of lever that can be used to change the direction of a
force.
a A single pulley with a fixed axis behaves like a type 1 lever. A single
pulley with an axis that moves behaves like a typeZlever.
a A system of pulleys multiplies the force and it may change the direction
of the force. The mechanical advantage for a simpie pulley system is the
same as the number of strands of rope that actually support the load.

Conceptual Physics Reading and Study Workbook . Chapter 9 65

Name Class Date

Chapter 9 Energy

9.9 Efficiency
Ø ¡n any machine, some energy is transformed into atomic or molecular
kinetic energy-making the machine warmer.
' The efficiency of a machine is the ratio of useful energy ouþut to total
energy input, or the percentage of the work input thaiis converted to
y".rk oufpuJ. No real machine can be L00% efficient. The wasted energy
is dissipated as heat.
' An inclined plane is a machine. Its theoreticøI mechanical advantage,
3sgu"ming
negligible friction, is the length of the incline divided uy tne
height of the inclined plane.
' Efficiency can also be expressed as the ratio of actual mechanical
advantage to the theoretical mechanical advantage.
o To convert efficiency to percent, express it as a decimal and multipty
by 1,00%.

9.¡O Energy ior Life

Ø rhur" is more enerEy stored in the molecules in food than there is -
in the reaction products after the food is metaborized. This energy
difference sustains life.
o Most living organisms on this planet feed on various hydrocarbon
compounds that release energy when they react with oxygen. In
metabolism of food in the body, carbon combines with oxygen to fórm
carbon dioxide.
' goly green plants and certain one-celled organisms can make carbon
dioxide combine with water to produce hydrocarbon compounds such as
@
tTg^al. This process is calleâ photosynthesis and requires an energy hp.tt, E
@
o
which normally comes from sunlight. a
o
ñ
e
a
9.11 Sources of Energy o

Ø fft" sun is the source of practically all our energy on Earth. ll

o
a
cells or in ó
ó
energy in :o
Õ
Y
' wjnd, caused by unequal warming of Earth's surface, is another form
of solar power. wind can be used to turn generator turbines within =
@

specially equipped windmills. o

o Hydrogen is the least polluting of all fuels. Because it takes energy to @
o
È
=
make hydrogen-(to extract it from water and carbon compounds), it
is not a source of_energy. In a fuel cell, hydrogen and oxygen gas are
compressed at electrodes to produce water añd electric cùrrent.
o The most concentrated form of usable energy is stored in nuclear fuels.
o Earth's interior is kept hot by producing a form of nuclear power,
radioactivity.
' Geothermal energy is held in underground reservoirs of hot water.

66. Conceptual PhysicsReading.and Study Workbook . -ehapter 9.

 Name Class Date

Chapter 9 Energy

Exercises
9.1 WOfk (pages 145-1461
1. Cilcle the correct matfrematical'equation for work. ;i--

work = force + distance work = distance + force

work = force x distance . work = force x distance2
Z. iou can use the equation in Question L to calculate work when
the force is ' and the motion takes place in

-
3. You do work if you lift a book one meter above the ground. How does the
amount of work change in each of the following cases?
a. You lift the book twice as high.': It doubles -
b. You lift two identical books ene meter above the ground. It doubles

4" Complete the table by naming the two general categories of work and giving an
example of each.

Category of Work Exampie

Work done against another force Braking a car

Work done to change speed Accelerating a car

Eo
¿
a
o

o 5. The unit of work is the Joule

< 6. Suppose that you apply a 50-N horizontal force to a 25-kg box, pushing
o the box 6 meters across the floor. How much work do you do on the box?
Þ 300 J
q -
a 9.2 POwêf (pages 146-1471
7. Power is the rate at which Work is done.
8. Power equalS Work Time
9. The unit of power is the Watt
o
Þ
è
o L0. One megawatt (MW) equals 10,000,000 watts.
@
LL. In the United States, we customarily rate engines in units of horsepower
which is equivalent to 0.8 kilowatt.
9.3 Mechanical Energy (page 147)
1"2. Define energy.
Power over time

L3.What is the SI unit of energy? Joule

Conceptual Physics Reading and Study Workbook . Chapter 9 67

'
I

Name Class Date

l

Chapter 9 Energy

1"4.Mechanical energy is the energy due to the Stillness or

Movement of something.
L5. \Alhat are the two forms of mechanical energy?
a. Potential

b. Kinetic

9.4 Potential Energy (pases 148-r4e)

L6. On each line, write eløstic, chemical, or grøuitational to identify the fype of potential
energy described.
Chemical
Elastic b. a compressed spring
Chemical c. water in a reservoir
l
Elastic d. a sketched rubber band
Chemical
e. food
gravitational f. a bow dra-wn back
-------:-- --
Chemical g. electric batteries
17. The amount of grâvitational potential energy possessed by an elevated object is
equal to the work donê against gravity in lifting it.
L8. \Alhat are two ways to calculate gravitational potential energy?
Mass
a. -
b. Mass acceleration due to gravity (g) x height
"
19. Explain what the height is when you calculate an object's gravitational potential
energv.
How far the object will fall @
E
o
q
õ
o
è
iñ
20. How do hydroelectiic power stations make use of gravitational potential energy? o
o
They make energy from water flowing through them

ô
ô
:ê
9.5 Kinetic EnergV (page iso) o

2L. Kinetic energ)¡ is energy of motion Þ,

@
22. Circle the letter for the equation you can use to find the kinetic energy of an object
õ
KE =Zma yB= o
|*o =
@
e

KE =2ma2 KE =1*r,
z
23. Kinetic energy equals the Mass on an object multiplied by the
distance the object moves.
24.Is the following sentence true or false? If the speed of an object doubies, the
kinetic energy of the object- also doubles. No, it quadruples

68 ConcEtual Physics Reading and Study Workbook . Chapter 9

 Name Class Date

Chapter 9 Energy

9.6 Work-Energy Theorêñl (pases 151-152)

25. Express the work-energy theorem. r':i4il1
Work is change in energy ..dàr{
:;;lsÈl*
':,,ilEã
26. Explain this equation: Work = ÁKE. t+;ii¡ÉÉ
Work is the change in kinetic energy

27. Is the following sentence true or false? If you push against a heavy refrigerator,
and it doesn't slide, then you are not doing work on the refrigerator.
true
28. Suppose you push against a box so that it moves across a horizontal surface.
Exptain how to determine ttre change in kinetjc energ"y in each of the
following cases.
Kinetic energy does not change
a. The surface has no friction.

Kinetic energy slowly decreases

b. The surface has some friction.

c. The box moves at a constant speed across a surface that has some friction.
Kinetic energy increases

29.Is the following sentence true or false? The maximum friction that the brakes
of a car can supply is nearly the same whether the car moves slowly or quickly.
True

Match eøchform of hidden kínetic enerry with íts description.

Form of
Eo Kinetic Energy Description
o
s2
C 30. heat a. consists of molecules vibrating in rhythmic patterns
Þ A 31". sound b. produced by electro4s in motion
' B. 32. electricity c. results from random molecular motion
o
q
-E-
õ 9.7 Gonsentat¡on of Energy þages 153-154)
o
33. The energy an arrow delivers to a target is slightþ less than the energy it had
when it was flying toward the target. What happened to the lost energy?

o
34. Express the law of conservation of energ¡r
èÞ
@

35. The wound spring of a toy car has 1"0 J of potential energy. O.ly I J of this
energy changes to kinetic energy as the car moves. \tVhat happens to the
remaining 2l of energy?

Conceptual Physics Reading and Study Workbook . ChaPter 9 69

 Name Class Date

Chapter 9 Energy

36. The figure above shows the energy of a swinging pendulum bob at different
points along its path.
a. If you ignore frictiorç how does the energy of the bob at the
highest points of its path compare to the energy at the lowest
point of its patli?
It is always the same

b. How doesfriction affect the pendulum?

37. The sun shines because some of its nuclear energy is transformed into
:.--,,--_____:-;êRerg'y¡ :

into heat
¡ is transformed
39. Suppos-e a person in distress leaps from a burningbuilding onto a firefighter's
trampoline near the ground.
a. Describe the change in potential energy, kinetic energy, and
total energy as the person falls.
The jump turns potential energy into kinetic energy, but total energy only changes with friction
b. Suppose the person has L0,000 j of potential energy just before @
jumping. What are the person's potential energy and kinetic -õ
@
o
energy upon reâching the trampoline? o
ñ
è
Potential energy is 0 and kinetic energy is 10,000J q
Q
o

¡,¡.thme ts device used to o

or
o
:
a
6

one Þ.
a
transforms d
o
o
o
+
42. a
d

43. lete for a lever.

force X

,]
.. '',i.ì
..r.i
70 Conceptual Physics Reading- and Study Workbook . Chapter 9
."..1
t- , .'t,i
.,.i
:'*:ral
'I
Name Class Date

Chapter 9 Energy

9.1O Energy for Life (page 160)

6L. Most living organisms on this planet feed on various
compounds that release energy when they react with -. . o
T
o
62. Is the following sentence true or false? The amount of energy-.stored in gasoline e
a
o
is greater.than the amount of energy in the products of- its combustion. ?
ñ
è
e
True o
a
63. Is the following sentence true or false? There is less energy stored in the molecules
' of food than there is in the reaction products after the food is metabolized. =
o
False
o
64. How does the metabolism of food in the body compare to the burning of fossil ::
o
fuels in mechanical engines? How are the processes 4jfferent? ô
r,
Burning fossil fuel has energy lost as heat, where food processing has energy lost as excess nutrients
@

@
o
ã
o
65. What makes life possible on Earth?
The sun
providing enough energy for us to survive

72 Conceptunl Physics Reading and Study W"orkbook . Chapter 9

 Name Class Date

Chapter 9 Energy

9.11 Sources of Energ! (pases i6i-r62)

66 Sunlight is the source of practically all our energy on Earth.
67. Sunlight is directly transformed into electric.ity by Solar panels
-:-:
'#
68. Sequence the steps by which sunlight can be used indirectþ to generate electricity.
a. Sunlight causes tempurature difference, making wind
b._ Wind turns turbines
c.. Turbines spin motors
Motors generate electricity
d._ _
69. Wind canbe considered arype of solar power because wind is caused by
Temperature difference

70. Circle ' . .i each correct statement about wind energy.

Wind is a stead.y form of energy.
Wind power can provide all of our energ:y needs. . t
Wind can make a substantial contribution to the energy we use.
;Vind energy is practical when the energy is stored for future use.
7'j-,. ls the following sentence true or false? Hydrogen is a source of energy.
True

72. Ir-a Fuel cell hydrogen and oxygen gas are compressed at electrodes
to produce water and elecfric. current.
- interior is kept hot by
73. Faúh's
E
@
74. _ Geothermal , energy is- held in underground reservoirs of hot water.
È
o
o -
Þ

'o
€'
q.
Þ
q

o
Þ
È@
o

Conceptual Physics Reading and Study Workbook .' Chapter 9 73

 Name Class Date

Chapter 9 Energy

Gravitational Potential Energy

Calculate the increase in potential energy when a crane lifts a 2,000-kg car a
vertical distance of 10 m. The acceleration due to gravity (s) is 10 m/J.
L. Read and Understand
What information are you giaen?
Mass of the car, m = 2,000 kg
Height of the ca4, h = 10 m
2. Plan and Solve
Whøt unknown are you trying to cølculate?
Gravitational potential energy = PE
Whøt mathematical equation can you use to calculøte the unknown?
, -- .= : -,- .- --, Gravitationalpotential eneÉgy, P,E = mgh
Substitute the information you know into the equøtion
PE = mgh

= (2,A00 kgx10 m/s2x10 m)

Multíply tofind the unlcnown.
PE=200,000J=200kI
3. LookBackandCheck
Is your ønswer reøsonøble?
The magnitude of the potential energy is 100 times the mass of the car. o
i
o
a
This is reasonable because the car is lifted 10 m. õ
o
ñ
è
Math Practiee o
a
04 ø separøte sheet of pøper, solae the
folloìwing problems.
o
L. A footba-ll Player throws a ball with a mass of 0.34kg. What is the gravitational
potdntial enerøy of the ball when it is 5.0 m above ttie ground? " o
:o
s
o

2. À 2.0-kg book is ôn a shelf that is 1.6 m high. What is the gravitational potential >
@
energy of the book relative to the ground? I
@
o
o
=
3. A 36-kg girl walks to tlu top of stairs that are Z.}-mhigh. How much gravitational
potential energy does the girl gain?

4. A can of soup has a mass of 0.35 kg. The can is moved from a shelf that is 1.2 m
off the.ground to a shelf that is 0.40 m off the ground. How does the gravitational
potential energy of the can change?
I

74 Conceptual Pltysics Reading and Study Workbook . Chapter 9