MBEYA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY
MODULE NAME: MECH ENG
SCIE II
MODULE CODE: ME 6206
COURSE CREDITS: 06
TOTAL HOURS SPENT: 60
TEACHER’S NAME: KASSIM S.
FAKHI
CLASS: NTA 5 DIPL IN MECH
ENG
LEVEL:SEC YEAR - 2021/2022
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

• Newton’s laws of motion are the principle of Dynamics,

Dynamics means the relationship of motion to the forces that
cause it.
• The Dynamic principles are the foundation of classical
mechanics which also called Newtonian mechanics.
• Since the dynamic principles are phrased in terms of force
and mass, it will be helpful to have some understanding of
these two concepts before dealing with Newton’s laws of
motions.
THE CONCEPT OF FORCE

• Force is a push or pull acting on a body.

• When force involves direct contact between two bodies, we call
it a contact force.
• The force of gravitation attraction that the earth exerts on your
body is called weight.
• The net force is a vector sum of all forces acting on the object.
• Force has magnitude as well as direction, therefore it is called
the vector quantity.
THE CONCEPT OF FORCE
• The SI Unit of magnitude of a force is Newton, abbreviated as
‘N’
• The fundamental forces in nature are all field of forces.
1. Gravitational forces between objects.
2. Electromagnetic forces between the charges.
3. Strong forces between sub-atomic particles.
4. Work forces that arises in certain radioactivity decay
process.
• In classical mechanics, we are concerned only with Gravitational
and Electromagnetic force.
CONCEPT OF MASS

Definition
• Mass defined as the quantity of matter contained in a body.
• More precisely, mass is a measure of the inertia of the body.
• The more mass a body it has, the harder(Difficult) it is to
change it’s state of motion.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MASS AND WEIGHT

• Mass and weight are two different quantities such that the
weight of an object is equal to the magnitude of the
gravitational force exerted on the object and varies with
location.
• Forexample:
A person weighing 180lb on the Earth weighs only about 30lb
on the Moon, this means that the gravitational force is much
acting on the Earth than when on the Moon.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MASS AND WEIGHT

• On the other hand, mass of an object is the same everywhere;

An object having a mass of 2kg on the Earth also has a mass
of 2kg on the moon.
INERTIA

• Is a tendency of a body to maintain it’s state of rest or motion

in a straight line.
• Objects do not change their state of motion un less acted
upon by some net external force.
• The inertia of the body depends upon the mass.
• The greater the mass of the body the greater is it’s inertia.
• Both mass and inertia are measured in the same unit.
TYPES OF INERTIA

• Inertia of the body is of three types, these are;

1. Inertia of rest
2. Inertia of motion
3. Inertia of direction
Inertia of Rest

• This s the resistance of the body to change it’s state.

• Forexample:
When a train suddenly starts, the passengers sitting inside
tends to fall backwards, it is because the lower part of his body
starts moving with the train while the upper part tends to be at
rest due to inertia at rest.
Inertia of Motion

• This is the resistance of the body to change it’s state of

motion.
• Forexample:
When a bus suddenly stop a passenger sitting inside tends to
fall forward.It is because the lower part of the body comes to
rest while the upper part of the body tends to remain in motion
due to inertia of motion.
Inertia of Direction

• This is the resistance of the body to change it’s direction of

motion.
• In other hand a body will continue to move in the same
straight line unless some external force tends to change it’s
direction.
First law of Motion

• State that
Every body will continue in it’s state of rest or uniform
motion in a straight line unless it is compelled by some
external force to change state.
The following conclusion can be drawn from this law.
i. If a body at rest or moving with constant velocity, the net
force acting on the body is zero.
Conclusion…..

ii. When you move an object on the ground with constant

velocity, the force you exert is not zero but net force is zero
because the fractional force on the object is equal and opposite
to the force you exert on the object.
iii.If a body is moving with a constant speed in a straight line,
then in order to change it’s direction, force has to be applied on
the body.
Conclusion…….

iv. If a body is moving with a constant speed in a circle, then

force is required to keep it going in circular path. This is due to
change in direction continuously.
Newton’s First Law of Motion.
Because of inertia object(including you) resist changes in their
motion.When the car travelling at 80km/h is stopped by the
brick wall your body keeps moving at 80km/h.
Second Law of Motion

•  State that
The rate of change of momentum of a body is direct
proportional to the net external force applied on it and the
change takes place in the direction of force.
If ₽→ is the momentum of the body and if f→ is the net
external force acting on the body, then according to Newton’s
second law of motion.
f→ α
Second Law of Motion……

•OR
  f→ = where k = 1
f→ =
f→ = But mass of an object does not change
f→ = m But also = a→
⸫ Magnitude of force f is expressed as F = ma
Second Law of Motion……

• If a→ is the resultant acceleration produced in 30s and ax, ay and

az are the magnitude of the components of acceleration along x,
y and z axis respectively, then
ḟ→ = m(i ậ x + j ậ y + k ậ z)
• If fx, fy and fz are the components of force along x, y and z axis
respectively, then
f→ = ifx + jfy + kfz
When mass is in kilogram(kg) and acceleration is in m/s2, the unit
of force is in Newton(N).
Second Law of Motion……

One Newton is equal to the force required to accelerate one

kilogram of mass at one meter in a second.
Third Law of Motion

• State that
“For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction”
According to Newton
Whenever objects A and B exert forces upon each other. When
you sit in your chair, your body exerts downward force on the
chair and the chair exerts an upward force on your body.
There are two forces resulting from this interaction, a force on the
chair and force on your body. These two forces are called action
and reaction forces.
Action - Reaction

• When the rocket fuel is ignited a hot gas is produced.

• As the gas molecules collides with the inside engine walls, the walls
exert a force that pushes them out of the bottom of the engine.
• This downward push is the action force rocket engine by the gas
molecules.
• This is the thrust that propels the rocket upward.
• Other example of Newton’s Law of motion. The base ball forces the
bat to the left(an acting) the bat forces the ball to the right(The
reaction).
Action - Reaction

Consider the motion of a car on the way to school. A car is equipped with wheels
which spin backwards. As the wheels spin backwards they grip the road and push
the road backwards.
Example 01
What force is required to accelerate 2000kg car from 5m/s to 25m/s in time of 5s.
Data
Mass of the car mc = 2000kg
Initial speed of the car u = 5m/s
Final speed of the car v = 25m/s
Time taken t = 5s
 Solution

•  From, Force = mass x acceleration

F = ma
But Acceleration a =
F=m
⸫ Force F = 2000 x = 8000N
Assignment I

•The
  mass of an elevator(lift) is 500kg calculate the tension in the cable
of the elevator when the elevator:
(i)Stationary (ii) Ascending with an acceleration of
(iii) Descending with the same acceleration. Take g = 9.8.
Data
Mass of an elevator me = 500kg,
Solution
(i)For Elevator at stationary, where g = 9.8
From Tension T = F = ma = 500kg x 9.8 = 4900N
⸫ Tension T = 4900N
  For an Elevator ascending with an acceleration of
(ii)
•  From Tension T = F = ma = m(g – a) = 500kg(9.8 – 2)
⸫ Tension T = 500kg x 7.8 = 3900N

(iii) For an elevator descending with the same acceleration

From Tension T = F = ma = m(g + a)
Tension T = 500kg x (9.8 + ) = 5600N
⸫ Tension T = 5600N
Assignment II

• A particle of mass 0.4kg moving with a constant speed of

10m/s to the North is subjected to a constant force of 8N
directed toward the south for 30s. Take the instant force is
applied at time t = 0, the position of the particle at that time
to be x = 0, predict position of the particle at t = -5s, 25s,
100s.
Assignment III

Two blocks A of mass m and B of mass 3m are

side by side in contact with each other. They are
pulled along a smooth floor under the action of a
contact force F applied to A. Find (i) Acceleration
of the blocks
(ii)The force exerted on B by A.
Assignment IV

•A  68kg man is standing on the floor of a lift. Calculate the

apparent weight of the man when the lift is (i)At rest
(ii)Moving upward with constant speed (iii) Moving upward
with an acceleration of 1 (iv)Moving downward with an
acceleration of 1.
Assignment V

•A  monkey of mass 40kg climbs on a rope which can withstand

a maximum tension of 600N.In which of the following cases
the rope will break.
(i)If monkey climbs up with an acceleration of 6.
(ii)If monkey climbs down with an acceleration of 4.
(iii)If monkey climbs up with a uniform speed 5m/s.
(iv)If monkey falls down the rope nearly freely under gravity
Ignore mass of the rope and g = 9.8.