Chapter 6 : Work and

Energy
(L10)

• Everyone knows what work and energy

mean in everyday life. You get up in the
morning and ”go to work,” or you “work
up a sweat “ hiking up a mountain . Later
in the day you eat lunch and get the
“energy” to continue working or hiking. In
this chapter you’ll learn what work and
energy mean in physics and how to apply
these definitions to a variety of everyday
situation.
 Poll everywhere

01 02
List five examples of Based on these
things you have done examples, how do
in the last year that you define work?
you would consider
work.
 work done by a constant
force as the dot product
Work in of the magnitude of the
force and component of
Physics displacement in the
direction of the force
 Work

In physics, work is done on an object if:

- A force is exerted on the object.
- The object is in motion.
- The direction of motion is not perpendicular to direction
of force.
 Work
Work: (The product of force and displacement).
• Symbol of work is (W)
• SI unit of work is Joule (J)
• Work is scalar. It has magnitude only.
• In our study we will calculate work in two cases only:
 Solving Strategies of Work questions:
• When solving work-related problems, use the following strategies:
ü Identify and sketch the system. Show any forces doing work on the system.
ü Establish a coordinate system. Draw the displacement vectors of the
system and each force vector doing work on the system.
ü Calculate the work
done by each force
using W = F . d
ü Calculate the net work.
Example 1:
An intern pushes a 72-kg patient on a 15-kg gurney,
producing an acceleration of 0.60 m/s2. How does the
amount of work change if the force is doubled and the
distance is halved?
Example 1:
An intern pushes a 72-kg patient on a 15-kg gurney,
producing an acceleration of 0.60 m/s2. How does the
amount of work change if the force is doubled and the
distance is halved?

We conclude from the ratio that if the force exerted by the intern is
doubled, and the distance is halved, the work done by the intern will
remain the same.
 Explain 1:

Does friction always

do negative work? If
yes, explain why. If no,
give an example of
friction doing positive
work.
 Explain 1:

Does friction always From the definition of work, ! =

do negative work? If " · #, indicates that if the force
vector points opposite to the
yes, explain why. If no,
displacement vector, then W = -F
give an example of d . Because the friction force
friction doing positive always opposes the direction of
work. motion, we conclude that,
friction always does negative
work.
Explain 2:

Is it possible to do
work on an object
that remains at
rest? Explain.
Explain 2:

Is it possible to do No, it is not possible to do

work on an object work on an object that
that remains at remains at rest because the
displacement will be zero.
rest? Explain. Because work is the parallel
component of force
multiplied by displacement,
if the displacement is zero,
the work will be zero.
Classkick
Work and
Energy-
Part1
Force – Distance Graphs:

A graph of force versus

displacement lets you
determine the work
done by a force. This
graphical method can
be used to solve
problems in which the
force is changing.
 Work in F-d Graph
Example1:The adjoining figure
shows the work done
by a constant force of 20.0 N
that is exerted to lift an object
a distance of 1.50 m.

work done = Area under the

graph

= (20.0 N)(1.50 m)

= 30.0 J
Example:

• This figure shows the

force exerted by a
spring, which varies
linearly from 0.0 N to
20.0 N as it is
compressed 1.50 m.
(15.0 J)
Area of Plane Shapes:
Example 1: The force shown in the
figure below acts on an
object that moves along
the x axis.

a. How much work is done by the force as the object moves from !=0 "# !=2.0 $?

b. How much work is done by the force as the object moves from !=2.0 "# !=4.0 $?

c. What is the total work done?

Example 1: The force shown in the
figure below acts on an
object that moves along
the x axis.

a. How much work is done by the force as the object moves from !=0 "# !=2.0 $?

b. How much work is done by the force as the object moves from !=2.0 "# !=4.0 $?

c. What is the total work done?

Classkick
Work and
Energy-
Part2
Quiz 1
 Different forms (kinds) of energy
Kind of energy source
Light Sun , bulbs , fire
Radiant
Heat (thermal) (solar)

Electrical Generator , battery

Nuclear energy The nucleus of atom

Rest Energy E = mc2
Moving objects
Kinetic

gravitational Objects at height from ground

Mechanical
Potential
chemical Fuel , food (in chemical bonds)
(stored)
elastic Stretched or compressed objects
 What is Energy?
Energy:
The ability to cause change.
or
The ability to do work.

• The SI unit of energy is Joules (J)

 Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy:
(The energy a moving object has because of its motion).
• Kinetic energy depends on two factors:
1- Mass 2- speed
• Kinetic energy is directly • Kinetic energy is directly
proportional with mass proportional with square of speed
• If mass increases kinetic • If speed increases kinetic
energy increases. energy increases by square.
Example: If mass doubles kinetic Example: If speed doubles kinetic
energy doubles. energy increases by 4 times.
 Work Energy Theorem
• The work-energy theorem states that when work is done on a
system, the result is a change in the system’s energy.
W = 21mv f 2 - 21mv i2
• Since work is measured in joules, energy must also be
measured in joules.
• Through the process of doing work, energy can move
between the external world and the system.
• If the external world does work on the system, then W is
positive and the energy of the system increases.
• If the system does work on the external world, then W is
negative and the energy of the system decreases.

Work-Energy Theorem W = ΔE
Example 1:
At ! = 1.0 ", a 0.40 #$ object is falling with a speed of 6.0 %/". At ! = 2.0 ", it
has a kinetic energy of 25 &.
a. What is the kinetic energy of the object at ! = 1.0 "?

b. What is the speed of the object at ! = 2.0 "?

c. How much work was done on the object between !=1.0" and !=2.0"?
Example 1:
At ! = 1.0 ", a 0.40 #$ object is falling with a speed of 6.0 %/". At ! = 2.0 ", it
has a kinetic energy of 25 &.
a. What is the kinetic energy of the object at ! = 1.0 "?

b. What is the speed of the object at ! = 2.0 "?

c. How much work was done on the object between !=1.0" and !=2.0"?
Example 2:
Four joggers have the following
masses and speeds. Rank the
joggers in order of increasing
kinetic energy. Indicate ties
where appropriate.
Example 2:
Four joggers have the following
masses and speeds. Rank the
joggers in order of increasing
kinetic energy. Indicate ties
where appropriate.

By comparing the
magnitudes of the
kinetic energies, we
arrive at the ranking
C<A=D<B
Example 3:
Is it possible for the kinetic
energy of an object to be
negative? Explain.
No. Mass is always
positive, and even if
a negative velocity
were included in the
calculation, it is
squared We
conclude that the
kinetic energy is
always a positive
quantity
Classkick
Work and
Energy-
Part3
Gravitational
potential energy

Gravitational potential energy is due to the

position of an object with respect to a
reference level. The GPE of an object is
determined by the amount of work required
to move it from one location to another. This
work is stored as gravitational potential
energy in the object.
 Gravitational potential energy (GPE)
Gravitational potential energy:
Energy stored by objects due to their position above Earth’s surface.

Gravitational potential energy depends on two factors:

1- mass 2- height
• GPE is directly proportional • GPE is directly proportional with
with mass (weight) height
• If the mass (weight) increases, • If the height increases, the GPE
the GPE increases increases
Example: If mass doubles GPE Example: If height doubles GPE
doubles. doubles.
Work Energy Theorem
• The work-energy theorem states that when work is done on a
system, the result is a change in the system’s energy.

! = ∆ $%&

Work-Energy Theorem W = ΔE
 Elastic potential energy (EPE)
Elastic potential energy:
Energy stored in a distorted elastic material.

When a spring stretched or compressed by a distance x, the force exerted on the spring
increase uniformly from 0 to !" . The average force is therefore :
1
#$% = !"
2
ØSpring constant is k
ØDistance of stretch or compression is x
The work done on changing the length of the spring is
) = *+,-*., /0-1, ×3"4,56705
) = #$% "
1 1
)= !" x = !" 9
2 2
Elastic potential energy is measured in SI units in Joules

Muna Alkhasawneh
Elastic potential energy (EPE)

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Elastic potential energy depends on two factors:

ØSpring constant k
ØDistance of stretch or compression

Muna Alkhasawneh
Muna Alkhasawneh
Classkick
Work and
Energy-
Part4
Conservation of Energy
Conservation of Energy
 Conservation of Energy

Mechanical Energy is conserved in

some situations (all forms of
friction are ignored):
Energy can never be created or
destroyed, it can only be
transformed from one form to
another.
https://interactives.ck12.org/simulations/
physics/loop-the-loop/app/
 Conservation of Energy
• Energy conservation may be used to solve
many physics problems.
• For example, energy conservation may be
used to find the final speed of a set of keys
dropped to the floor from a height h (see
figure below).

• By equating the initial potential energy at the

top (mgh) to the final kinetic energy at the
bottom and solving for the speed of
the keys at the bottom, we find

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Question 1 :

How does the kinetic

energy of an object
change if its speed
doubles? Triples?
 Question 1 :

How does the kinetic The kinetic energy is

energy of an object proportional to the square
of an object’s speed.
change if its speed Therefore, the kinetic
doubles? Triples? energy of an object will
increase by a factor of 4 if its
speed doubles, and increase
by a factor of 9 if its speed
triples.
 Question 2 :

If positive work is
done on an object,
does its kinetic
energy increase,
decrease, or stay the
same? Explain.
 Question 2 :

If positive work is The work-energy theorem

done on an object, states that the net work
done on an object is equal
does its kinetic to its change in kinetic
energy increase, energy. If positive work is
decrease, or stay the done on an object, its
same? Explain. change in kinetic energy will
be positive, which means
that its kinetic energy will
increase.
 Question 3 :
A crow drops a 0.11 H: stone onto a rocky beach from a height of
9.8 m.
a. What is the kinetic energy of the stone when it is 5.0 m above
the ground?

b. What is its speed at that point?

 Question 3 :
A crow drops a 0.11 H: stone onto a rocky beach from a height of
9.8 m.
a. What is the kinetic energy of the stone when it is 5.0 m above
the ground?

b. What is its speed at that point?

 Question 4 :

The potential energy of an

object decreases by 10 J. What
is the change in the object’s
kinetic energy, assuming there
is no friction in the system?
 Question 5 :
The potential energy of an
object decreases by 10 J. What
is the change in the object’s
kinetic energy, assuming there
is no friction in the system?
If there is no friction, there is no loss
of mechanical energy. Any change of
potential energy will result in the
opposite change in kinetic energy so
that the sum of potential and kinetic
energies is always constant. We
conclude that if the potential energy
of an object decreases by 10 J, the
kinetic energy of the object increases
by 10 J.
 Question 5 :
What is the necessary
condition for the mechanical
energy of a system to be
conserved?
In order for mechanical energy
of a system to be conserved
there must not be any loss of
energy from the system. This
usually occurs by means of
friction of some kind, which
converts mechanical energy
into thermal energy, resulting
in a net loss of mechanical
energy.
 Question 6 :
You throw a ball straight up into the air. It reaches a maximum height and
returns to your hand.

At what location(s) is the kinetic At what location(s) is the potential

energy of the ball a maximum and a energy of the ball a maximum and a
minimum? minimum?
 Question 6 :
You throw a ball straight up into the air. It reaches a maximum height and
returns to your hand.
At what location(s) is the kinetic
energy of the ball a maximum and a
minimum?
The kinetic energy of the ball is a
maximum at the instant it leaves
your hand, when it has no
gravitational potential energy. It is
maximum again at the instant it
returns to your hand. The kinetic
energy of the ball is zero at the
maximum height, when it
momentarily comes to rest
At what location(s) is the potential
energy of the ball a maximum and a
minimum?
The potential energy of the ball is a
maximum at the maximum height,
when its kinetic energy is zero. The
potential energy of the ball is zero at
the height it is released from your
hand.
 Question 7 :
At an amusement park, a swimmer uses a water slide to enter the
main pool. If the swimmer starts at rest, slides without friction,
and descends through a vertical height of 2.31 m, what is her
speed at the bottom of the slide?
 Question 7 :
At an amusement park, a swimmer uses a water slide to enter the
main pool. If the swimmer starts at rest, slides without friction,
and descends through a vertical height of 2.31 m, what is her
speed at the bottom of the slide?
 Question 8 :
A 0.21 Kg apple falls from a tree to the ground, 4.0 m below.
Ignoring air resistance, find
a. The apple’s initial kinetic energy:

b. The gravitational potential energy of the system

c. When the apple’s height above the ground is 3.0 m, find

a. The gravitational potential energy of the system
b. The kinetic energy of the system
 Question 8 :
A 0.21 Kg apple falls from a tree to the ground, 4.0 m below.
Ignoring air resistance, find
a. The apple’s initial kinetic energy:

b. The gravitational potential energy of the system

c. When the apple’s height above the ground is 3.0 m, find

a. The gravitational potential energy of the system
b. The kinetic energy of the system
Question 9 :
The pendulum bob swings from point A to
point B along a circular arc.

Is the work done on the Is the work done on the

bob by gravity positive, bob by the string
negative or zero? positive, negative or
Explain. zero? Explain
Question 9 :
The pendulum bob swings from point A to
point B along a circular arc.

Is the work done on the Is the work done on the

bob by gravity positive, bob by the string
negative or zero? positive, negative or
Explain. zero? Explain
As the pendulum bob As the pendulum bob
swings from point A to swings, the force
point B, the force of exerted by the string is
gravity points radial (toward the pivot
downward and a point) but the
component of the displacement is
displacement is tangential,
downward. Therefore, perpendicular to the
the work done on the force. We conclude that
bob by gravity is the work done on the
positive bob by the string is zero
Question 10 :
The pendulum bob swings from point B to
point C along the circular arc.

Is the work done on the Is the work done on the

bob by gravity positive, bob by the string
negative or zero? positive, negative or
Explain. zero? Explain.
Question 10 :
The pendulum bob swings from point B to
point C along the circular arc.

Is the work done on the Is the work done on the

bob by gravity positive, bob by the string
negative or zero? positive, negative or
Explain. zero? Explain.
As the pendulum bob As the pendulum bob
swings from point B to swings, the force
point C, the force of exerted by the string is
gravity points radial (toward the pivot
downward and a point) but the
component of the displacement is
displacement is tangential,
upward. Therefore, perpendicular to the
the work done on the force. We conclude that
bob by gravity is the work done on the
negative. bob by the string is zero
 Question 11 :
A package rests on the floor
of an elevator that is rising
with constant speed. The
elevator exerts an upward
force on the package and
thus does positive work on
it. Why doesn’t the kinetic
energy of the package
increase?
 Question 11 :
A package rests on the floor
of an elevator that is rising
with constant speed. The
elevator exerts an upward
force on the package and
thus does positive work on
it. Why doesn’t the kinetic
energy of the package
increase?
The kinetic energy of the package is
not increasing because the elevator
rises with constant speed. The
package is gaining elevation, however.
The work done on the package by the
elevator floor increases its
gravitational potential energy, not its
kinetic energy. The work-energy
theorem still holds because the two
forces acting on the package, the
elevator floor force and gravity, do
equal and opposite amounts of work,
producing no change in kinetic energy.
 Question 12 :
An object moves with
constant velocity. It is safe
to conclude that no force
acts on the object? Why, or
why not?
No. Because it is not accelerating we
can conclude that the net force acting
on the object is zero, but there could
be several forces acting on the object
in such a way that the net work done
on the object by all the forces is zero.
In this way Newton’s second law (the
net force must be zero because it is
not accelerating) agrees with the
work- energy theorem (the net work
must be zero because it does not gain
or lose kinetic energy).
Classkick
Work and
Energy-
Part5
 What is power?

Power:
(The rate of doing work (transferring energy))

• The Symbol of power is P

• The SI unit of power is (J/s) or Watt (W).

 Calculating power?
We can calculate power from:

Work Energy
P= or P=
t t

Where:
P: power (Watt) P=F.v
W: work (J)
E: energy (J)
t: time (s)
 Show how the alternative
definition of power can be derived
Derivative by substituting the definitions of
work and speed into the standard
Power definition of power:
P=F.V
 Question 1 :

Engine 1 does twice

the work of engine 2.
Is it correct to
conclude that engine 1
produces twice as
much power as engine
2? Explain.
 Question 1 :

Engine 1 does twice Power is the rate at which

the work of engine 2. work is done, not the total
Is it correct to amount of work done.
conclude that engine 1 Therefore, no, it is not correct
produces twice as to conclude that engine 1
much power as engine produces twice as much power
2? Explain. as engine 2 unless we also
know that engine 1 does twice
the work of engine 2 in the
same period of time.
 Question 2 :

A pitcher accelerates a 0.14 Kg hardball from rest to 42.5 m/s

in 0.060 s.
a. How much work does the pitcher do on the ball?

b. What is the pitcher’s power output during the pitch?

 Question 2 :

A pitcher accelerates a 0.14 Kg hardball from rest to 42.5 m/s

in 0.060 s.
a. How much work does the pitcher do on the ball?

b. What is the pitcher’s power output during the pitch?

 Question 3 :
Four forces do the following
amounts of work in the
indicated times. Rank these
forces in order of increasing
power produced. Indicate ties
where appropriate.
 Question 3 :
Four forces do the following
amounts of work in the
indicated times. Rank these
forces in order of increasing
power produced. Indicate ties
where appropriate.
 Question 4 :
A 1100 kg car is coasting on a horizontal road with a speed of 19 m/s. After
passing over an unpaved, sandy stretch 32 m long, the car’s speed has
decreased to 12 m/s.
a. Was the net work done on the car positive, negative or zero? Explain.

Find the magnitude of the average net force on the car in the sandy section of the
road.
 Question 4 :
A 1100 kg car is coasting on a horizontal road with a speed of 19 m/s. After
passing over an unpaved, sandy stretch 32 m long, the car’s speed has
decreased to 12 m/s.
a. Was the net work done on the car positive, negative or zero? Explain.
The net work done on the car must have been negative because the kinetic
energy decreased.

Find the magnitude of the average net force on the car in the sandy section of the
road.
 Question 5 :
A 65 kg bicyclist rides his 8.8 kg bicycle with a speed of 14 m/s.
a. How much work must be done by the brakes to bring the bike and rider to a
stop?

b. What is the magnitude of the braking force if the bicycle comes to rest in 3.5 m?
 Question 5 :
A 65 kg bicyclist rides his 8.8 kg bicycle with a speed of 14 m/s.
a. How much work must be done by the brakes to bring the bike and rider to a
stop?

b. What is the magnitude of the braking force if the bicycle comes to rest in 3.5 m?
Classkick
Power