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Motion
is the study of
the causes of
motion.
Force
In physics, a force object with mass
is any interaction to change its
that, when velocity (which
unopposed, will includes to begin
change the moving from a
motion of an state of rest) or to
object. A force accelerate.
can cause an
Force
1. Force can make 3. Force can
an object move change the
starting from a direction of a
rest position moving object
2. Force can make
a moving object
stop.
Force
is a vector of force required
quantity that is to give 1 kg mass
measured using a an acceleration of
standard metric 1 m/s2
unit known as 1 N = 1 kg.m/s2
newton (N)
1 N is the amount
Types of Forces
• There are two main types of forces
• Contact forces
• Non-contact forces
Contact Forces
• Contact Force
• Exists when an object from the external world
touches a system and exerts a force on it
EXAMPLE
Think About a Book on a Table
• If you push it, you are exerting a contact force
• If you put it down, no longer interacting… so
no more force from you
• But table is touching it- table is now exerting a
force
Non-contact Forces
• An object can move without something directly touching
it
EXAMPLE
• What if you dropped the book?
• It falls due to gravity
• Gravitational Force is a non contact force.
• They affect movement without being in physical
contact
Forces of Mechanical System
•Normal •Weight
force
•Friction
•Tension
Normal Force
(n)
Friction ( f )
• acts parallel to the surface opposite to the
directon of motion of the body
Tension (T )
Weight ( w)
• is the downward gravitational force exerted by
Earth on an object
w = mg
g = acceleration due to gravity
m = mass in kg
Net Force F
If the forces on an object are equal and opposite, they are said
to be balanced, and the object experiences no change in
motion. If they are not equal and opposite, then the forces are
unbalanced and the motion of the object changes.
Some Examples from Real Life
A soccer ball is sitting at rest. It
takes an unbalanced force of a kick
to change its motion.
The First Law states that all objects have inertia. The
more mass an object has, the more inertia it has (and
the harder it is to change its motion).
More Examples from Real Life
A powerful locomotive begins to pull a
long line of boxcars that were sitting at
rest. Since the boxcars are so massive,
they have a great deal of inertia and it
takes a large force to change their
motion. Once they are moving, it takes
a large force to stop them.
Fx 0 and Fy 0
The First Condition of Equilibrium
F = ma
Unbalanced forces
cause acceleration.
What does F = ma mean?
Force is directly proportional to mass and acceleration.
Imagine a ball of a certain mass moving at a certain
acceleration. This ball has a certain force.
a
In Other Words…
Large Force = Large Acceleration
F
a
So….if you push twice as hard, it accelerates twice as much.
But there is a twist….
F Small acceleration
Large Mass a
Large acceleration
F a
Small Mass
More about F = ma
If you double the mass, you double the force. If you
double the acceleration, you double the force.
(2m)(2a) = 4F
Force is measured in
Newtons (N) = mass (kg) x acceleration (m/s2)
Or
kg m/s2
High Mass
• F = ma
• Force = Mass x Acceleration
How Does Weight Tie In?
• Mass is the quantity of matter in an object. More
specifically, mass is a measure of the inertia, or
“laziness,” that an object exhibits in response to any
effort made to start it, stop it, or otherwise change its
state of motion.
• Weight is the force of gravity on an object.
• If force is equal to mass x acceleration then, Weight is
equal to mass x acceleration due to gravity
Solving Newton Second Law
Problems
• 1.Draw a free body diagram
• 2.Break vectors into components if needed
• 3.Find the NET force by adding and subtracting
forces that are on the same axis as the
acceleration.
• 4.Set net force equal to “ma” this is called
writing an EQUATION OF MOTION.
• NOTE: To avoid negative numbers, always
subtract the smaller forces from the larger one.
Be sure to remember which direction is larger.
Example
• A 50 N applied force drags an 8.16 kg log to the right across a
horizontal surface. What is the acceleration of the log if the
force of friction is 40.0 N?
Tougher Example
• An elevator with a mass of 2000 kg rises with an acceleration
of 1.0 m/s/s. What is the tension in the supporting cable?
Sample Problem #1
For a machine with a frictionless pulley
and masses of .25 kg and .45 kg.
Apparent Weight is a
property of objects that
corresponds to how
heavy an object is.
Sample Problem # 1
Suppose you are standing on a
weighing scale in an elevator. If your
mass is 75 kg, what is the reading on
the scale when you are