Electrons are

filled in orbitals
of an atom
according
rules
to following three : -

's
I .

Aufbau Principle .

2 . Pauli 's
Exclusion Principle
3 .
Hund 's Rule
of Maximum Multiplicity .

Aufbau1) Principle
's :

Orbitals
having energy
lower are
filled before
orbitals
having higher energy
.

Once orbital of lower

energy
is
filled compel etely ,
than

only orbital with

higher energy
are filled -

orbitals
Energy of is
given by
Intel rule : -

higher
Ci )
Energy of orbitals with value
of
Intl is
higher
.

If of orbital
til value Cute ) is same than
with
higher
value
of n has
higher energy
.
 ¥
:
Compare of following orbitals
-

energy
:

C) 25,2ps ,
35 Cii )
3s,3p ,
3
445 .

35 3d 4S
LS Lp 35
3p
2 2 3 n 3 3 3 4

1)
n

)
Of
if
O 0
e l o 2

nth L 3 3 rite 3 4 5 4

order order
of
of energy energy
35C
3ps use 3d
2sc2pc3s
MT
-

inte same and

( Mtl ) T
n
of Ss is higher

Graphical representation of Cute ) rule :

dt[IIs
<
?

is
I

fs
u

(
HP
, ) ?
( L L

3d
'
Ss sp )
a
c
c

UP 4d
4S
l
4f
c
e

Sd
Sf
Ss
(
5p
5g
L
(
e
L

Gs Gd 6h
L
cop
L
of 6g
L
( '

7p Td tf 7g
7h Ti

L
(
8D
8p 8J 8g 8h 8i
8J
3ds
is case spsssssp s us s
4ps sssudssp
(
Gs4fs5dL6pL7sC5fs6dL7pL8s . . . . .
 level level
Energy of species
Energy of species
with electron with multi electron
single
( H net Lilt Best But etc ) ( He hi Be
,
B
,
C
,
N
,
etc )
, , , , , ,

Energy of
orbitals depends Energy of orbitals is
Ch )
Oh shell no .

only .

given by Cute ) rule .

T T
E E 3d
3 p
35 3d 35
3 p

Lp
25 25
2 p

IS IS

252ps d s
3dL
cuss
4dL
a SS 25

Lsp
is =3 p =3 a Ss
is 2ps
us =
up = 4 d =
4 f L 55 -
- -

up L 55 L 5lb -
-

35=3 p =3 of 3d

33ps
25=2
p
is
IS
IS

•
•

orbitals orbitals
No .

of degenerated 2
No .

of degenerated
n 2 ht
= =
I

divided
are
Shells
in subshells
only
when more

then I e- is
present ,
it occurs due to
repulsion of
other ele frons .
2.) Pauli 's Exclusion Principle :
-

In atom two
an
,
no e- have same set
of
quantum numbers .

each e- have
unique set
of quantum no .

for Is have possible value

cafe ,
n
,
e
,
m
only one

but s have two

possible value
,
so Is

orbital have 2
unique set
of quantum
no each
representing le -

l= O O
I
=
n I m =
S = +
, , ,

is : 1 I

l= O O
I
=
n I in =
S = -

, , ,

Inference Each orbital accommodate

only
: can 2 e- .

( with
spin )
opposite

Cl : if there
possible
In an
hypothetical
atom are
four
-

,
=

value
of spin quantum no .
Cms) .
Then find maximum

of electrons present in 3p sub Shell

no that be
may
.
.

Son orbitals in
Sp =3 ( )
of
:
no .
Lett

orbital 4 C
)
=

in each : has 4 values

of
e-
=
no .
Ms

4×3=12
of in 3p
-

Max . no .
e =

3p :

4 t 4 t 4 =
12
3.) Hand Rule
of Multiplicity
Maximum
's :

It
suggests filling of electrons orbitals
in with

)
energy degenerated
same C orbitals .

Degenerated orbitals are

filled with one e-

each C
having same spin ) ,
once each orbital is

singly occupied only pairing

,
then starts with e-

having opposite spin .

when electrons filled in this manner Maximum

preserved
spin
rnutiplicity is .

( 21st )
Multiplicity C )
M =
-11

( where ,
s = net spin )

Cl to Hund's Rule which

According of the
: -

,
=

correct
following is
for 3p4 .

Soil: Ci ) Is 1=1+12×3
11=1 Ex -

14=3 ✓

Cii )
1st t
I =/
x 2 -

Ix 14=1
X

representation
21=0
=/

31=1
Ciii) 1st t
I x I -

Ix 14=3 ✓

1×21=0
1=1+12×2
I
in

v )
Is

Is 1=1+12×3
11=1 Ex
-

-
M=

14=3
I X

C vi ) 1st -1
I 11=1
=/×3 Ex -

M =3 ✓

) is
Multiplicity l lil Ciii ) and
of a) evil maximum
M
, ,

these four correct representation Sphl

are
of
.
 Electronic
Configuration :
electrons various heels and
Arrangement of in subs
called
shellsof an atom is electronic
configuration .

natural
electronic
configuration is a
arrangement .

To understand this
arrangement these three

rules are used :

's
Aufbau Principle
→
gives order
of orbitals
of different sub shells .

→ orbitals with lower

energy
are filled first -

Pauli 's Exclusion Principle

→
Each orbital can be
filled with maximum
two electrons with opposite spin .

Hund 's Rule

→
gives order
of electrons to be filled in
orbitals
of a particular subshell .

→
Each orbital
of a subshell is filled with one

will done orbital is

pairing
e- be when each
,

half filled .

"
Electronic
configuration is written as : n l

where shell l →
shell electrons
sub
of
→
, n →
no . re no . .

, ,

Na ( ) & )
eg
2=11 : 8 I
, ,

→ ish 252 up
6
3 s
' .
. Expanded form
Live ]
condensed form
→ '
3 s :

→ : Orbital form
IS 25
Lp 35
 Element Empaneled E C
-

.
Condensed EC .

' '
H 6=1 ) IS IS

He (2--2) 152 152

15225 [ ]
'
Li '
He Ls
y=3 )
Be
1522522ft
152252 [ ] 252
(2--4) He

B [ ]
'
2522ps
'
(2--5) 1522522ps He
1522522ps
( 6=6 ) [ He ] 252

]
2pb3S23pZ
N ( 2=7 ) [ He

"
O ( 2=8 ) 1522522ps [ He ] 252

3523ps
]
2pb3S23p4
F ( 2=9 ) [ He

1522522ft
3523ps
3s23p4
4523dL 3ds
3s23pZ
Ne ( ] 25221ps

3d5
2=10 ) [ He

3d5
(2--11) 1522524635
' '
Ma [ ]
He 3 s

3ds
Mg (2--12) 15225246352 [ Ne ] 352

3d8
'
'
Al
(2--13) 152252 2pb3S23p [ ] 352 3p
2pb3S23pb4SL3d3
2pb3S23pb4SL3d5
Ne

Zip
152252
Si (2--14) [ Ne )

2p4
P (2--15) 1522522ft [ ]
2pb3S23pb4SL3d8
Me

S
( 2=16 ) 15225225221ps [ Ne )
Cl ( 2=17 ) 1522522pA [ Ne )
Ar C 2=18 ) 152252 2pb3S23p° [ Ne ] 3523pct
(2--19) 2pb3S23pb4S
'
K 152252 '
[ Ar ] 4S

Ca (2--20) 15225246352310452 [ Ar ] 45
'

(2--21) 2pb3S23pb4SL3d
'
Sc 152252 [ Ar ] 45 3d

( 2pb3S23p
' '
Ti 2=22 ) 152252 [ Ar ] 45 3d

✓ 152252 [ ) 45
(2--23) Ar

(2--24) 2pb3S23pb4S
'
( r 152252 '
[ Ar ] 4S

Mm
4=25) 152252 [ Ar ] 45
6 6
Fe ( 2=26 ) 1522524635231045 '
3d [ Ar ) 45 3d
7
15225246352
?
Co ( 2=27 ) 3pb4SL3d [ Ar ] 45 3d

Ni (2--28) 152252 [ Ar ] 45
"
Cu 2pb3S23pb4S
" '

(2--29) 3d )
'
152252 [ Ar 4S 3d

15225246352
" "
2n (2--30) 3pb4SL3d [ Ar ) 45 3d
Important Note :

Cute ) ruled used

is
for successive
filling of electrons

orbitals atom
in
of an .

My
zpb 3523ps
's
i. ( ) 152252 452 3d

outermost
e-
,
2=25 :

+ I

152252406352206452
6
Fe ( 2=26 ) : 3d

But actual distribution elections atom

of in an

only
' '
depends on n .

i. e.
,
Fe ( 2=26 ) : I S2 zs
2
zp 635L zp 63dB 452

as

3dB
39%

:
£26
snaps

2
IS
Extra
stability of half filled and
fully filled
e. c. :

Half filled and

filled
fully because
electronic
configurations
stable
are more
of two reasons : -

a) distribution electrons
Symmetrical of
.

b)
Aggregate Energy of lil
Pairing Energy &

Ciis
enchange energy .

a) distribution electrons
Symmetrical of

:
bed
Symmetry
with
always leads to
stability ,
as a

four equal legs is stable ,

as a car with
four
equal sized
tyre is stable ,
similarly symmetrical
distribution electrons sub shell is stable
of in a .

} Unsymmetrical
:
eg have
not all orbitals
,

electrons
Lp : equal no .

of
.

Symmetrical orbitals
: as all are
half filled
LPL
,
.

2ps
404
Lpb
} Unsymmetrical
:
,
not all orbitals have
electrons
:
equal no .

of
.

Symmetrical orbitals
: ,
as all are
fully filled .

b)
Aggregate Energy of lil
Pairing Energy &

Ciis
enchange energy
.

lil
Pairing Energy : Amount
of energy required to pair
up ,
two unpaired electrons in an orbital

sub shell
of a is called
pairing energy
.

alike
destabilising effect
elections
Pairing of is a as

hence
charges will repel each other
,
pairing energy
always required form (
is tone
signs of energy
.
 til Amount
Endanger Energy of energy released in
:

an
exchange of electron
pair
spin and
having same are
present in
degenerated
orbitals .

Euchavge of
electrons is a
stabilising effect
hence it is
always released I one
sign ) energy
.

HI n'th
" "
No
of enlarges =
t
.

where n no
of e- with ⑤ me
spin
=
.

no
of e-
n' with Onespin
=
.

( PE )
Aggregate Pairing Energy
no
energy of pairs x
= .

no
of exchanges Eu
change
x E )
-

energy
.

3d4
eg
Find
aggregate of
:

energy
.

No
of Pairs
.
= O

of Exchange 414€
No .
=

+ o =
G

s a #
Aggregate energy
= ox PE - 6 x EE = -
6 E.)
CE .

515€
8

eg
Find
aggregate of 3d
:

energy
.

No
of Pairs 3
.
=

of Exchange 313€
No .
=

t =
lot 3 =
13

3 PE
Aggregate
= x 13 × EE
energy
-

.
Ii Compare the
-

stability of the
following on the basis
of
is
'

aggregate
" '
energy
: Ii , and Cii , d and d
p
.

Ci ) no
of exchanges no
of pairs Aggregate Energy
.
.

: 3 O SEE
p3
p4
-

: 3 I PE -
SEE
" '
order
Energy :
p >
p

Stability
order :
pups

til no .

of exchanges no .

of pairs Aggregate Energy

IS 10

IOEE
: O -

db :
10 I
PE -
IOEE
'
'
order d d
Energy :

'
>
'
order d d
Stability
: s

Electronic
configuration of
instead 4s23d4
of
'
Cr is CAR ]4s 3ds CAD

45319
"
instead
Cee is CAR ]4s' 3d
of CAD

tore
GIE
( r ( 2=24 )

Eupected
: Actual :

394

395
452 X 4S ' ✓

Aggregate energy Aggregate energy

-

= = -

'
Released
'
in 3d us is stable
'

: more so more
energy

--4PEeE
,

'
hence
ground state CAr33d
'

configuration Cris us
of

-_5PE-20EE_
.

399
2=29
Cee ( )

EupectedX
: Actual :
' O
452 4S ' 3d ✓

Aggregate energy Aggregate energy

10 '
Released in 3d us is stable
'

: more so more
energy "
,

Cu
hence
ground state CAr33d
'

configuration is us
of .
Application of Electronic
Configuration :

1)
writing electronic
configuration of ions : -

a) formation cation Electron removal takes place

of
:

from orbital with

highest energy
e
A2t
-

e-
At
- -

Neutral Monovalent Divalent

atom cation Cation

21¥
-

+
e
-

-
e -

Mg Mg My

Ii
e-
of e- 12 no
of to no
of e-
- -

no
-
. . - .
- -

,
1522522ps 352 1522522ps 35 1522522ps

formation

te
+
to
b) anion addition
of Electron takes place at
:

orbital with minimum possible energy

1522522ps
.

AZ
-

e-
-
-

A A
Neutral Monovalent Divalent
atom Anion Anion

e
-

e
or
-
- -

o o
eg
:

=
8 e- 9
of e- no
of of e-
-

no
-

no
-
. . - .
- -

"
1522522ps 1522522ps

2.) Isoelectronic species :

species with same no .

of e-

are isoelectronic
,
and hence

have same E. C .

" '
&
-

¥ have
configuration
O electronic
Mg same

ie .
152522ps ,
hence both are isoelectronic .
3.) To find no .

of paired electrons or unpaired electrons :

find unpaired in Plz )

of
: e- is
no =

eg=
.
.

P L 2=15 ) :

rap
31
is
as 35
, , -

Of paired of unpaired
no .
e- =
12 no .
e- =3

4.) Moment Cµ )
Magnetic
:

(
Magneton )
ninth Bohr
µ in
=

of unpaired
where no electrons
-

n - .
.

If µ
-

-
O
,
them species is
diamagnetic ,
which
shows
repulsion in
magnetic field .

paramagnetic
to magnetic field
If µ ,
them species is
,
which
shows attraction in .

If nt pet paramagnetic naturel .

: Fe few I fest feat

egf
3d us n
µ Nature

Fe 4 ray
:
paramagnetic
few ray
4
paramagnetic
:

Feat:
fest 5 WES
Paramagnetic
: 4 ray paramagnetic
 Electronic
Exceptions of Configuration
In d- stock

Nawabi Nb ( 2=41 ) 4d4ss '

" '
Cu C ) 3d 4S
Kyu
2=29

Kare 3ds '

Cr ( 2=29 )
us

"
Rahul Gandhi Rg C 2=111 ) Gd Tsl

Naut Mo 4d55s
'

Tak Tc I Yu 'cErt)/4d I FEER )

Rukaueatein 2=451
2=44)
(2--43)
(2--42)
(2--46) 4d75s
'
Ru (

Rah Mein Rh ( 4d85s

'

padegi Pd 491055

4d
Ag ( 4d' Oss
'

Aage 2=47 )
Piteai Pt
(2--78) Sds Gs '

" '
An (2--79) Sd 65
Aur
hogi
In
f -
block

La La (2--57) 511652
Sudha Ce
(2--58) 4-12540652
? '
God Senile Gd (2--64) Gf Sd 652

'
Aisa Ac ( 2=85
) Gd 75

Tha Th (2--90) Sfo 6dL 752

'
Vo
Pagal Pa (2--91) SffGd 752
' '

Juhi U
(2--92) Sf
Gd 752

"
Patey
'
Nahi Np (2--93) Sf Gd 752
? '
Kamini Cm (2--96) Gd 752
Sf