Engineering Thermodynamics

(MEE1003)

by

Dr. Thangaraja J
thangaraja.j@vit.ac.in
Assoc. Prof. SMEC

Main Building 235C

11 February 2020
Recap...
TL
Carnot Heat Engine  reversible  1
TH

The Clausius Inequality Q

T 0

Carnot Principles and Validation

Ƞirrev < Ƞrev Ƞrev = Ƞrev
Engines operating between the same two reservoirs 2
 Clausius inequality
The cyclic integral of dQ/T is always less than or equal to zero and
is valid for all cycles, reversible or irreversible

- stated by the German physicist R. J. E. Clausius

Heat transfer

Q
Cyclic integral
T 0
Temperature at the boundary
 Entropy (S)

To define second-law Exergy/Availability

efficiency for a process, Maximum useful work that could be
we need to understand obtained from the system at a given
these properties state in a specified environment

Irreversibility (I)

Exergy destruction or the wasted

work potential during a process
 Entropy
First Law Second Law
• Energy is a conserved property • Entropy is a non-conserved
• Cycles property
Measure of molecular disorder or
Ein = Eout magnitude of irreversibility

• Process occur in certain

• Process direction that complies with
the increase of entropy
Ein – Eout = ΔUsystem principle
 Q 
Sum of all the microscopic
dS   
forms of energy  T int,rev

Thermodynamics is the study of three E’s

(Energy, Equilibrium & Entropy)
 “ Rudolf Clausius chose Entropy, a Greek word meaning
Transformation”

“ Entropy is an important thermodynamic property”

“ Entropy is a measure of the microscopic randomness associated

with a closed system”

“ Entropy is a property of a system such that its increase S2 – S1 as

the system changes from state 1 to state 2, is given by
2
QRe v
S 2  S1  
1
T
The value of the integral depends
only on the end states 1 and 2
6
 Temperature vs. Entropy (T-S) Plot
The infinitesimal change in entropy (dS) due to reversible heat transfer
(dQrev) at temperature (T) is given as
 dQrev 
dS   
 T 
If the process is also assumed to be adiabatic (dQrev = 0)

dS = 0
Thus, Entropy (S) = constant, for reversible adiabatic process and is
therefore an isentropic process
T 1
Integrating 2
dQrev  TdS  Qrev   TdS
1

2
Qrev Area under a reversible path on
the T-S plot represents
S heat transfer
T-S Plot for Water
 Low High
entropy entropy

Increase in Temp.

Gas expansion

Chemical reaction

Boltzmann relation thermodynamic probability

Entropy
The molecule oscillations, fade with decrease in temperature and
the molecules supposedly become motionless at absolute zero.

This represents a state of ultimate molecular order (S = 0)

The third law of thermodynamics provides an absolute reference

point for the determination of entropy.

The entropy determined relative to this point is absolute entropy,

and is useful in thermodynamic analysis of chemical reactions.

The entropy of a pure crystalline substance at

absolute zero temperature is zero

Third law of thermodynamics

Internally Reversible: Isothermal Heat Transfer Processes

 Q 
dS   
 T int,rev

 Q 
 
T  0

where T0 is the constant temperature of the system and

Q is the heat transfer for the internally reversible process
 Problem
A piston–cylinder device contains a liquid–vapor mixture
of water at 300 K. During a constant-pressure process, 750
kJ of heat is transferred to the water. As a result, part of
the liquid in the cylinder vaporizes.
Determine the entropy change of the water during this
process

Assumptions
No irreversibilities occur within the
system boundaries during
the process.
Relating Entropy with P, V, T
 Problem
A quantity of gas has an initial pressure, volume and
temperature of 140 kN/m2, 0.14 m3 and 25 deg.C. It is
compressed to a pressure of 1.4 MN/m2 according to the
law PV1.25 = constant. Determine the entropy change
during this process
Assume:

Cp = 1.041 kJ/kgK
Cv = 0.743 kJ/kgK

Answer - 0.205 kJ/kgK

 Problem
A quantity of gas has a pressure of 700 kN/m2 and it
occupies a volume of 0.014 m3 at a temperature of 150
deg.C. The gas is expanded isothermally to a volume of
0.084 m3. Determine the entropy change

Answer 0.0415 kJ/kgK