FORCES AND MOTION

8
E R
P T
A
H
C
WHAT IS FORCE?

• A force is a push or a pull

acting on an object.
• When we push or pull an
object, we exert a force on
that object.
• Force may exist in various forms such
as gravitational force, weight, normal
force, frictional force, elastic force
and buoyant force.
IDENTIFY WHETHER THE ACTIVITIES BELOW
ARE
PUSH OR PULL ACTIONS:
a) Pressing the plasticine
b) Stretching the plasticine
c) Climbing a tree
d) Ride on a bicycle
e) Walk on the ground
f) Chopping onion with a knife
TYPES OF FORCES
TYPES OF FORCE

Gravitational force Is the force that points

towards the centre of the Earth. This force
causes all objects that are thrown upwards
to fall back to Earth.
Frictional force
• Is the force that resists movement between
two surfaces that are in contact with each
other.
Normal force is the force
produced when an object is in
contact with a surface.
Buoyant force is the thrust
force acting on an object that is
floating on the surface of a fluid.
The weight of an object
is
defined as the
gravitational
force acting on it.
Elastic force exists
when
a material is
stretched or
compressed.
 GROUP WORK….GALLERY
Topic Group
*Types of forces 1
*Characteristics of force 2
*Measurement of force
*Unit of force
*Action-Reaction Pair 3
* Effects of force 4
* Buoyant force 5
* Density and buoyant effect 6
CHARACTERISTICS OF FORCE
• Has magnitude (Magnitude is the quantity
or value of a measurement)
• Has direction
• Has point of application
MEASUREMENT OF FORCE
Point of application – is a place
or point where force is applied
on the object
UNIT OF FORCE

• S.I unit of force is newton (N)

• Weight of an object is gravitational force
of the
100 g = 1N
1 kg = 10 N
ACTIVITY 8.1

Activity Observation
A
B
C
D
 ACTIVITY 8.2
Observation :
A No. of 50g weight Reading on spring
balance (N)
1
2
3
4
5

Types of surfaces Reading on spring

B balance (N)
Table
Sand paper
 ACTION-REACTION PAIR

• Every action force, there is a reaction

force at the same magnitude but in the
opposite direction.
ACTION-REACTION PAIR

• Every object in a stationary position will

have action and reaction forces acting on it
• These forces usually acts in pairs
• When the first object uses force on the
second object, the second object would also
exert the same amount of force in the
opposite direction on the first object
EXAMPLES

• A toy ducks floats on water because

the magnitude of the weight of the toy
duck (action force) is the same as the
force that acts upwards known as the
buoyant force (reaction force)
ACTION-REACTION PAIR
8.2 EFFECTS OF FORCE

Moving
stationary Change
object speed

Effects of
force

Stopping a
Change
moving
direction
object

Change
shape &
size
8.2 EFFECTS OF FORCE

• Force cannot be seen but its effects can

be felt
• The force can change the shape, size and
motion
 BUOYANT FORCE
B U O YA N T F O R C E = A C T U A L W E I G H T – A P PA R E N T
WEIGHT

• Ifbuoyant force = weight , the object will float.

• If buoyant force < weight , the object will sink.
BUOYANT FORCE

• An object will float on water if the buoyant

force that acts on its enough to support its
weight
Buoyant force = weight of object

• The buoyant force is a force that acts on

the object when the object is submerged
completely or partly in the fluid
• If an object submerged into the
water, the buoyant force that acts
on it is not enough to support its
weight
Buoyant force < weight of object
• Buoyant force can be calculated using
the formula below

Buoyant force =
real weight – apparent weight
ACTIVITY 8.4

Aim : To determine buoyant force.

Observation : COPY from text book

Conclusion :
APPLICATION OF BUOYANT FORCE
DENSITY AND BUOYANT FORCE

• Different materials have different

densities.
• An object that is less dense than a
liquid is pushed into the liquid, the
buoyant force (upthrust force, F) is
more than weight (W)
• It pushes the object up to the surface of
the liquid.
• The object will float (F>W)
• An object is more dense than the
liquid, the buoyant force (upthrust
force, F) is less than the weight of
the object (W)
• It causes the object to submerge to
the bottom of the liquid. (F<W)
ACTIVITY 8.4
Stone Cork Squash Plasticine
stopper ball
Actual 5.0 3.0
weight, W,
(N)
Apparent 4.0 1.5
weight, W
(N)
Buoyant
force, F
(N)
Submerge/
float
 EXPERIMENT 8.1

Copper Aluminiu Cork Wood

m
Mass (g) 8.9 7.9 0.24 0.36
Volume 1 1 1 1
(cm3)
Density
(g/cm3)
Submerged
/ float
EXERCISE – BUOYANT FORCE
QUESTION
1. An object weights 2.5 N.  When it is fully submerged in
a liquid, its apparent weight is 2.2 N.
What is the buoyant  force on the object in  water?
Tips : Fb= Wc- Wa

2. Answer :

. 
TITLE : LEVER
TITLE
EXAMPLE
OF
SIMPLE
MACHINE
S:
WHAT IS LEVER :
A lever is a bar that rotates on a fixed point
LEVER HAS 3 PARTS :
1. EFFORT : FORCE APPLIED ON THE BAR
2. LOAD : OBJECTS TO BE MOVED
3. FULCRUM : FIXED SUPPORT POINT
THE PURPOSE OF LEVER

1.A lever allows us to do work

easily
2.A lever allows us to use
minimal force to do work
TITLE
TITLE
LEVER CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO :

1.First class
2.Second class
3.Third class
To make the work easier, the distance between effort and fulcrum
should be greater than the distance between the load and fulcrum
A large load can be overcome by using a small effort
A small load overcome by using a large effort
IN A BALANCE LEVER,

L dL = E dE
EXERCISE :

1.
2.
3.

Spring balance
4.
THE MOMENT OF FORCE

Moment of force – the turning effect that is

produced when a force is acting on an object at a
fixed point
 THE MOMENT OF FORCE
• The moment of force depends on the force appllied and
the perpendicular distance from the fulcrum to the force.
• The moment of force will increase if:
- Force magnitude increases
- Vertical distance from the pivot to the force increases
• The moment of force has two direction : clockwise and
anti-clockwise
 MOMENT OF FORCE
• Is turning effect of force.
• Formula :
Moment of force (Nm) = Force (N) x Perpendicular
distance from
the pivot(fulcrum)
to the Distance
force (m) Distance

Moment of force = 10 N × 0.2 Moment of force = 10 N × 0.1

m m
Moment of force (a) is bigger than moment of
force (b) because the perpendicular distance
from fulcrum (a) is longer than (b)
MOMENT OF FORCE

• In the lever – two force acts on it is

effort and load
• Load – produce anti clockwise
• Effort – produce clockwise
Total Anticlockwise Moment = Total
Clockwise Moment
Load (N) x distance of load from fulcrum
(m) = force (N) x distance of force from
fulcrum to force (m)
Find the force needed to balance the lever .
Anticlockwise moment = 20 x 12 = 240 Nm
Clockwise moment = 8x F
8 x F = 240
F = 30 N
Both people exert a downward force on the seesaw due to their weights.
Person A’s weight is trying to turn the seesaw anticlockwise whilst person B’s
weight is trying to turn the seesaw clockwise.
Person A’s Moment = Force x perpendicular distance from fulcrum
1000  x 1  = 1000 Nm

Person B’s Moment = Force x perpendicular distance from fulcrum

500   x 2   = 1000 Nm
Persons A’s moment  = Persons B’s Moment
Anticlockwise moment = Clockwise moment

Therefore seesaw is in equilibrium

VIDEO - PRESSURE

Video 2 - Pressure
 PRESSURE
SI unit
Is a normal 1. Newton per square metre
force that acts (N m-2)
perpendicularl 2. Pascal (P)
y on one unit
of a surface
area. PRESSUR
Normal force E

Pressure (N m-2)= Normal

force(N)
Surface area
(m2)
 • A force that acts on a large surface has
little pressure
• A force that acts on a smaller surface has a
higher pressure
 APPLICATION OF PRESSURE IN DAILY LIFE

a)Why are the metal blades of skating boots thin?

To glide smoothly on the surface of
ice is the blade of axe thin?
b)Why
To cut through objects easily
c)Why do tractors have big and wide wheels?
To move on soft ground
d)What is the purpose of studs on the sole of football
boots?
To prevent slippages
PRESSURE

SI unit Explain by
Is a force 1. Pascal Kinetic
exerted by gas (P) theory of
particles gases
AIR
PRESSUR Factors affect
E air pressure :
1. Volume
Can be measure by 2. Temperat
using Bourdon gauge. ure
FACTORS AFFECT AIR PRESSURE

VOLUME ↓, AIR PRESSURE ↑

TEMPERATURE ↑, AIR PRESSURE ↑

 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

• Atmosphere - Thick
layer of air surrounds
the Earth.
• This layer of air
contains air particles Atmospheric pressure is
that exert a force. This the pressure that is
force is called applied by the
atmospheric pressure. amosphere onto the
surface of the earth and
all the bodies on this
earth
 IN
RE
E S U
TH R ES
OF P
O N IR
T I F A
A
C T O
L I P E
P P C E IF
A N YL
CO AIL
D
PLUNGER

• The plunger is pressed

against the sink, the air inside
it will forced out and creates
an area of low pressure
• The high pressure in the pipe
pushes out the blockage stuck
inside the sink when the
lunger is pulled up
MAGDEBURG HEMISPHERE
• All air in the hemisphere is
pumped out, so that the
space in the hemisphere
becomes a vacuum, the
pressure in the
hemisphere become
zero
• Two hemisphere cannot
be separated because
the atmospheric
pressure outside will
exert a very strong
force on the hemisphere
 STRAW

• When air in the straw is

sucked, the pressure
inside straw is reduced
• The higher air pressure
outside will push the
drink into the straw and
finally into the mouth
SYPHON

• The end of tube B is placed lower

than the end of tube A, causing
water to flow out from it
• Water in the tube flows out and
creates an area of low pressure in
the tube
• Atmospheric pressure pushes the
water into the tube, so the water
flows out
SYRINGE

• When the psiton is

pulled up, the volume of
air in the cylinder
increases.
• This causes a low
preesure in the cylinder
• The higher pressure
outside will push the
liquid into the syringe
 VACUUM CLEANER
• When switch is turned
on, the fan in the
vacuum cleaner will
push the air pressure
in the vacuum cleaner
to drop
• The higher
atmospheric pressure
outside will push the
air and dust into the
vacuum cleaner
Higher
altitude

Lower
altitude
 WRITE REPORT IN TEST PAD!
Content standard : 8.2 Effects of force
Activity 8.10
Aim :
Materials :
Apparatus :
Step :
Observation :
 Apparatus/ Observation
Materials
Plunger The plunger is stick to the tile.
Magdeburg The hemisphere can not be
hemispheres separate.
Drinking straw Water in the straw maintain in
the straw.
Syphon Water in the basin can be
transfer to other basin.
Syringe Water is suck into the syringe.
Vacuum Shredded papers are suck into
cleaner the vacuum cleaner.
Conclusion : The existence of
atmospheric pressure can be
shown in daily life.
PRESSURE
Pressure in
Liquid liquid
pressure is increase

Pressure Increases
due to the with depth.
weight of the
liquid. PRESSUR
E IN
LIQUID
 ID
Q U
LI
N
O IFE
T H L
E P LY
D AI
F
O IN D
T S E
EC R
F S U
EF ES
PR
SCUBA DIVERS
• When a diver is diving in the sea, his
body will experience pressure. The
weight of the seawater acting on the
body of the diver causes the pressure.
EFFECTS OF DEPTH ON LIQUID PRESSURE IN
DAILY LIFE
THE WALL OF DAM IS DESIGNED TO BE THICKER AT THE
BASE IN ORDER TO WITHSTAND THE HIGH WATER
PRESSURE AT THE BASE OF THE DAM.
A DIVER WEARS A SPECIAL SUIT IN ORDER TO
WITHSTAND HIGH WATER PRESSURE.
THE BODY OF A SUBMARINE IS MADE OF STRONG
MATERIAL SO THAT IT WILLNOT BE CRUSHED BY HIGH
WATER PRESSURE