Some Important terms THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

THERMODYNAMICS
It is defined as change from one equilibrium Kelvin – Planck’s statement: Clausius Statement:
microstate.
“No process is passible, whose “No process is possible , whose
sole result is absorption of sole result is the transfer of
ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICES heat from reservoir and heat from a colder object to
the complete conversion of hotter object”
Branch of Physics that deals with concepts
Isothermal Process heat into work”
of heat and Temperature including
inter – conversion of heat to another Form.
P

System
Heat Engine Thermal Reservoir
Isothermal V
If two bodies A and B are individually in thermal θ
Process T1 (Source)
equilibrium with third body C, then A and B will . Engine that produces useful work. Q1
also be in thermal equilibrium with each other.
V T . Pumps heat from source and Heat
transfer to sink. W
Engine
. Temperature, T = constant
Q2 T
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS  V2   P1  n = 1− = 1 − sink Q2
(1) W = nRTln  = nRTln   Q1 Tsource
A body of matter or radiation confined in  V1   P2  P
T2 Sink
spaced walls with definite Permeabilities
If the energy (Q) supplied to System goes in
 V2  Where TSource > Tsink
(2) W = 2.303 nRT log  
separated from surrounding.  V1 
partly to increase the internal energy of system
(∆U) and rest in work (W) on environment.  P1 
= 2.303 nRT log  P  T
Surrounding Q = ∆U + W  2
Warm
(3) As, Q = ∆u for isothermal, ∆u = 0, So, Q = W Heat Pump Refrigerator Environment TH
(1) Heat (Q) – Energy transfer to or from a QH
. It operates in a cycle.
thermodynamic system = nC∆T
Isobaric Process . It maintains body temperature
Heat
(2) ∆U – Energy associated with internal lower than surrounding Win
Pump
configuration = nCv∆T temperature by pumping out.
1
P1
Everything external to the system is known Isobaric Process QL
(3) Area under P – V graph
P
Coefficient of QH TH
as Surrounding. P2 2 P P = = Cold
gives work done P
performance QH − QT TH − TT
Refrigerated TL
W = 12 ∫ P.dv dV

Types Of Systems V1 V V2 V T

(1) In closed system, only energy transfer is

possible rather than mass, Point function and state function . Isobaric Process Carnot Engine
(2) In open system, both energy and mass 1 Qadd
transfer is possible. (i) Function whose value depends on initial and (1) W = nR∆T = P∆v V . Best Known reversible cycle. Iso
the
rm
al
(3) In isolated systems, both energy and mass final state of system is point function. (2) Q = ∆U + W . Isothermal expansion

W expan
2

Ad
transfer is not possible. (ii) Function whose value depends on W1 = nRT ln  V2 

iab
(3) Pressure, P = Constant.

sion
P Wcompres

Ad
atic
thermodynamic process is called path Function. T
 V1  sion

iab
PV −PV Isoth
. Adiabatic Expansion, W2 = 2 2 3 3 4

atic
erm
γ − 1 al
Equilibrium in Thermodynamics  V3  Qrelease 3
. Isothermal Compression, W3 = -nRT ln  
 V4  V
Adiabatic Process Isochoric Process
− (P4 V4 − P1V1 )
(1) When the temperature difference . Adiabatic compression W4 =
γ −1
between two bodies becomes zero then T
they are said to be in thermal Equilibrium. . n = 1 − Sink
TSource
(2) When all mechanical forces within the P P V
system are balanced to have zero P1V1 − P2 V2 Isochoric
acceleration, system is in mechanical (1) W = Process
γ −1 Polytropic Process
equilibrium. γ – adiabatic constant V T
(3) When no chemical reaction occur within Adiabatic n
reactants of system, then it is in chemical Process (1) PV = Const ; n = polytropic index
(2) Q = O for this process θ Isochoric
(2) If n = o, isobaric process

Volume (V)
equilibrium. (1) Volume, V = Constant n=0
(4) System is in thermodynamic equilibrium if Isothermal
(2) Work done, W = O P (3) If n = 1, isothermal process n=1
all three equilibrium are attained. (3) Q = ∆U + W ; W = -∆U
(3) Q = ∆U + W so, Q = ∆U (4) If n = γ, Adiabatic process Adtabatic
V n=γ
Isobaric n=∞
(5) If n = , isochoric process

8
T Pressure P