Forces

Content

Types of Resultant Force 1.Moment 2. Center of 3. Stretching

forces force effects mass

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• Force is a push or pull exerted by one
object on another
• Measured in Newton (N)

• Forces can change

1. speed,
2. shape, size, or
Forces
3. direction of an object

• Forces cannot change mass

• Forces are measured by
forcemeter ,newtonmeter or spring scale

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Types of
forces
 Forces

Non-contact Contact

Gravitational
Magnetic Reaction Frictional Air Up trust Thrust Tension
(weight) force force resistance force force force

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✗ It is a gravitational force acting on an object

✗ Measured in Newton (N) Weight

✗ Acts downwards from a point called the center of
gravity
Weight = mass x gravity

✗ Larger planets have higher gravity

weight

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 Reaction force (normal contact force)
Reaction
✗ It is the support force experienced by an object when it
is in contact with another solid surface. force

force

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 ✗ This a resistance force between two contacting surfaces
moving against each other
✗ EX pushing a box on the floor Frictional
force
✗ Friction force is opposite to the direction of motion and
parallel to the floor
✗ As the roughness of the floor (surface) or the object
increases, the friction force increases
Two effects of friction force:
Slows things down,
causes heat
• Advantage:. Helpful in
walking, slowing down a
car
• Disadvantage: causes
heating to reduce heat
use lubricants
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✗ It is the force resisting the motion of body through
fluids (can be air or liquids)
Air
✗ It is called also called drag force resistance
force

✗ As speed increases, drag force increases

✗ As surface area increases, drag force increases
✗ Streamlining decreases air/water resistance
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✗ It is the upward force acting vertically on an object
partially or fully submerged in water
✗ UPTHRUST
Upthrust
force
✗ If upthrust > weight objects float
✗ If upthrust < weight objects sink

water

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✗ It is the forward force (driving force) of the engines in
airplanes and trains
Thrust
force

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✗ The force in stretched materials
Tension
✗ It is the pulling force exerted by ropes or force
strings

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Resultant
force
What if we have several forces acting on a body?
The resultant (overall) force: has to be calculate it is is a single force
that has the effect of all the forces acting on this object together
• by adding together forces which act in the same direction
• and subtracting forces which act in opposite directions:

ZERO N 7-3= 4 N

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When the forces acting on a body are balanced
(i.e. there is no resultant force), State of equilibrium
• If the object is not moving (stationary) it will remain at rest

• If the object is moving there will be (no change in speed and or direction)
(zero acceleration)

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Answer : B

IT IS SPEEDING UP AS THE RESULTANT FORCE = (FORWARD FORCE – BACKWARD FORCE)

= 2000 – (800+ 500) = 1200 N to the forward

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 25000N 70000N Engine thrust force
Friction force

Back wards

70000- 25 000 = 45 000 N

Air resistance

accelerates
The resultant forces acting on the train is no longer zero so the train starts to accelerate 19
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Air resistance

Weight/gravity=540/10=54

540- 100= 440

downwards 21
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 No resultant force as the speed is constant
correct

Added force causes acceleration 23

Air resistance
friction

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Forces
effect
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A moment is the turning effect of a force

• Moments occur when forces cause objects

to rotate about some pivot
1.Moment
• The size of the moment depends upon:

1. The size of the force

2. The distance between the force and the ance
Dist
pivot
• The unit is Nm or Ncm

Moment = Force × perpendicular distance from the pivot

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 Two forces results in zero moment: Force parallel to the distance
1. A force applied parallel to the distance
2. A force applied at the pivot

If the force applied to turn an object is the same then in

Situation 1 :
• Force is not perpendicular so less moment Moment

Situation 2:
• Force is perpendicular so more moment More moment

Situation 3:
• Force is perpendicular Even more moment
• and the distance from the pivot is bigger
• So even more moment

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Equilibrium: when the object is completely balanced
1. Resultant forces = zero (as discussed before)

2. Resultant moments = zero (principle of moment)

Sum of clockwise moment = sum of anticlockwise moment

4m 6m

60 N 40 N

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M M1= 40 X 6 = 240 Nm
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Answer : C
THE MOMENT APPLIED TO THE LEFT IS HIGHER AS the force applied is at a greater
distance from the pivot

THE MOMENT = force applied x distance from the pivot

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 D2
D1
2

W1

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Answer : A
SINCE IT IS BALANCED (clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment)

W1 X D1 = W2 X D2

SINCE D1> D2
W1 < W2

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 Moment

The force to open the gate was smaller than the closing force
The direction is opposite

Lubricating the hinge / move away from the pivot(hinge)

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 15 x 10 = 150

The turning effect around a pivot

Moment = f x distance
Moment = 150 x 2.5 = 375 Nm

To maintain the same moment we have to decrease the distance from the pivot as the force has increased
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by adding the weight of the boy
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Position A needs less force to produce the same turning effect or moment as the distance from the
pivot is increased
Moment = force x distance

* The door closes because the moment

applied by the worker at A is higher than
the moment applied by the worker at B
from the other side 40
The centre of mass of an
object (sometimes called 2.Center
the centre of gravity) is
the point through which of
the weight of that object
acts gravity
The point on which the object is balanced

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CG
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Finding the center of mass
1.For a symmetrical object of uniform density (such as a symmetrical
cardboard shape) the centre of mass is located at the point of symmetry:

2. For Irregular objects the center of gravity (mass) moves to the heaviest side
of the object

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Experiment getting the center of mass of piece of
lamina(plumb line method)
✗ Hang the piece of lamina from the pin and allow to swing freely
✗ When it is balanced attach a thread with mass at the pin
✗ Draw a vertical line (plumb line)
✗ Repeat at least one more time using another corner for hanging
✗ The point of intersection of the vertical lines drawn is the center of mass of the card.

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Topple or stable?
✗ Toppling is when an object easily fall over while stability means than an object can resist
falling
✗ The object will fall if the vertical line from the center of mass is outside the base
A. stable
B. CG is still within base range won’t topple
C. CG outside the base (topple)

✗ When designing cars center of mass

should be kept low as possible to avoid toppling
Stability is increased by:
✗ Lowering the center of mass
✗ Increasing the area of the base (wider)

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 A
Answer :
Low center of mass

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ruler

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 Moment

It will topple

The vertical line from the center of gravity will be outside the base 56