Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Basic concepts
• Entropy and change in entropy
• Second law of thermodynamics
• Heat engines : Carnot and Sterling
• Efficiencies of real engines
• Statistical view of entropy
Prelude
Why does
energy flow from a hot object to a
cold one but never the other way
around ?
friction always warm objects -
never cools them ?
enough internal energy never
gather in one baseball to send it
flying through the air ?
Irreversible processes
Some things happen in a certain sequence and
could never happen on their own in a reverse
sequence
An ordered system.
Entropy is low. There is a
concentration of some
substance in one area.
A disordered system.
Entropy is high. There isn’t
a concentration of a
substance.
f
dQ
∆S = S f − S i =
∫i
T
∆S = S f − S i
f
1
=
T ∫
i
dQ
Q
=
T
Where Q is the total energy
transferred as heat during the process
Example
Figure below shows two identical copper blocks of mass
m=1.5kg: block L at temperature TiL= 60oC and block R at
temperature TiR= 20oC. The blocks are in thermally insulated box
and are separated by an insulating shutter. When we lift the
shutter, the blocks eventually come to the equilibrium
temperature Tf=40oC. What is the net entropy change of the two-
block system during this irreversible process? The specific heat
of copper is 386 J/kg.K.
Example
2nd law of thermodynamics
W =QH −QL
And the change in entropy
∆S = ∆S H + ∆S H
QH QL
= −
TH TL
For a complete cycle ∆S =0
QH QL
=
TH TL
Efficiency
Carnot Sterling
2 isotherm processes
2 adiabatic
processes 2 isotherm processes
2 constant-volume processes
Refrigerators
Refrigerators, air-conditioners, heat pumps use
work to transfer energy from low temperature
reservoir to high temperature reservoir
The coefficient of
performance KC (efficiency)
is given by
what we want
K C =
what we pay for
QL
=
W
‘ideal’ refrigerator ‘perfect’ refrigerator
(carnot refrigerator)
Refrigerators
Refrigerators, air-conditioners, heat pumps use
work to transfer energy from low temperature
reservoir to high temperature reservoir
TL
K C =
T H −T L
And for the entropy change
Q Q
∆S = − +
TL TH
‘ideal’ refrigerator ‘perfect’ refrigerator
(carnot refrigerator) doesn’t exist...
A statistical view
S = k ln W
A statistical view
- Albert Einstein