Force

Force is the cause of motion

A force is a “push” or a “pull”

Unit >> newton (N)

Vector quantity
 Gravitational force
The gravitational force is a force of attraction that exists between all bodies
that have mass.

mg

F = W = mg
 Friction
The force to resist the motion that slows things down
Frication is the external force that acts the opposite to the direction of motion.

Friction is the force that causes moving objects to slow down and finally
stop.
 Air resistance
-An object moving through air experiences a force that opposes its
movement, this force is called air resistance or drag force

Depends on shape and speed of object

- High drag force design - Low drag force design

Streamlined shape
 Normal reaction force (Normal Force)
The normal force is the force that surfaces exert to prevent solid objects from
passing through each other

Weight pulling down

chair pushing up
Tension Force (pulling force)
Magnetic force Upward thrust force

Electrostatic force

SOME OTHER EXAMPLES OF FORCES

 MORE THAN ONE FORCE

As we saw earlier, in most situations there will be more than just one force. But
there are more than one force.

Normal reaction forces

Friction

weight , mg,
gravitational force
 High speed

Normal reaction Force

Air resist or
drag force

Forward
Force of
machine
Or thrust of
engine

Fractional
W force
Normal reaction force

W
Upward Thrust Force

W
 FT 10 N

15 N 10 N

mg 10 N

Figure 2. 7 shows two situations in which forces are acting on an object. In the tug of war
contest the two teams are pulling on the rope in opposite directions. For much of the time
the rope doesn't move because the two forces are balanced. This means that the forces are
the same size but act in opposite directions along the line of the rope.
Eventually, one of the teams will become tired and its pull will be smaller than that of the
other team. When the forces acting on the rope are unbalanced the rope will start to move in
the direction of the greater force. There will be an unbalanced force in that direction.
Unbalanced forces acting on an object cause it to change the way it is moving.
 Balanced or unbalanced forces

100 N 100 N

Balanced forces Unbalanced force = 0

50 N 100 N

Unbalanced force = ?

100 N

Unbalanced force = ?
 Balanced & unbalanced forces

Balanced forces:
If the forces acting on an object are balanced then the
object will either remain stationary or continue to move
with a constant speed.

Unbalanced forces:
If the forces acting on an object are unbalanced then the object
will change its speed. It will begin to move, speed up, slow
down or stop.
 CHANGING SHAPE
Sometimes the change of shape is temporary, as in the suspension spring in
the mountain bike.

Sometimes the shape of the object is permanently changed, like a crushed can or
a car that has collided with another object.
A temporary change of shape may provide a useful way of absorbing and storing
energy, as in the spring in a clock
Springs change length when a force acts on them and they return to their
original length when the force is removed.

To choose the right spring for a particular use, we must

understand some important features of springs.
 Hooke’s Law
In 1660, Robert Hooke states that “Hooke’s Law”

Robert Hooke discovered important property

of springs

If a material obeys Hooke’s Law, the extension is directly

proportional to the applied force provided that the
elastic limit is not exceeded

Fx
F=kx
F = applied force ,
x = extension,
k = spring constant
Hooke’s Law

Force (N)
Extension (m)
Spring change length when force acts
 Measure original length
of spring

 Spring is loaded with

different weights

 Measure length of
stretched spring with
different weights
 Extension is measured by
subtracting original
length from length of
stretched spring with
different weights

 Plot and draw data of

extension and force
Elastic bands

Elastic bands are usually made of rubber. If you stretch an elastic band with
increasing load forces, you get a graph like that shown in Figure. The graph is
not a straight line, showing that elastic bands do not obey Hooke's law. You
may also find that the extension produced by a given load force is different
when you are increasing the load force to when you decrease the load force.
 Gravitational force
Fraction
Normal reaction force

Drag force and friction

1200N
1250N
50N
red
Normal reaction force

friction
mg
Without friction, the object cannot move from rest and stop from moving.

Therefore , walking and car accelerating would be impossible without friction

 Normal reaction force
Normal reaction force
Pulling force Air resistance
Forward force or Air resistance
thrust of engine

Pulling force
friction
mg
mg friction
0
0.8
1.6
2.4
3.3
4.7
7.9
 14
12
10
Force (N)

8
6 Graph for Elastic ban
4
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
extension (m)
mg
 The car is accelerating because Driving force is grater than the sum of the air
resistance and friction

The driving force decreases and becomes zero and the air resistance decreases with speed.
The braking force increases.
Firstly, the original length of spring is measured by meter stick or ruler and the force is
applied by stretching spring.

The stretched range of spring by force is measured.

The extension of spring can be obtained by