DYNAMICS

PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS LESSON 3

MASS
•Measure of inertia of the object.
INERTIA
•Tendency of the still body to remain at
rest unless an external force is exerted
in order for the body to be in motion
STANDARD KILOGRAM
•Object whose mass is equivalent to 1
kilogram
•In comparison, 1 gram mass is equal to
0.001kg
FORCE
•Agency of change
•A vector quantity having magnitude
and direction
•External Force is one whose source lies
outside of the system being
considered.
NET EXTERNAL FORCE
•It make the object move or
accelerate on the direction of the
force
•The acceleration is proportional to the
force and inversely proportional to the
mass of the object.
NEWTON
•SI unit of force
𝑘𝑔𝑚
•1𝑁 = 1 2
𝑠
NEWTON’S FIRST LAW
• “Every body preserves in its state of being at rest
or of moving uniformly straight forward, except
insofar as it is compelled to change its state by
forces impressed.”

• A body at rest will remain at rest, and a body in

motion will maintain that velocity all by itself
forever, unless some externally applied net force
acting on the body causes it to accelerate

• Also known as “Law of Inertia”

NEWTON’S SECOND LAW
• Known as “Law of Acceleration”
• 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑚𝑎Ԧ
• σ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
• σ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦
• σ 𝐹𝑧 = 𝑚𝑎𝑧
NEWTON’S THIRD LAW
• For each force exerted on one body, there is an
equal, but oppositely directed, force on some
other body interacting with it.

• Also known as “Law of Action and Reaction”

LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION
• When two masses, m and M, gravitationally interact,
they attract each other with forces of equal
magnitude.
• Attractive Force (𝐹𝐺 )
𝑀𝑚
𝐹𝐺 = 𝐺 2
𝑟
Where:
r is the distance between the centers of two masses
𝑚2
G = 6.672 59𝑥10−11 𝑁 ∙ 𝑘𝑔2
WEIGHT (𝑭𝑾 )
• The gravitational force acting vertically down
• Unit in newton or pound force
• 1𝑘𝑔𝑓 = 2.205 𝑙𝑏𝑓
• 𝑭𝑾 = 𝑚𝑔

∴ 1 kg object weighs 9.81𝑁 𝑜𝑟 2.205𝑙𝑏𝑓

GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION (g)
𝑚
• Absolute acceleration (𝑔0 = 9.81 𝑠2)
• Gravitational acceleration is actually varies from
𝑚 𝑚
9.78 2 at equator and 9.83 2 at the pole.
𝑠 𝑠
TENSILE FORCE (𝑭𝑻 )
• Force acting on the strings or chain or tendon
• Tension (𝐹𝑇 ) is the magnitude of the tensile force
FRICTION FORCE (𝑭𝒇 )
• tangential force acting on an object that
opposes the sliding of that object on an
adjacent surface with which it is in contact.

• the friction force is parallel to the surface and

opposite to the direction of motion or of
impending motion.

• Only when the applied force exceeds the

maximum static friction force will an object
begin to slide.
NORMAL FORCE (𝑭𝑵 )
• The supporting force perpendicular to the
object which is being supported by the surface
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
• Coefficient of kinetic friction (𝜇𝑘 ) – is defined for
the case in which one surface is sliding across
another at constant speed.
𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑓
𝜇𝑘 = =
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑁

• Coefficient of static friction (𝜇𝑠 ) – is defined for the

case in which one surface is just on the verge of
sliding across another surface.
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑓 (𝑚𝑎𝑥)
𝜇𝑠 = =
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑁
• 𝜇𝑠 > 𝜇𝑘
FREE BODY DIAGRAM (FBD)
• Used to represent the different forces or vectors
exerted on an object.

• Used to make easier analysis on an object

EXAMPLE
A child pulls on a rope attached to a sled with
a force of 60 N. The rope makes an angle of
40° to the ground. (a) Compute the effective
value of the pull tending to move the sled
along the ground. (b) Compute the force
tending to lift the sled vertically.

ANSWER: 𝐹𝑦 = 39𝑁 & 𝐹𝑥 = 46𝑁

EXAMPLE
• A car whose weight is 𝐹𝑊 is on a ramp, which
makes an angle θ to the horizontal. How
large a perpendicular force must the ramp
withstand if it is not to break under the car’s
weight?

ANSWER: 𝐹𝑁 = 𝐹𝑊 cos 𝜃
EXAMPLE
• Find the weight on the surface of the Earth of
a body whose mass is (a) 5.00 kg, and (b) 500
g.

ANSWER: a. W = 49.05N b. W = 4.905N

EXAMPLE
• A 44.1 lbs object that can move freely is
subjected to a resultant force of 45.0 N in the
–x-direction. Find the acceleration of the
object.

ANSWER: −2.25𝑚/𝑠 2
EXAMPLE
• The object in figure below (a) weighs 50 N
and is supported by a cord. Find the tension
in the cord.

ANSWER: 50𝑁
EXAMPLE
• A 5.0-kg object is to be given an upward
𝑚
acceleration of 0.30 2 by a rope pulling
𝑠
straight upward on it. What must be the
tension in the rope?

ANSWER: 50.6𝑁
EXAMPLE
• A horizontal force of 140 N is needed to pull
a 60 000-g box across a horizontal floor at
constant speed. What is the coefficient of
friction between floor and box?

ANSWER: 𝜇𝑘 = 0.238
EXAMPLE
A 600-N object is to be given an acceleration
of 0.70 m/s2. How large an unbalanced force
must act upon it?

ANSWER: 𝐹 = 42.8𝑁
EXAMPLE
A constant force acts on a 5.0 kg object and
reduces its velocity from 7.0 m/s to 3.0 m/s in a
time of 3.0 s. Determine the force.

ANSWER: 𝐹 = −6.7𝑁
EXAMPLE
A 400-g block with an initial speed of 80 cm/s
slides along a horizontal tabletop against a
friction force of 0.70 N. (a) How far will it slide
before stopping? (b) What is the coefficient of
friction between the block and the tabletop?

ANSWER: 𝑎. 0.18𝑚 𝑏. 0.18

EXAMPLE
A 600-kg car is coasting along a level road at
30 m/s. (a) How large a retarding force
(assumed constant) is required to stop it in a
distance of 70 m? (b) What is the minimum
coefficient of friction between tires and
roadway if this is to be possible? Assume the
wheels are not locked, in which case we are
dealing with static friction—there’s no sliding.

ANSWER: 𝑎. −3.9𝑘𝑁 𝑏. 0.66

EXAMPLE
An 8000-kg engine pulls a 40 000-kg train
along a level track and gives it an
acceleration 𝑎1 = 1.20 𝑚/𝑠 . What
2
acceleration would the engine give to a 16
000-kg train? Ignore friction.

ANSWER: 𝑎. 2.4 𝑚/𝑠 2

EXAMPLE
A tow rope will break if the tension in it
exceeds 1500 N. It is used to tow a 700-kg
car along level ground. What is the
largest acceleration the rope can give to
the car?

ANSWER: 𝑎. 2.14 𝑚/𝑠 2

EXAMPLE
Compute the least acceleration with
which a 45-kg woman can slide down a
rope if the rope can withstand a tension
of only 300 N.

ANSWER: 𝑎. 3.1 𝑚/𝑠 2

EXAMPLE
Suppose, as depicted in figure below,
that a 70-kg box is pulled by a 400-N
force at an angle of 30° to the horizontal.
The coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.50.
Find the acceleration of the box.

ANSWER: 𝑎. 1. 5 𝑚/𝑠 2