FORCES AND

NEWTON’S
LAWS OF
MOTION
• A force is simply a push or a
pull.
• All forces have both magnitude
and direction.
 Newton’s First Law
(law of inertia)

1
An object at rest tends to stay at rest
and an object in motion tends to stay in
motion unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force.
Newton’s First Law (law of inertia)
• Mass (kg) is the measure of the
amount of matter in an object.
• INERTIA is a property of an object that
describes how much it will resist
change to the motion of the object.
• More mass an object has means
more inertia the object will have.
 Newton’s First Law

• Mass (kg) is the measure of the

amount of matter in an object.
• INERTIA is a property of an object that
describes how much it will resist
change to the motion of the object.
• More mass an object has means
more inertia the object will have.
 INERTIAL REFERENCE
FRAME (IRF)
• An inertial reference frame is one in which Newton’s
law of inertia is valid.
• The acceleration of an inertial reference frame is
zero, so it moves with a constant velocity. All of
Newton’s laws of motion are valid in inertial
reference frames, and when we apply these laws, we
will be assuming such a reference frame. In
particular, the earth itself is a good approximation of
an inertial reference frame.
• Meanwhile, all accelerating reference frames are
noninertial.
 EXAMPLE

Which of the following statements can

be explained by Newton’s first law?
A. When your car suddenly comes to
a halt, you lunge forward.
B. When your car rapidly accelerates,
you are pressed backward against
the seat.
Newton’s Second Law

2
Force equals
mass times
acceleration.
 Newton’s Second Law
Force = Mass x Acceleration
• Force is measured in Newtons
• ACCELERATIONof GRAVITYEarth) = 9.8 m/s2
• WEIGHT is a measure of the force of gravity
on the mass of an object
• Weight (force) = mass x gravity
(Earth)
This will help up remember:
 NET FORCES

When two or more

forces are
combined!
Forces in the same direction
add the two forces together.
+ =
Forces in different directions
subtract the two and figure out which
direction was the stronger of the two.
- =
Balanced vs. unbalanced forces
• Unbalanced: when the net
force on an object is not zero.
These produce a change in
motion.
• Balanced: when the net force
on an object is to equal zero.
These do NOT produce change
in motion.
 PROBLEM 1

Two people are pushing a stalled car, as the figure

indicates. The mass of the car is 1850 kg. One person
applies a force of 275 N to the car, while the other applies a
force of 395 N. Both forces act in the same direction. A
third force of 560 N also acts on the car, but in a direction
opposite to that in which the people are pushing. This force
arises because of friction and the extent to which the
pavement opposes the motion of the tires. Find the
acceleration of the car
 PROBLEM 2

A man is stranded on a raft (mass of man and

raft is 1300 kg. By paddling, he causes an
average force of 17 N to be applied to the raft
in a direction due east. The wind also exerts a
force on the raft. This force has a magnitude of
15 N and points 67˚ north of east. Ignoring any
resistance from the water, find the x and y
components of the raft’s acceleration.
 Newton’s Third Law

3
For every action there is an equal
and opposite reaction.
 Newton’s 3rd Law
• For every action there is an equal
and opposite reaction.

Book to Table to
earth book
 Think about it .
..
What happens if you are standing on a skateboard or a
slippery floor and push against a wall? You slide in the
opposite direction (away from the wall), because you
pushed on the wall but the wall pushed back on you with
equal and opposite force.

Why does it hurt so much when you stub your toe?

When your toe exerts a force on a rock, the rock exerts
an equal force back on your toe. The harder you hit
your toe against it, the more force the rock exerts back
on your toe (and the more your toe hurts).
 Action: tire pushes on road
Reaction: road pushes on tire
 Reaction: gases push on rocket

Action: rocket pushes on gases

 PROBLEM 3

Suppose that the mass of the spacecraft in

the figure is 11,000 kg and that the mass
of the astronaut is 92 kg. In addition,
assume that the astronaut pushes with a
force of 36 N on the spacecraft. Find the
acceleration of the spacecraft and the
astronaut.
 TYPES OF FORCES

CONTACT FORCES: NON-CONTACT

• APPLIED FORCE FORCES:
(NORMAL FORCE) • GRAVITATIONAL
• FRICTIONAL FORCE FORCE
(STATIC AND KINETIC) • ELECTRIC FORCE
• TENSION FORCE • MAGNETIC FORCE
 CONTACT FORCES
NORMAL FORCE is one component of the
force that a surface exerts on an object with
which it is in contact, the component that is
perpendicular to the surface.
 CONTACT FORCES
APPLIED FORCE is a contact force that is
applied to an object by external means.

Applied
force
 CONTACT FORCES
FRICTIONAL FORCE
• STATIC – stationary surface

𝒇𝒔 = 𝝁 𝒔 𝑭 𝑵

• KINETIC – relative movement of the

surface
𝒇𝒌 = 𝝁 𝒌 𝑭 𝑵
 CONTACT FORCES
TENSION FORCE
• Forces are often
applied by means of
cables or ropes that
are used to pull an
object.
 NON-CONTACT FORCES
GRAVITATIONAL FORCE
• Every particle in the universe exerts an
attractive force on every other particle. A
particle is a piece of matter, small enough
in size to be regarded as a mathematical
point.
𝒎𝟏 𝒎 𝟐
𝑭=𝑮
𝒓𝟐

G = 6.674x10−11 N. m2 /kg 2
CENTRIPETAL FORCE
• Newton’s second law indicates that whenever
an object accelerates, there must be a net force
to create the acceleration. Thus, in uniform
circular motion there must be a net force to
produce the centripetal acceleration. The
second law gives this net force as the product of
the object’s mass m and its acceleration. The net
force causing the centripetal acceleration is
called the centripetal force and points in the
same direction as the acceleration—that is,
toward the center of the circle.
 PROBLEM 4
What is the magnitude of the
gravitational force that acts on each
particle in the figure, assuming
particle 1 is 12 kg, particle 2 is 25 kg
and r = 1.2 m?
 PROBLEM 5
The mass of the Hubble Space
Telescope is 11 600 kg. Determine
the weight of the telescope
(a) when it was resting on the earth
(b) as it is in its orbit 598 km above
the earth’s surface.
 PROBLEM 6
A skier is standing motionless on a
horizontal patch of snow. She is
holding onto a horizontal tow
rope, which is about to pull her
forward (see Figure). The skier’s
mass is 59 kg, and the coefficient
of static friction between the skis
and snow is 0.14. What is the
magnitude of the maximum force
that the tow rope can apply to the
skier without causing her to
move?
 PROBLEM 7
A sled and its rider are moving at a speed of 4.0 m/s
along a horizontal stretch of snow, as Figure 4.24a
illustrates. The snow exerts a kinetic frictional force
on the runners of the sled, so the sled slows down
and eventually comes to a stop. The coefficient of
kinetic friction is 0.050. What is the displacement x
of the sled?
 PROBLEM 8
Figure shows a traction device used with a foot injury. The
weight of the 2.2-kg object creates a tension in the rope
that passes around the pulleys. Therefore, tension forces
are applied to the pulley on the foot. The foot pulley is kept
in equilibrium because the foot also applies a force to it.
This force arises in reaction (Newton’s third law) to the
pulling effect of the tension forces. Ignoring the weight of
the foot, find the magnitude of the force .
 PROBLEM 9
The model airplane in the figure
has a mass of 0.90 kg and moves
at a constant speed on a circle
that is parallel to the ground.
The path of the airplane and its
guideline lie in the same
horizontal plane, because the
weight of the plane is balanced
by the lift generated by its wings.
Find the tension in the guideline
(length=17 m) for speeds of 19
and 38 m/s.
 TASK
ANSWER LAS WEEK 4 AND 5:
•NOW YOU DO IT
•ACE IT