Work, Energy and Energy If A and B are perpendicular (at 90 degrees to each other), the result of

the dot product will be zero, because cos θ will be zero.

Conservation
Learning Competencies:
• Calculate the dot or scalar product of vectors
• Determine the work done by a force acting on a system
• Determine work as a scalar or dot product of force and
displacement
• Relate the elastic potential energy of a system or object to the
configuration of the system
• Explain the properties and the effects of conservative forces
• Solve problems involving work, energy and power
Introduction
Energy plays an essential role both in everyday events and in
scientific phenomena. You can, no doubt, name many forms of
energy, from that provided by our foods, to the energy we use to run
our cars, to the sunlight that warms us on the beach. You can also
cite examples of what people call energy that may not be scientific,
such as someone having an energetic personality. Not only does
energy have many interesting forms, it is also involved in almost all
phenomena, and is one of the most important concepts of physics.
We can loosely define energy as the ability to do work, admitting that
in some circumstances not all energy is available to do work.
Because of the association of energy with work, we begin the lesson
with a discussion of work. Work intimately related to energy and how
energy moves from one system to another, or changes form.
DOT PRODUCT
Dot product, or sometimes called the scalar product is an
important mathematical operation commonly used in Physics. The
dot product, A·B, of two vectors, A and B, may be computed by
multiplying the product of their magnitudes by cos θ, where θ is the
angle between them.
If the angle between A and B are less than 90 degrees, the dot product
will be positive (greater than zero), since cos θ will be positive and the
vector lengths are always positive values.
If the angle between A and B are greater than 90 degrees, the dot
product will be negative (less than zero), since cos θ will be negative,
and the vector lengths are always positive values.
Work Done by a Force
When a force acts upon an object to cause a displacement of the
object, it is said that work was done upon the object. There are three
key ingredients to work - force, displacement, and cause. In order for a
force to qualify as having done work on an object, there must be a
displacement and the force must cause the displacement.
Example of work that can be observed in everyday life:
➢ A father pushing a grocery cart down the aisle of a grocery store
➢ A freshman lifting a backpack full of books upon her shoulder
➢ A weightlifter lifting a barbell above his head
➢ An Olympian launching the shot-put
What is work?
The work done on a system by a constant force is the product of the
component of the force in the direction of motion times the distance
through which the force acts. For one-way motion in one dimension,
this is expressed in equation form as:
W = Fd cos θ

A·B = ABcos θ
2
Where:
1
Dot product represents an angular relationship between two vectors.
W = work
Given the characteristics of the cosine function, three possible
conditions may be arrived upon.
 F = magnitude of the force d= Determine the kinetic energy of a 625-kg roller coaster car that
is moving with a speed of 18.3 m/s.
magnitude of displacement θ = angle between
Given:
force F and displacement d
m = 625 kg
Note: Unit for work done is N.m or is called Joule (J). Therefore, Force
V = 18.3 m/s
must be in Newtons and displacement is in meters.
Solution:
Example:
KE =
A force of 50 N acts on the block at the angle shown in the diagram.
The block moves a horizontal distance of 3.0 m. How much work is =
done by the applied force?
5
KE = 104,653.125 J or 1.05 x 10 J
Given:
Note: the unit of energy is the same with unit of work done which is
F = 50 N d = 3.0 m Joule (J).
θ = 30°

Solution:

W = Fd cos θ 4

W = (50)(3.0) cos (30) POWER

KINETIC ENERGY
The quantity that has to do with the rate at which a certain amount
Kinetic energy is the energy associated with translational motion. of work is done is known as the power. It is the rate at which work
Kinetic energy is a form of energy associated with the motion of a is done. It is the work/time ratio. Mathematically, it is computed
particle, single body, or system of objects moving together. In equation using the following equation:
form, kinetic energy is: P = W/t 3

KE=
Where:
P = Power W = Work done t=
time
Where: Note: Unit for Power is J/s (Joule per second) or is called Watts.
Therefore, work must be in Joule and time is in terms of seconds.
KE = Kinetic energy
m = mass of the object
Example:
v = speed of the object
When doing a chin-up, a physics
Example:
student lifts her 42.0-kg body a
distance of 0.25 meters in 2 seconds. What is the power delivered by wondered why this happens? When a spring deviates from its mean
the student's biceps? position, it tends to restore its equilibrium by exerting a force equal and
opposite to the external force. In equation form, potential energy of a

PE =
Given: s

m = 42.0 kg d = 0.25 m t = 2 sec

Solution:
P = W/t PE = Potential energy in spring
W = Fd cos θ k = spring force constant
x = displacement
To raise her body upward at a constant speed, the student must apply
spring, PEs is:
a force which is equal to her weight.
F = mg
= (42.0 kg)(9.8m/s2)
F = 411.6 N
Where:
s
W = (411.6N)(0.25m) cos 0
W = 102.9 J (Note that there is no angle between
5
P = 102.9J/2 s
F and d, since they are both directed Example:
A compressed spring has a displacement of 2 m and its spring
upward) constant is 200 N/m. Calculate the potential energy of the spring.
CONSERVATIVE AND NON CONSERVATIVE FORCES Given:
By definition whenever a conservative force acts on an object, Solution: x=2m s
the work done on that object depends strictly on the initial and final PE =
position of the object and is independent of the pathway taken. One k = 200 N/m
very common example of a conservative force that fits this definition is =
the force of gravity. If we take a ball and drop if from some height, the
work done on the ball by the force of gravity will be exactly the same as 6
the work done on the object if the ball rolls down a frictionless inclined PE = 400 J
s
plane that has the same height. Conservative forces can also be
defined in a second way: the net work done by a conservative force on
SUMMARY:
an object that travels in a closed circuit is always zero. A
1. Work is the transfer of energy by a force acting on an object as
nonconservative force is any force that does not fit these two
definitions. Some examples include the force of friction, the pull or push it is displaced.
of a person, and air resistance. ACTIVITY
2. The work W is that a F does on an object is the product of the
POTENTIAL ENERGY
Potential energy is the energy a system has due to position, magnitude F of force, times the magnitude d of displacement,
shape, or configuration. It is stored energy that is completely times the cosine of the angle θ between them. In symbols: W =
recoverable. Potential energy of a spring
When we compress or extend a stretched spring, we experience a Fd cos θ.
1.
force equal to that applied by us in the opposite direction. Have you
 3. The work done by a force is zero if the displacement is either
zero or perpendicular to the force, positive if the force and
displacement have the same direction, and negative if they
have opposite direction.
4. The translational kinetic energy of an object of mass m moving
at speed v is: KE =
5. Power is the rate at which work is done, or in equation form, for
the average power P for work W done over a time t: P = W/t
6. A conservative force is one for which depends only on the
starting and ending points of a motion, not on the path taken,
whereas a nonconservative force is one for which work
depends on the path.
7. The potential energy of a spring is PEs = , where k is the
spring’s force constant and x is the displacement from its
undeformed position.
REFERENCES:
Dirks, Hinrichs, sharma and Urone.(2015) College Physics. Gadong E.
and Belleza R.(ed), General Physics 1 (Philippine Ed.).
2. A person is transporting a trolley of mass 10 Kg and having
Kinetic energy of 60 J. Compute its Velocity with which he is
running?
3. A typical adult in Philippines consumes something like 2400
kilocalories of food per day. Determine the average power
generated by such an adult. (1 kcal = 4184 J).
4. John pulls a spring with a spring constant k = 250 N/m,
stretching it from its rest length of 0.50 m to 0.60 m. What is the
spring potential energy stored in the spring?
5. A force F = 10 N acting on a box 1 m along a horizontal
surface. The force acts at a 30° angle as shown in figure below.
Determine the work done by force F?

The Physics classroom (1996-2020). “Power”

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/energy/Lesson-1/Power

Prepared by: JOVY B. GISULTURA, LPT

Direction: Solve the following problems. Show your solution and box
your final answer.

A man pulls a block 5 m along a horizontal surface by a

constant force F = 40 N. Determine the work done by force F
acting on the block.