04 - Indonesia - RED670 - Line Differential Protection PDF

Allen Tan, ABB MY, SA Products, Indonesia Oct 2011
RED670
Line Differential protection IED
Line Differential Protection RED670
Application Areas
Multi-terminal lines with
communication to 4 remote line
ends
Multi-terminal lines with
transformers in the protected zone
Tapped lines
Tapped lines with transformers
Short lines
Cables and Long lines with
charging current compensation
Series compensated lines
Simple line differential protection application
Protected zone
RED RED
670 Comm. Channel 670
Conventional two terminal application

Differential and Bias quantities
Fundamental frequency current phasors
I1 I2
RED RED
670 670
RED
670 I3
Differential and Bias currents in phase L1:
I DiffL1 = I1L1 + I 2 L1 + I 3 L1
I Bias = max( I 1L1 , I 1L 2 , I 1L 3 , I 2 L1 , I 2 L 2 , I 2 L 3 , I 3 L1 , I 3 L 2 , I 3 L 3 )
Application examples
Power transformers can be applied within the protected zone
Id> Id > Small power transformers

without a line differential terminal
Time delayed differential function
Id > gives selective tripping for
secondary side faults
Instantaneous differential
function for faults on the line
Id > Id >
Application examples tapped lines
Two terminal applications
2-winding power transformer with connected
small delta tertiary load. Two lines (cables).
CB 1 CB 2
Line 1 Line 2
D
2-winding power transformer on tapped line.

Two lines (cables).
CB 1 CB 2
Line 1
Line 2
Passive load
Application examples multicircuit lines
Three terminal application.
3-winding power transformer with small delta tertiary. Three lines (cables).
CB 3
CB 1 Line 3
Line 1
Line 2
D
CB 2
Four terminal application.

2-winding power transformer, small delta tertiary.
Four lines (cables).
CB 1 CB 3
Line 1 Line 4
Line 2 Line 3
D
CB 2 CB 2
Biased Differential Protection Characteristic
Differential protection principle
Differential
Time tagged
Protection
instantaneous
algorithm
sampled values
Remote Line end E

Line end D
iin Σ I= O + iout
Communication Line end C
charging
Line end B current
Local anlogue Line end A2
inputs Line end A1
id
All currents iin , iout & id are calculated from
phase current values from all line ends
Differential protection principle
Remote Time tagged

Communication instantaneous
sampled phase
Local anlogue
currents values
inputs
Fourier Current Start

filter differential Trip
Transformer
inrush blocking
- second harmonic Transformer
Symmetrical
- wave block components interturn fault on
- 5 th harmonic -negative sequence off
2-20% of I base
Block
Block Trip
Double breaker switchyard application
Protected zone
RED RED
670 670
RED Communication
670
No external current summation gives secure application!

RED670, Application with up to 5 ends
Application with power transformer in the
protected zone
Protected zone
RED RED
670 670
RED
670 Communication
Considered phenomena:
Phase shift of the current through the transformer at different vector groups
The inability of many transformers to transform zero sequence currents
The inrush current, appearing at the energization of a transformer, will be detected
as a differential current it the transformer is within the protected zone
Deviation of tap changer position will cause false differential current to the
protection, if not compensated for
Application with power transformer in the
protected zone
Protected zone
RED RED
670 670
Communication
Often required application

Differential protection – Tap-off to small transformer
Protected zone instantaneous function
RED RED
Comm. Channel
670 IF 670
Protected zone delayed function

IF
50/51-1
IF
Negative sequence current
Negative sequence currents will occur during all types of
faults, also for a transient period during three phase short
circuits
The fault point will serve as a source for negative sequence
current
Negative sequence current can be seen as normal phase
currents but with reverse phase rotation
In normal operation, under balance conditions, the negative
sequence current components are zero
Negative Sequence Source at Fault Point
Internal Fault
Protected zone
Fault Point
RED RED
670 Communication 670
I-
External Fault
Protected zone
Fault Point
RED RED
670 Communication 670
I-
Negative Sequence Current Fault Discriminator
I- Remote 1 I- Local
RED RED
I- Remote = I- Remote 1 + I- Remote 2 670
670
Studied
Terminal
90
RED 120 60
670
I- Remote 2
If the two currents flow 150 30

in the same direction,
the fault is internal. External Fault Zone Internal Fault Zone
ROA
If the two currents flow 180
in opposite directions,
the fault is external. Minimum Operation I- Local I- : Reference
210
330
240 300
270
Negative Sequence Current Fault Discriminator
Calculation of negative Trajectory of local (Current Terminal 1) contribution to total neg. seq. diff. current
sequence current from No directional

90
120 60
fundamental phase test done:
neither
Excursion
current per CT grope external,
nor internal 150 15ms 30 from 0 deg
fault due to
gives stability against declared
26ms
transient
ct saturation
CT saturation 180
8ms
0
External 0.1
Internal
fault fault
region 0.2
210 330 declared
0.3 kA here 8 ms
after fault
0.4 kA
240 300
270
Local contribution to total negative sequence diff. current
Directional limit (within ± 60 degrees is an internal fault)
Transformer Inrush Current
current
in pu phase L3 current
10.0
5.0 CB
closes
iL1
iL2
0.0
iL3
-5.0
phase L1 current
0 20 40 60 80 100
time in ms
If Transformer in the zone: Inrush Current: Differential Current
Detection: 2nd Harmonic and 5th Harmonic
As in normal transformer differential protection

Transformer Overexcitation
If Transformer in the zone: Overexcitation: Differential Current
Detection: 5th Harmonic
As in normal transformer differential protection

Current Transformer Saturation
Primary Current
Secondary Current
High Degree of Harmonics (2nd and 5th)

Negative sequence discriminator - Functional Logic
Negative Sequence Fault Discriminator: Internal Fault

2nd and 5threstrain function are overridden
The biased differential function operates without delay
(start)
Exception: Inrush current of transformer in the protected
zone: Special logic will detect this
Negative Sequence Fault Discriminator: External Fault
2nd and 5th harmonic restrain is active, with cross blocking
function. This means that harmonics also in non-faulted
phase will block the function.
Temporarily (as long as external fault is declared plus 100
ms) the limit of differential current for operation will be
increased to the value of “IdminHigh”.
Negative Sequence Fault Discriminator: No Operation
Normal differential protection function with 2nd and 5th
harmonic restrain
Time synchronization
90deg
360 o
Time coordination error ≤ 1 ms = 18 o ms
20ms
Time synchronizing with the echo method
T2 T3
A
B
T1 T4
(T2 − T1 ) + (T4 − T3 )
Time delay: Td =
2
Provided that send
(T1 + T4 ) − (T2 + T3 ) and receive delay
Clock difference: Δt = times are equal
2
LDCM communication parameters
Only one clock may
exist in the
communication
network
“CommSync”.
With G.703 this is
normally in the MUX
Analogue values are
sent as a 8 bit word
(256) based on setting:
“CompRange”
This means accuracy
will depend on current
level and the setting.
Around 3% is normal.
LDCM communication supervision
Communication in MUX have with bad arrangement showed many repeated

incorrect messages with substitution (say 4 per 100 ms). With normal delays the
alarm is not picking up these problems. Above logic should be used, set time to
alarm e.g. 30 seconds and reset time 3-5 minutes.
Virtual error in Ampere at different time deviation

(Synchronization error)
3000
2500
2000 Time error=0.4 ms
500
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Fault current at external faults (kA)
Virtual error in Ampere at different time deviations

(Synchronization error)
7000
6000
5000 Time error=1 ms
4000
Time error=0.8 ms
3000
1000
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Fault current at external faults (kA)
Charging Current
Ic1 Idiff,false = Ic1 + Ic2 Ic2
RED Communication RED

670 670
Charging Current Compensation
Continuous estimation of differential current at no-fault

condition: Charging current
Pre-fault charging current estimation kept during faults
Subtraction of the false pre-fault differential currents
At low resistance faults the fault current is large:
dominating over the charging current: Error in the
charging current compensation has minor influence
At high resistive faults the voltage is maintained and
the charging current is close to the non-faulted case
Route switched networks with delay symmetry
The echo method allows for route switching with equal delay times for
send and receive
A B
Maximum transmission time

Td < 40 ms
Route switched network without delay symmetry
GPS system required for set up
GPS loss tolerated with:
Free-wheeling IED clocks
Fall back to the echo method
D GPS
clock
GPS GPS
clock clock
A C
B
GPS
Maximum transmission time clock
Td < 40 ms
Communication principle
5-terminal line with master-master system
Protected zone
RED RED
670 670
Comm. Channels
RED RED RED

670 670 670
Communication principle
5-terminal line with master-slave system
Protected zone
RED RED
670 670
Comm. Channels
RED RED RED

670 670 670
Differential Trip Security

Sampled values collected every Trip enabled with 5
ms consecutive sample sets
calculated to trip
Communication message sent
every 5 ms 1 or 2 messages required
depending on fault incidence
Each communication message
point
contains 5 sets of sampled values
0 0 0 0 0 T 0 0 0 T 0 0 0
1 3
2 4
3 5
4 1
5 2
5 ms
Differential Protection function block
Pre-processing
Function blocks
Differential function
Remote current 1 DR
Analogue outputs
for DR channels
Remote current 2 DR 31-40
Local Criteria for security at communication problems
Startup element based on
• Phase-phase current variation
• Zero sequence current criterion
• Low voltage criterion
• Low current criterion
IEC 61850 identification STSGGIO, ANSI device no 11
ΔIΦΦ> TIVD
0
I0> TZD Local side start-up

0 Send signal to remote side
≥1
ULow< TUD
& 0
Remote side
start-up
IΦ< TID
0
Trip
Trip from the main &
protection logic
Features for the security logic (start up element):
High sensitivity to detect abnormal status

No influence on the operate speed of the main protection
Detect power swings (even when started without fault)
Detect evolving faults, high impedance faults and three phase faults on the
weak side
Detects the switch onto fault case of unloaded line when the voltage input is
taken from the bus bar
It is possible to block each sub function of start-up element
Startup output signal has a settable pulse time
Phase-phase current variation
Zero sequence current criterion

Low voltage criterion

Low current criterion

Setting parameters
Communication hardware solutions
LDCM with direct fiber (multi mode)
LDCM with direct fiber (single mode)
- 1310 nm medium range
- 1550 nm long range
LDCM with electrical X21 interface. Can be used
with RAD ASMi-52L on pilot wires
Max 3 resp 70-90 resp 90-120

km
LDCM with an external optical to galvanic converter and a multiplexer
Multiplexer Multiplexer
Telecom. Network
*) *)
*) Converting optical to galvanic G.703 or V.35 alternatively

LDCM with an external optical to optical converter for direct connection to a
telecommunications network
G.703.E1 G.703.E1
Telecom. Network
64kbit/s 64kbit/s
Redundant communication channels
2-terminal line with single breaker connected to route switched
network via multiplexer, redundant channels
Telecom. Network
Telecom. Network
Primary channel
Secondary redundant channel
With redundant channels the primary channel normally is in operation.
If the primary channel becomes faulty the operation is switched over
to the redundant channel. If the primary is OK again it will take over
the operation after a time delay.
RED670 Functions
Sensitive directional EF protection (SDE)
for non-direct earthed systems
Measuring mode selectable

3I0*cosΦ
3I0*3U0*cosΦ
3I0 and cosΦ
Sensitivity down to 0.25%
IF Undirectional function (3I0) available
with Definite- or Inverse time delay.
Cable CT for the most sensitive
applications
UL1+UL2+UL3
or Open delta
Neutral point voltage release and a
separate trip step
Directional polarizing from calculated
IN> UL1+UL2+UL3 or by an external Open
Æ delta to a separate Analogue input.
RED670 Functions
Broken Conductor BRC (BRCPTOC, 46)
Detects:
IL1=0
broken line conductors
L1
L2 open poles of circuit
L3
breakers
BRC
Now with a supervision that
IL1=2*ILoadL1 one phase is low (<50% of Ip>)
L1
L2 to avoid problem on healthy
L3
parallel line taking over the
missing load
BRC
Function is programmable to:
trip a circuit breaker (normally avoided)
alarm the abnormal condition
RED670 Functions
4-step Earth fault protection (TEF)
Four stage Earth overcurrent.

Each stage can be set Off, Non-
directional, Forward or Reverse
IF
Each stage can be Definite- or Inverse
time delayed.
Taylor made curve is available
Each stage can be blocked from
second harmonic inrush currents.
Directional polarizing from calculated
UL1+UL2+UL3 or by external Open delta
UL1+UL2+UL3 to a separate Analogue input.
IN>
Æ
4
RED670 Functions
Primary verification of DEF direction
IF To manage direction when connected to IN

and UN inputs we need to:
- Short circuit two currents on load
- Create –Up by deleting voltages
- Check and understand direction with the
load situation at the test.
With modern relays with high measuring
accuracy down to small levels the DEF can
be connected to residual sum and the
direction can be tested from phase relays
UL1+UL2+UL3
e.g. Distance protection function
IN>
Æ
4
Comparison between external and internal UN/IN
generation
Current difference 1%. Rated I 1 A L1 increased 10 mA voltage decreased

0.5V. Injection with FREJA. 1200/1 A Current transformers
generation
Current difference 5%. Rated I 1 A L1 increased 50 mA voltage decreased

0.5V. Injection with FREJA. 1200/1 A Current transformers
generation
A small increase of amplitude and angle error can be noticed with 1% setting.
The difference is minor and has no practical impact of the operating value.
RED670 hardware
Design of analogue channels
Delta sigma A/D converters
1 bits Æ 14 bit
Low
Mhz Æ6kHz
TRM
channel Low pass filter +
Supervision +
I1 6Khz Æ1.2kHz
Choice of branch
=> 20 bits
High A/D
Mhz Æ6kHz
Resulting frequency
response curve
IED670 Series - Fault locator
• Available information for the recorded disturbances:
– distance to fault
– phasors of currents and voltages
» before the fault
» during the fault
• Distance to fault can be recalculated for different
conditions (changing fault-loop or system parameters)
• Phasors of currents and voltages during the normal
operation (V, A meters)
• Additional information
¤ non-load compensated algorithm was used
E error, fault outside phase selectors
> fault located beyond the line, forward direction
IED670 Fault locator – Load compensation
l
ZL
Load import
F
RSA+XSA A p*ZL (1-p)ZL B RSB+XS

IA B
I
F
R p
UA F
Load export
• Load compensation is essential for correct

measurement in two end infeed systems.
• Source data is used for calculation of fault
current distribution
• Measured pre-fault current (load) is used for
calculation of angles between sources
• Distribution and angle difference gives possibility
to calculate the correct value at resistive faults
IED670 Fault locator – Mixed lines
F
•Example on values per km
RSA+XSA A
IA
p*ZL (1-p)ZL (1-p)ZL B RSB+XS •OHL
B
• X1= 0.02+j0.45 ohm/km
I
F • X0= 0.8+j1.34 ohm/km
UA
R
F •Cable
• X1= 0.08+j0.23 ohm/km
• X0= 0.2+j0.18 ohm/km
• Mixed lines with OHL and Cable sections

will not measure correct distance due to the
very different data for the sections
• Set the OHL line end on OHL line data
• Note! You can recalculate with new settings
• Cable end can be used for location on cables
but accuracy is never accaptable due to the exact
location required.
IED670 Fault locator – Configuration
• Fault locator is configured to use analogue inputs

in the Disturbance Recorder.
• The currents and voltages and on top of this the
neutral current from possible parallel line is
connected to the DR and the respective channel is
set under parameter settings.
IED670 Fault locator – Configuration
• Start and Phase selection is required for all

faults on the own line.
• The distance to fault is sent over IEC61850
and is part of the Disturbance report
• The setting under
General/Settings/Monitoring ”Zero angle ref”
must be set to preferable voltage channel R
phase.
IED670 Fault locator – Parameter setting
• Settings is done of the line and source data in primary ohms

• Line length can be set in km, miles or percentage as preferred.
• The source values shall be typical values of the sources from the back for a fault on
the line. Recalculation can be done under the Disturbance records with the correct
source data for a fault if the service was special and the fault was high resistive.
• The sources are set to allow calculation of the angle between the stations due to the
transmitted load. This allows calculation back of resistive faults to give a high accuracy.
• Normally total accuracy should be around 2-3% including CT and CVT/VT errors.
• The accuracy of 670 is improved compared to 500 series due to considerable improved
accuracy of analogue channels (e.g. 20 bit A/D converter compared to 16 bit).
• Strongest side gives the best accuracy.
High resistive ground faults
Ground faults are normally consisting
of Arc resistance according to
Warring ton formula:
L3 L1
Rarc=28700*a/ I1.4
L1 L2 After the arc over the insulator the

current will flow through the tower foot
L2 L3 resistance. Typically less than 10 ohms
are added.
However, with fault to vegetation much
higher fault resistances can occur.
A capability to detect very high fault
resistances can then be and
advantage, specially if faulty phase
only can be tripped.
GF Phase selection for high resistance faults on OHL
Three GF function blocks with
directional comparison per phase
X(ohm)
(over LDCM):
Measure UL1-IN, UL2-IN,
UL3-IN High resistive
Select Icosα&U fault
rca=-0-30 deg Operating
roa=45-60 deg area
R(ohm)
Sensitivity far better than DEF, Diff
and Distance protection.
Failure to operate will give three
phase tripping as today
Î only improvement is achieved
Operation only outside Distance
protection operation when Z<
Phase selection fails.
GAPC Phase Direction comparison scheme
Extreme capability to detect high resistive earth faults.
GFL1 GFL1
L L
GFL2 D D GFL2
GFL3 C C GFL3
M M
IN IN
We can compare over three of the eight channels in LDCM

Setting of Multi-purpose function:
ROA 0 deg
RCA 60 deg
Sum IN=5-10%
Function measures ULx – Sum of IN from both sides
Gives RF detection even much better than differential function
GAPC Phase Direction comparison scheme
GF TRIP GF TRIP GF TRIP GF TRIP GF TRIP GF TRIP

. . . . . GF PHL1 GF PH L2 GF PH L3 L1 L2 L3 GTRIP GF PHL1 GF PH L2 GF PH L3 L1 L2 L3 GTRIP
1 200 999 999 200 62.7 999 999 77.4 999 999 74.2 60.2 999 999 83.8 999 999 79.4
2 300 999 999 300 65.3 999 999 90.9 999 999 86.4 72.3 999 999 87.7 999 999 83.8
3 325 999 999 325 68.5 999 999 83.2 999 999 80 66.6 999 999 90.2 999 999 86.4
4 350 999 999 350 62.7 999 999 87.7 999 999 83.2 66.6 999 999 84.5 999 999 80
5 375 999 999 375 63.4 999 999 87 999 999 83.8 69.8 999 999 85.1 999 999 81.3
6 400 999 999 400 68.5 999 999 86.4 999 999 83.2 66.6 999 999 91.5 999 999 87
Detection of 800 ohms fault resistance on a 400 kV system

with 35 deg between sources due to load flow.
RED670 Functions
Fuse Failure Supervision
Measuring quantities are selectable
between:
IL zero sequence voltage and
current:
U0 > Uref and I0 = 0
negative sequence voltage and
current:
U2 > Uref and I2 = 0
Sudden change in current and
voltage:
>Z DI/Dt and DU/Dt

Programmable influence on the
operation of zone measuring elements
RED670 Functions
Breaker Failure Protection
Current level Iset 0,1 – 2 * Ibase
Retrip of actual breaker -No retrip
-With current check
-Without current check
Current check mode 1 out of 3

1 out of 4 or 2 out of 4
Retrip delay, one per phase t1 0.000 – 60.000 s
BFP Back up trip delay, one timer
I> per phase t2 0.000 – 60.000 s
Back-up trip 2 t3 0.000 – 60.000 s
t1
Trip pulse tp 150 ms (settable)
t2
RED670 Functions
BFP in Multi-breaker Applications
Up to six instances in one IED
BUS A BFP Optional retrip of own breaker:
START L1
I>
START L2 With current check
START L3 t1
START 3ph Without current check
t2
Increased security for back-up trip
BFP 1 out of 3 operating mode
All associated
I>
START L1
1 out of 4 operating mode
breakers
START L2 t1
START L3
START 3ph t2
2 out of 4 operating mode
Different back-up trip times for
BFP
I> single and multi-pole faults
START L1
START L2 t1
START L3
START 3ph t2
BUS B
RED670 functions
Breaker Failure Protection (BFP) – Fast reset
Pre-filter
Adaptive current
Post-filter
0.5 * detection ASD
Stab zone
No false operation in
case of saturated CT
Maximum reset time
approx 1/2 cycle to
allow short back-up
tripping times.
ASD output
RMS output
RED670 functions – Auto Recloser
Input signals – typical
connections
CB ready
CB closed
From high priority AR

RED670 functions – Synchronizing/Synchro check
Energizing Check
UA
UB
B
A ILoad
Inductive and Capacitive

charging of dead line
Uhigh
27
SC/VC The dead line and Live bus
Ulow conditions are checked.
Uhigh and Ulow are verified
Synchronizing / Parallelling Check

UA
UB
B
A ILoad
UAL Icap
25
dφ
SC/VC
dU
Paralleling (synchronism conditions are
checked
Δφ, Δf, ΔU and Uhigh are within set values
Synchronizing of asynchronous networks
is included
Setting parameters
U-Bus
U-Line
Energizing check
ΔU High voltage U> 50-120% of Ub
Low voltage U< 10- 80% of Ub
Operate time 80 ms (typical)
Δφ
Paralleling (Synchronism) Check
Frequency difference Δf < 3-1000mHz
Voltage difference ΔU < 2 - 50 % of Ub
Phase difference Δφ < 5 - 90o
Operate time 80 ms (typical)
Syncronizing
SYNC MaxFrequency diff Δf < 3-1000mHz
U-Bus
MinFrequency diff Δf < 3-1000mHz
Voltage difference ΔU < 2 - 50 % of Ub
Line
reference
Breaker closing time tBreaker 0.000-60.000 sec
Fuse fail
BLOCK voltage Accuracy of closing angle <2 deg
Accuracy of frequency measurement
about 0,5 mHz!
Synchrocheck – Voltage selection
1U B1Q B2Q
1U
UB1 UB2
SYN1
ULN1
3U
1U
1U
IED
UB1 UB2
SYN1 SYN2
ULN1
LN1Q
3U
RED670 Functions
Measurements
REx670
SVRx- XPx-
CVMMXU RANGE_XP
P HIGHHIGH
Q HIGH
NORMAL
S
AIM Preproc
I
LOW
LOWLOW
U
IEC 61850-8-1
CPx-
f For each value:
cos φ CMMXU .mag (magnitude
IL1 of reported
IL2 value)
AIM Preproc IL3 .range (normal
3I0 |high|low
VPx- Izs |high-high
Ins |low-low)
VMMXU
UL1L2
UL2L3
AIM Preproc UL3L1
3U0
Uzs
Uns
RED670 functions
Metering of Energy (MMTR)
REx670
SVRx-
CVMMXU MMTR
Pinst EAF
P EAR
Qinst ERF
AIM Preproc
Q ERR
S MaxDmd
IEC 61850-8-1
I MDP
U MDQ
f
cos φ
High accuracy metering

Presentation on LHMI
Sent to SA system
Energy plus maximum demand of
power in all quadrants
Can be site calibrated.
RED670 Functions
Out of step protection
Basic concept Considering the typical case, we
have:
δ1= Arccot(2R1/ZAB)
δ2= Arccot(2R2/ZAB)
A ZA ZL ZB B δ=ωt=2π fs t
EA U EB fs= 1/( π dt) (Arccot(2R1/ZAB)-Arccot(2R2/ZAB))

I
ϕ
Suppose: EA=EB=E This means that it is possible

I ZAB =2 E Sin(δ/2) to measure the slipping
Ucosϕ=Ecos(δ/2) and frequency by detecting
R=U cosϕ /I=(ZAB/ 2) cot(δ/2) U cosϕ .
RED670 Functions
Equivalent two-machine system
δ
RED670 functions
Out of step protection - 78
Operation based on U.cos(φ) principle

Minor improvements
can measure the positive
sequence quantities
U.cos(φ), slip f & slip Z
as service values
Available in other 670 products as
option
δ (i.e. in REL 670)
Measured
Impedance at
this instant of
time
RED670 functions
Out of step protection - 78
Pole slip protection based on ABB REG216 implementation

Improved by positive sequence calculations
Main features:
Detection of slip frequencies in relation to PS of 0.2 to 8Hz
Alarm before the first slip (rotor angle pick-up setting)
Discrimination between generating and motoring directions of rotor phase-

angle
Discrimination between local and external power swing centre
Trip after a set number of slips
Trip within a set rotor angle

RED670 functions
RED670 functions
Errors in current measurement:
Saturation
Phase- and amplitude faults

CT Requirements
Close-up faults
I sn ⎛ 0.25 ⎞
Eal ≥ Ealreq = I k max ⋅ ⋅ ⎜⎜ RCT + RL + 2 ⎟⎟
I pn ⎝ Ir ⎠
Through line faults
I sn ⎛ 0.25 ⎞
Eal ≥ Ealreq = 2 ⋅ I t max ⋅ ⋅ ⎜⎜ RCT + RL + 2 ⎟⎟
I pn ⎝ Ir ⎠
Through 1 ½ CB bay faults

I sn ⎛ 0.25 ⎞
Eal ≥ Ealreq = I tfdb ⋅ ⋅ 2 ⋅ ⎜⎜ RCT + RL + 2 ⎟⎟
I pn ⎝ Ir ⎠
Through in-zone transformers faults

I sn ⎛ 0.25 ⎞
Eal ≥ Ealreq = 30 ⋅ I nt ⋅ ⋅ ⎜⎜ RCT + RL + 2 ⎟⎟
I pn ⎝ Ir ⎠
CT Requirements – Formula to be used

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Allen Tan, ABB MY, SA Products, Indonesia Oct 2011

Conventional two terminal application

Differential and Bias currents in phase L1:

Power transformers can be applied within the protected zone

Id> Id >  Small power transformers

2-winding power transformer on tapped line.

Four terminal application.

Remote Line end E

Remote Time tagged

Fourier Current Start

No external current summation gives secure application!

Often required application

Protected zone delayed function

 If the two currents flow 150 30

sequence current from No directional

If Transformer in the zone: Inrush Current: Differential Current

Detection: 2nd Harmonic and 5th Harmonic

As in normal transformer differential protection

If Transformer in the zone: Overexcitation: Differential Current

Detection: 5th Harmonic

As in normal transformer differential protection

High Degree of Harmonics (2nd and 5th)

 Negative Sequence Fault Discriminator: Internal Fault

Communication in MUX have with bad arrangement showed many repeated

Virtual error in Ampere at different time deviation

Virtual error in Ampere at different time deviations

Ic1 Idiff,false = Ic1 + Ic2 Ic2

RED Communication RED

 Continuous estimation of differential current at no-fault

Maximum transmission time

5-terminal line with master-master system

RED RED RED

5-terminal line with master-slave system

RED RED RED

Differential Trip Security

IEC 61850 identification STSGGIO, ANSI device no 11

I0> TZD Local side start-up

High sensitivity to detect abnormal status

Zero sequence current criterion

Low voltage criterion

Low current criterion

Max 3 resp 70-90 resp 90-120

*) Converting optical to galvanic G.703 or V.35 alternatively

 Measuring mode selectable

 Four stage Earth overcurrent.

IF  To manage direction when connected to IN

Current difference 1%. Rated I 1 A L1 increased 10 mA voltage decreased

Current difference 5%. Rated I 1 A L1 increased 50 mA voltage decreased

RSA+XSA A p*ZL (1-p)ZL B RSB+XS

• Load compensation is essential for correct

• Mixed lines with OHL and Cable sections

• Fault locator is configured to use analogue inputs

• Start and Phase selection is required for all

• Settings is done of the line and source data in primary ohms

L1 L2  After the arc over the insulator the

 We can compare over three of the eight channels in LDCM

GF TRIP GF TRIP GF TRIP GF TRIP GF TRIP GF TRIP

 Detection of 800 ohms fault resistance on a 400 kV system

>Z  DI/Dt and DU/Dt

Current check mode 1 out of 3

From high priority AR

Inductive and Capacitive

Synchronizing / Parallelling Check

Id> Id > Small power transformers

If the two currents flow 150 30

Negative Sequence Fault Discriminator: Internal Fault

Continuous estimation of differential current at no-fault

Measuring mode selectable

Four stage Earth overcurrent.

IF To manage direction when connected to IN

L1 L2 After the arc over the insulator the

We can compare over three of the eight channels in LDCM

Detection of 800 ohms fault resistance on a 400 kV system

>Z DI/Dt and DU/Dt

High accuracy metering

Operation based on U.cos(φ) principle

Pole slip protection based on ABB REG216 implementation

Alarm before the first slip (rotor angle pick-up setting)

Discrimination between generating and motoring directions of rotor phase-

Trip after a set number of slips

Trip within a set rotor angle