OL ELECTRICITY

STATIC ELECTRICITY

charge
An inherent matter that
property of + -

causes attractive and

repulsive forces .

positive charge negative change

• Neutral
body equal
has
of positiveno .
(
proton ) ( electron )
and
negative charger .

A
.

positive charged body has less electrons t

than
protons +

• A
negative charged body has more neutral
positive negative
electrons than protons +5-5--0 +5-3=+2 +5-7=-2
-

the
•
During process of charging a
body by any
method
,
electrons are lost
the
or
gained by body .

DO NOT REFER TO
•
Electrons lost →
positive charge produced PROTONS
,
PLEASE ! !!
•
Electrons gain t
negative charge produced
 ) The
like
charges repel ( t magnitude of force is same both
→ t - -

on
g

→
unlike charges attract ( t -
) changes .
the
magnitude of force decreases
between increases
as
gap charges .

← t + →

10N ION

force is The combined

+
the
-

← +5 + to →

effect of both
charges !
← + + →

-
20N -120N -
ton + son

^
Electric field r
T
V t
j L
'
around ai TF
A
region
in
space
a
, I
charge where another + i s
charge
a → -

experiences electric
force .

L j
I n
r

direction line tells

The
of field
•

the
about
ON A
direction
REF
of force
POSITIVE
SMALL .
CHARGE

the gap between the wires

field tell
°

about the strength of the

field . less

gap
means strong field .
 field Electric field
Electric
bfw like
charges b/w unlike
charges
>
t
r T
t 7 L
y
T
)

s + .
f- ,
i t 7 -
c

L
>
1-
v r r
L v u

>

Null Point No electric field

field the
gap b/w
• : .

should inc
exists ! o
field lines > lines .

must be t s

Electric
fieldsout
→ • ←
cancel radial '
+
,
eachother at a t s -
c

Null
point they as -
'
r

are
equal in strength ,

opposite in direction
but Direction
of
-

i. arrows
×
.

"
0-70
wrong drawing
t s -

¥0
x
x
Charging Insulators
dusk

sod

equal and
opposite
•

both
charge on
objects
•
election stay on the

surface of
the
body .

the
•

charge on
body
doesnt
spread but
only that portion
-

attains
change that
-

been
has
subjected
friction .
Changing conductors

induction
By due to the
negatively charged
→
neutral
-

☒ rod ,
repelled to
e
= metal electrons are

☒
charges repel
+
the right like
sphere
-
-

e as
+
.

→
-
-

☒ An
equal positive charge is
- + -
e
+

ii ☒ induced the
-

e due to
left
on

insulating
.

the electrons
stand deficiency of .

body by
→
Charging 1 induction

-
t -
t
- t -

t
t -

t I
I
-

¥
+
1. 2. + -
-

" +
+

eye jee
'
-

+ -

- + .
+
+ -

+ , . ,
- -
+

it
e

I -7
neutral electrons electrons
sphere on Earth Earth
stand to attracted Electrons Electrons
insulating repelled move more

right to
left from sphere
to
from Earth to

hike charges I unlike Earth

charges sphere
repel ) attract )
 A reservoir ! Adding removing to/from
of charges
Earth :
or electrons earth will
have no
effect( EARTH
on the
charge of Earth .

IS NEUTRAL AND STAYS NEUTRAL )

Earth
.
makes
everything connected to it , neutral .

Keeping nod Earth

4 The in
place the wire
first then
-
-

.
,
remove and remove

rod This the electrons will be

the not able to to/from
-

way move

-
the Earth .

+ -

+ -

+
-

-
+
- ,

final charge ⇐
 Induction
→
Charging 2 bodies
by
t
-

t
Is 2 t +
- -
-

t
.

+ -
- +
a

+ -
T -
+
-
+ t
t
-
-

-
t t -

-
+

←
insulating A B A B A B
stands Neutral metal
spheres due to
repulsion , due to attraction
,

electrons electrons
of
A
from B

to to A
I move
sphere move
sphere
3 . I
+
t -
-
4 .
+ +
-

-
-
B night
to The .
to The
left .
Ah
t
An
equal positive equal positive charge
-
a

+
-

+
- -

+
-
+
+
is induced is induced to the
B
charge
A
to the in A
A B
left .
sight of sphere B .

Using insulating stands separate the

-

3.
,
+
two
spheres while keeping the rod in
It ;
+
-

±, =
.
I -

I II place .

1- .

Remove the rod Both

A B A B 4 .

.
spheres are now

equal and
opposing charged .
 contact
→
Charging by
unlike charges like charges ,
bodies
repel
neutral
t
sphere s
-
-
-

t
- - -
-
-

>
-
-
-

t
>
- - -

-
-

t
- .
-

( Bodies attract ) electrons more from both the bodies attain

nod to the same nature
sphere of
-

charge .

charge
decreases
on one

and the
bodyother
unlike
charges increases .

like
neutral charge .

'
Sphere I bodies
÷
+
'

+ +
t
I s et t
+
t t
>
t
t
t repel
+

( Bodies attract ) electrons more

from both the bodies attain
to the sod the nation
charge !
sphere of
same
-
APPLICATIONS OF STATIC ELECTRICITY

t t

-0 Negatively charged
###
grin

e. e
at
599
Ef
t

.
"
t

+#
 CURRENT ELECTRICITY
•
Electric current •
Voltage • Resistance

cell II. Fixed Resistor Filament

lamp A-
- -
- -

Battery -1111
-

variable Resistor - -

LED ^^

DC to -0 Thermistor
power supply
- -
-

← ← "
AC LDR Diode
power supply
-0-0 - -

- -

capacitor -1T
Ammeter - A - Voltmeter - V -
Switch - -

Connections b-
CIRCUIT SYMBOLS

Electric Current
Coulomb (C)
of flow of
The rate SI Unit
electric
charges of charge
* : *

e ;¥?
OR +

" lit
elections
of flow of
the rate 7

more electrons
current
→
more
•
e. <
s
✗ ✗
→
• • →
. →

I •→-±→ more
speed conventional current Electron
more current
flowto
I =
I I : current SI Unit :
Ampere ( A) ( positive to negative ) (
negative
t
q
:
charge (c) t time ( s )
:
positive )
 Direct current current
Alternating
flows jesus !
in
Current that th its
Current that
flips
-
one
.

direction only his

v
direction
continuously
in the
IIA IIA circuit
a a

ZA
-

Ita Ita
Ils Ils f > 7
-3A -

tfs tfs
v v

-
IIA -
IIA v v

-
IIA -
IIA

vauq.qofuq.at may vary

• + -
- t

④
Alternating
 →
Voltage The
energy That is
possessed by
Def
:

Energy possessed by a unit

charge
electric
charges
gy→
.

energy !

Izzy
unit SI Unit Volts Iv ,
charge 1C
of charge
→ :

"

fee
"
6110
C
-

E
1×1 = 1.6×10-19 x n

voltage further classified into

be
n I can 2
types
-
.

1. 6×10-19 Electromotive Ime ( ) EMF

I ,
"
Potential CPD )
n 6.25×10 electrons Ii Difference
-
-
.

Electromotive Force Potential

Difference
unit to
Is the workdoue
per charge move
I the energy converted per unit
, charge
electrons round the
complete circuit .
when electrons
pass Through
a
component
w: workdone E
Iis V SI Unit : volts ( V ) Ii V SI unit volts IV )
:
Energy
hi
Eq
:
-
= -

9 ( Non -
electrical ) ( non - electrical )
chemical energy electrical converted to
iii. EMF energy Iii Electrical energy other form
is to .

Iv ,
It is the
voltage across the source Iv, It is the voltage across the component
e.
g .
cell ,
battery , power supply generator ,
.

e.g .
resistor
, lamp ,
motor eli .
 LOV CoV
LOV

If
OV

et
•
111Gt /
\ ;D
i
"

I 1 ,

lov f
P D= 4V
EMF LOV
-

Cells in series +

→ The resultant EMF is the

algebraic
It 4th EMFS are added

individual emfs cells

sum
of of
.

IV left Emfs subtracted

it
-

-
are
+
zv 5V 3V 5V 5V 5V t
GV ZV 3V 5V
I ZV GV 3V
I
tht tht tht fifty tutti
← →
←
I
-

←
I
-

ft
V =3 -15 V 5-5
-

V 5 3
-

= -

V -
-
GV V -
- 2V V -
-
OV V -
-

2+6-3 V -
-
4+3-2
NO CURRENT V=5V V
-
-

5V

in parallel 3V
Cells
tt
Advantage
cells attached The cells last
longer load is reduced
¥
→ are across e .
as

↳
another If
-

one .
2 . one cell fails ,
the other
keeps the
and current does not working
voltage circuit
•
.

increase in
parallel cell .
If
Resistance
the hindrance
Understanding : in the
flowatoms
of
electrons in a conductor .
this

to vibration
is due
of .

The ratio current R I

Definition :

of voltage
to SI Unit Ohm
=
:
.

"V I (d)
1,1+9
"
+
Ht ←

ET " •
If The ratio
of
V to I is
large ,
-

this

?⃝
Ri Ra means That the resistance is
such That electrons
large are

112 ,
=
I TRr= I facing difficulty in
travelling
IT It
through circuit .

R Ri
9-
¥
= -
-
,

For the
3 → same
battery if ,
current
R, =
3h Rz = Gr is less , resistance is more and
vice versa .
Factors
effecting Resistance

1 .

Temperature 2 .
Cross Sectional Area
the
Increasing The temp increases greater the cross-sectional
the resistance the conductor the The resistance
of is
-

. area , lesser .

The vibration atoms

of inc .
More
spaces
available
for electrons

pass through
with the increase the conductor
of temp to
-

with
greater cross-sectional area .

AIL Az
3 .

Length R 7 Rz
Increasing the length of
,
wine Rae Rat
°
°

increases the resistance 1 A

-

.
↳

Elections will have to Rat

atoms
face A
pronunciation
of before
move no .

coming other Resistance TR PI length

'

the
out
of rho
- -

p
-
:

side A
.

''
- Li Area

# ↳ pl Resistivity ) :
It is a material
property .

R, L R ,
It
depends upon ,
no .

of free electrons ,

spacings
and
Temperature .
 length Area Resistance
R=p¥
l A R Rae
122¥
•
•

anew
0 2- l A 212 Rn = 12×2

•
l 2A 12/2 Rn = R

I
L

12×-22=12 R✗÷←
• 21 2A Rn -
-

• 21 A
-
12×2*2=412 Rn= RIE ✗ E
"

-3×2=12/6
R Rn I.
¥
2"
-

• -

3×2

I Rn=
I A-
12-2×3
•

2 3 2

•
51 4A
51214 Rn :

121¥
¥
Rn
¥
3A
Ly
• -
-

,,
,
Ohm 's law VIV IIA
" "
R, Rz

constant
At
temperature the current
-

in The R2
conductor is
directly prop .

g . - - . . . .

,
R,

to the
it
potential difference across
v .. . . .

.
. . . - e

i
!
. i i
1.5
- -
- -
- - - -

' I ,

✓ LI ← OHM 'S i t I
→ O ,

of T
'
l l > i >
LAW
I ° Ii Iz IIA 9 a RIV
c-
✓ →
V -
-
12×1 VAI r

formula V IR OHMIC
directly proportional
-

← -

resistance t b
CONDUCTORS
of
straight line
passing through conductors which
-

Law )
origin obey Ohm 's

To check which r.ME NT !

graph
is
of a
layer resistor
, A

select value
of voltage determine To
find resistance
from graph
it
and
any a
current at that
voltage in both
graphs .
z use R -

-
YI using any point on
I
• The one which has lesser current will have graph
e
more resistance .
a
R, -
-
I 122--9
-

w
°
the one which has more current will have no
I
1.5 6

R. Ra
less resistance E Gr l 5h
-
- -
- -
 NON -
OHMIC CONDUCTORS

1. Filament
Lamp 2 . Thermistor
The
lamp heats
up
at
high It is a-
temperature dependent resistor
current and its resistance
resistance who is
inventory prop .
to temp .

increases due to increase atoms thermistor

12×1 →
At
higher temp , of
in
temperature .
T release Their own electrons in the
cement current
IIA
"
VIV " flow of .
Hence

0.5 - - - - - - -

i
RIR
^
increases and
^
resistance falls .

I/A
,
R=v
I 6 -

¥
-

I
- - -
- - - - -

" "

t
y , 12--1=1252
'

,
I 0.5
0 I 0 I
> >
, 6 ,
VIV 0.5 I /A
> >

1- 1°C VIV
when resistance increases when
,
graph resistance decreases
, graph bends

bends towards voltage axis .

towards current .

in
At
higher voltages the
change
* -

current is less for the same

change Thermistor
in
voltage *
3. LDR I light Dependent Resistor ) 4 .
Rheostat
The resistance decreases
with increase
ofinLDR
light
intensity .
Ra 1-
Light Intensity
"
Rlr
L
BAB T
Input
L L

>

L I
-

shines the
when
light on LDR ,

the atoms
gain light energy
and use it to release their
elections
own in the
flow
current increase
of resistance Current
.
,

falls .
 5 .
Diode
An electronic
component that
in
allows current to
flow one

direction
only .

+
-

:
CURRENT FLOWS NO CURRENT FLOWS

( forward biased ) (Reverse Biased )

 DC CIRCUITS
GV W
w ← Voltmeter
Vi K Vs
Series Circuit
the resistors are attached in - a-

H
* -

9V on W OV
R, Rz R,
line with one another .

Ammeter I
→
'
.

-
. . -

VT
EMF

✓ Current Ammeters
Voltage
-
are

Tn circuit current is The at attached in series

series
voltage drop
• .
,

wrist ant ( uniform at all each resistor is with the

component
-

the circuit the resistance

points in based
-

on
r
.

If Larger
resistors is A
the the resistor
of
-

of
-
- - -

.
one .

current has
changed , is now resistor more

reset to value and it Voltmeters

voltage drop
a new across are

now this new current is and smaller resistor attached in He

para
found flow
to
everywhere in has less
voltage drop .
to the
component
the series circuit
ofresistors
.
The division v

Ii I, Is Iz voltage
i R -

among
= = =

is based their
-

on

resistances Vt=V, the TVs

comparative .
 Find The values
✓ Resistance loor
of V, ,
Va ,
Vz ,

Vt = V ,
+
Vzt Vs I and Rt .

V2
as V -
-
IR so

It Rt = I , R, + Iz Rz +
Is Rs Y 50A 30A ↳ •
Rt =
50+100+30

It I, Iz Is Rt 18052

E¥
=
as = = =

Il Rt ) =
IT R ,
+ Rz + Rs )
•
V= IR
12W
Rt = R + R + R, 12 = I ( 180 ) so I =
0.067 A
, ,

-
•- a- - • V, = IR , • Vz = I Rz •
Vz = I R
,

( 0.0671130)
loor Sor 250A ( 0.0671150 )
= = ( 0.06711100) -
-

Rt = 100450 -1250 V, -
-
3.3 V V'2=6.7 V V, =
2V
Rt = 4005L

-
400 r -

✓ Current is same in all resistors

Voltage among resistors

divides
✓

✓
Overall resistance is sum of
individual resistances .
 100A
Calculate The values
of

iaoor÷i :Tti÷Tw÷;E
't
"
.

y, Rt
1111
LOV

I, V =
112 Ii
,
V, -
- IR , Iii , Vt -
-
V, + Vztv, Iv
,
12=2001 ,

2=11100 ) V, =
10.02112001 10=4 + Vz -12 or V= 112

I -
- 0.02A V, -
-
4V Va -
-
4V 4=0.0212

according to V=lR I, Rt -
- 200-1100 -1200

VAR I is Rt 5002
>
if same -
-

"

piston loon 2V
voltage
-

four 2001 -
4V doubts
 Vi
It is
given that K 2×4 find The values

100€
-
-

p,
ZV V2 of I ,
I Ii ,
V, iii. Vz Iv
,
R, du, Ra Yi , Rt
• V = 112
VT V, 2x V,
2- I ( 900)
-
o
-
-

tvztvg • Vz =

12 V 2×3.33
1=0.02 # 12--4-124+2 =

10=34 Vz= 6. GFV

4=3.39

4--112 ,
Vz -
- l Ra RT -
-
1001-166.5-1333
3. 33=10.02) R , 6.67--10.027 Ra Ri -
-
GOOD
R, -
-
166.51 Rz =
333A
 Parallel Circuits → R.
I , Vi

I Y
- -
I . .

→ 123

Iz V3

Voltage
the
:

#
•

voltage drop 1 potential difference ) I v, I

on all resistors is same in
parallel .

If they directly attached to the The currents

flowing
-

all
of
-
are .
sum
to
battery the
voltage is equal to EMF in the resistors equal
is
-

, .

The the
current
provided by
V, Vz Vs VT
battery
= = =
.

Current : I = I ,
t Iz 1- Is
Current in
parallel
•

gets divided
combination based on the resistance

of the resistor .

resistors have less current in

layer
•

them and smaller ones have more .

 Resistance
90N

I =
I ,
+ I, + Iz -
Gor -
at -
-

V= IR and I 29 -03N
¥
As = iron

Attaching resistors in
parallel decreases

a-
effective
the resistance
of
vii. ¥
=
resistors
+
.

Rt . 100N
100N

as 4- =
v. = v. =
vs
✓
¥111 ff
1¥ -1¥ -1¥ )
✗ ✗
1¥ /
'
.
=

TV It
←
1111
qv
V= IR V IR
¥ ¥ ¥
-
-

=
+ +

, , 9=111001 9=111001

I -_ 0.09A I -
- 0.09A

e.
g.
R, =
90N Rz= 605h 123=1501 I,
-
= 0.09A It = 0.09+0.09

It 0-18 A
II. to % Tso
=
=
+ +

Ri 901 Attaching resistors in increases

parallel
3£00 so
=
=

31 the current drawn from the

battery
Ri for the voltage
29.03s same Hence
effective
=
.

resistance decreases .
 ILV V
I I

← 11/1 Find the

←
l 'll
I, R, = 9 or value
of Ir 0.5A Rr
-
. toor r
Ia Is and →
f
.

T
✓
,

→
→ .

Ir
Ia 122=50 r
122--27 or
Find V Ia I
of Rt
the values , , .

✓ = IR V -
-
IR
V, =
I. R Va IAR V IR
Vz=IzRz
-
-
o - .
, -

12 =
I. ( 90 ) 12=121270 ) V -
- 10.571100 ) 50--12150 )
Ii -
- O -
133A 12--0-244 V -
-
SOV Ir -
- IA

I I, Ia Ra is
half of R, Ia is double Ii
of
=
+ so
.

= 0.133+0.044

II = 8.177A .
I -
-
0.5-11 .
I -

too fo +
Ii
-

I -
-
I -5A

RT -
-
33.35L
 1001
1001 505L
2001
1 . z, e .

- -

100N
50N 20 Or 100m
-
-4 -

R = 100+50 1507

I R 150N
Ry 2505211ns
Too Yoo
loose
-
- -

= -

F- -

Rt tot too
-
-

Ri -
- 50N ,

Rt : for Amy .

If all resistors in parallel -

have The same value ,

then

Rt
In
value resistor
ofresistors
-
←
-

of
← no .

too 50A
e -

s -

.
 V,

Vs IR
T 100N T V, T2 2V pili, V -
-

-
I -
l -

3 33
→
200N Is → 50A t 100N
→

Ir1oa€
-

→ Vz 3=0-01 Rs

f
R
Rz -
-
3005L
-
3
←

I LOV
← -
I ,
RT y, V, and Vz It
Ii I Yi ,
I
,
and In VT
,

It is that Is calculate
Iii I,
given iii.
-_
,

Iv , V3
I Iz Ii . I, Iii , I, Iv, Vi

I ,
Ri -

-
250A Iv , 4=13123 I, Vs avi
, I, and Iii , Vt Iii , R
= ( 0.0411200 )
Ii , VE Iff V, = 8V I ,
V -
- IR II. I, -
- I, -_ 0.02A

10=11250 ) 2=111007
I -
- 0.04A Y ,
V ,=Vz= 10-8 Iz -
- 0.02A Iii , Iz= 0.01A

V,
-
-
K
-
- 2V

Iii I Iz IY Vi IIR ' evil Ii

0.04A I Vz=3V
-

=
0.02T
- -
-
- -
,

Yi ,
V -
-
IR -
10.021150) Iii ,VT=3V 0.01

2--1,11001 I , : 0.02A Y -
- IV It -
-
0.03A
Iz -
-
0.02A
 PRACTICAL ELECTRICITY

v
Electrical Power and
Energy
SI Unit Watts ( Wl :
P -
- IV ← lilt
I
Power : Rate at which
energy is p= E
t -

converted t
produced by battery
.

power
-
-

so electrical is the rate E Pxt P -

IV
power
←
- -

→ -

at which electrical is stunt Joules ( J) v

energy
:

being consigned
or
produced
t
.
*
I
X -
R

Battery generator by lamp

consumed
,
power
lamp fans ,
,
motors , resistors p -
- IV

'

p -
.
IV P -

.
1212 P -
VI P -
-
IV and V -
IR
t
↳ £
R
replacing IR in V

can be used used

consumed P ILIR ) 17=1212
anywhere for power so
-
-

at resistors .
s

D= IV and I -
-
YR
E
-
-
IVE E -
-
I 'RE E -
-
It replacing I with YR
R

where t is time in seconds Csl D=

( Vz ) V R -
-

VI
R
 kilowatt -
hour 1kWh )
kilowatt -
hour kWh
It is the unit electrical P t
of
-

→ x
energy
=

energy
→ it is a
commercial unit
1. unit = 1kWh

1kWh The consumed when rated 1000W 11kW ) is

→
energy
an
appliance
duration 1 hour
for lime
-

operated a
of .

E =P x t

1kWh -
- 11kW ) x ( Ihr )
=
( 1000 W) x
( 1×60×60 s )
1kWh =
36,00 000J
,

Example : A 800W electric motor

operates for a time
of 30 min . Calculate
the consumed kWh costs
in
9f Rs 11 calculate
-

energy .
1kWh .

much would it contribute the bill in 1 month

how to
if
works
the
days )
motor I
daily . Imonth -
30
 E P xt total
energy for month 0.4×30
-
=
a

KYOTO )× ( YT )
=
= 12kWh

Electricity bill = 12×11

KW h = Rs .
132
E : 0.4kWh
17=1212
power supplied
•

-
= 10.034351200 ) by battery

#
-

look 2001 50A

P = 0.235 W
P -
- IV

. p=I2R -
- O -
0343×12
P IZR 150 )
'
Izu -
= 10.0343 ) p =
0.4116W
Calculate loss at each resistor P 0.0588W
power
-.

and
power supplied by battery '

p = IZ R p x R
V -
-
IR . P = Ilk
12=11350 ) ( 0.0343511001 current constant
P
if is the
layer
-
-

I =
0.0343 A P -
-
O 1176W
-

resistor will have more

power loss !
 KV
20oz

→
calculate the loss at each resistor and
power
I, loonlzv
the
power supplied by battery
→ -

Ff pick any
P=lV
,
D= I' R
,
p -
-

VI
R

111112W
←

'
using current
D= V
-
p -
- V2
-

V
R IR
Pbattey
R
-
-
V -
- IR : IV
P -

-
11272 12=11212 12=111001 12=11200 )
-
-

I I It
; 0.06A
100 200 -
-
0.12A -
-
O -
12+0.06
,

Ps 1.44 W P -
-
0.72W It : 0.18A

17=1212 17=142
" P Pa 10.127211001 17=10.06742007 12=10.181112 )
battery -
,
t =

=
1.44 -10.72 117=1.447
-
117--0.7271 P -
-
2.16W
=
2.16W -