Motion

(Kinematics)
Kinematics
Classification and comparison of motions.

General properties of motion

The motion is along a straight line only.
Forces (push and pull) cause motion
The moving object is either a particle or an object that
moves like a particle
Kinematic variables
Position
Velocity
Acceleration

Position and Displacement (SI unit: m)

Position is always relative to some reference point
origin (or zero point) of an axis.
It can be positive or negative.
A change in the position is called a displacement :
Speed and Velocity (SI unit: m/s)
Average
speed :
It is the distance travelled divided by the time required
to cover the distance.

Average velocity :
It is the ratio of the displacement that occurs during a
particular time interval.
On the position (x) versus time (t) graph, is the slope
that connects two particular points on the x(t) curve.
Speed vs Velocity
Ex. A nurse pushed a gurney back and forth in 100.0 m
in 46.91 sec, his average speed is 100 m/ 46.91 s =
21.132 m/s. But because he walked two lengths in a 50-
meter corridor, he started and ended at the same point
and so had zero total displacement. So he has zero
average velocity!
Example
Starting from a hospital desk, you run 200 m east (x-
direction) at an average speed of 5.0 m/s, and then run
280 m west at an average speed of 4.0 m/s to a cabinet
to get a medicine. Calculate your

a) average speed from the hospital desk to the cabinet

b) average velocity from the hospital desk to the cabinet

Acceleration (SI unit: m/s2)
The
change of an objects velocity with time.

Deceleration- reductions in speed.

Types of acceleration:
Linear acceleration- acceleration of a body moving in a straight line.
Angular acceleration- the rate of change of the angular velocity of
appoint moving in a circle.
Centripetal acceleration- acceleration of a body in circular motion due
to a force that acts toward the center of the circle. (application:
centrifuge)
Acceleration vs Velocity
Velocity describes how a body's position changes with
time
Acceleration describes how the velocity changes with
time

If the body accelerates forward and gain speed you feel

pushed backward in your seat
If it accelerates backward (or decelerates) and loses
speed, you feel pushed forward.
If velocity is constant, there is no acceleration
Example
A physical therapist has left the medical center to test a new personal
equipment. As she moves along the straight line, her partner on the
medical center measure her velocity starting at time t = 1.0 s.
t vx t vx
1.0 s 0.8 m/s 9.0 s -0.4 m/s
3.0 s 1.2 m/s 11.0 s -1.0 m/s
5.0 s 1.6 m/s 13.0 s -1.6 m/s
7.0 s 1.2 m/s 15.0 s -0.8 m/s
Find the average acceleration and state whether the speed of the
physical therapist increases or decreases
a) t1 = 1.0 s to t2 = 3.0 sb) t1 = 5.0 s to t2 = 7.0 sc) t1 = 9.0 s to t2 =
11.0 s d) t1 = 13.0 s to t2 = 15.0 s
Uniformly accelerated motion
When the object moves with constant acceleration, the
instantaneous acceleration at any point in a time
interval is equal to the value of the average
acceleration over the entire time interval.
Velocity:
Ave velocity:
Displacement:
Example
A motorcyclist heading east through a small town
accelerates at a constant 4.0 m/s^2 after he leaves the
city limits. At t = 0 s his velocity is 15 m/s .
a. Find the position and velocity at t = 2.0 s
b. Where is when his velocity is 25 m/s?
Example
Air Bag Injuries. During an auto accident, the vehicle's
air bags deploy and slow down the passengers more
gently than if they had hit the windshield or steering
wheel. According to safety standards, the bags produce
a maximum acceleration of 60g thats lasts for only 36
ms (or less). How far (in meters) does a person travel in
coming to a complete stop in 36 ms at a constant
acceleration of 60g?

g= -9.8 m/s^2
Graphical Interpretation

For motions along a straight line (x-axis)

The instantaneous velocity of an object at a certain time is the
slope of the displacement versus time graph at that time. It can
be positive, negative, or zero.
The instantaneous acceleration of an object at a certain time is
the slope of the velocity versus time graph at that time.
For constant velocity: x-versus-t graph : straight line
For constant acceleration: v-versus-t graph : straight line
Graphical analysis

x 8 m
Slope 4 m s
t 2s
Graphical analysis

v 12 m s
Slope 6 m s 2
t 2s
Freely Falling Bodies
If effects of air can be neglected, all bodies at a
particular location fall with the same downward
acceleration regardless of their size or weight.
The idealized motion under those assumptions is called
Free Fall.
The constant acceleration of freely falling body is called
the acceleration due to gravity.
g = 9.8 m/s^2
Example
A one-euro coin is dropped from the Leaning Tower of Pisa and falls freely
from the rest. What are its position and velocity after 1.0 s, 0 s and 3.0 s?

You throw a ball vertically upward from the roof of a tall building. The ball
leaves your hand at a point even with the roof railing with an upward
speed of 15 m/s; the ball is then a free fall. On its way back down, it just
misses the railing. Find
a. the balls position and velocity 1.0 s and 4.0 s after leaving your hand
b. the ball's velocity when it is 5.0 m above the railing
c. the maximum height reached
d. the ball's acceleration when it is at its maximum height
Laws of motion
Newtons first law of motion: An object continues in a
state of rest or in a state of motion at a constant speed
along a straight line, unless compelled to change that
state by a net force.
The net force ( is the vector sum of all of the forces
acting on anIndividual
object.Forces Net Force

4N 10 N 6N
Laws of motion
Newtons second law of motion: When a net external
force acts on an object of mass m, the acceleration that
results is directly proportional to the net force and has a
magnitude that is inversely proportional to the mass.
The direction of the acceleration is the same as the
direction of the net force.
The greater the mass the more the body resists being
accelerated.
a

1 Newton = 1 N= 1 kgF* (m/s^2)
F ma

m
 Newtons second Law
A free-body-diagram is a diagram that represents the object and the forces that
act on it.

The net force in this case is: a

F 110 N
0.059 m s 2

275 N + 395 N 560 N = +110 N m 1850 kg

and is directed along the + x axis of the coordinate system.
If the mass of the car is 1850 kg then, by Newtons second law, the acceleration is
Example
A worker applies a constant horizontal force with magnitude 20 N
to a box with a mass 40 kg resting on a level floor with negligible
friction . What is the acceleration of the box?

A nurse shoves a canister with a mass 0.45 kg to her right along

a smooth, level lunch counter. The canister leaves her hand
moving at 2.8 m/s, then slows down as it slides because of a
constant horizontal friction force exerted on it by the countertop.
It slides for 1.0 m before coming to rest. What are the magnitude
and direction of the friction force acting on the canister?
 Laws of Motion
Newtons third law of motion: Whenever one body
exerts a force on a second body, the second body
exerts an oppositely directed force of equal magnitude
on the first body.
On the spacecraftF P.
On the astronaut F P.

P 36 N
as 0.0033 m s 2
ms 11,000 kg

P 36 N
aA 0.39 m s 2
Suppose that the magnitude of the force is 36 N. If mA 92 kg
the mass of the spacecraft is 11,000 kg and the
mass of the astronaut is 92 kg, what are the
accelerations?
Sample Problems
1. If a hospital cart is pushed 100 ft along a corridor in 25 sec, what
is its speed in miles per hour?
2. The left ventricle of the heart accelerates blood from rest to a
velocity of +26 cm/s. a) if the displacement of the blood during
the acceleration is +2.0 cm, determine its acceleration (in cm/s2).
B) how much time does blood take to reach its final velocity?
3. The data in the following table describes the initial and final
positions of a patient (under therapy) walking. The elapsed time
for each of the three pairs of positions listed in the table is 2.50s.
Determine the average velocity (magnitude and direction) for
each of the three pairs.

a) +2.0 m +6.0 m
b) +6.0 m +2.0 m
c) -3.0 m 7.0 m