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Heat and Thermodynamics is an important topic from JEE Main / JEE Advanced Exam Point of view.
Every year there are 1-3 questions asked from this topic. Some questions can be asked directly. This
topic relates to our daily life, hence it is very easy to understand. This short notes on Thermodynamics
will help you in revising the topic before the JEE Main & IIT JEE Advanced Exam.
Heat: Heat can be described as the transfer of energy between the objects, not the energy contained
within the objects. Its SI unit is Joule (J). If heat absorbed by a system, then it is positive. But if heat is
given out by a system then it is negative.
Temperature: Temperature is the measure of the degree of hotness and coldness of an object. On the
macroscopic arena, the temperature is a physical property that governs the direction of heat flow
between two objects placed in thermal contact. Heat always flows from the hotter object to the colder
object. If no heat flow occurs, the two objects must have the same temperature.
Open System: In open system exchange of both energy and matter is possible between the system and
surroundings.
Closed System: In closed system only, exchange of energy is possible between the system and
surroundings.
Isolated System: In the isolated system there is no exchange of energy nor mass between the system
and surroundings.
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Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: If two systems A and B are individually in thermal equilibrium with
a third system C, then A and B are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Concept of Temperature: Zeroth Law of thermodynamics states that the temperature is a physical
quantity having the same value for all systems which are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Internal Energy: Internal energy is the sum of the kinetic and the potential energies of the molecules in
a system observed in a frame of reference in which the center of mass of the system is at rest. Kinetic
energy is a state parameter and depends only on the state of the thermodynamic system at that instance.
Heat Capacity: Heat capacity is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a
substance tone degree.
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Specific Heat capacity: Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to increase the
temperature of unit mass of the substance through one degree Celsius.
Molar Specific Heat: Molar specific heat is the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of
one mole of the substance through one degree Celsius.
Latent Heat: Latent heat is the amount of heat required to change the state of unit mass of a substance
at constant temperature and pressure.
Latent heat of fusion: Latent heat of fusion is the required heat to change the state from solid to liquid.
Latent heat of Vaporization: Latent heat of Vaporization is required heat to change the state from
liquid to gas.
Heat and Work: Consider a gas container fitted with a movable piston. At equilibrium, the volume of
the gas is V and it exerts a uniform pressure P on walls and on the piston. The piston has a cross-
sectional area A, the force exerted by the gas on the piston is:
F = PA
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If the gas expansion undergoes a Quasi-static process i.e. it is slow enough so that the system remains in
the thermal equilibrium.
Under expansion: dV = +ve thus work done by the gas dW = -ve, and in compression both are negative.
dQ = dU + dW
where dQ is the given heat, dU is the change in internal energy, and dW is the work done by the system.
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Equation of state: The equation of state is the mathematical expression for thermodynamics state,
Pressure, Volume, and Temperature of a gas.
PV = nRT, where P is the pressure of gas, T is the temperature of the gas, V is the volume of gas, n is
Thermodynamic Processes
Thermodynamic Process: There are various thermodynamic processes such as:
1. Quasistatic process: A very slow process and the system is always maintained in the thermal
equilibrium.
2. Reversible Process: A process that can be made to reverse its direction of flow by changing the
physical conditions and it is considered that there is no dissipation if energy.
3. Cyclic process: Any process where a system returns to its initial state. The change in the internal
energy of the system is dU = 0.
Equation of state becomes and the work done in isochoric process is, W = PdV = P×0 = 0
Equation of state becomes and the work done in isobaric process is,
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Equation of state becomes and the work done in isothermal process is,
7. Adiabatic Process: A process where there is no heat exchange takes place between the system and
the surrounding.
8. Specific heat at Constant pressure: Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one mole of
gas by one degree of Celsius at constant pressure.
9. Specific heat at Constant Volume: Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one mole of
gas by one degree of Celsius at constant Volume.
Note: According to Mayer's law the difference between the specific heat at Constant Pressure and
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Heat Engines: A heat Engine is a device that converts heat energy into a mechanical energy through a
cyclic process.
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Sink or Cold Reservoir: It is a heat reservoir at a lower temperature TL . It has also infinite thermal
capacity so that any amount of heat can be added to it without changing its temperature.
Heat Pump: Working part which performs mechanical work when heat is supplied to it for any matter
(solid, liquid and gas).
Working: In every cycle of operation, the Heat pump absorbs a certain amount of heat Q1 from the
source at higher temperature TH, converts a part of this heat energy into mechanical work W and rejects
the remaining heat Q2 to the sink at lower temperature environment. As the pump returns to its initial
state after completing one cycle, there is no change in its internal energy.
Hence by the first law of thermodynamics, net heat absorbed in a cycle = Work done,
W = Q2 - Q1
Efficiency of Heat Engine: The ratio of the net work done by the engine in one cycle to the amount of
heat absorbed by the pump from the source.
Kelvin Planck Statement: It is not possible to design a heat engine working in a cyclic process and
whose result is to take heat from a body at a single temperature and completely convert it into
mechanical work.
Clausius Statement: It is not possible to design a refrigerator which works in a cyclic process and heat
is transferred from a body to a higher temperature body.
Reversible and Irreversible Process: In a reversible process, the system can return to its initial
conditions along the same path and every point along this path will be an equilibrium state.
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The Work in the Carnot Engine is carried through a reversible cycle of the following four steps:
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Work Done:
Work Done:
Work Done:
Carnot Theorem: According to the Carnot Theorem, All Reversible engines operating between the
same two temperatures have equal efficiency.
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Refrigerator: A refrigerator works on the reverse principle of the Carnot heat engine.
It absorbs heat from the sink, the compressor in the refrigerator does the work and rejects the heat back
to the source.
The coefficient of Performance: The ratio amount of heat removed to the mechanical work done on it
in a cycle.
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