τ is torque
PHYSICS REVIEWER
W7: STATIC
Equilibrium refers to a state of balance where there is
no net force or net torque acting on an object, resulting
in no change in its motion. In other words, the object is
either at rest or moving with constant velocity.
o STATIC EQUILIBRIUM: the object is at rest, and the
net force acting on it is zero. This means that the
forces acting on the object are balanced, and there
is no acceleration. (ex: is a book sitting on a table.)
CONDITIONS:
✓ Net external force must equal zero
1. Stationary
2. Moving with a constant velocity
✓ Net external torque must equal zero
o DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM: the object is moving with
a constant velocity, and the net force acting on it is
also zero. This means that the forces acting on the
object are still balanced, but the object is in motion.
Ex: car traveling at a constant speed on a flat
road.
o ROTATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM
✓ When an object is in rotational equilibrium, the
net torque applied to it is zero.
✓ Rotational equilibrium is often used to
determine unknown forces.
W8: TORQUE
TORQUE: a twisting force that can cause an object to
rotate around an axis or pivot point. It is a measure of
the force that can cause an object to rotate around an
axis or pivot point. The unit of torque is the Newton-
meter (Nm) in the SI system.
τ=rxF
r is the perpendicular distance from the pivot point to
the line of action of the force
F is the force applied.
▪ A torque is an action that causes objects to
rotate.
▪ Torque is not the same thing as a force.
▪ The measure of the tendency of the force to
cause an object to turn or rotate.
▪ For rotational motion, the torque is what is
most directly related to the motion, not the
force.
CONCEPT OF TORQUE relating to SEESAW:
The torque depends on the amount of force applied by
each person and the distance between their position
and the pivot point.
If one person is sitting closer to the pivot point than the
other, they need to exert more force to create the same
torque as the other person who is sitting farther away
from the pivot point but exerting less force.
This is because torque is the product of the force and
the distance from the pivot point, so if the distance is
shorter, the force needs to be larger to create the same
torque.
W9: WORK, POWER, AND ENERGY
JAMES JOULE: British physicist. Best known for his work
in electricity and thermodynamics with physicist
William Thomson (later Baron Kelvin)
-
Joule-Thomson effect: the temperature of a gas falls
when it expands without doing any work. Underlies the
operation of common refrigeration and air conditioning
systems.
MECHANICAL ENERGY
is the energy which is possessed by an object due to its
motion or its stored energy of position
• Kinetic energy: is the energy of motion
• Potential Energy: an object can store energy as
the result of its position or elastic source
WORK: joules (J) KE = 1/2 * m * v^2
Work is done when a force is applied to an object and
the object moves in the direction of the force. (to cause o POTENTIAL- energy stored in an object due
a displacement) to its position or configuration
The amount of work done is equal to the force applied
multiplied by the distance the object moves: PE = m * g * h
M for mass
▪ Use this formula when it says “N force is applied to
move…”
g for gravitational energy (9.8m/s2)
h for height
W=F×d
F for force
d for displacement (meters) PE = 1/2 * k * x^2

▪ When there is an angle between the force and the

displacement.
W10: MOMENTUM
W = Fd cosθ Latin means ‘movement’ or moving power. The symbol
F for force is ‘p’ which stands for progress.
d for displacement
θ for the given angle Leibniz: “the quantity of motion in which a body
proceeds in a certain direction.”
▪ when the problem includes “upward force or lift” IMPULSE- To stop an object, we have to apply a force
over a period of time.
W= m x g x h
M for mass LINEAR MOMENTUM
❖ is a physical quantity that describes the amount of
g for gravitational energy (9.8m/s2)
motion of an object.
h for height ❖ It is defined as the product of an object's mass and
its velocity.
❖ is a vector quantity, it has both magnitude and
POWER: watts (W)
direction.
Power is the rate at which work is done or the rate at
which energy is transferred. It is defined as the amount p = mv
of work done per unit of time: p is the linear momentum
m is the mass of the object
P = W/t v is its velocity
W for work
t for time THE LAW OF CONSERVATION
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only
P=Fxv transformed from one form to another.
F is force • in a closed/isolated system, the total
v is velocity momentum remains constant. This means that
if there are no external forces acting on the
system, the total momentum before an event is
ENERGY equal to the total momentum after the event.
Energy is the ability to do work or to transfer heat. • If the system’s momentum can not change, the
There are many different forms of energy. The total momentum before the collision must equal that
energy of a system is conserved; it cannot be created or after the collision
destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.
1. ELASTIC COLLISION
o KINETIC- the energy of motion there is no net loss in kinetic energy in the system as a
result of the collision.

m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1' + m2v2'
M1 = mass of the first body
v1 = velocity of the first body (Before)
M2 = mass of the second body
v2 = velocity of the second body (Before)
v1' = velocity of the first body (After)
v2' = velocity of the Second body (after)
2. INELASTIC COLLISION
a loss of kinetic energy. The lost kinetic energy is
transformed into thermal energy, sound energy, and
material deformation.
m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1 + m2)vf
M1 = mass of the first body
v1 = velocity of the first body (Before)
M2 = mass of the second body
v2 = velocity of the second body (Before)
vf = final velocity of the body
W11: HYDROSTATIC
PHYSICAL PROPERTY: A characteristic of a substance
that can be observed without changing the identity of
the substance.
➢ Size
➢ Texture
➢ Color
➢ Shape
➢ Mass
➢ Volume
PHYSICAL CHANGE: A change in any physical property
of a substance, not in the substance itself.
Ex: Stretching a rubber band is a physical change
because the size changes however, the material that
makes up the rubber band does not change
EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
o Ductility The ability to be pulled into a thin
strand. (Wire, Paper clip, Copper wire)
o Malleability: The ability to be pressed or
pounded into a thin sheet. (Tin foil)
o Boiling Point: The temperature at which a
substance changes from a liquid to a gas. (Water
to steam)
o Melting point: The temperature at which a
substance changes from a solid to a liquid. (Ice
cube melts to a puddle of water)
o Electrical conductivity: How well a substance
allows electricity to flow through it. (Water
conducts electricity so never swim during a
lightning storm)
o Solubility: The ability to dissolve in another
substance (Adding sugar to coffee)
o Hardness – property of the substance to scratch
another substance. (Diamond is the known
hardest substance.)
o Tensile strength- is the ability of some
substances to resist great force. Steel manifest
this property.
o Brittleness – is the property of being broken
easily. (Glass is a brittle substance)
o Plasticity – is the property of being molded into
shape.
o Porosity – is the property of having spaces
between particles.
DENSITY is a physical property of matter that
describes how much mass is packed into a given
volume. It is a measure of the amount of material in a
certain amount of space. The formula for density is:
Density = Mass / Volume
o Compares the mass of an object to its volume.
o Is the mass of a substance divided by its
volume.
The SI unit for density is kilograms per cubic meter
(kg/m³), but it can also be expressed in grams per cubic
centimeter (g/cm³)
VOLUME BY DISPLACEMENT
• A solid completely submerged in water
displaces its own volume of water.
• The volume of the solid is calculated from the
volume difference.
PRESSURE
Is force per unit area. It is NOT the same as Force.
Pressure is a useful concept for discussing fluids because
fluids distribute their force over an area.
Ex: The same force applied over a smaller area result in
greater pressure – think of poking a balloon with your
finger and then with a needle.
PRESSURE & DEPTH
▪ Pressure increases with depth in a fluid due to
the increasing mass of the fluid above it.
▪ Pressure in a fluid includes pressure on the fluid
surface (usually atmospheric pressure)
▪ The units of pressure are N/m2 and are called
Pascals (Pa).
BUOYANCY
A fluid exerts a net upward force on any object it
surrounds, called the buoyant force.
This force is due to the increased pressure at the bottom
of the object compared to the top.
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE- An object completely
immersed in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant
force equal in magnitude to the weight of fluid
displaced by the object.
APPLICATION:
▪ An object floats when it displaces an amount of
fluid equal to its weight.
▪ An object made of material that is denser than
water can float only if it has indentations or pockets
of air that make its average density less than that of
water.
▪ An object floats when it displaces an amount of
fluid equal to its weight.
▪ The fraction of an object that is submerged when it
is floating depends on the densities of the object
and of the fluid.
HYDROSTATICS is the study of fluids that are at rest.
It involves understanding the behavior of liquids and
gases in static conditions. Hydrostatic pressure is the
pressure that is exerted by a fluid at equilibrium due to
the force of gravity acting on the fluid. The pressure at
any given point in a fluid is equal in all directions and is
determined by the density of the fluid, the acceleration
due to gravity, and the depth of the point below the
surface of the fluid.
NEWTON'S THREE LAWS OF MOTION
1ST LAW: THE LAW OF INERTIA
An object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in
motion will continue in motion with a constant velocity
unless acted upon by a net external force. This means
that an object will not change its state of motion unless
acted upon by a force. In other words, objects tend to
resist changes in their motion.
2ND LAW: THE LAW OF ACCELERATION
The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to
the net external force acting on it, and inversely
proportional to its mass. This means that the greater
the force applied to an object, the greater its
acceleration will be, and the greater the object's mass,
the smaller its acceleration will be.
3RD LAW: THE LAW OF ACTION AND REACTION
For every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction. This means that when two objects interact
with each other, the force that one object exerts on the
other is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to
the force that the other object exerts on the first object.
This law explains how forces always occur in pairs, and
that these pairs of forces are equal and opposite.
▪ TERMINOLOGIES:
NET FORCE- Net force is the overall force acting on an
object, which takes into account all the individual forces
acting on the object. If the net force acting on an object
is zero, then the object will be at rest or will continue to
move at a constant velocity, as per Newton's first law of
motion. If the net force acting on an object is non-zero,
then the object will experience acceleration, as per
Newton's second law of motion.
DISPLACEMENT- the distance between an object's final
position and its initial position, measured in a straight
line
VELOCITY- describes the rate of change of an object's
displacement over time.