REVIEWER FOR LONG QUIZ NUMBER 4 ON CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS

BSME 1-2
Kelvin Planck Statement of 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

"It is impossible to undergo a cyclic process whose sole effects are flow of heat into the system from a heat reservoir
and the performance of an equivalent amount of work by the system on the surrounding.

q
Hot Body Engine W

Clasius Statement for the 2nd Law of thermodynamics

"It is impossible to undergo a cyclic process whose sole effects are the flow of heat into the system from a cold
reservoir and the flow of an equal amount of heat of the system into a heat reservoir".

q
Hot Body Engine Cold Reservoir

PHASE CHANGES

Phase Equilibrium
- The study of the equilibrium which exists between or within different states of matter namely
solid, liquid and gas

Phase Diagram

Triple Point- the point on a

phase diagram at which the
three states of matter: gas,
liquid and solid coexist.

Critical Point- the point on a

phase diagram at which the
substance is indistinguishable
between liquid and gaseous
state.
 MAY ABSOLUTE VALUE PAG EFFICIENCY

EFFICIENCY
Nilalagyan lang ng absolute value pag
Formulas: 1) hinahanap ang efficiency pero pag hinanap mo
na ang work wala siyang absolute value

2) Pag given lang ay heat

3) Pag given lang ay Temperature. Take note

need palagi naka convert sa Kelvin

3) Yung qH ay heat absorb by the engine (See

First Page) at ang qC ay heat release by the
engine. Sa observation ko. Since ang engine ay
ang system natin, ang qH dapat ay lagging
positive at ang qC naman ay negative. Sa work
since exerted outside the system siya (From
system to surrounding) Edi Negative din ay
work palagi.

Carnot's Principle

"No heat engine can be more efficient than a reversible heat engine when both engine work between the same pair of
temperature, TH and TC.

Hot Reservoir

Heat Pump Engine W

Cold Reservoir

Carnot Cycle

Yung qin ay yung heat transferred sa

engine at yung qout ay yung heat
transferred sa surrounding. Yung
sinasabi sa T1=T2=high kaya high dahil
from hot reservoir tapos yung sa
T3=T4= low ay papunta sa cold
reservoir

Note:
Pag sa Carnot Cycle may
2 Isothermal Processes
2 Adiabatic Processes
 ENTROPY DEGREE OF DISORDER/RANDOMNESS

1. Cyclic Process: ΔS = 0 (cyclic ibig sabihin isobaric, isothermal, isochoric process)

2. Adiabatic Process: ΔS = 0
3. Reversible Phase Change at Constant T & P

Ginagamit lang pag may Phase Change kunwari Solid to Liquid tapos
Parehas sila ng Temperature (See Below).

4. Constant-Pressure Heating with no Phase Change

Ginagamit pag di nag babago ang Phase ng isang matter kunwari H2O (liquid)
tumaas lang temperature niya; From liquid to liquid. Temperature lang nagbago
(See Below).

BELOW

H2O (s) H2O (g)

@-10°C @120°C
Walang Phase
Change Pero nagbago
Nagbago ang Temp 𝑻𝟐 ang Temperature.
Diba 𝜟𝒔𝟏 𝑪𝒑𝒍𝒏
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
𝜟𝒔𝟓 𝑪𝒑𝒍𝒏
𝑻𝟏
H2O (s) H2O (g)
@0°C @100°C
𝜟𝑯
𝜟𝒔𝟐 𝜟𝑯
𝑻 𝜟𝒔𝟒
𝑻
May Phase Change at 𝑻𝟐
𝜟𝒔𝟑 𝑪𝒑𝒍𝒏 Same Temperature at
di nagbago ang 𝑻𝟏 H2O (l) May Phase change
Temperature
H2O (l)
from liquid to Gas
@0°C @100°C
Parehas parin sila ng
Phase. Nagbago lang
ang Temperature

Yung sa below. May pattern yang sinusundan kung bakit ganiyan yan. Tinuro lang sa atin ni sir kung ano lang gagamitin
na formula. Di niya tinuro kung paano mapupunta diyan yung flow. Para malaman niyo kung paano. May tinatawag
tayong Enthalpy and Phase Changes na Graph. (see Belowlow)

BELOWLOW

PHASE CHANGE OF WATER

T
E
M
P
E
𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟐
R 𝜟𝒔 𝑪𝒑𝒍𝒏
𝑻𝟏
𝜟𝒔 𝑪𝒑𝒍𝒏
𝑻𝟏
A Above
100˚C
Gas Gas

T 𝜟𝑯 𝜟𝑯
𝜟𝒔 𝜟𝒔
𝑻 𝑻
U 100˚C Liquid to Gas Gas to Liquid
R (Evaporation) (Condensation)
Liquid 𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟐 Liquid
E 𝜟𝑯 𝜟𝒔 𝑪𝒑𝒍𝒏 𝜟𝒔 𝑪𝒑𝒍𝒏 𝜟𝑯
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟏
𝜟𝒔 𝜟𝒔
𝑻 𝑻
0˚C
Solid to Liquid Liquid to Solid
(Fusion) (Solidification)
Below
𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟐
0˚C Solid 𝜟𝒔 𝑪𝒑𝒍𝒏 𝜟𝒔 𝑪𝒑𝒍𝒏 Solid
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟏

ENERGY
NOTE:

1. Pag gagamitin ang laging may nakalagay na Heat na word. Heat of fusion, heat of condensation, heat
of evaporization. Need mo lang iconvert yun sa Joule yung given. Kasi ang unit ng ay Joule.
2. Pag gagamitin ang lagi yang may specific heat na nakalagay o di kaya diretso na kaagad sa heat
capacity. Tapos nagbabago ang Temperature.
3. Huwag kakalimutan mag change ng sign lalo na kung iba ang hinahanap sa given. Kunwari given ang entropy
ng evaporization eh kaso hinahanap condensation. Hanapin mo muna entropy ng evaporization tapos lagyan
mo lang ng negative sign.
4. BASAHIN NIYO ANG PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY BY IRA LEVINE (Pare-parehas lang tayo dito di nagbabasa! HAHAHA)

So ayun Guys Goodluck sa LQ4.

Pasabi kung may kulang ako sa lesson na diniscuss.

“THE UNIVERSE IS INCREASING IN DISORDER” -ENTROPY

 Analyzing the Temperature we can conclude
that its from a Hot Reservoir To Cold
Reservoir
Application of Lesson on Problems

1. Consider a heat engine that uses reservoirs at 800°C and 0°C. (a) Calculate the maximum possible
Efficiency. (b) if qH is 1000J, find the maximum value of w and the minimum value of qC.

a) Formula to be used:
Solution:

b) Formulas to be used: and qH + qC = -W

Solution: b.1)

b.2) qH + qC = -W
1000J + (-250) = -W
W = -750 J

2. A Carnot-cycle heat engine does 2.50kJ of work per cycle and has an efficiency of 45%. Find w, qH and qC for
one cycle.

Solution: Work = -2.50kJ why negative? Remember the Formula in sense the system does
exerted work towards the surrounding that’s why it’s negative.

Finding qH through the formula of

Finding qC through the formula of qH + qC = -W qC = -W - qH = -(5.56kJ) - (-2.50kJ)= -3.06kJ

3. Find ΔS for the melting of 13.0g of ice (heat fusion = 79.7cal/g) at 0°C and 1 atm. Find also the ΔS (in kj) for
the freezing process.

Tingnan niyo ang Temperature walang pagbabago so ang gagamiting formula ay since ang nakalagay
ang delta of enthalpy which is heat of fusion = 79.7 cal/g ay hindi naka convert sa Joule. Edi i-convert!

a)
b)

4. The heat of vaporization of water at 100°C is 40.66kJ/mol. Find ΔS when 5.00g of water condenses to liquid
at 100°C and 1 atm.

Question 4 is same with question #3 though don’t need to convert it to Joule/Kilo-joule anymore since the
given is 40.66kj/mol but still we need to remove the mole in the denominator.

5. Find ΔS when 100g of water is reversibly heated from 50°C to 75°C at 1atm.

Though it’s said that it is reversible, the temperature changes so the formula to be used is

Cp (Heat Capacity) = Mass x Specific Heat

6. Find ΔS when 3.50 mol of ethanol, C2H5OH, is heated from 27°C to 127°C with pressure held fixed at 1.00 atm.
The specific heat of ethanol is 2.46J/g·K

Constant-Pressure heating with no phase change.

Parang parehas lang siya sa 5 kaso need natin pag tuunan pansin yung sa ethanol.

( )( )( )

Molar Mass Mole

Cp (Heat Capacity) = Mass x Specific Heat

7. Steam at 100°C is condensed and is then cooled until frozen to 0°C. What is the entropy change of the
substance in J/mol. Consider that the average specific heat of liquid water is 4.184 J/K. The ΔHVap and ΔHfus are
2258.1 J/g and 333.5 J/g, respectively. (Mass of H20 is 10 grams

H2O (g) H2O (s)

@100°C @0°C

𝜟𝒔𝟏 𝜟𝒔𝟑

H2O (l) H2O (l)

@100°C @0°C
𝜟𝒔𝟐

Formulas to be used

Kaya niyo na tohhh hahahahah kulang na time ko sa comshoppppp!