Chapter

Application of
9

Forces & Transfer

of Energy
 Contents

1. How Do Forces in Nature Affect Us?

2. What are the Types of Forces?

3. What Happens when Two or More Objects Interact?

4. How is Energy Conserved?

5. What are the Sources of Energy That We Use?

 How Do Forces
9.
in Nature Affect
1 Us?
Forces in Nature
9. What are the
Types of
2 Forces?
Types of Forces in Nature
 Types of Forces

Contact Forces Non-Contact Forces

Elastic Gravitational Magnetic

Friction
Ioícc Force Force
 Friction
Friction is the force that opposes motion between
two surfaces in contact.
 Friction
Friction is the force that opposes motion between
two surfaces in contact.
 Think!
What if there was no friction?

How would the lack of friction affect our

lives?
The World without Friction
 Elastic Force
Force acting on a stretched or compressed elastic
object to return it to its original shape.
 Think!
Based on the definition, which arrow represents
elastic force?
balanced compressed stretched
 Gravitational Force
Force that attracts two objects towards each other
 Gravitational Force

Earth’s gravitational force:

- Pull all objects towards
its centre
- Keeps the moon orbiting
around Earth
 Think!

If a bowling ball and a feather was released from the

same height, which will fall first?

Why do you think so?

Free Falling Objects
Comparing Mass and Weight
 Comparing Mass and Weight

Mass Weight
What is it? amount of matter in an object gravitational force exerted on
an object
How does it change? remains constant regardless of may change with location
location
What is the SI unit? kilogram ( kg ) newton (N)

What can be used to measure it? electronic balance, beam balance spring balance
 Magnetic Force
Force exerted between a magnet and another
magnetic material / magnet
Magnetic Force
 What Happens
9. When Two or
3 More Objects
Interact?
 When two objects interact, they
exert a force on one another

results in

Transfer of energy between

objects
may cause

Changes in Changes due Changes in Changes in

the state to the turning size and/or pressure
of rest or effect of a shape of an on an
motion of force on an object object
an object object
 Changes in the state of
rest or motion of an object

The transfer of energy

between objects can:
- Move a stationary
object
- Change the speed of an
object
- Change the direction in
which an object moves
 Changes due to turning
effect of a force on an object

Force can be applied on an

object that cause a turning
effect at a fixed point / pivot.

Examples:
- Removing lid of a tin can
- Tightening of a screw
 Changes in size and/or
shape of an object

Examples:
- Balloon changing in size
when pumped
- Sponge changes shape
when squeezed
- Lump of plasticine that
changes in size and shape
when cut into smaller pieces
 Changes in pressure
on an object

- Piercing our skin using an

injection needle
- Using a sharp knife

- Studded shoes to give

better grip in sports
 Comparing Pressure
exerted by area of contact
 Calculating Pressure
- An effect of force acting on an object
- Defined as force per unit area

- Pressure = Force
Area
- SI unit of pressure: N/m2 or Pa (Pascal)
Video Example:
- More nails 🡪 greater surface area 🡪
smaller pressure to burst the balloon
 Liquid Pressure

The pressure due to the liquid increases as one

goes deeper.
 Liquid Pressure

- As you dive deeper into water,

higher pressure acts on your
body.
Due to high liquid pressure in
deeper waters
- Walls of dams have to be
thick
- Submarines have a depth
limit
 Atmospheric Pressure
- Atmospheric pressure acts on us
and on all objects on Earth
- Approximately 100 000 Pa at sea
level
- Due to the layer of air particles
pushed down on Earth’s surface
due to gravitational force
 Think!
At which point will someone experience the highest
amount of atmospheric pressure? Why?
Atmospheric Pressure
 Atmospheric Pressure

In our daily lives:

- Drinking water using a straw
- Using a suction cup on the walls

These works due to the differences in pressure

 Drinking water using a Straw

Air pressure in the straw decreases as the boy sucks on

the straw to remove air from the straw
 Suction cup

Air pressure between suction cup and smooth surface

is
low because air is pushed out from under the cup
 Think!

What do you think will happen to your body if it

experiences high pressure?
Atmospheric Pressure
 Work Done
Work is done through the application of a force on an
object that causes the object to move in the direction
of the force.
 Work Done
For work to be done on an object, it must satisfy the
following conditions:

•
A force is applied on the object.
•
The object moves.
•
The object moves in the same direction as the
force
applied on it.
 Work Done
Work Done
= Force × distance moved in the direction of the force

W=F× d
SI unit of:
• Force is newton (N)
• Distance is metre (m)
• Work done is Joules (J)
 Work Done
Work Done is Zero when
•
The force applied is zero.
•
The distance moved is zero.
•
The distance moved is perpendicular to the direction
of force applied.
 Think!
Which of the following are examples of work done?
Explain your answer.

Pushing a wooden Walking while Carrying a grocery Carrying a grocery

block carrying a backpack bag upwards bag while walking

A B C D
 Work or Not
Work?

In each of the four situatîons shown, is work bRing done or

 Summary
Interactions between objects occur
due to the application of a force. This
application may cause transfer of
energy between the objects, which
may induce in a change of motion of
an object.

When the object moves in the

direction of the force, work is done on
the object by the force. If the object
does not move in the direction of the
force, no work is done on the object
by the force.
9. How is
Energy
4 Conserved?
 Energy Conservation

The principle of conservation of energy states that:

• Energy cannot be created nor destroyed.

• Energy can be transferred from one store to
another.
• Total energy of an isolated system is
constant.
 Energy Stores
There are six different types of energy stores.

1. Elastic potential 2. Chemical 3. Gravitational

store potential store potential store

5. Internal 6. Nuclear
4. Kinetic store (Thermal) store store
 Analogy
To understand the model of energy transfer, think of
energy as money and energy stores as different
bank accounts where money can be stored.

We can transfer money (energy) from one bank

account (energy store) to another bank account
(energy store) but the total amount of money is a
constant.
 Energy transferred mechanically
by a force acting over a distance
Observation: A moving cart is pushed by an applied
force F over a short distance d and its speed increases.
Initial state of system Final state of system
speed = 1 m/s speed = 2 m/s
F

Moving cart, speed = 1 m/s d

Explanation: Assume negligible friction between the cart and the
surface. When a force F moves the cart through a distance d,
mechanical work done W increases the kinetic store of the cart.
 Energy transferred mechanically
by a force acting over a distance
Energy analysis: Shows the initial and final amount of
energy of the system (cart) before and after the force F is
applied over a distance d.
Initial amount of Final amount of
energy / J energy / J

cart

kinetic store kinetic store

 Energy transferred mechanically
by a force acting over a distance
Energy analysis: Shows the initial and final amount of
energy of the system (cart) before and after the force F is
applied over a distance d.
Before the Initial amount of Final amount of
force is energy / J energy / J
applied, the
system (cart)
has energy in
its kinetic
store. The cart
energy in its
kinetic store
is
represented
by one unit. kinetic store kinetic store
 Energy transferred mechanically
by a force acting over a distance
Energy analysis: Shows the initial and final amount of
energy of the system (cart) before and after the force F is
applied over a distance d.
Initial amount of Final amount of
energy / J energy / J

cart

Three units of energy

are transferred
mechanically by force
kinetic store F acting over a kinetic store
distance d
 Energy transferred mechanically
by a force acting over a distance
Energy analysis: Shows the initial and final amount of
energy of the system (cart) before and after the force F is
applied over a distance d.
Initial amount of Final amount of
After the force is
energy / J energy / J
applied, the energy in
the kinetic store of the
system increases to
cart four units.

The increase in its

kinetic store is due to
the mechanical work
W done W by the force F
kinetic store kinetic store over the distance d.
 Calculating the Size of an Energy Store

To calculate the amount of energy in the kinetic store

of a body of mass m moving at speed v, we use the
following equation:

1
kinetic store, EK = 2 m v2

where EK = energy in the kinetic store (J)

m = mass of the body (kg)
v = speed of the body (m/s)
 Calculating the Size of an Energy Store

To calculate the amount of energy in the gravitational

potential store of a body of mass m near the Earth’s
surface at a height h above the ground, we use the
following equation:

gravitational potential store, EP = mgh

where,
EP = energy in the gravitational potential store
(J)
m = mass of the body (kg)
h = height (m)
 Energy Conservation
The principle of conservation of energy states that:

• Energy cannot be created nor destroyed.

• Energy can be transferred from one store to another.
• Total energy of an isolated system is constant.
Energy Conservation
 What Are
9.5 Sources
the of
Energy That
We Use?
Where does energy
come from?
 Fossil Fuels

- Formed from remains

of dead plants and
animals buried in
Earth millions of years
ago
-Limited and will
run out in decades
Singapore’s Fuel Sources
 Fossil Fuels
Impact of use on environment:
- Air pollutants released into environment
- Release of greenhouse gases
- Global warming
- Increase rate of climate change
 Sun
- Most of the energy on Earth comes from the Sun
- Energy from the sun supports life on Earth
- Solar Power → Chemical Potential Store
 Solar Power
- Solar panels are used to harness solar power
- Singapore hopes to maximise installation
of solar panels
- Rooftops, building facades, reservoirs
and offshore sea spaces
- Used at Tengah Reservoir to power
water treatment plants
Singapore Energy Story
Solar Power
 Solar Power

Impact of use on environment

- Harnessing solar power has minimal impact
on global warming

Care has to be taken when producing or

disposing solar panels to reduce amount of
toxic waste generated
 Singapore Energy Story
Solar Deployment with HDB
 Hydroelectric Energy

- Generates
electrical
energy by
turbines when
moving water
powers them
 Hydroelectric Energy

Impact on environment
- Produces very little greenhouse gases
- Reservoir floods the area behind the dam
- Kills plants
- Forces animals to move to other areas
- Fishermen have to fish elsewhere
 Wind Energy
- Uses kinetic store from wind to generate electricity
 Wind Energy

Impact on the environment

- Large plot of lands cleared
- Potential loss of
wildlife
- Birds may collide into
rotating blades
- Noise pollution
 Geothermal Energy
- Heat stored in Earth is used to generate
steam to power turbines
 Geothermal Energy
Impact on the environment:
- Large areas of land have to be
cleared
- Destroys habitats
- Traces of toxic elements buried
underground may be drawn out
- Harms environment if not properly
handled
 Biofuels

Can be produced from:

- animal waste or plant materials that cannot be
eaten by humans
- recycling of food waste (i.e. cooking oil and
plant pulp)

Most common example is ethanol

 Biofuels

- Used to power motor vehicles

- Carbon dioxide produced reabsorbed
by plants during photosynthesis
- More plants can be grown to make
more biofuels
- Generates electricity the same way as
fossil fuels
Biofuels
 Nuclear Store
- Energy harnessed from the nucleus of an atom
through nuclear reactions.
 Nuclear Store
- Heat used to form steam which is used to
turn turbines to generate electrical current
 Nuclear Store
Impact on the environment:
- Requires lesser land space
- Improper disposal or leakage
exposes nearby communities to
radiation
- Chernobyl disaster 1986
- Fukushima meltdown 2011
Is Nuclear Energy the answer?
En
d