Complete ITB Lecture

I.T.
IN BUSINESS
Information technology
Information technology (IT) is the use of any

computers, storage, networking and other physical
devices, infrastructure and processes to create,
process, store, secure and exchange all forms of
electronic data.
WELCOME TO THE INFORMATION AGE
THE EVOLUTION OF THE INFORMATION AGE
• AGRICULTURAL AGE: THE PERIOD UP TO THE

1800S, WHEN THE MAJORITY OF WORKERS WERE
FARMERS WHOSE LIVES REVOLVED AROUND
AGRICULTURE.
• INDUSTRIAL AGE: THE PERIOD FROM THE 1800S

TO 1957, WHEN WORK PROCESSES WERE
SIMPLIFIED THROUGH MECHANIZATION AND
AUTOMATION.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE INFORMATION AGE (CONTINUED)
• INFORMATION AGE: THE PERIOD THAT BEGAN IN

1957, IN WHICH THE MAJORITY OF WORKERS
ARE INVOLVED IN THE CREATION,
DISTRIBUTION, AND APPLICATION OF
INFORMATION.
• KNOWLEDGE WORKERS: WORKERS INVOLVED IN
THE CREATION, DISTRIBUTION, AND APPLICATION
OF INFORMATION.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE INFORMATION AGE (CONTINUED)
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INFORMATION AGE (CONTINUED)
WHAT IS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY?
DEFINITION (CONTINUED)
• DATA: RAW FACTS, FIGURES, AND DETAILS.
• INFORMATION: AN ORGANIZED, MEANINGFUL,

AND USEFUL INTERPRETATION OF DATA.
• KNOWLEDGE: AN AWARENESS AND

UNDERSTANDING OF A SET OF INFORMATION
AND HOW THAT INFORMATION CAN BE PUT TO
THE BEST USE.
CHANGING BUSINESS LANDSCAPE
Management Information Systems
THE ROLE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN BUSINESS TODAY
• IMPROVED DECISION MAKING

• WITHOUT ACCURATE INFORMATION:
• MANAGERS MUST USE FORECASTS, BEST GUESSES, LUCK
• LEADS TO:
• OVERPRODUCTION, UNDERPRODUCTION OF GOODS AND SERVICES
• MISALLOCATION OF RESOURCES
• POOR RESPONSE TIMES
• POOR OUTCOMES RAISE COSTS, LOSE CUSTOMERS
• OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE:
• IMPROVEMENT OF EFFICIENCY TO ATTAIN HIGHER PROFITABILITY
• NEW PRODUCTS, SERVICES, AND BUSINESS MODELS:
• ENABLED BY TECHNOLOGY
• CUSTOMER AND SUPPLIER INTIMACY:
• SERVING CUSTOMERS RAISES REVENUES AND PROFITS
• BETTER COMMUNICATION WITH SUPPLIERS LOWERS COSTS
• IMPROVED DECISION MAKING
• MORE ACCURATE DATA LEADS TO BETTER DECISIONS
• COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
• DELIVERING BETTER PERFORMANCE
• CHARGING LESS FOR SUPERIOR PRODUCTS
• RESPONDING TO CUSTOMERS AND SUPPLIERS IN REAL TIME
• SURVIVAL
• INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AS NECESSITY OF BUSINESS
• MAY BE:
• INDUSTRY-LEVEL CHANGES, E.G. CITIBANK’S INTRODUCTION
OF ATMS
• GOVERNMENTAL REGULATIONS REQUIRING RECORD-KEEPING
• EXAMPLES: TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT, SARBANES-OXLEY ACT
PERSPECTIVES ON INFORMATION SYSTEMS
INFORMATION
SYSTEMS ARE MORE
THAN COMPUTERS
USING INFORMATION SYSTEMS

EFFECTIVELY REQUIRES AN
UNDERSTANDING OF THE
ORGANIZATION, MANAGEMENT,
AND INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY SHAPING THE
SYSTEMS. AN INFORMATION
SYSTEM CREATES VALUE FOR
THE FIRM AS AN
ORGANIZATIONAL AND
MANAGEMENT SOLUTION TO
CHALLENGES POSED BY THE
ENVIRONMENT.
TECHNOLOGICAL COMPONENTS
Hardware Software
Application Systems
Software Software
Word Processing Operating Systems

Spreadsheet File Management
Graphics Tools
Games Utilities
Communication Compilers
Graphics Debuggers
Databases Assembler
HOW SOFTWARE IMPROVES EFFICIENCY
• SPEED- QUICKER PROCESSING TIMES SAVES THE BUSINESS TIME AND
MONEY. TRANSACTIONS ARE PROCESSED ON QUICKER ON REAL-TIME
• ACCURACY- WITH THE USE OF VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION, DATA
CAN BE INPUTTED MORE ACCURATELY. THIS CAN HELP WITH
DECISION MAKING.
• DATA HANDLING- CAN BE INPUTTED AND MANIPULATED ANYWHERE
ON THE MARKET
• USER FRIENDLY- EASY TO USE
• CAPACITY- LARGE QUANTITY OF DATA CAN BE HELD WITH VERY
LITTLE PHYSICAL SPACE
COMPUTER HISTORY
CHARLES BABBAGE
• ENGLISH INVENTOR
• 1791-1871
• TAUGHT MATH AT CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY
• INVENTED A VIABLE MECHANICAL
COMPUTER EQUIVALENT TO
MODERN DIGITAL COMPUTERS
BABBAGE’S FIRST COMPUTER
built in early 1800’s

special purpose calculator
naval navigation charts
difference engine
BABBAGE’S SECOND COMPUTER
• ANALYTICAL ENGINE
• GENERAL-PURPOSE
• USED BINARY SYSTEM
• PUNCHED CARDS AS INPUT
• BRANCH ON RESULT OF PREVIOUS
INSTRUCTION
• ADA LOVELACE (FIRST
PROGRAMMER)
• MACHINED PARTS NOT ACCURATE
ENOUGH
• NEVER QUITE COMPLETED
analytical engine, 1834

INVENTION OF THE LIGHT BULB, 1878
• SIR JOSEPH WILSON SWAN
• ENGLISH PHYSICIST AND ELECTRICIAN
• FIRST PUBLIC EXHIBIT OF A LIGHT BULB IN 1878
• THOMAS EDISON
• AMERICAN INVENTOR, WORKING INDEPENDENTLY OF SWAN
• PUBLIC EXHIBIT OF A LIGHT BULB IN 1879
• HAD A CONDUCTING FILAMENT MOUNTED IN A GLASS BULB FROM WHICH THE
AIR WAS EVACUATED LEAVING A VACUUM
• PASSING ELECTRICITY THROUGH THE FILAMENT CAUSED IT TO HEAT UP,
BECOME INCANDESCENT AND RADIATE LIGHT
• THE VACUUM PREVENTED THE FILAMENT FROM OXIDIZING AND BURNING UP
EDISON’S LEGACY
• EDISON CONTINUED TO EXPERIMENT WITH LIGHT BULBS

• IN 1883, HE DETECTED ELECTRONS FLOWING THROUGH THE VACUUM
OF A LIGHT BULB
• FROM THE LIGHTED FILAMENT
• TO A METAL PLATE MOUNTED INSIDE THE BULB
• THIS BECAME KNOWN AS THE EDISON EFFECT
• HE DID NOT DEVELOP THIS ANY FURTHER
INVENTION OF THE DIODE (LATE 1800’S)
• JOHN AMBROSE FLEMING
• AN ENGLISH PHYSICIST
• STUDIED EDISON EFFECT
• TO DETECT RADIO WAVES AND TO CONVERT THEM TO ELECTRICITY
• DEVELOPED A TWO-ELEMENT VACUUM TUBE
• KNOWN AS A DIODE
• ELECTRONS FLOW WITHIN THE TUBE
• FROM THE NEGATIVELY CHARGED CATHODE
• TO THE POSITIVELY CHARGED ANODE
• TODAY, A DIODE IS USED IN CIRCUITS AS A RECTIFIER
THE SWITCHING VACUUM TUBE, 1906
• LEE DE FOREST INTRODUCED A THIRD

ELECTRODE INTO THE VACUUM TUBE
• AMERICAN INVENTOR
• THE NEW VACUUM TUBE WAS CALLED A
TRIODE
• NEW ELECTRODE WAS CALLED A GRID
• THIS TUBE COULD BE USED AS BOTH AN
AMPLIFIER AND A SWITCH
many of the early radio transmitters were built by de Forest using triodes
triodes revolutionized the field of broadcasting
their ability to act as switches would later be important in digital computing
ON/OFF SWITCHES IN DIGITAL COMPUTERS
• EARLIEST:
• ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAYS
• SOLENOID WITH MECHANICAL CONTACT POINTS
• PHYSICAL SWITCH CLOSES WHEN ELECTRICITY ANIMATES MAGNET
• 1940’S:
• VACUUM TUBES
• NO PHYSICAL CONTACTS TO BREAK OR GET DIRTY
• BECAME AVAILABLE IN EARLY 1900’S
• MAINLY USED IN RADIOS AT FIRST
• 1950’S TO PRESENT
• TRANSISTORS
• INVENTED AT BELL LABS IN 1948
• JOHN BARDEEN, WALTER BRATTAIN, AND WILLIAM SHOCKLEY
• NOBEL PRIZE, 1956
ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAY
PHOTO OF AN ELECTROMECHANICAL
RELAY
TRANSISTOR EVOLUTION
• FIRST TRANSISTOR MADE FROM MATERIALS
INCLUDING A PAPER CLIP AND A RAZOR BLADE
later packaged in small IC’s
eventually came VLSI

Very Large Scale Integration
millions of transistors per chip
THE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (IC)
• INVENTED SEPARATELY BY 2 PEOPLE ~1958

• JACK KILBY AT TEXAS INSTRUMENTS
• ROBERT NOYCE AT FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR (1958-59)
• 1974
• INTEL INTRODUCES THE 8080 PROCESSOR
• ONE OF THE FIRST “SINGLE-CHIP” MICROPROCESSORS
IC’S ARE FABRICATED MANY AT A TIME
MOORE’S LAW
• DEALS WITH STEADY RATE OF MINIATURIZION OF TECHNOLOGY
• NAMED FOR INTEL CO-FOUNDER GORDON MOORE
• NOT REALLY A LAW
• MORE A “RULE OF THUMB”
• A PRACTICAL WAY TO THINK ABOUT SOMETHING
• OBSERVATION THAT CHIP DENSITY ABOUT DOUBLES EVERY 18

MONTHS
• ALSO, PRICES DECLINE
• FIRST DESCRIBED IN 1965
• EXPERTS PREDICT THIS TREND MIGHT CONTINUE UNTIL ~2020
• LIMITED WHEN SIZE REACHES MOLECULAR LEVEL
TRANSISTORS - BUILDING BLOCKS OF COMPUTERS
• MICROPROCESSORS CONTAIN MANY TRANSISTORS

• (ENIAC): 19,500 VACUUM TUBES AND RELAYS
• INTEL 8088 PROCESSOR (1ST PC): 29,000 TRANSISTORS
• INTEL PENTIUM II PROCESSOR: 7 MILLION TRANSISTORS
• INTEL PENTIUM III PROCESSOR: 28 MILLION TRANSISTORS
• INTEL PENTIUM 4 PROCESSOR: 42 MILLION TRANSISTORS
• LOGICALLY, EACH TRANSISTOR ACTS AS AN ON-OFF SWITCH
• TRANSISTORS COMBINED TO IMPLEMENT LOGIC GATES
• AND, OR, NOT
• GATES COMBINED TO BUILD HIGHER-LEVEL STRUCTURES
• ADDER, MULTIPLEXOR, DECODER, REGISTER, …
ELECTRICAL NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR AND COMPUTER (ENIAC), 1940’S
• AN EARLY COMPUTER
• DEVELOPED AT UPENN
• SIZE: 30’ X 50’ ROOM
• 18,000 VACUUM TUBES
• 1500 RELAYS
• WEIGHED 30 TONS
• DESIGNERS
• JOHN MAUCHLY
• J. PRESPER ECKERT
INTEL 8088 MICROPROCESSOR (SINGLE
CHIP)
• USED IN FIRST IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER
• IBM PC RELEASED IN 1981
• 4.77 MHZ CLOCK
• 16 BIT INTEGERS, WITH AN 8-BIT DATA BUS
• TRANSFERS TOOK TWO STEPS (A BYTE AT A TIME)
• Pentium
1 MB OF PHYSICAL MEMORY ADDRESS LIMITATION 4 chip has
• 8-BIT DEVICE-CONTROLLING CHIPS 42 million transistors
• 29,000 TRANSISTORS
• 3-MICRON TECHNOLOGY
electrical paths now
• SPEED WAS 0.33 MIPS
as small as .13 micron
• LATER VERSION HAD 8 MHZ CLOCK
• SPEED WAS 0.75 MIPS.
MOORE’S LAW EXAMPLE
DEC
LSI-11,
Early 1980’s
DEC
PDP-11,
mid 1970’s
These 2 computers were functionally equivalent.
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS
(1940-1956)
• THE FIRST COMPUTERS USED VACUUM TUBES FOR CIRCUITRY

AND MAGNETIC DRUMS FOR MEMORY.
• THEY WERE OFTEN ENORMOUS AND TAKING UP ENTIRE ROOM.
• FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS RELIED ON MACHINE
LANGUAGE.
• . THEY WERE VERY EXPENSIVE TO OPERATE AND IN ADDITION
TO USING A GREAT DEAL OF ELECTRICITY, GENERATED A LOT
OF HEAT, WHICH WAS OFTEN THE CAUSE OF MALFUNCTIONS.
• THE UNIVAC AND ENIAC COMPUTERS ARE EXAMPLES OF FIRST-
GENERATION COMPUTING DEVICES.
FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS
SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS
(1956-1963)
• TRANSISTORS REPLACED VACUUM TUBES AND USHERED IN

THE SECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTERS.
• SECOND-GENERATION COMPUTERS MOVED FROM
CRYPTIC BINARY MACHINE LANGUAGE TO SYMBOLIC.
• HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES WERE ALSO BEING
DEVELOPED AT THIS TIME, SUCH AS EARLY VERSIONS OF COBOL
AND FORTRAN.
• THESE WERE ALSO THE FIRST COMPUTERS THAT STORED THEIR
INSTRUCTIONS IN THEIR MEMORY.
SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS
THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS
(1964-1971)
• THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT WAS THE

HALLMARK OF THE THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTERS.
• TRANSISTORS WERE MINIATURIZED AND PLACED
ON SILICONCHIPS, CALLED SEMICONDUCTORS.
• INSTEAD OF PUNCHED CARDS AND PRINTOUTS, USERS
INTERACTED WITH THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS
THROUGH KEYBOARDS AND MONITORS AND INTERFACED WITH
AN OPERATING SYSTEM.
• ALLOWED THE DEVICE TO RUN MANY
DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS AT ONE TIME.
THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS
FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS
(1971-PRESENT)
• THE MICROPROCESSOR BROUGHT THE FOURTH GENERATION OF

COMPUTERS, AS THOUSANDS OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS WERE
BUILT ONTO A SINGLE SILICON CHIP.
• THE INTEL 4004 CHIP, DEVELOPED IN 1971, LOCATED ALL THE
COMPONENTS OF THE COMPUTER.
• FROM THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT AND MEMORY TO
INPUT/OUTPUT CONTROLS—ON A SINGLE CHIP.
• . FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS ALSO SAW THE
DEVELOPMENT OF GUIS, THE MOUSE AND HANDHELD DEVICES.
FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS
FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS
(PRESENT AND BEYOND)
• FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTING DEVICES, BASED

ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.
• ARE STILL IN DEVELOPMENT, THOUGH THERE ARE SOME
APPLICATIONS, SUCH AS VOICE RECOGNITION.
• THE USE OF PARALLEL PROCESSING AND SUPERCONDUCTORS IS
HELPING TO MAKE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE A REALITY.
• THE GOAL OF FIFTH-GENERATION COMPUTING IS TO DEVELOP
DEVICES THAT RESPOND TO NATURAL LANGUAGE INPUT AND
ARE CAPABLE OF LEARNING AND SELF-ORGANIZATION.
FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
HOW IS A COMPUTER DEFINED?

 Electronic device operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own memory
Processes data into information

Accepts data Conveys meaning and is
Collection of useful to people
unprocessed items
Produces and stores results

WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
WHAT IS THE INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLE?
 Input
 Process
 Output
 Storage
 Communication
THE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
 Hardware used
to enter data
and instructions
WHAT IS AN INPUT DEVICE?
WHAT IS AN OUTPUT DEVICE?
 Hardware that
conveys
information
to one or more
people
WHAT IS THE SYSTEM UNIT?

 Case that contains
the electronic
components of the
computer that are
used to process data
Processor
Also called a Central Processing Unit (CPU)
WHAT ARE TWO MAIN COMPONENTS ON THE
The electronic component that interprets and carries
MOTHERBOARD?
out the basic instructions that operate the computer
Memory
Consists of electronic components that store
instructions waiting to be executed and data needed by
those instructions
WHAT IS STORAGE?
 Holds data, instructions, and information
for future use
Storage
Storagemedia
media
Physical
Physicalmaterial
materialon
onwhich
whichdata,
data,instructions,
instructions,
and
andinformation
informationare
arestored
stored
Storage
Storagedevice
device
Records
Recordsand
andretrieves
retrievesitems
itemstotoand
andfrom
from
storage
storagemedia
media
WHAT IS A USB FLASH DRIVE?
Portable
Portablestorage
storagedevice
device
Small
Smalland
andlightweight
lightweightenough
enough
to
tobe
betransported
transportedon onaakeychain
keychain
or
orin
inaapocket
pocket
The
Theaverage
averageUSBUSBflash
flashdrive
drive
can
canhold
holdabout
about22billion
billion
characters
characters
WHAT IS A HARD DISK?

 Provides greater storage
capacity than a
USB flash drive
 Most are housed inside

the system unit
WHAT IS A COMPACT DISC?
 Flat, round, portable metal disc

 CD
 DVD
WHAT IS A COMMUNICATIONS DEVICE?
Hardware
Hardwarecomponent
componentthatthat
enables
enablesaacomputer
computertoto
send
sendand
andreceive
receivedata,
data,instructions,
instructions,
and
andinformation
information
Occurs
Occursover
overcables,
cables,telephone
telephone
lines,
lines,cellular
cellularradio
radionetworks,
networks,
satellites,
satellites,and
andother
other
transmission
transmissionmedia
media
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF USING COMPUTERS
WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF USING COMPUTERS?
•Speed
•Reliability
•Consistency
•Storage
•Communication
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF USING COMPUTERS
WHAT ARE THE DISADVANTAGES OF USING COMPUTERS?
Violation of
Public Safety
Privacy
Impact on Impact on
Health Risks
Labor Force Environment
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
WHAT IS SOFTWARE?
Consists
Consistsofofaaseries
series
of
ofinstructions
instructionsthat
that Also
Alsocalled
calledaa
tells
tellsthe
thecomputer
computer program
program
what
what todo
to doand
and
how
howtotodo
doitit
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
WHAT IS A GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)?

 Allows you to
interact with the
software using text,
graphics, and visual
images such as
icons
 Controls how you
enter data and
instructions and
how the screen
displays
information
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
WHAT IS SYSTEM SOFTWARE?

 Programs that control or maintain the operations of
the computer and its devices
Operating
OperatingSystem
System(OS)
(OS)
isisaaset
setof
ofprograms
programs
that
thatcoordinates
coordinatesall
all
activities
activitiesamong
among
computer hardware Utility
UtilityPrograms
Programs allow
allowthe
the user
user toto
computer hardware
devices perform
perform maintenance-type
maintenance-type tasks
tasks
devices
usually
usuallyrelated
relatedtotomanaging
managingaa
computer,
computer,itsitsdevices
devicesororits
itsprograms
programs
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
WHAT IS APPLICATION SOFTWARE?
 Programs designed to make

users more productive
Word
Spreadsheet
Processing
Presentation
Database
Graphics
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
HOW DO YOU INSTALL AND RUN PROGRAMS?

COMPUTER SOFTWARE
JavaScript
WHAT IS A PROGRAMMER?
 Someone who develops
software
 Programmer writes
the instructions to
direct the computer
to process data into
information
Web application
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS
What are the categories of computers?

Personal Computers
(desktop)
Mobile Computers and
Mobile Devices
Game Consoles
Servers
Mainframes
Supercomputers
Embedded Computers
PERSONAL COMPUTERS
WHAT ARE THE TWO MOST POPULAR STYLES OF PERSONAL COMPUTERS?
 PC and compatibles  Apple Macintosh

use the Windows usually uses the
operating system Macintosh operating
system (Mac OS X)
PERSONAL COMPUTERS
WHAT IS A DESKTOP COMPUTER?

 Designed so all of the components fit entirely on
or under a desk or table
MOBILE COMPUTERS AND MOBILE DEVICES
WHAT IS A NOTEBOOK COMPUTER?

 Portable, small enough
to fit on your lap
 Also called a laptop
computer
 Usually more expensive
than a desktop computer
with equal capabilities
WHAT IS A TABLET PC?

 Resembles a letter-sized slate
 Allows you to write on the
screen using a digital pen
 Especially useful for taking
notes
WHAT ARE MOBILE DEVICES?
Small
Smallenough
enoughtoto
carry
carryininaapocket
pocket
Internet-enabled
Internet-enabled
telephone
telephoneisisaa
“smart
“smartphone”
phone”
WHAT IS A HANDHELD COMPUTER?
Used
Small by mobile
enough to fit employees such as
in one meter readers and
hand delivery people
WHAT IS A PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT (PDA)?

 Provides personal organizer functions
 Calendar
 Appointment book
 Address book
 Calculator
 Notepad
WHAT ARE SMART PHONES?

GAME CONSOLES
WHAT ARE GAME CONSOLES?

Mobile computing device designed for single-player or
multiplayer video games
SERVERS
WHAT TYPES OF SERVERS ARE THERE?
A server controls access to network

resources and provides centralized
storage
Mainframe Very powerful,
expensive computer that supports
thousands of connected users
Supercomputer The fastest, most
powerful, most expensive
computer. Used for applications
requiring complex mathematical
calculations
EMBEDDED COMPUTERS
 A special-purpose computer that functions as a
component in a larger product
ELEMENTS OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM
WHAT ARE INFORMATION SYSTEM ELEMENTS?

 Hardware
 Software
 Data
 People
 Procedures
EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER USAGE
WHAT SOFTWARE IS AVAILABLE FOR A HOME USER?

 Personal finance
management
 Web access
 Communications
 Entertainment
WHAT SOFTWARE IS AVAILABLE FOR A SMALL OFFICE/HOME

OFFICE (SOHO) USER?
 Productivity software
 Specialty software
 Web usage
 E-mail
WHAT IS AVAILABLE FOR

A MOBILE USER?
 Hardware
 Notebook computers
 Tablet PCs
 Internet-enabled PDAs
 Smart phones
 Software
 Word processing
 Spreadsheet
 Presentation graphics
software
WHAT ARE THE NEEDS OF A POWER USER?

 Speed and large amounts of storage
 Types of power users
 Engineers
 Scientists
 Architects
 Desktop publishers
 Graphic artists
WHAT ARE THE NEEDS OF THE LARGE BUSINESS USER?
 Payroll
 Inventory
 E-commerce
 Desktop publishing
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN SOCIETY
WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES

OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
IN SOCIETY?
 Education
 Finance
 Government
 Health Care
 Science
 Publishing
 Travel
 Manufacturing
COMMON INPUT DEVICES
• KEYBOARD
• POINTING DEVICES
• PEN BASED COMPUTING
• SPEECH RECOGNITION
• OPTICAL SCANNING
• MAGNETIC INK
CHARACTER
RECOGNITION
• SMART CARDS
• DIGITAL CAMERAS
COMMON OUTPUT DEVICES
• VIDEO OUTPUT
• CRT
• LCD
• PRINTED OUTPUT
• INKJET
• LASER
COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA
AUDIO COMPUTER
• TAPE/CASSETTE/RECORD/CD/DVD
• DIGITAL VIDEO INTERACTIVE
• TELECONFERENCE / AUDIO
• COMPACT DISC INTERACTIVE
CONFERENCE
• COMPUTER SIMULATION
• SOUND DIGITIZING
MOTION / STILL IMAGE
• MICROPHONE
GRAPHIC MATERIALS
• SLIDES / OVERHEADS
• VIDEODISC (CASSETTE)
• PICTURES
• MOTION PICTURES
• PRINTED JOB AIDS
• BROADCAST TELEVISION
• VISUAL DISPLAYS
• TELECONFERENCE/VIDEOCONFERENC
TEXT E
• PRINTOUTS • ANIMATION & VIRTUAL REALITY
DESCRIBING STORAGE DEVICES
• STORE DATA WHEN COMPUTER IS OFF

• TWO PROCESSES
• WRITING DATA
• READING DATA
MAGNETIC STORAGE DEVICES
• MOST COMMON FORM OF STORAGE

• HARD DRIVES, FLOPPY DRIVES, TAPE.
Floppy Disk
Hard Disk
Tape
• HARD DISKS
• A HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD) IS A DATA STORAGE

DEVICE USED FOR STORING AND
RETRIEVING DIGITAL INFORMATION USING
RAPIDLY ROTATING DISKS (PLATTERS) COATED
WITH MAGNETIC MATERIAL.
• HDD RETAINS ITS DATA EVEN WHEN POWERED

OFF
• DATA ORGANIZATION
• DISKS MUST BE FORMATTED BEFORE USE
• FORMAT DRAWS TRACKS ON THE DISK
• TRACKS IS DIVIDED INTO SECTORS
• AMOUNT OF DATA A DRIVE CAN READ
• STEP 1 : PARTITION (PRIMARY AND SECONDARY (LOGICAL

DRIVES)
• STEP 2 : FORMATTING
TRACKS AND SECTORS
ILLUSTRATED HARD DISK
CHARACTERISTICS OF HARD DRIVE
• CAPACITY
• PERFORMANCE
CHARACTERISTICS OF HARD DRIVE
CAPACITY
1024 BIT = 1 BYTE
1024 BYTE = 1 KB
1024 KB = 1MB
1024 MB = 1 GB
1024 GB = 1 TB
DRIVE INTERFACE STANDARDS
• ENHANCED INTEGRATED DRIVE ELECTRONICS
• EIDE
• UP TO 2 DEVICES PER CONTROLLER
• MOST COMPUTERS HAVE 2 EIDE CONTROLLERS
SERIAL ADVANCE TECHNOLOGY ATTACHMENT
• SMALL COMPUTER SYSTEM INTERFACE

• SCSI
• HIGHER TRANSFER RATES THAN EIDE
• MORE THAN 40 DEVICES PER SCSI CONTROLLER
• COMPUTERS MAY HAVE SEVERAL SCSI CONTROLLERS
• MANY VERSIONS EXIST

• VERSIONS ARE TYPICALLY INCOMPATIBLE
• FOUND IN SERVERS AND WORKSTATIONS

OPTICAL STORAGE DEVICES
• CD-ROM
• MOST SOFTWARE SHIPS ON A CD
• READ USING A LASER
• BINARY 1, REFLECT DATA
• SCATTER DATA
• CD SPEED IS BASED ON THE ORIGINAL

• ORIGINAL CD READ 150 KBPS
• A 10 X WILL READ 1,500 KBPS
• STANDARD CD HOLDS 650 MB

RECORDABLE OPTICAL TECHNOLOGIES
• CD RECORDABLE (CD-R)
• CREATE A DATA OR AUDIO CD
• DATA CANNOT BE CHANGED
• CAN CONTINUE ADDING UNTIL FULL
• CD REGRETTABLE (CD-RW)
• CREATE A REUSABLE CD
• CANNOT BE READ IN ALL CD PLAYERS
• CAN REUSE ABOUT 100 TIMES
• PHOTO CD
• DEVELOPED BY KODAK
• PROVIDES FOR PHOTO STORAGE
• PHOTOS ADDED TO CD UNTIL FULL
• ORIGINAL PICTURES CANNOT BE CHANGED
• DVD-RAM
• ALLOW REUSING OF DVD MEDIA
• NOT STANDARDIZED
• CANNOT BE READ IN ALL PLAYERS
OPTICAL STORAGE DEVICES
• DVD-ROM
• DIGITAL VIDEO DISK
• USE BOTH SIDES OF THE DISK
• CAPACITIES CAN REACH 18 GB
• DVD PLAYERS CAN READ CDS
• DVD RECORDABLE
• SEVERAL DIFFERENT FORMATS EXIST
• NONE ARE STANDARDIZED
• ALLOWS HOME USERS TO CREATE DVDS
• CANNOT BE READ IN ALL PLAYERS
SOLID STATE DEVICES
• DATA IS STORED PHYSICALLY

• NO MAGNETS OR LASER
• VERY FAST
SOLID STATE DEVICES
• FLASH MEMORY
• FOUND IN CAMERAS AND USB DRIVES
• COMBINATION OF RAM AND ROM
• LONG TERM UPDATEABLE STORAGE
SOLID STATE DEVICES
• SMART CARDS
• CREDIT CARDS WITH A CHIP
• CHIP STORES DATA
• EVENTUALLY MAY BE USED FOR CASH
• HOTELS USE FOR ELECTRONIC KEYS
SOLID STATE DEVICES
• SOLID-STATE DISKS
• LARGE AMOUNT OF SDRAM
• EXTREMELY FAST
• VOLATILE STORAGE
• REQUIRE BATTERY BACKUPS
• MOST HAVE HARD DISKS COPYING DATA
OPTIMIZING PERFORMANCE
• DISK OPTIMIZATION
• HANDLED BY OPERATING SYSTEM TOOL
• ROUTINE DISK MAINTENANCE
• OPTIMIZATION SHOULD BE RUN MONTHLY
• CLEAN UP UNNECESSARY FILES

• DELETE TEMP FILES
• UNINSTALL UNUSED PROGRAMS
• DELETE OBSOLETE DATA FILES
• FILES SHOULD BE CLEANED WEEKLY
• SCAN A DISK FOR ERRORS

• BAD SPOTS ON THE MEDIA
• FIND AND FIX THE ERROR
• MOVE DATA TO A GOOD SPOT
• MARK THE SPOT AS BAD
• DISKS SHOULD BE SCANNED MONTHLY

• DEFRAGMENT A DISK
• FILES FRAGMENT WHEN RESAVED
• FRAGMENTED FILES LOAD SLOWER
• DEFRAGMENT PUTS THE FRAGMENTS TOGETHER
• DISKS SHOULD BE DEFRAGGED MONTHLY
DEFRAGMENT
• FILE COMPRESSION
• SHRINKS THE SIZE OF A FILE
• TAKES UP LESS SPACE ON DISK
• REDUCE A DISKS PERFORMANCE
• WILL INCREASE DISK CAPACITY
• PKZIP, WINZIP AND WINRAR
FILE COMPRESSION
763 KB
on disk
Compressed
157 KB
• USB AND FIREWIRE

• EXTERNAL DRIVES
• TRANSFER RATE IS LIMITED
• MANY DEVICES CAN BE CONNECTED
• TAPE DRIVES
• BEST USED FOR
• INFREQUENTLY ACCESSED DATA
• BACK-UP SOLUTIONS
• SLOW SEQUENTIAL ACCESS

• CAPACITY EXCEEDS 200 GB
FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
• PROVIDE A USER INTERFACE

• RUN PROGRAMS
• MANAGE HARDWARE DEVICES
• ORGANIZED FILE STORAGE
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
• REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEM

• VERY FAST SMALL OS
• BUILT INTO A DEVICE
• RESPOND QUICKLY TO USER INPUT
• MP3 PLAYERS, MEDICAL DEVICES
• SINGLE USER/SINGLE TASKING OS

• ONE USER WORKS ON THE SYSTEM
• PERFORMS ONE TASK AT A TIME
• MS-DOS AND PALM OS
• TAKE UP LITTLE SPACE ON DISK
• RUN ON INEXPENSIVE COMPUTERS
• SINGLE USER/MULTITASKING OS
• USER PERFORMS MANY TASKS AT ONCE
• MOST COMMON FORM OF OS
• WINDOWS XP AND OS X
• REQUIRE EXPENSIVE COMPUTERS
• TEND TO BE COMPLEX
• MULTI USER/MULTITASKING OS
• MANY USERS CONNECT TO ONE COMPUTER
• EACH USER HAS A UNIQUE SESSION
• UNIX, LINUX, AND VMS
• MAINTENANCE CAN BE EASY
• REQUIRES A POWERFUL COMPUTER
MULTI USER/MULTI TASKING OS
PROVIDING A USER INTERFACE
• USER INTERFACE
• HOW A USER INTERACTS WITH A COMPUTER
• REQUIRE DIFFERENT SKILL SETS
• GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)

• MOST COMMON INTERFACE
• WINDOWS, OS X, GNOME, KDE
• USES A MOUSE TO CONTROL OBJECTS

• USES A DESKTOP METAPHOR
• SHORTCUTS OPEN PROGRAMS OR DOCUMENTS
• OPEN DOCUMENTS HAVE ADDITIONAL OBJECTS
• TASK SWITCHING
• DIALOG BOXES ALLOW DIRECTED INPUT
GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
• COMMAND LINE INTERFACES

• OLDER INTERFACE
• DOS, LINUX, UNIX
• USER TYPES COMMANDS AT A PROMPT

• USER MUST REMEMBER ALL COMMANDS
• INCLUDED IN ALL GUIS
COMMAND LINE INTERFACE
ENHANCING AN OS
• UTILITIES
• PROVIDE SERVICES NOT INCLUDED WITH OS
• GOES BEYOND THE FOUR FUNCTIONS
• FIREWALL, ANTI-VIRUS AND COMPRESSION
• PRICES VARY
ENHANCING AN OS
• BACKUP SOFTWARE
• ARCHIVES FILES ONTO REMOVABLE MEDIA
• ENSURES DATA INTEGRITY
• MOST OS INCLUDE A BACKUP PACKAGE
• MANY THIRD PARTY PACKAGES EXIST
BACKUP SOFTWARE
ENHANCING AN OS
• ANTI-VIRUS SOFTWARE
• CRUCIAL UTILITY
• FINDS, BLOCKS AND REMOVES VIRUSES
• MUST BE UPDATED REGULARLY
• MCAFEE AND NORTON ANTI-VIRUS
ENHANCING AN OS
• FIREWALL
• CRUCIAL UTILITY
• PROTECTS YOUR COMPUTER FROM INTRUDERS
• MAKES COMPUTER INVISIBLE TO HACKERS
• ZONE LABS IS A HOME FIREWALL
• CISCO SELLS HARDWARE FIREWALLS
ENHANCING AN OS
• INTRUSION DETECTION
• OFTEN PART OF A FIREWALL PACKAGE
• ANNOUNCES ATTEMPTS TO BREACH SECURITY
• SNORT IS A LINUX BASED PACKAGE
ENHANCING AN OS
• SCREEN SAVERS
• CRUCIAL UTILITY FOR COMMAND LINE SYSTEMS
• PREVENTS BURN IN
• MERELY FUN FOR GUI SYSTEMS

• SCREEN SAVER DECORATES IDLE SCREENS
PC OPERATING SYSTEMS
• MICROSOFT WINDOWS IS THE MOST POPULAR

• INSTALLED MORE THAN OTHER OS COMBINED
• INSTALLED ON ABOUT 95% OF COMPUTERS
• APPLE AND LINUX REPRESENT THE OTHER 5%
• DOS
• DISK OPERATING SYSTEM
• SINGLE USER SINGLE-TASKING OS
• COMMAND LINE INTERFACE
• 16-BIT OS
• POWERFUL
• FAST
• SUPPORTS LEGACY APPLICATIONS
DOS APPLICATION
• WINDOWS NT
• DESIGNED FOR A POWERFUL SYSTEM
• 32-BIT OS
• VERY STABLE
• WINDOWS NT WORKSTATION
• SINGLE USER MULTI TASKING OS
• WINDOWS NT SERVER
• MULTI USER MULTI TASKING OS
• NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM
• WINDOWS 9X
• 95, 98, AND MILLENNIUM EDITION (ME)
• 32-BIT OS
• SUPPORTED 16-BIT PROGRAMS WELL
• VERY PRETTY NOT STABLE OS

• STILL FOUND IN LARGE CORPORATIONS
• 95 INTRODUCED THE START BUTTON
• 98 INTRODUCED ACTIVE DESKTOP
• ME IMPROVED MULTIMEDIA SOFTWARE
• WINDOWS 2000
• LOOK OF 9X WITH NT STABILITY
• OPTIMIZED FOR OFFICE AND DEVELOPERS
• APPLICATION SOFTWARE RAN VERY WELL
• ENTERTAINMENT SOFTWARE RAN VERY POORLY
• WINDOWS XP
• MICROSOFT’S NEWEST DESKTOP PRODUCT
• DIFFERENT LOOK FROM 2000
• MANY DIFFERENT VERSIONS
• DIGITAL MULTIMEDIA SUPPORT WAS ENHANCED
• COMMUNICATIONS WAS ENHANCED
• MOBILE COMPUTING BECAME A PRIORITY
• UNIX
• RUNS ON ALL COMPUTER TYPES
• 32- OR 64-BIT
• VERY STABLE AND FAST
• COMMAND-LINE INTERFACE
• CAN COST THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS
• LINUX
• FREE OR INEXPENSIVE VERSION OF UNIX
• 32-BIT OS
• VERY STABLE AND FAST
• MOST FLAVORS ARE OPEN SOURCE
• X WINDOWS GUI
• COMMAND LINE INTERFACE IS AVAILABLE
LINUX DESKTOP
• MACINTOSH OPERATING SYSTEMS

• OS X
• BASED ON FREEBSD LINUX
• VERY STABLE AND EASY TO CONFIGURE
• ONLY RUNS ON MAC HARDWARE
OS X DESKTOP
NOS FEATURES
• NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM

• FAST AND STABLE
• RUNS ON SERVERS
• MULTI-USER AND MULTITASKING OS
• 32- OR 64-BIT
NOS FEATURES
• FILE AND PRINT SHARING

• USERS ACCESS THE SAME FILES
• HUNDREDS OF USERS USE A PRINTER
• DIFFERENT OS CAN INTERACT
NOS FEATURES
• DATA INTEGRITY
• BACKUPS COPIES DATA ONTO TAPE
• RAID COPIES DATA ONTO OTHER DRIVES
• REDUNDANT ARRAY OF INEXPENSIVE DISKS
• RELIES ON TWO OR MORE HARD DRIVES
• MAY SPEED ACCESS TO DATA
NOS FEATURES
• DATA SECURITY
• ACCESS TO DATA CAN BE RESTRICTED
• ACCESS TO SERVER RESOURCES IS CONTROLLED
• AUDITS CAN BE KEPT
NETWORKING OPERATING SYSTEMS
• NT SERVER
• SAME CORE AS NT WORKSTATION
• SECURITY ADDED
• MULTI USER CAPABILITY ADDED
• RAID SUPPORT INCLUDED
• WINDOWS 2000 SERVER

• SAME TECHNOLOGY AS 2000 WORKSTATION
• ACTIVE DIRECTORY (AD)
• CENTRAL DATABASE OF SERVER RESOURCES
• SIMPLIFIES NETWORK MANAGEMENT
• DISTRIBUTED PROGRAMS SUPPORTED

• SERVER STANDARD EDITION
• ADVANCED SERVER EDITION
• DATA CENTER EDITION
• WINDOWS 2003 SERVER

• DESIGNED TO COMPETE WITH UNIX
• XP LIKE INTERFACE
• BETTER SUPPORT FOR XP COMPUTERS
• MS .NET FRAMEWORK SUPPORTED
• DISTRIBUTED PROGRAMS ARE SUPPORTED
• SERVER STANDARD EDITION
• DATA CENTER EDITION
• UNIX FOR SERVERS

• OLDEST NOS IN WIDESPREAD USE
• STABLE SECURE AND FAST
• MAIN OS FOR INTERNET AND WEB
• LARGE ORGANIZATIONS DEPEND ON UNIX
• LINUX FOR SERVERS

• POPULAR IN SMALL BUSINESSES
• STABLE, FAST AND INEXPENSIVE
• LINUX’S POPULARITY IS GROWING
EMBEDDED OPERATING SYSTEMS
• DEVICES HAVE EOS BUILT IN

• CELL PHONES, PDAS, MEDICAL EQUIPMENT
• STABLE AND FAST
• WINDOWS XP EMBEDDED
• BASED ON WINDOWS XP
• CUSTOMIZED FOR EACH DEVICE
• WINDOWS CE
• NOT BASED ON A DESKTOP OS
• CUSTOMIZED FOR EACH DEVICE
• PDA AND CELL PHONES
• MICROSOFT AUTOMOTIVE WILL RUN IN CARS
• PALM OS
• STANDARD ON PALM PDA
• FIRST PDA OS FOR CONSUMERS
• CAN BE FOUND ON CELL PHONES
• POCKET PC
• DEVELOPED TO COMPETE WITH PALM
• NOT CUSTOMIZABLE
• INTERACTS SECURELY WITH BUSINESS NETWORKS
• CAN CONTROL PCS THROUGH PC
• SYMBIAN
• FOUND IN SMART CELL PHONES
• GAMES, INSTANT MESSAGING, INTERNET
• FULL COLOR DISPLAY
ACQUIRING SOFTWARE
• COMMERCIAL SOFTWARE
• SOFTWARE THAT MUST BE PURCHASED
• STAND ALONE PRODUCTS
• SOLVE ONE TYPE OF PROBLEM
• SOFTWARE SUITES
• INTEGRATED TOOLS THAT WORK TOGETHER
• SOLVE MANY PROBLEMS
• SHAREWARE
• TRY BEFORE YOU BUY
• MAY DEACTIVATE IF NOT PURCHASED
SOFTWARE SUITE
ACQUIRING SOFTWARE
• FREEWARE
• NO OBLIGATION TO PURCHASE
• DONATIONS OFTEN ACCEPTED
• SOFTWARE MAY BE DISTRIBUTED FREELY

• PUBLIC DOMAIN SOFTWARE
ACQUIRING SOFTWARE
• OPEN SOURCE
• PROGRAMS DISTRIBUTED WITH SOURCE CODE
• ALLOWS USERS TO MODIFY THE SOFTWARE
• MODIFICATIONS AND COMMENTS ARE WELCOME
• LINUX AND OPENOFFICE
OPEN OFFICE
WORD PROCESSING PROGRAMS
• CREATES TEXT DOCUMENTS

• GRAPHICS AND OTHER OBJECTS ARE SUPPORTED
• PROFESSIONAL QUALITY CAN BE ACHIEVED
• SIMPLE WEB PAGES MAY BE CREATED
• INTERFACE
• DOCUMENT AREA
• MENU BAR
• TOOLBARS
• RULERS
• SCROLL BARS
• STATUS BARS
• ENTERING AND EDITING TEXT
• TEXT IS ENTERED BY TYPING
• CURSOR INDICATES POSITION
• BLOCKS OF TEXT CAN BE MANIPULATED
• MOST OTHER PROGRAMS INCLUDE TEXT TOOLS
• FORMATTING TEXT
• CONTROLS THE DOCUMENT’S APPEARANCE
• CHARACTER FORMATTING TOOLS
• FONTS
• TYPE STYLE
• PARAGRAPH FORMATTING TOOLS

• LINE SPACING
• TABS
• DOCUMENT FORMATTING TOOLS

• MARGINS
• HEADERS
SPREADSHEET PROGRAMS
• CALCULATES NUMBERS AND FINANCES

• DATA VIEWABLE IN MANY WAYS
• TABLES
• GRAPHS
• COMPLEX CALCULATIONS CAN BE AUTOMATED
SPREADSHEET PROGRAMS
• INTERFACE
• ROWS, COLUMNS AND CELLS
• CELL HOLDS DATA OR FORMULAS
• FORMULA BAR
• LABELS DESCRIBE CELL CONTENTS
• VALUES
• DATES
• FORMULAS
PRESENTATION PROGRAMS
• CREATES SLIDES OR TRANSPARENCIES

• COMPLETE SET IS A PRESENTATION
• ENHANCES A SPEECH OR LECTURE
• COLOR AND ANIMATION ENHANCE THE SLIDES
SPREADSHEET INTERFACE
• INTERFACE
• SIMILAR TO A WORD PROCESSOR
• SLIDE WINDOW
• OUTLINE WINDOW
• SPEAKER NOTES
PRESENTATION INTERFACE
• CREATING A PRESENTATION
• TEMPLATES CAN SIMPLIFY THE PROCESS
• BUILD THE SLIDES
• PICK A LAYOUT
• ENTER THE DESIRED TEXT
• APPLY SPECIAL FORMATTING
• CONTINUE ADDING SLIDES IN ORDER

• APPLY SLIDE TRANSITIONS IF DESIRED
• PRESENTING SLIDE SHOWS

• USE TO ENHANCE A SPEECH
• MOUSE CLICK ADVANCES TO NEXT SLIDE
• PHYSICAL TRANSPARENCIES ON AN OVERHEAD
• COMPUTER SCREEN DELIVERY
• LARGE MONITOR DELIVERY
• DATA PROJECTOR
USING A LARGE MONITOR
PERSONAL INFORMATION MANAGERS
• PIM SOFTWARE
• KEEP TRACK OF CONTACT INFORMATION
• TRACK UPCOMING EVENTS AND TIMES
• MS OUTLOOK IS POPULAR
PERSONAL INFORMATION MANAGERS
• DATA ORGANIZATION
• CONTACT INFORMATION ORGANIZED BY LAST NAME
• USERS MAY SEARCH FOR DATA
• APPOINTMENT REMINDERS CAN BE SET
GRAPHIC FILE FORMATS
• BITMAPPED IMAGES
• MOST COMMON IMAGE TYPE
• ALSO CALLED RASTER IMAGES
• IMAGE IS DRAWN USING A PIXEL GRID
• EACH GRID CONTAINS A COLOR
• COLOR DEPTH
• NUMBER OF USABLE COLORS
• USED TO STORE DRAWINGS OR PHOTOGRAPHS

• RESIZING IMAGE CAN REDUCE QUALITY
BITMAP RESIZED
This image was drawn as a straight line.

• VECTOR IMAGES
• DRAWN USING MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS
• FORMULAS DESCRIBE THE LINE PROPERTIES
• CAD AND ANIMATION SOFTWARE
• RESIZING IMAGE WILL NOT REDUCE QUALITY
• FILE FORMATS AND COMPATIBILITY

• METHOD FOR STORING AN IMAGE
• EACH METHOD HAS PROS AND CONS
• SOME FORMATS ARE PROPRIETARY
• GRAPHIC SOFTWARE CAN HANDLE ALL FORMATS
• COMMON BITMAPPED FILE FORMATS

• BMP
• EMF
• GIF
• JPG
• PICT
• PNG
• TIFF
• VECTOR FILE FORMATS

• MOST VECTOR FORMATS ARE PROPRIETARY
• TWO UNIVERSAL FORMATS EXIST
• DXF
• IGES
ACQUIRING IMAGES
• SCANNERS
• LIKE A PHOTOCOPIER
• IMAGE IS SAVED ONTO DISK
• SCANNERS IMPORT A VARIETY OF FORMATS
ACQUIRING IMAGES
• DIGITAL CAMERAS
• STORES DIGITIZED IMAGES
• USES LONG TERM STORAGE
• IMAGE IS USUALLY A JPG FILE
ACQUIRING IMAGES
• DIGITAL VIDEO CAMERAS

• STORES FULL MOTION VIDEO
• USES LONG TERM STORAGE
• MOVIE CAN BE TRANSFERRED TO DVD
ACQUIRING IMAGES
• CLIP ART
• ORIGINALLY A BOOK WITH IMAGES
• NOW A CD WITH IMAGES
• MOST OFFICE SUITES INCLUDE A SELECTION
• ADDITIONAL CLIP ART IS ONLINE
GRAPHICS SOFTWARE
• PAINT PROGRAMS
• CREATE BITMAP IMAGES
• INCLUDES SOPHISTICATED TOOLS
• ARTISTS DRAW WITH SEVERAL BRUSHES
• OBJECTS DRAWN BECOME PERMANENT
• WINDOWS PAINT
GRAPHICS SOFTWARE
• DRAW PROGRAMS
• CREATE VECTOR BASED IMAGES
• USED WHEN ACCURACY IS CRITICAL
• OBJECTS HAVE AN OUTLINE AND FILL
• BOTH HAVE LINE STYLE AND COLOR
• CAN FILL USING PICTURES
• ADOBE ILLUSTRATOR
GRAPHICS SOFTWARE
• PHOTO-EDITING SOFTWARE
• MODIFY AND MANIPULATE DIGITAL IMAGES
• WORK AT THE PIXEL LEVEL
• IMAGES CAN BE ENHANCED
• PICTURE FLAWS CAN BE REPAIRED
• PICTURES CAN BE COMPLETELY CHANGED
• PHOTOSHOP AND GIMP
ENHANCING A PHOTO
GRAPHICS SOFTWARE
• COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING (CAD)

• GENERATES VECTOR FILES
• ENGINEERING AND DESIGN FIELDS
• DRAWINGS ACCURATE TO THE MILLIMETER
• AUTOCAD
GRAPHICS SOFTWARE
• 3D MODELING SOFTWARE
• GENERATES THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGES
• IMAGE CAN BE SHAPED ON SCREEN
• IMAGE IS ANIMATED FRAME BY FRAME
GRAPHICS SOFTWARE
• COMPUTER GENERATED IMAGING
• GENERATES PHOTO REALISTIC IMAGES
• USED FOR MOVIES AND TELEVISION
• SOFTWARE ELIMINATES TEDIOUS PARTS
MULTIMEDIA BASICS
• MEDIUM
• WAY OF SHARING INFORMATION
• VOICE, PICTURES, TEXT
• MORE EFFECTIVE WITH MULTIPLE MEDIUMS
• MULTIMEDIA PRESENTS INFORMATION WITH ONE MEDIUM
MULTIMEDIA BASICS
• INTERACTIVITY
• USERS AND PROGRAM RESPOND
• USERS CAN CONTROL THE CONTENT
• MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TV AND COMPUTER

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Complete ITB Lecture

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I.T.

Information technology (IT) is the use of any

• AGRICULTURAL AGE: THE PERIOD UP TO THE

• INDUSTRIAL AGE: THE PERIOD FROM THE 1800S

• INFORMATION AGE: THE PERIOD THAT BEGAN IN

• DATA: RAW FACTS, FIGURES, AND DETAILS.

• INFORMATION: AN ORGANIZED, MEANINGFUL,

• KNOWLEDGE: AN AWARENESS AND

THE ROLE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN BUSINESS TODAY

• IMPROVED DECISION MAKING

THE ROLE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN BUSINESS TODAY

THE ROLE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN BUSINESS TODAY

THE ROLE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN BUSINESS TODAY

PERSPECTIVES ON INFORMATION SYSTEMS

USING INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Word Processing Operating Systems

built in early 1800’s

analytical engine, 1834

• EDISON CONTINUED TO EXPERIMENT WITH LIGHT BULBS

• LEE DE FOREST INTRODUCED A THIRD

later packaged in small IC’s

eventually came VLSI

• INVENTED SEPARATELY BY 2 PEOPLE ~1958

• OBSERVATION THAT CHIP DENSITY ABOUT DOUBLES EVERY 18

• MICROPROCESSORS CONTAIN MANY TRANSISTORS

• THE FIRST COMPUTERS USED VACUUM TUBES FOR CIRCUITRY

• TRANSISTORS REPLACED VACUUM TUBES AND USHERED IN

• THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT WAS THE

• THE MICROPROCESSOR BROUGHT THE FOURTH GENERATION OF

• FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTING DEVICES, BASED

HOW IS A COMPUTER DEFINED?

Processes data into information

Produces and stores results

WHAT IS THE INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLE?

WHAT IS THE SYSTEM UNIT?

WHAT IS A USB FLASH DRIVE?

WHAT IS A HARD DISK?

 Most are housed inside

WHAT IS A COMPACT DISC?

 Flat, round, portable metal disc

WHAT IS A COMMUNICATIONS DEVICE?

WHAT IS A GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)?

WHAT IS SYSTEM SOFTWARE?

WHAT IS APPLICATION SOFTWARE?

 Programs designed to make

HOW DO YOU INSTALL AND RUN PROGRAMS?

What are the categories of computers?

WHAT ARE THE TWO MOST POPULAR STYLES OF PERSONAL COMPUTERS?

 PC and compatibles  Apple Macintosh

WHAT IS A DESKTOP COMPUTER?

WHAT IS A NOTEBOOK COMPUTER?

WHAT IS A TABLET PC?

WHAT ARE MOBILE DEVICES?

WHAT IS A HANDHELD COMPUTER?

WHAT IS A PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT (PDA)?

WHAT ARE SMART PHONES?

WHAT ARE GAME CONSOLES?

WHAT TYPES OF SERVERS ARE THERE?

A server controls access to network

WHAT ARE INFORMATION SYSTEM ELEMENTS?

WHAT SOFTWARE IS AVAILABLE FOR A HOME USER?

WHAT SOFTWARE IS AVAILABLE FOR A SMALL OFFICE/HOME

WHAT IS AVAILABLE FOR

WHAT ARE THE NEEDS OF A POWER USER?