Chapter 2- Part 3

Force and Newton’s laws

Eng. Abdullah Bani Domi

Physics 301
 ❑ Newton’s First Law:
⚫ Newton’s first law: An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion
will remain in motion with a constant velocity unless acted on by a net external
force.
⚫ The tendency of a body to remain at rest or in uniform linear motion is
called 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎, and Newton’s first law is often called 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎.
⚫ If the net force acting on a body is zero, then the body has no acceleration.
⚫ When there is no force acting on a body:
❑ If the body is at rest, it stays at rest.

❑ If the body is moving, it continues to move with the same velocity (same magnitude &
direction).
⚫ Newton’s First Law: If no force acts on a body, the body’s velocity cannot change; that is, the body
cannot accelerate.
‫قانون نيوتن األول‬
❑ Forces:
❑ Force: push or pull
❑ Force is a vector – it has a magnitude and
direction.
❑ Force = Mass x acceleration.
❑ SI unit : Kg.m/s2 = 1 Newton (N).
❑ Let a force of 4 N along the 𝑥 axis and a force
of 3 N along the 𝑦 axis.
❑ Then, the net force will be 5 N in the direction
make an angle 37o with 𝑥 axis.
❑ Forces:
• Forces are what cause any change in the velocity of
an object
• Newton’s definition
• A force is that which causes an acceleration

❑ Classes of Forces
⚫ Contact forces involve physical contact between two
objects
⚫ Examples a, b, c

⚫ Field forces act through empty space

⚫ No physical contact is required

⚫ Examples d, e, f
❑ Superposition principle for forces:

❑ When two or more forces act on a body, their net force or resultant force ( 𝐹Ԧ net.)
are the vector addition of the individual forces
❑ A single force that has the magnitude & direction of the net force has the same
effect on the body as all the individual forces together.
❑ 𝐹Ԧ net. can have many components along coordinate axes.
❑ When forces act only along a single axis, they are single-component forces: the
arrows could be replaced by signs to indicate the forces directions
 ❑ Mass:
❑ The force F = Mass x acceleration= m x a
❑ Since the acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity of the body, then
❑ The mass of an object is the measure of how hard it is to change an object’s
velocity.
❑ The mass of a body is the characteristic that relates a force on the body to the resulting
acceleration.
❑ Mass is:
✓ an intrinsic characteristic of a body
✓ a scalar quantity
 ❑ Newton’s Second Law:
❑ Newton’s Second Law: The net force on a body is equal to the product of the
body’s mass and its acceleration.

❑ This equations, is equivalent to three component equations, one for each axis of an x y z
coordinate system

❑ Each of these equations relates the net force component along an axis to the
acceleration along the same axis.
‫قانون نيوتن الثاني‬
 ❑ Example:
If a force F = 1 N is applied on 2 bodies, a standard body, whose mass mo = 1.0 kg, and
acceleration ao = 1.0 m/s2, and the 2nd body X whose mass (mX) is not known, and its
acceleration aX = 0.25 m/s2. To find mX :
 ❑ Example:
Two forces, F1 and F2, act on a 5-kg mass. If F1 =20 N
and F2 =15 N, find the acceleration in (a) and (b) of the Figure
 ❑ Free body diagram:
□ A free-body diagram shows every force acting on an object.
□ Example of a free-body diagram

❑ To solve problems with Newton’s second law, a free

body Diagram is drawn:
✓ A free-body diagram is a diagram that contains the
only body under the forces
✓ In the free-body diagram, the body is represented
with a dot, and each force on the body is drawn as
a vector arrow with its tail on the body
Example.1: One Newton equals/ The basic SI unit of the force is:
(a) Kg.m (b) kg.m /s2 (c) kg/s2 (d) m/s2
Example.2 A box is moving with a constant speed of 24.7 m/s. The net force on the box is:
If ΣF = 0 ..................... a = 0

Example.3 : Three forces act on a particle of mass m, F1 = 80i + 60j, F2 = 40i + 100j. If the
particle moves with a constant speed of 4m/s, then F3 is:

Example.4 : Two forces act on a particle that moves with constant velocity. If F1 = 6i − 2j,
then F2 is:
 Some particular forces

The Weight (W) of a body

ƒk= µk n
μ is the coefficient of friction
Normal Force Friction
• If a body is slid over a surface, the
motion is resisted by a bonding
between the body and the surface
• This resistance is a single force ,
called frictional force or simply
friction

• Frictional force is directed along the

surface, opposite the direction of the
motion
• To simplify a situation, sometimes a
friction is assumed to be negligible
(the surface is frictionless)
 Evaluation of the force of friction
• Case (1) when a body slides on a • Case (2) when a body slides on an
horizontal surface inclined surface
Tension
Example.1: In which figure of the following the y-component of the net force is zero?

Example.2 In which figure of the following the particle moves with a constant velocity?
Example.3 : A particle of mass 2kg at a point where g = 9.8m/s2, the weight of this particle at
point where g = 0 is:

Example.4 : The direction of the acceleration of a body is:

(a) Opposite to the net force (b) The same direction of the net force
(c) Perpendicular to the direction of the net force (d) The same of the initial velocity

Example.5 : In which figure of the following the particle moves up if it starts from rest?:
Example.6 : In which figure of the following the acceleration of the particle moves to right?:

Example.7 : In the figure, the net force on the block is:

Example.8 : When a force of 10N is applied to a body, the body accelerates with 2m/s2. The
mass of the body is:

Example.9 : From the figure, the acceleration of the block of mass = 0.5kg moving along the
x-axis on a horizontal frictionless table is:

Example.10 : A force of 7N is applied to a mass of 7kg, the resulting acceleration is:

Example.11: A net force of 15N acts on a body of weight 29.4N. The acceleration of the body
is:
Example.12 : A force accelerate a 5kg particle from rest to a speed of 12m/s in 4s. The
magnitude of this force is:

Example.13 : A body of mass 1kg is accelerating by a = 3i + 4jm/s2, the magnitude of the

acting force F on the body is:

Example.14 : Only two forces are acing on a particle of mass 2kg that moves with an acceleration of
3m/s2 in the positive direction of y axis. If F1 = 8i N, the magnitude of F2 is:
 ❑ Newton’s Third Law:
□ To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
□ When two bodies interact, the force “𝑭𝑩𝑨” which body A exerts on body B (the
action force) is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force “𝑭𝑨𝑩”
which body B exerts on body A (the reaction force).
 ‫قانون نيوتن الثالث‬

Example: A book rests on a table, exerting a downward force on it. The

reaction to this force is:
(a) Force from the Earth on the table (b) Force from the book on Earth
(c) Force from the Earth on the book (d) Force from the table on the book
 Applying Newton’s Laws

❑The object in Equilibrium

▪ If the acceleration of an object is zero, the object is said to
be in equilibrium.
▪ The model is the particle in equilibrium. Mathematically,
the net force acting on the object is zero.
▪ ΣF = 0
F = 0
 F = 0 and  F = 0
x y
 Inclined Planes

⚫ Forces acting on the object:

⚫ The normal force acts perpendicular to the
plane
⚫ The gravitational force acts straight down
⚫ Choose the coordinate system with x along
the incline and y perpendicular to the incline
⚫ Replace the force of gravity with its
components
Equilibrium Example :
❑ Conceptualize the traffic light
❑ Assume cables don’t break
❑ Nothing is moving Categorize as an equilibrium problem
❑ No movement, so acceleration is zero Analyse
Solution: Find T1 , T2 and T3 from applying equilibrium in the x- and y-directions to the knot
Friction Example :

A 3kg block starts from rest at the top of 30o incline and slides with a = 1.78 m/s2. Find (a) the
coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the plane (b) the friction force acting on
the block
Example.1 : A constant force of 46N is applied at an angle of 60o to a block A of a mass 10kg as shown in
the figure. Block A pushes another block B of mass 36kg. Assuming a frictionless surface, the total
acceleration of the blocks along the x-axes is:
Example.2 : An elevator of total mass 2000kg moves upward. The tension in the cable pulling
it is 24000N. The acceleration of the elevator is:

Example.3 : A 70kg man stands on a spring scale in an elevator that has a downward
acceleration of 2.8m/s2. The scale will read:
Example.4 : A block slides down a frictionless inclined plane with an acceleration of 4.9m/s2.
The angle between the plane and the horizontal is:

Example.5 : A 40kg crate is held at rest on a frictionless incline by a force parallel to the
incline. If the incline is 30o above the horizontal, the magnitude of the applied force is:
Example.6 : A block of mass 4kg is pushed up a smooth 30o inclined plane by a constant force
of magnitude 40N and parallel to the incline. The magnitude of the acceleration of the block is:

Example.7 : If the mass of the block is 5kg. Find T if the block moves with a constant velocity
upward the smooth inclined plane (or at rest).
Example.8 : An elevator has a body of 10kg. The tension in the cable when the elevator is
moving upward at a constant speed of 10m/s is:

Example.9: A 5kg block is pushed upward 30o inclined plane with initial velocity of 14m/s.
The distance that the block goes is:

Example.10 : From the figure, the normal force FN on a block of weight 60N sliding down a
frictionless plane is:
 ❑ Energy:
✓ Energy is a scalar quantity associated with the state (or condition) of one or more objects
✓ Energy is the ability to make things change
✓ A system that has energy has the ability to do work

❑ Principle of energy conservation:

✓ Energy can be transformed from one type to another, and transferred from one object to
another, but the total amount is always the same (energy is conserved)

❑ Work:
❑ Signs for work :

❑ Kinetic Energy:

✓ the energy associated with the state of motion of an object.

✓ the faster the object moves, the greater its K.E.
✓ When the object is stationary, K.E = 0
 ❑ Work–Kinetic Energy Theorem:

✓ These statements are true for both +ve & −ve work If Wnet is +ve à é K.E of the particle’s by
the work.
Example.1 5kg block moves with a speed of 72km/h. Its kinetic energy is:

Example.2: A 5kg block moves with velocity v=6i + 8j m/s. Its kinetic energy is:

Example.3:1 joule is equal to:

(a) kg.m2/s (b) kg.m/s3 (c) kg.m/s2 (d) kg.m2/s2
Example.4: A particle moves 5m in the positive x-direction while being acted upon by a
constant force F = 2i + 2j. The work done on the particle by this force is::
Example.5: A force acts on a 3kg particle in such away that the position of the object is x = 3t
− 4t2 + t3, where x in meters and t in second. Find the work done on the object by the force
from t = 0 to t = 4s

Example.6: Force F acts on a particle of mass m making a displacement D. If F = 7i + 3j −

1.5k N, and D = 2i − 3j + 2.5k m. The work done by the force is:

Example.7: A 5kg cart is moving horizontally at 6m/s. In order to change its speed to 10m/s,
the net work done on the cart must be: