RN Thermodynamics

Compact and Sufficient

 The energy of an isolated system
a. is always decreasing
b. is always constant
c. is always increasing
d. none of the above

Hint: The system in which both the mass as well as energy

cannot be transferred between system and its surrounding is
called as isolated system. As the energy can neither be
transmitted nor be absorbed, the total energy of an isolated
system is always constant.

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 The term which can differentiate
thermodynamics from other sciences is ____.

a. Pressure
b. Te m p e r a t u r e
c. Mass
d. none of the above

• Temperature plays a very important role in thermodynamics as

force does in static and velocity does in dynamics. Temperature is
the term through which we can differentiate between hot and cold.
When two bodies are brought in physical contact with each other
and one body has more temperature than other then hear transfer
takes place from hot body to cold one. After some time they attain a
common temperature and then they are in a thermal equilibrium.
These phenomena are very important in thermodynamics.

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 The thermodynamic work done by the system
on the surrounding is considered as ____.
a. positive
b. negative
c. neutral
d. none of the above
• Hint:
The mechanical work is done by a force when it acts upon a body
moving in the direction of the force. In thermodynamics, work transfer
occurs between system and surrounding. Work is said to be done by a
system when the energy is transferred from the system and it is
responsible for or counted as some external mechanical change.
When work is done by a system then it is taken as positive, and when
work is done on the system by the surrounding then it is taken as
negative. The symbol W is used for work transfer.
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When the heat transfer into a system is more
than the work transfer out of the system, then

a. the internal energy of the system remains

constant
b. the internal energy of the system decreases
c. the internal energy of the system increases
d. none of the above

• When a system undergoes cycle, then the algebraic sum

of all energy transfer across the boundaries is zero. But
when a system undergoes a change of state in which both
heat transfer and work transfer are involved, the net
energy transfer is stored and collected within the system.
As the heat transfer is more that work transfer then the
internal energy (ΔE) increases.
Q – W = ΔE 5
 Food for thought
Can heat and work be completely
interchangeable forms of energy
practically?

• The answer is no.

• According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energies are
converted from one form to another form. For example, according
to Joule, based on his experiments, energy supplied to a system in a
form of heat, can be completely converted into work. But this
process is not possible, because we know that in thermodynamic
process internal energy of a system also increases. Thus,
Heat transfer – Internal energy increase + Work transfer
The complete conversion of heat into work is not possible.
Therefore heat and work are not completely interchangeable forms
of energy.

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First law of thermodynamics
provides
a. a statement that energy balance occurs when a
system undergoes the change of state or the
process
b. a statement about whether the change of state
or the process is at all feasible or not
c. both a. and b.
d. none of the above

• Hint: Feasibility of process comes from 2nd law of

thermodynamics.

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 The thermodynamic cycle in which net heat is
transferred to the system and a net work is
transferred from the system is called as

a. refrigeration cycle
b. heat engine cycle
c. both a. and b.
d. none of the above

• Hint- Heat engine takes up heat of combustion from the

Combustion chamber to rotate crankshaft.

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 Efficiency of heat engine cycle is
the ratio of
a . t o t a l h e a t i n p u t t o t h e c y c l e ( Q in) t o n e t w o r k o u t p u t o f t h e
c y c l e ( W net)
b . n e t w o r k o u t p u t o f t h e c y c l e ( W net) t o t o t a l h e a t i n p u t t o t h e
c y c l e ( Q in)
c . n e t w o r k o u t p u t o f t h e c y c l e ( W net) t o h e a t r e j e c t e d f r o m t h e
s y s t e m ( Q out)
d. none of the above

Hint- Heat engine takes up heat of combustion (Q) from the

Combustion chamber to rotate crankshaft (Work).

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 A thermal energy reservoir (TER)
has
a. a finite heat capacity
b. an infinite heat capacity
c. a finite mass
d. none of the above

• Option b

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 FR
Explanation
• A thermal energy reservoir has a capacity of absorbing or rejecting an unlimited
amount of heat without considerable change in its temperature.
• These are the large bodies, in which the heat enters or leaves are very slow and very
minute.
• Heat capacity is the product of mass of the body and specific heat of the body.
• As the thermal energy reservoirs are the large bodies, their heat capacity will be
infinite.

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 Two reversible adiabatic paths
a. can intersect with each other
b. cannot intersect with each other
c. may intersect or may not intersect
d. none of the above

• Hint- Should they intersect, it creates a cycle which

violates KP statement of 2nd law of thermodynamics.
• Note- Two (different) adiabatic paths can intersect in a
plot.

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 Which property of a system is constant in
reversible adiabatic process?
a. pressure
b. volume
c. temperature
d. entropy

• Solution- option (d)

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 Why is entropy constant during FR
reversible adiabatic process?
• There are two ways in which the entropy of such a system can change, namely,
through heat transfer at the system boundary and through entropy generation inside
the system.
• Now, since the process is adiabatic, so the heat transfer is zero and so the entropy
change is zero through heat transfer.
• And if the process is also reversible, then there is no entropy generated inside the
system and the entropy change due to entropy generation is also zero.

In this way, the entropy change is zero for an adiabatic process which is also
reversible.

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 Thermodynamics is the study of
a. energy
b. equilibrium
c. entropy
d. none of the above

• Thermodynamics is a branch of physics which deals

with the energy and work of a system.

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 What is the cyclic integral of dQ/T
for reversible process?
a. less than zero
b. zero
c. more than zero
d. none of the above

• Solution- option (b)

• Explanation – cyclic integral of dQ/T is equal to entropy
generation in that particular cycle.
• For reversible cycle(process), entropy generation is zero.

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 What is the cyclic integral of
dQ/T for irreversible process?
a. less than zero
b. zero
c. more than zero
d. none of the above

• Solution – option (a)

• Entropy is associated only with heat transfer only. That
is during heat transfer both heat and entropy are
transferred. While during work transfer only energy is
transferred.

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 FR
Remember me cuz I will help you
• Entropy change for a process is given by,
dS= integral(dQ/T)+ Sgen………(1)
where , (dQ/T) is entropy change due to heat transfer and “Sgen” is entropy
generated due to irreversibility

So for an irreversible process “Sgen” is not equal to zero. Equation (1) holds good for
irreversible process.
For a reversible process Sgen=0 . So equation become dS= integral (dQ/T)

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 FR
Kelvin Scale
• One Kelvin is the fraction 1/273.16th of the thermodynamic temperature of the
triple point of water.
• A temperature scale that have zero value at absolute zero is a thermodynamic
temperature scale.
• The Kelvin scale has two fixed points - absolute zero (0K) and the triple point of
water (273.16K) .
• “The boiling point of water" is deliberately not used because it depends on the
ambient pressure .
• The triple point of water fixes the ambient pressure.

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 FR
Triple point
• The temperature at which the three phases of water, namely, ice, liquid water and
water vapor are equally stable and coexistent.
• It is unique, i.e., it occurs at one single temperature = 273.16 K and one single
pressure of about 0.46 cm of the Hg column.
• This point is unique because any temperature or pressure higher or lower will
change the phase of one or more states of water.

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 FR
Ideal Gas vs Perfect Gas
• Perfect gas is one in which intermolecular forces are not considered.
• Most of the gases behave as perfect gases at low pressures and at very high
temperatures.
• Perfect gas obeys ideal gas law and it has constant specific heats.
• Cp, Cv has constant values. For example if you consider air as perfect gas, Cp=1.005
kJ/kg. K and Cv=0.718 kJ/kg. K at all temperatures.
• So, internal energy of a perfect gas can be simply calculated from du = Cv. dT and
enthalpy of perfect gas is dh= Cp.dT.

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 FR
Ideal Gas
• Ideal gas is a gas that obeys ideal gas law and specific heats of an ideal gas
are function of temperature alone.
• If you consider air as an ideal gas , then Cp=1.005 +f(T) and similarly Cv=0.718+g(T).
• So, internal energy of ideal gas can be simply calculated from du =
integral{Cv.dT} and enthalpy of an ideal gas is
• Dh = integral{Cp.dT}.

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 The specific heats of an ideal gas FR
depend on its
a) Temperature
b) Pressure
c) Volume
d) Molecular Weight and Structure

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 FR
Unit Conversion
• 1 bar = 100kPa = 750 torr = 0.987atm = 14.5psi = 29.5 inch of Hg
• 1 inch = 25.4 mm

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 FR
GATE question
• The volume and temperature of air (assumed to be an ideal gas) in a closed vessel is
2.87 m3 and 300K, respectively. The gauge pressure indicated by a manometer fitted
to the wall of the vessel is 0.5bar. If the gas constant of air is R = 287 J/kg. K and the
atmospheric pressure is 1 bar, the mass of air (in kg) in the vessel is
(A) 1.67
(B) 3.33
(C) 5.00
(D) 6.66

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 FR
Solution

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 FR
Gate Question
• A thermodynamic cycle with an ideal gas as working fluid is shown below: The
above cycle is represented on T-S plane by

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 FR
Option

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 Extra information - Efficiency of Lenoir FR
Cycle

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 FR
GATE MCQ
• A reversible thermodynamic cycle containing only three processes and producing
work is to be constructed. The constraints are - (i) There must be one isothermal
process, (ii) There must be one isentropic process, (iii) The maximum and minimum
cycle pressure and the clearance volume are fixed, (iv) Polytropic processes are not
allowed. Then the number of possible cycles are –
(A) 1 (C) 3
(B) 2 (D) 4

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 FR
Humidity and related terms
• Humidity is the amount of moisture (water vapor) in the air and can be expressed as
absolute humidity or relative humidity.
• Absolute humidity is the mass of water vapor divided by a unit volume of air (grams
of water/cm3 of air).
• It does not take temperature into consideration.
• Absolute humidity in the atmosphere ranges from near zero to roughly 30 grams per
cubic meter when the air is saturated at 30 °C.

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 FR
Relative and specific humidity
• The amount of water vapor present in the air divided by the maximum amount that
the air could contain at that temperature.
• It is expressed as a percentage.
• The relative humidity is 100% if the air is saturated with water vapor and 0% if no
water vapor is present in the air at all.
• The ratio of the partial pressure of water vapour (H2O) in the mixture to the
saturated vapour pressure of water at a given temperature.
• Thus the relative humidity of air is a function of both water content and
temperature.
• Specific humidity is mass of water vapor in a unit mass of moist air, usually
expressed as grams of vapor per kilogram of air.

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 Diagram to understand – HP and FR
Refrigerator
Comparison

[COP]H. P. = Q1 / W
[COP]Ref. = Q2 / W
[COP]H. P. – [COP]Ref. = 1
Main concentration in refrigeration
for its calculation is low temperature
reservoir .
A Heat pump receives heat from low
temperature region and discharge it to
high temperature region with utilization
of external work.

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 The reason of the fact that the internal combustion
FR
engine does not complete thermodynamic cycle-
1. every time fresh air is taken inside the engine and combustion products are
thrown out of the engine
2. permanent chemical change is undergone by the working fluid in combustion
chamber

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 FR
Formula
Wnet = mean effective pressure × displacement volume ( for a reciprocating engine)
 Formula for efficiency of vapor power cycle
a. ηcycle = Wnet / Qin
b. ηcycle = (WT – WP) / Qin
c. ηcycle = (Qin – Qout) / Qin

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 FR
MCQ
• Which thermodynamic cycle, for the same condition, has highest efficiency among
the others?
a. Carnot cycle
b. Stirling cycle
c. Ericsson cycle
d. None. All of the above have same efficiency

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 FR
Clearing the Concepts - 1
• Internal combustion engine is the example of non cyclic process as there is a
permanent change in the working fluid during combustion due to which the fluid
does not pass through a cycle (but is rejected to the atmosphere) so the internal
combustion engine is often referred to as an "open cycle" device, not a cyclic
thermodynamic heat engine.
• The engines which are operating on gas power cycle are either cyclic or non cyclic
process. Here gas is the working fluid, which may or may not undergo phase
change.
•

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 FR
Clearing the Concepts - 2
• Rankine is a vapor cycle, where the working fluid is cycled between vapor and liquid
states, while the Brayton is a gas cycle, where the working fluid always exists as a
gas.
• Rankine Cycle's T-s diagram includes the vapor dome while the Brayton Cycle's T-s
diagram typically does not, as the Brayton Cycle occurs to the right of the vapor
dome.

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 FR
Also
• The two heat exchangers are called a steam generator and condenser for the
Rankine Cycle.
• Both the Rankine and Brayton Cycle use turbines for the expansion process ;
however the Rankine Cycle uses a steam turbine while the Brayton Cycle uses a gas
turbine.
• For the pressure increase process , the Rankine Cycle uses a pump since the working
fluid is an incompressible liquid, while the Brayton Cycle uses a compressor since
the working fluid is a gas.

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 FR
Components of Rankine Cycle- Pump
• A pump is used to increase the pressure of the working fluid.
• The working fluid enters the pump as a saturated liquid, and exits the pump as a
compressed liquid.
• This process requires mechanical power, and a small fraction of the mechanical
power generated by the turbine is used to power the pump.
• This pressure change process is both adiabatic and internally-reversible

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 Components of Rankine Cycle- Steam FR
generator
• The working substance is boiled first and then superheated.
• The steam generator actually consists of two heat exchangers in series.
• The first heat exchanger is called the boiler, which the working fluid enters as a
compressed liquid and exits as a saturated vapor.
• The second heat exchanger is called the super heater, which the working enters as a
saturated vapor and exits at state 3 as a superheated vapor.
• However, for simplicity the two heat exchangers are often referred to in tandem as a
steam generator.

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 FR
Components of Rankine Cycle- Turbine

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 Extra Information – ‘the Joule- FR
Thomson effect’
• A temperature change can occur in a gas as a result of a sudden pressure change
over a valve.
• This phenomenon has proven to be important in the advancement of refrigeration
systems as well as liquefiers, air conditioners, and heat pumps.
• The effect that is responsible for a tire valve getting cold when you let out the air
from a bicycle tire.
• A flowing gas passes through a pressure regulator, which acts as a throttling device,
valve, or porous plug.
• A temperature change is not necessarily desirable. To balance out any Joule-
Thomson related temperature changes, a heating or cooling element can be used.

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 What is the cyclic integral of dQ/T for FR
irreversible process?
a. less than zero
b. zero
c. more than zero
d. none of the above

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 What is the cyclic integral of dQ/T for FR
reversible process? Very Important
a. less than zero
b. zero
c. more than zero
d. none of the above

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 FR
Remember me b’cuz I will help you
• When a system is taken from state A to state B through a reversible path 1 and
again the system is taken to its initial state A from B through different reversible
path 2, then entropy remains constant.
• Explanation – Entropy is point function.

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 FR
The degree of saturation varies from-
a. 1 to infinity
b. 0 to infinity
c. 0 to 1
d. none of the above

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 Remember this- H20 tube boiler is FR
more efficient than fire tube boiler.
• The working pressure is high enough, up to 250 bar in super critical boilers.
• The rate of steam generation and quality of steam are better and suitable for power
generation.
• Load fluctuations can be easily handled.
• It requires less floor area for a given output
• light in weight, hence transportation is not a problem.
• Direction of water circulated is well defined.
• If any water tube is damaged, it can be easily replaced or repaired.
• But complex design, difficult to erect and high maintenance cost. Skilled
operators are required for operation. Treatment of feed water is very essential as
small scale deposits inside the tubes can cause overheating and bursting.
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 FR
Mechanical Energy Reservoir
• A large body which can store work as potential energy.
• This large body is covered by an adiabatic wall.

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 FR
Some of the confusing law
• It is impossible to produce a heat engine, whose sole effect is to absorb energy in
the form of heat from a heat source and produce an equal amount of work. This
statement is Clausius Statement.
• Based on this, heat pump operates.

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 FR
Entropy change in a cyclic process
• a. Cyclic ∫P1 P2 (dQ/T) = 0
b. 1∫2 P1 (dQ/T) = 1∫ 2 P2 (dQ/T)
c. 1∫ 2 P1 (dQ/T) = 2∫ 1 P2 (dQ/T)
d. all of the above

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 FR
Numerical
• 100 kg of ice at 0 °C is melted completely. What will be the change in entropy in
kJ/K, when T2 = 0 °C and latent heat of fusion of ice is taken as 334.774 J/g.
• Answer - 122.6

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 Which is a state of a substance from which a phase
change occurs without a change of pressure or
FR
temperature?
a. pure state
b. phase state
c. saturation state
d. critical state

Note:
Saturation temperature means boiling point temperature. This temperature depend
on the pressure of the system so if the system remains at constant pressure during
phase change, it would also remain at constant saturation temperature .

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 FR
MCQ
• What is the relation between the pressure change (dp) and volume change (dv),
for all the real processes in nature containing pressure change (dp) as well as
volume change (dv)?
a. dp/dv = 0
b. dp/dv > 0
c. dp/dv < 0
d. all the above options are possible

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 What is the effect on temperature of an ideal
gas, when it undergoes a Joule-Kelvin FR
expansion?
a. temperature increases
b. temperature decreases
c. first temperature increases and then decreases isenthalpically
d. no change in temperature

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 Sometimes the pump work in vapor FR
power cycle is neglected because
a. the pump work in not considered in efficiency of vapor power cycle
b. the pump work is very small compared to the heat addition
c. the pump work is very small compared to the turbine work
d. none of the above

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 How is the capacity of vapor power FR
plant expressed?
a. in terms of heat rate
b. in terms of steam rate
c. in terms of work output
d. none of the above

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 What is heat rate in steam power FR
plant?
a. the rate of heat input in kJ per heat input in kW
b. the rate of heat input in kJ required to produce unit turbine work (1 kW)
c. the rate of heat input in kJ required to produce unit net shaft work (1 kW)
d. none of the above

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 The highlighted portion indicates net FR
work produced in the cycle.

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 To maximize the work output at turbine, the
specific volume of working fluid should be as FR
large as possible. Why?
• EXPLANATION- work done = pdV

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 FR
MCQ- Think about this
For the same pressure ratio, what is the relation between work required to
compress steam in vapor form and work required to compress steam in liquid form
a. work required to compress steam in vapor form is equal work required to compress
steam in liquid form
b. work required to compress steam in vapor form is more than work required to
compress steam in liquid form
c. work required to compress steam in vapor form less than work required to
compress steam in liquid form
d. cannot say

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 The purpose of study of air standard FR
cycle is-
a. to simplify the analysis of internal combustion engine
b. to increase the efficiency of internal combustion engine
c. both a. and b
d. none of the above

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 compression (rk) ratio of the Otto FR
cycle
• rk = Volume of cylinder at the beginning of compression / Volume of cylinder at the
end of compression

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 FR
MCQ
The compression ratio cannot be increased beyond certain limit, because it results
to -
a. auto-ignition of fuel
b. detonation
c. engine knocking
d. all of the above
Note : Use of gasoline blend like gasoline mixed with tetraethyl lead in internal
combustion engine increases the octane rating of the fuel, allows engine to operate
at higher compression ratio, avoids auto-ignition of fuel

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 The characteristic of a material or a body which
is taken as an indication of change in FR
temperature is known as
a. Thermodynamics property
b. Thermostatic property
c. Thermometric property
d. none of the above
Note - A thermometric property is any physical property that changes measurably
with temperature.

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 FR
MCQ
In which process, every state passes by the system is an equilibrium state?
a. quasi-static process
b. reversible process
c. both a. and b.
d. none of the above

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 FR
MCQ
What is the criterion provided by Clausius inequality for the process which is
impossible?

a. Cyclic ∫ (đQ/T) = 0
b. Cyclic ∫ (đQ/T) > 0
c. Cyclic ∫ (đQ/T) < 0
d. all above processes are possible
Note:
Here, a is reversible process, b is impossible process and c is natural/irreversible
process.

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 How are the efficiencies of any heat engine (η) and reversible FR
heat engine (ηR) compared, when both are operating between
same heat source and same heat sink?

a. η = ηR
b. η > ηR
c. η < ηR
d. cannot say

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 What is the relation between heat rejected by any heat engine
(Q2) and heat rejected by reversible heat engine (Q2R), when FR
both are operating between same heat source and same heat
sink?

a. Q2 = Q2R
b. Q2 < Q2R
c. Q2 > Q2R
d. cannot say

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 FR
Remember me b’cuz I will help
• The entropy change (dSiso) of a reversible isolated (dQ=0) process is zero while the
entropy change (dSiso) of an irreversible isolated (dQ=0) process is dSiso > 0 .
• The entropy of an isolated system can never decrease.
• The entropy of a system remains constant only when the process is reversible.
• The entropy of a system increases when the process is irreversible.

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 Available energy and Unavailable FR
energy
• An engine takes heat from reservoir and converts a part of it into work. The
remaining heat is ejected to cold reservoir (usually atmosphere).
• According to second law of thermodynamics, the rejected heat cannot be zero.
• So the part of heat absorbed that is converted into work is useful and is available for
our use, so it is called available energy.
• But the heat rejected is of no use but is a necessary evil, so it is called unavailable
energy.

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 FR
Long theory Types portion

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 FR
COP of a heat pump is
a. always less than infinity (COP < ∞ )
b. always less that 1 (COP < 1)
c. always equals to 1 (COP = 1)
d. always equals to infinity (COP = ∞ )

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 What is the purpose of using FR
economizer in the boiler?
a. to heat feedwater by utilizing heat from exhaust gases
b. to heat feedwater by utilizing some heat from superheated steam
c. to superheat steam
d. none of the above

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 FR
What is psychrometer?
Details and picture

• Psychrometer, a hygrometer
composed of two similar
thermometers.
• The bulb of one thermometer is kept
wet to measure WBT.
• When readings are taken
simultaneously, it is possible (with the
use of psychrometric tables) to
determine the relative humidity
and dew-point temperature of the air.

A decrease in the humidity of the air brings an increase in the difference between dry- and wet-bulb temperatures, called
the wet-bulb depression.
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 FR
Definition
• The temperature at which the water vapour in the mixture of water vapour in air,
starts condensing called Dew point Temperature.

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 FR
MCQ
Which compressor is used, when volume flow rate of refrigerant is very large?
a. rotary compressor
b. reciprocating compressor
c. centrifugal compressor
d. none of the above

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 Centrifugal vs Reciprocating compressor FR

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 Which expansion device is capable of regulating the flow of FR
refrigerant according to the load on the evaporator?

a. capillary tube

b. throttle valve

c. both a. and b.

d. none of the above

Note- Both capillary tube and throttle valve are expansion device. But just throttle
valve is flow regulating device.

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 FR
MCQ
What is the result of superheating of vapour at the evaporator outlet?

a. no liquid droplets will travel to the compressor

b. the compressor discharge temperature increases
c. both a. and b.
d. none of the above

What is the main reason behind sub-cooling of liquid refrigerant at the condenser
outlet in vapour compression refrigeration system?
a. to increase the refrigerating effect
b. to reduce the mass of vapour formed during expansion process
c. to reduce vapour bubbles which obstruct the flow of liquid refrigerant
80
d. all of the above
 FR
Miscellaneous
• 1 Ton of Refrigeration = 4.7 HP = 3.5kW = 12000 BTU = 211kJ/min
• The heat required to melt 1 tonne of ice in 24 hours is equivalent to 1 TR.
• The Brayton cycle which is used in aircraft, automotive is open cycle because the
supply of air is unlimited and the characteristic of once used air mass is always
altered by the cycle.
• For the same maximum pressure and temperature, ηDiesel > ηDual > ηOtto .
• The efficiency of the SI engine increases with increase in specific heat ratio (γ) of
the working fluid.
• The pressure exerted by an ideal gas is two-third of the kinetic energy of all the
molecules contained in a unit volume of gas.

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 MCQ -How is the heat added in Diesel FR
cycle?
a. reversibly at constant pressure
b. irreversibly at constant pressure
c. reversibly at constant volume
d. irreversibly at constant volume

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 MCQ- Rate of burning in the CI engine can FR
be controlled by
a. rate of injection of fuel
b. rate of air taken into carburettor
c. both a. and b.
d. none of the above

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 What is the relation between efficiencies of
Rankine cycle and Carnot cycle for the same FR
pressure ratio?
a. (ηRankine) = (ηCarnot)
b. (ηRankine) > (ηCarnot )
c. (ηRankine) < (ηCarnot )
d. none of the above

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 FR
MCQ
Considering only heat loss (Qloss) in the expansion process at the turbine, what is the
correct relation among enthalpies of steam entering and leaving the turbine (h1 and
h2 respectively), turbine work (WT) and heat loss (Qloss)
a. h1 = h2 – WT – Qloss
b. h1 = h2 + WT – Qloss
c. h1 = h2 + WT + Qloss
d. none of the above

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 FR
MCQ
Which loss does present in actual vapour power cycle at the exit of the boiler and
at the entry of the turbine?
a. friction loss
b. constant pressure heat loss
c. both a. and b.
d. none of the above
What is the relation between efficiency of Rankine cycle (ηRankine) and efficiency of
actual vapour power cycle (ηActual Cycle)?
a. (ηRankine) = (ηActual Cycle)
b. (ηRankine) > (ηActual Cycle)
c. (ηRankine) < (ηActual Cycle)
d. none of the above

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 FR
MCQ
Which is the affecting factor for the fact that turbine work output is more than
pump work input in vapour power cycle for the same pressure ratio?
a. specific heat added to the working fluid
b. specific volume of working fluid
c. both a. and b.
d. none of the above

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 FR
MCQ
An adiabatic process is one in which -
A. no heat enters or leaves the gas
B. the temperature of the gas changes (this is true as temperature can be affected by
pressure or volume change)
C. the change in internal energy is equal to the mechanical work done.
D. all of the above

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 FR
All the ratios in CI engine
1. Cut off ratio in diesel engine is the ratio of volume
after combustion to before combustion Or ratio of
expansion volume to the clearance volume.

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 Efficiency of Diesel Engine FR
The Air standard efficiency of a diesel cycle is given as:
where, Ro is the compression ratio, c is the cut off ratio
From the above equation, it is observed that, the thermal efficiency of the diesel
engine can be increased by increasing the compression ratio, Ro , by decreasing the
cut-off ratio,  c , or by using a gas with large value of γ.
Since the quantity in the bracket in above equation is always greater than unity, the
efficiency of a Diesel cycle is always lower than that of an Otto cycle having the
same compression ratio.
However, practical Diesel engines uses higher compression ratios compared to
petrol engines and are often quite efficient.

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 One kg of carbon monoxide requires __________ kg of
FR
oxygen to produce 11/7 kg of carbon dioxide gas.
• 2CO + O2 = 2 CO2
(2*28) (16*2) (2*44)

=56 kg =32 kg =88 kg

=1 kg =32/56 kg =88/56 kg

=1 kg =4/7 kg =11/7 kg

That is 4/7 kg of O2 is required for preaparing 11/7 kg of CO2 from 1 kg CO.

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 A series of operations, which takes place in a certain
order and restore the initial conditions at the end, is
FR
known as
• A. reversible cycle
• B. irreversible cycle
• C. thermodynamic cycle
• D. none of these

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 The value of 1 mm of Hg is equal to FR

[A]. 1.333 N/m2

[B]. 13.33 N/m2
[C]. 133.3 N/m2
[D]. 1333 N/m2
Explanation:
760mm Hg = 1.01325 bar.

760mm Hg = 101325 N/m^2 (1 bar = 1*10^5 Pa & 1Pa = 1N/m^2).

1 mm of Hg = 101325/760 = 133.3 N/m^2.

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 FR
One line definition
What is the state, at which saturated liquid line with respect to vaporisation and
saturated vapour line on p-v diagram of pure substance, meet called?
Answer : critical state
What is the state at which solid can change into liquid at constant pressure and
temperature?
Answer : saturated solid state

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 FR
MCQ
A gas being the best behaved thermodynamics substance, what is the relation
between the ratio of pressure (p) of a gas at any temperature to pressure (pt) of
same gas at triple point temperature and the nature of gas?
a. the ratio (p/pt) approaches a constant value which is dependent of nature of gas
b. the ratio (p/pt) approaches a constant value which is independent of nature of gas
c. the ratio (p/pt) approaches a various values which are dependent of nature of gas
d. none of the above.

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 Comment whether the following quantities can be called as properties or FR
not :
(i) ‫𝑉𝑑𝑝 ׬‬, (ii) ‫𝒑𝒅𝑽 ׬‬,and (iii) ‫𝑽𝒅𝒑 ׬‬+‫𝒑𝒅𝑽 ׬‬.

• Solution. (i) ‫ 𝑉𝑑𝑝 ׬‬: p is a function of V and integral can only be evaluated if relation
between p and V is known. It is thus an inexact differential and hence not a
property.
• (ii) Type equation here. ‫ 𝒑𝒅𝑽 ׬‬: It is not a property for the same reason as
mentioned in (i).
• (iii) ‫𝑽𝒅𝒑 ׬‬+‫𝒑𝒅𝑽 ׬‬.: ‫𝑽𝒅𝒑 ׬‬+‫ 𝑉𝑑𝑝(׬ = 𝒑𝒅𝑽 ׬‬+ 𝑉𝑑𝑝)=‫ =)𝑉𝑝(𝑑 ׬‬pV. Thus the integral
can be evaluated without knowing the relation between p and V. It is an exact
differential and hence it is a property.

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 Remember me becuz I help. FR

• Coking coal (75-80% carbon) used in steel industries and non coking coal (below
75%) used in thermal power plants for steam production.
• Among gas, thermocouple, electric resistance and mercury, gas is chosen as a
standard thermometric substance.
• A reversible process is carried out infinitely slowly, so that every state passed
through by the system is an equilibrium state. In the spontaneous process every
state will not be an equilibrium state as the spontaneous process is carried out very
fast. Only the first and the last state of the spontaneous process are the equilibrium
states. Therefore the spontaneous process will not be a reversible or quasi-static
process. It is an irreversible process.
• A process in which work is done without producing an equivalent increase in the
kinetic or potential energy of any system is irreversible process.
• The entropy increase of an isolated system is a measure of extent of irreversibility
of a process undergone by a system.
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 FR
Remember me becuz I help.
• At the equilibrium state of any system, entropy of the system becomes maximum.
The change in entropy of the system in equilibrium state is zero.
• The universal gas constant (or molar constant) of a gas is the product of molecular
mass of the gas and the gas constant.
• The property of a working substance which increases or decreases as the heat is
supplied or removed in a reversible manner, is known as entropy.
• Petrol is distilled at 65° to 220°C.
• The general law for the expansion or compression of gases, is pvn = C.
• The Joule’s Law states that change of internal energy of a perfect gas is directly
proportional to the change of temperature.

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 FR

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Title Goes Here
 FR
FABRIKAM RESIDENCES
Thank You.
Angelica Astrom
208 555 0164
angelica@fabrikamresidences.com
www.fabrikamresidences.com
 FR
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