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Distance Protection Earth-Fault Protection Medium-Voltage Distribution Networks
Distance Protection Earth-Fault Protection Medium-Voltage Distribution Networks
and
Earth-Fault Protection
in
Medium-Voltage Distribution
Networks
ABB Power Automation Ltd
T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F1 of 63
ABB
Content
Introduction
Distance Protection
Limits of overcurrent protection
Where is distance protection preferred ?
Basic principle of distance protection
Limits of the distance protection
Special features for application in networks with isolated or resonant grounded neutrals
Preferred starter mode
Phase-preference-logic
Pros and Cons compared with overcurrent protection
RN XN
RN XN
Distance Protection
0.6s 0.8s
IKS
0.4s 0.6s
0.4s
I> directional
0.1s 0.1s
Two directions are
possible, due to
0.4s 0.6s parallel lines
0.4s
0.4s
0.6s
0.4s 0.6s
ABB Power Automation Ltd
T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F8 of 63
ABB
Distance Protection in medium voltage networks
Directional overcurrent is not applicable in meshed networks
0.4 s
0.2 s
0.2 s
TRIP Infeed right
0.4 s
Infeed left
0.4 s
0.2 s
0.2 s
TRIP
0.4 s
TRIP
No selectivity possible
ABB Power Automation Ltd
T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F9 of 63
ABB
Distance Protection in medium voltage networks
Distance protection solves the problem in the meshed network
Zone 3, t3 » 0.6 .. 0.9 s
Infeed right
a Z [W/phase]
A B C
ZS ZL
UG » U
j·X Direction
Resistance
R
R
[W/phase]
20 Zone 4
Zone 3
j·X
10
Zone 2
0 Zone 1
-10
30
Starter
[W/phase]
20
Zone 3
j·X 10
Zone 2
0 Zone 1
R
-10
1 non-directional zone
Zone 3
REL316 Overreaching-
zone
If communication links are available between the two line ends, the following
alternatives are possible:
• Line-differential protection
• Comparison schemes with directional overcurrent relays
Cross-country faults
in networks with neutrals isolated or
resonant grounded
Infeed Line1
Ground
Line 2
Ground
Ground
Line 2
Ground
To trip only one line, all distance protections have to measure in one and the same type of
fault loop (R-E in above example). The protection needs a Phase-Preference Logic.
All distance protections in the network shall use identical logic's.
ABB Power Automation Ltd
T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F26 of 63
ABB
Distance Protection in medium voltage networks
Phase preferences
Phase preferences R - T - S acyclic means : R
R has preference over T
For a fault R - Ground - T the line with the fault R to ground will trip
T has preference over S acyclic
For a fault S - Ground - T the line with the fault T to ground will trip
T S
R has preference over S
For a fault R - Ground - S the line with the fault R to ground will trip
110 kV
16 kV
0.14s × k
t[s] =
0.02 10
æ IE ö
ç ÷
è I set ø
2 secondary
windings
3 I0 I0
Same errors
(IR + IS + IT) + (DIR + DIS + DIT) as std. Holmgreen
Error due to load current cancelled out,
in case all CT's produce identical errors.
ABB Power Automation Ltd
T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F33 of 63
ABB
Earth-fault protection in medium voltage networks
Toroidal CT's are used to achieve a correct measurement
of low ground currents.
Accuracy and CT ratio are independent of load current
3 I0 = IR + IS + IT
Load current has no influence on measurement
Phase - CT‘s
CT for measurement of
3·I0 = earth-fault current
by use of a toroidal
cable-CT
Since the the current-setting is low, the earth-fault protection should be blocked by
the ph-ph start of the short-circuit protection (overcurrent, distance or line-differential)
or alternatively be delayed for a couple of seconds.
Reason:
During high current phase-to-phase faults, secondary spill-currents in the neutral of
the CT’s can be produced, due to unequal CT errors in the individual phases. Such
currents might fool the sensitive ground fault protection.
C0 3 C0
ABB
the short-circuit current is small
ABB Power Automation Ltd
T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F37 of 63
Earth-fault protection in medium voltage networks
Phase-to-ground voltages in isolated or compensated networks
RF = 0 W During a single-phase to ground fault
URN
R URN
USN U0 = UNE
N S = - URN
UTN
T UTN USN
U0
U0 U0
UTE USE
URE
USE + UTE = 3 U0
USE
UTE
UNE = U0
UTE USE
U0
E E
100
I 60
50
40
30
I
10
U [V]
20
10
1 0
0,0 0,1 0,5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Earth-fault detection
in networks with isolated neutrals
C0 3 C0
110 kV
16 kV
I> non-
directional
Ground
IT
URE=0
Line(s) without fault
3·I0 = IE
IS
UTE USE
3·U0 Ground
ABB Power Automation Ltd
T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F43 of 63
ABB
Earth-fault protection in medium voltage networks
Network with isolated neutrals Single-line diagram
DEF
IF = S IC Line # 2
IC2
DEF
Use functions Line # 3
I0>
Isinj or U0
IC3
I0*U0*sinj
DEF
C = 3 C Phase to ground Line # 4
C
IC4
Line #1
Negative sequence U2 » 0
C01 Line #2 Line #3
I01
C02
C03
UF 3 RF
RF I02 I03
Zero sequence
L 1
C0 L 3 C0 wL »
3wC0
Line # 3
IF IC3
S IC
Petersen Line # 4
coil IC4
C02 C03
RF Negative sequence system U2 » 0
R L I01
Ground fault R-E UF 3 RF
I02 I03
3R U0
3L C03 IF/3
C01 C02
Rw Rw
Im Rb Zb Im Xb
P2 S2 P2 S2
Us = Ip (Rw+Rb) Im
Us = Ip (Rw+j Xb) Fi
Im
Fi » 0
di di
Is Ip Is Ip
Is leads Ip
IF »I resistive IC1
IF IC3
S IC
R
Line # 4
Iresist. IC4
ABB Power Automation Ltd
T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F52 of 63
ABB
Earth-fault protection in medium voltage networks
Injection of ohmic current by means of three single phase
transformers
t1 t2
U0>
80
70
60
Fault-current [A]
50
high damages
considerable
40
damages
30
20
small damages
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ABB
Fault time [seconds]
ABB Power Automation Ltd
T2403 / T2403_2.ppt / C11e / F56 of 63
Earth-fault protection in medium voltage networks
Special cases
and
explanation of some not obvious phenomena
Netz
CE Single line diagram
L
Equivalent diagram for the zero-sequence system
3 I0 >> IEnormal
XTransfo H-L
X0Source +j 3wL
U0 >> U0normal
-j X0C
>5 XTransfo H-L X»0 = -j / (wCE )
IW
R
IC
IE 1
IE
Overhead line
Cable
IE
IE 2
URN
IE 2 Overhead line
Iw’ IE
IE Iw’
-Iw’
IE Cable
IE 1
U0
URN(3)
URN(6)
USN(3)
URE(6)
URE(3)
UTN(3)
USN(6)
USE(6)
UTN(6)
USE(3)
UTE(6)
UTE(3)
the transformer-neutral is not
grounded.
UNE = U0
U0 = - URN(6)
N
The zero-sequence voltage
Ground of the 6kV side will be fully
U0 effective in the 3kV side.
URN(6)
U0 Motors might be damaged.
URN(3)
URE(6) =0
UTN(6) USN(6) UTN(3) USN(3)
URE(3)
U0 UTE(6) U0 U0 U0
USE(6)
UTE(3) USE(3)