UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE OCCIDENTE. Bravo, Buchelli, Mosquera, Muñoz, Murillo.

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Project: Analyzer of harmonic light loads.

Presentation of the signal and systems integration

project: HARMONIC ANALYZER FOR
LUMINAIRE LOADS IN AC.
Hernan Alonso Bravo Urrea, Daniela Buchelli, Isabella Mosquera, David Alejandro Muñoz, Harold murillo
Universidad Autónoma de Occidente


Abstrac— Nowadays, when electric light charges are
used, one of the factors that affects the selection of the type of
loads to be used is the factor of energy saving and quality of
electrical energy that the different passive elements of the AC
distribution system can provide In this way the present article
details and analyzes from the main types of light loads that are
used in the market such as incandescent bulbs, savers and led
light; the different phenomena and effects that these charges
generate to the network, starting from the analysis of harmonic
distortion where finally it is demonstrated which is the type of
luminous load that implies a greater saving in economic terms.
Índex of Terms—Light charges, network harmonics,
electrical power, Fourier series.
I. INTRODUTION
A hundred years ago the first incandescent light
bulb was invented by Thomas alba Edison. With
this innovated idea, the electricity began to be a
need for all of us.
Nowadays, the most efficient lamps are the LED.
Each load we connect to the electric grid it would
cause any kind of changes in the AC signal, in our
case a sine o cosine signal. The applicability of
methodologies such as Fourier series opens up an
extensive field that allows us to analyze different
behaviors that occur in systems in the field of signal
analysis.
For our case, we can understand how, through
Fourier, we can find in the signals that we capture
the different phenomena that can be obtained
directly from the network and that are not visible to
 would burn up before it got that hot. Called, the
our eye. The importance of this project has been in
how through an analysis of different lighting loads
that we use in our homes we can determine the
factor of quality and energy savings that provide us
in terms of consumption in economic terms, for
generations the technological advance in the
luminaries it has been significant and fast; so much
so that today it seems that LED technology offers us
greater advantages and benefits that go hand in hand
with the receipt of energy that we invoice daily;
Well it is from the understanding of what elements
physically make up the construction of these
charges that we can approximate through a
simulation software such as MATLAB, the
behavior in frequency of these materials
understanding how much harmonic distortion
comes with the sinusoidal voltage and current
signals that we capture.
A. DEVELOPING
B. Theoretical framework
LUMINOUS LOADS
Within the load classification we find as linear
loads:
Incandescent light bulb: Incandescent light bulb,
bulb, light bulb or light bulb is any device that uses
electricity to heat a filament—or wire—until it is hot
enough to glow white. If that were done in the open
air, in the presence of oxygen, the metal filament

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Project: Analyzer of harmonic light loads.

device that produces light by heating by Joule effect

of a metallic filament, until it is white red, by
passing electric current. (Ecured, sf).

This is a type of linear load in which the

waveform of the current is the same waveform of
the voltage.

Figure 3. Diagram waveform linear loads

Figure 1.
Waveform diagram linear loads (maquinaselectricascarlos, sf)
(maquinaselectricascarlos, sf)

Harmonics are produced by non-linear loads,

which means that their impedance is not constant (it
is a function of voltage). ... These are the original
sources of harmonics that are generated on the
power system.
(Upc.edu, sf)

Figure 2. LED Bulb: It is a solid state lamp that is composed

Visible spectrum of several light emitting LEDs that work with direct
(maquinaselectricascarlos, sf)
current transforming the alternating current signals
with elements as integrated. This type of luminaires
have heat management elements, such as coolers
Saver bulb: This type of charge can be
and cooling fins so they do not operate at high
considered as the fluorescent tube that we found
temperatures.
initially before. "Fluorescent lamps are low pressure
mercury vapor discharge lamps" (Upc, sf); On the
contrary, these charges are classified as non-linear,
so the waveforms are not the same.

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Project: Analyzer of harmonic light loads.

"By definition, a non-linear load is one that

produces currents differently from sinusoids, that is,
currents that, in addition to generating the
fundamental component, contain others that are
integer multiples of the fundamental and that are
called harmonics." (electrical factor, 2013).

In the case of incandescent luminaires, although

they are provided with only one filament, they do
not enjoy heat dissipating elements that they
produce, which is why they are easily transformed
into loss of energy returned to the network.

In the case of fluorescent saving luminaires, they

present ballasts in their construction that, although
they try to be more efficient, generate an important
Figure 4 led spectrum (electric factor, 2013) distortion of harmonics in the electrical supply
network.

EFFECT OF NON-LINEAR LOADS IN HARMONICS IN ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS HARMONIC DISTORTION

Non-linear loads connected to an electric power In the electrical power systems, a voltage or current
system produce Harmonic currents, harmonics are at a multiple of the fundamental frequency of the
introduced into the system in the form of currents system, produced by the action of non-linear loads
whose frequencies are the integral multiples of the such as rectifiers, discharge lighting, or saturated
fundamental power system frequency (50/60 Hz). magnetic devices. Harmonic frequencies in the
The harmonic currents interact with the supply power grid are a frequent cause of power
system impedance causing distortions in supply quality problem
output voltage and current, which has a very bad
effect on all other loads connected to the system and
the power supply itself, such as overheating,
increasing powers losses in the system, and
malfunction of protection and control devices
connected to the system.
As we saw earlier, each type of light bulb
represents a classification according to the load
type, whether linear or non-linear; but, in addition,
the harmonic distortion is generated from the
present non-linear loads connected to the network,
despite the fact that all types of loads used are in
theory resistive loads; its physical components with Figure 5 Network harmonics (electric factor, 2013)
which they are built are not.

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Project: Analyzer of harmonic light loads.
Harmonic distortion (THD)
Harmonic distortion can occur as nonlinear loads
and sources are introduced into the network,
generating harmonics of the system voltage’s
fundamental frequency.
Harmonic distortion occurs when the output signal
of a system does not equal the signal that entered it.
This lack of linearity affects the shape of the wave,
because the equipment has introduced harmonics
that were not in the input signal.
The harmonic distortion can be defined as the sum
of the powers of the harmonics from 1 to the nth
between the power of the fundamental harmonic
(Wikipedia, sf)
p1, p2, p3: potencias de los armónicos
po: potencia fundamental (1)
(Wikipedia, sf)
Equation (1) represents the harmonic distortion THD present
in any signal.
Figure 6 Harmonic distorition
ELECTRIC POWER
"Power is the speed at which energy is consumed
Power is measured in joule per second (J / sec) and
is represented by the letter" P ".
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(Alvares, 2015)
Within the development of the project, each
power present in the light load system was
simulated.
Active power kW. - work power, also called
active power, real power, etc. It is the power that
really makes the equipment work and transforms
into useful work.
Reactive power kVAr. - reactive power. It is the
power that the equipment (transformers, motors,
relays) need to generate the magnetic flux and allow
to create an electric field.
Active power kVA. - apparent power. It is the
vector sum of kVAr plus kW.
All these magnitudes were taken into
consideration for the subsequent analysis that
defines how is the behavior of my system when I
use these linear and non-linear loads in terms of
energy consumption.
PROCESS
In order to analyze the behavior of the different
loads used, a platform was used that functioned as a
load bank that provides the three types of light loads
used
Image 1 (luminaire bench assembly)
UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE OCCIDENTE. Bravo, Buchelli, Mosquera, Muñoz, Murillo. 5
Project: Analyzer of harmonic light loads.

Two types of sensors were used to capture the a sampling frequency based on the fundamental
signals coming from the voltage and current of the frequency of the input signal for our case 60 Hz of
different light loads. the alternating signal.

(2)

Equation (2) of the discrete Fourier transform

Image 2 (ZMPT 101 B voltage sensor up to 220vac) The following graphs were obtained:

Image 3 (ACS 712, current sensor up to 20 A)

Diagram of single-line connection to bank and

sensor

Figure 4 (assembly of sensor and arduino lamps) The signals

were captured by means of these sensors and converted into
digital through the arduino ADC, finally taken to MATLAB by
serial port, for programming in algorithm and simulation.

THE FUNCTION FFT (SERIE RAPIDA DE

FOURIER)
Figure 5 graphs of current voltage and graph of magnitude of
power for the different loads.
The FFT function of MATLAB converts a vector of
values of the signal x as a function of time t into a
vector g as a function of the frequency ω. Taking
the same representation of the equations, and using

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UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE OCCIDENTE. Bravo, Buchelli, Mosquera, Muñoz, Murillo.
Project: Analyzer of harmonic light loads.
DIVICE
Figure 6. device connected a saver bulb.
Figure 7. device connected a Incandescent light bulb.
II. CONCLUSIONS
We demonstrate the applicability and relevance of
the use of Fourier series to reconstruct the different
input signals at the same frequency.
Through the use of simulation programs, we can see
the signal in frequency and analyze the behavior of
the various loads with the study of harmonic
distortion.
We demonstrate that the different loads respond to
different frequencies that are multiple of the
fundamental frequency identifying that the LED
light offers less consumption and less distortion.
.
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RECOGNITION
Recognitions to the collective of the project, to
the teachers Álvaro Collazos Ing. Electrical UAO
and Cesar Romero Ing. Electronic UAO; To the
mentors in the different monitoring and advice
provided.
REFERENCES
[1] ECURED, “lampara incandescente [archivo en linea]
recuperado de: https://www.ecured.cu/L
%C3%A1mpara_incandescente
[2] UPC “Fuentes de Luz y equipos auxiliares—[archivo en
linea] recuperado de:
https://grlum.dpe.upc.edu/manual/sistemasIluminacio
n-fuentesDeLuz-LamparasDeDescarga.php
[3] FACTOR ELECTRICO, 2013,” efecto de las cargas no
lineales en instalaciones electricas publicado Viernes
6 de septiembre de 2013, incandescente [archivo en
linea] recuperado de:
http://factorelectrico.blogspot.com/2013/09/afecto-
de-cargas-no-lineales-en.html
[4] WIKIPEDIA, “Distorsión armónica),” publicado el 23
abril 2019. [archivo en linea] recuperado de:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distorsi%C3%B3n_arm
%C3%B3nica
[5] Alvarez, 2015. “Que es la potencia eléctrica” [archivo en
linea] recuperado de:
http://www.asifunciona.com/electrotecnia/ke_potenci
a/ke_potencia_elect_1.htm
Authors
Students of the programs of electrical engineering and
biomedical engineering for the course of signals and systems.