Passage One

After you decide what kind of car you want, which options you need, and how much you can afford to
spend, you should shop at several dealerships. Buying a car is one of the few purchases that you will make in
the United States that allows for negotiation. In the case of cars, new and used, the sticker price posted on the
window is not fixed, and the car dealer will expect you to bargain. It has been estimated that fewer than
(5) 20 percent of all new car buyers end up paying an amount even close to the list price.
To save the most money, use the following strategies when you negotiate. In the first place, don't mention that
you have a car to trade in until you have agreed on a price for the car you want to buy. If the salespersons know in
advance, they may quote you a high price for the trade-in, but the price of the nc w car may be adjusted to include
the added amount. In addition, buy a car that is already on the dealer's lot instead of ordering a car.
(10) The dealer has to pay insurance and finance charges for every car in the inventory and is usually willing to sell one
for less money in order to reduce the overhead expenses. Furthermore, try to buy your new car at the end of the
year, just before the next year's models arrive in the fall. Dealers are usually glad to move these cars off their lots
to make room for the new models. If you can't wait until fall to buy your car, at least wait until the end of the
month, when the dealer is trying to reach a set sales quota in order to earn a bonus from the manufacturer.
(15) Finally, don't mention to the car dealer that you intend to pay cash or use a bank for financing until the
deal is closed. Some dealers will offer a lower price if they believe that they will have the opportunity to
arrange the financing and collect a commission.

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1. What is the author's main purpose in writing
this passage?
(A)To complain about car dealers
(B) To offer advice to prospective car buyers
(C) To sell new cars
(D)To explain how to finance a car
2. According to the author, when should a buyer
purchase a new car?
(A)In December
(B) In the fall
(C) Near the first of the month
(D)At the end of the week
3 The author recommends all of the following
strategies for getting the best price on a new
car EXCEPT
A) negotiating a lower price than the one that
appears on the sticker
(B) not telling the dealer that you have a car to
trade in
(C)financing the new car at the dealership
(D)buying a car that is on the dealer's lot
instead of ordering one
4. The word "inventory" in line 10 could best be
replaced by
(A)the cars that the dealer has to sell
(B)the cars that the dealer has sold "
(C) the cars that the dealer must sell every
month
(D)the cars that the dealer will order

5. The word "one" in line 11 refers to

(A)insurance
(B) you
(C)a car
(D)the dealer

6. It can be inferred from the passage that

(A)negotiating a price for most purchases is
not common in the United States
(B) car dealers in the United States are not
honest
(C) new cars are very expensive in the United
States
(D)most shoppers have a car to trade in.

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 Passage Two
In-state residents at State University pay one-fifth the amount in tuition fees that out-of-state residents are
required to pay. This is true because State University is supported by state funds contributed in part by the
taxpayers who reside in the state.
The legal residence status of all students is determined at the time of their enrollment in State University
(5) and may not be changed unless the circumstances change. For example, a nonresident minor whose parents establish
legal residence in the state or a nonresident adult who establishes legal residence in the state and maintains it for
twelve months may petition for a change of status.
Personnel attached to military bases in the state are not eligible for legal residence status until they have lived
in the state for one year. Foreign nationals who have entered the United States legally and hold green
(10) resident alien cards may be eligible for in-state status twelve months after the card has been issued provided
that they have documenting evidence that they have lived in the state for twelve consecutive months.
Acceptable evidence includes either a statement from the telephone company indicating that they have had a
telephone in their name at the place of residence for one year or a statement from an employer that they have
lived and worked in the state for one year. Purchase and ownership of property in the state or tax
(15) records indicating payment in the previous year will not be acceptable proof.
Students who have reason to believe that they have been classified incorrectly and are thus paying higher tuition
fees may submit their cases in writing for review by the registrar.

1. With which of the following topics is the 4. The word "consecutive" in line 11 is closest in
passage primarily concerned? meaning to

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 (A) Residency requirements for students (A) complete
(B) Green cards for resident aliens (B) continuous
(C) Acceptable evidence for resident status (C) acceptable
(D) Tuition restrictions for military personnel (D) documented

2. Why do residents of other states pay higher 5. The word "it" in line 7 refers to
tuition at State University?
(A) residence
(A) Because they do not have green resident (B) state
alien cards (C) change
(B) Because they do not pay taxes in the state (D) status
(C) Because they do not own homes in the state
(D) Because they have not been classified 6. It can be inferred from the passage that an out-of-
correctly state resident pays
(A) five times the amount that an in-state
3. The author mentions all of the following options as
resident pays
evidence of residence in state EXCEPT
(B) twenty percent more than an in-state
(A) a statement from the telephone company resident pays
(B) a statement from an employer (C) one-fifth the amount that an in-state
(C) documentation of twelve consecutive resident pays
months in the state (D) twice as much as an in-state resident pays
(D) a tax record

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 Passage Three
Andrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel, built the steel industry in the United States, and, in the process,
became one of the wealthiest men in America. His success resulted in part from his ability to sell the product and
in part from his policy of expanding during periods of economic decline, when most of his competitors were
reducing their investments.
(5) Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hard work, out he also felt strongly that the
wealthy should use their fortunes for the benefit of society. He opposed charity, preferring instead to provide
educational opportunities that would allow others to help themselves. "He who dies rich, dies disgraced," he often
said.
Among his more noteworthy contributions to society are those that bear his name, including the Came&
(10) Institute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and a museum of national history. He also
founded a school of technology that is now part of Carnegie-Mellon University. Other philanthropic gifts
are the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to promote understanding between nations, the
Carnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hall to provide a center for the
arts.
(15) Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegie's generosity. His contributions of more
than five million dollars established 2,500 libraries in small communities throughout the country and formed the
nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today.

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1. With which of the following topics is the 4. The word "fortunes" in line 6 could best be
passage primarily concerned? replaced by
(A) The establishment of the public library (A) assets
system (B) talents
(B) The work of Carnegie-Mellon University (C) influence
(C) The building of the steel industry (D) advice
(D)The philanthropy of Andrew Carnegie
5. The word "those" in line 9 refers to
2. How many libraries did Carnegie establish for the
(A) opportunities
public library system?
(B) contributions
(A) 25 (C) others
(B) 500 (D) themselves
(C) 2,500
(D) Five million 6. In the second paragraph, what does Carnegie
mean when he says, "He who dies rich, dies
3. The author mentions all of the following as disgraced"?
recipients of philanthropic contributions by
(A) Rich people should be ashamed of their
Carnegie EXCEPT
money.
(A)the arts (B) Rich people should use their money for th
(B) technology benefit of society before they die.
(C)economics (C) Rich people often live disgraceful lives.
(D)science (D) People should try to become rich before
they die.

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 Passage Four
In his book The Making of the President, 1960, Theodore White made some insightful observations about
the television debates between Kennedy and Nixon. He contended that the debates had to be analyzed within
the context of the explosion in the field of communications. During the previous decade, Americans had
purchased television sets at a phenomenal rate. By the evening of the debate, 88 percent of all American
(5) families owned a television set, and a very large percentage tuned into the debate.
The format was really less like a debate than like a press conference. Each candidate was allowed an
opening statement of eight minutes, and then two and a half minutes to respond to each question proposed
by a panel. There was no provision for dialogue between the candidates. As White observed, despite this
format, Nixon proceeded as though he were in a personal debate with Kennedy, trying to score points from
(10) the reporters on the panel. In contrast, Kennedy spoke directly to the television viewers, concentrating on
creating a dynamic and appealing image in order to influence them.
Later, Kennedy claimed that the debates were the single most important factor in the election. In White's
view, the debates did change the direction of the campaign. From research studies, including the Gallup
Poll, it appeared that Kennedy had gained at least 2 million votes as a result of the televised programs.
(15) When you consider that Kennedy won by a little more than 100,000 votes, the debates had to have made the
difference. It has been clear to candidates since then that television debates are a very powerful tool.

1. What is the author's main point?

(A) Television should be removed from 4. The word "dynamic" in line 11 is closest in
politics. meaning to
(B) The Gallup Poll was an accurate (A) intelligent
predictor of the 1960 election. (B) energetic
(C) Kennedy's style in the TV debate affected the (C) attractive
outcome of the election. (D) conventional
(D) Eighty-eight percent of all Americans
owned televisions in 1960. 5. The word "them" in line 11 refers to

2. How many votes did Kennedy gain as a result of (A) candidates

the debates? (B) reporters
(C) viewers
(D) points

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 (A)88 percent 6. The paragraph following the passage most
(B) 100,000 probably discusses
(C) 1,960,000
(D)2 million (A) the book by Theodore White
(B) the history of television
3. The author mentions all the following as (C) the accuracy of the Gallup Poll
characteristics of the debate EXCEPT (D) television debates by candidates after 1960

(A)a large television audience

(B) a dialogue between the candidates
(C) an opening statement by each candidate
(D)questions by a panel of reporters

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 Passage Five
Whether one is awake or asleep, the brain emits electrical waves. During wakefulness, the waves are
recorded at about ten small waves per second. With the onset of sleep, the waves become larger and slower.
The largest, slowest waves occur during the first three hours of sleep. Mental activity slows down but does
not stop. In fact, if awakened from slow-wave sleep, a person can often remember vague thoughts that
(5) occurred during that period of sleep.
During sleep, intervals of small, fast waves also occur. These waves are similar to those expei-ienced while
awake. The eyes move rapidly, and it appears to the observer that the sleeper is watching some event. Sleepers
who are awakened during this rapid-eye-movement sleep will often recall the details of dreams they have been
having. Sleep of this kind is called dreaming sleep or rapid-eye-movement sleep, also known
(10) as REM sleep.
In a period of eight hours, most sleepers experience from three to five instances of REM sleep. Each
instance lasts from five to thirty minutes with an interval of at least ninety minutes between each one. Later
instances of REM sleep are usually of longer duration than are instances earlier in the eight-hour period.
People who suffer sleep deprivation experience fatigue, irritability, and loss of concentration. Sleep is
(15) essential because it regenerates the brain and the nervous system. Slow-wave sleep may be especially
helpful in restoring muscle control, whereas REM sleep may be more important for mental activity. It
appears that both kinds of sleep are necessary, and the recuperation of sleep of one kind will not
compensate for a lack of the other kind of sleep.

1. What is the author's main purpose in the 5. The word "it" in line 15 refers to

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 (A) To describe REM sleep (A) deprivation
(B) To explain sleep deprivation (B) the brain
(C) To discuss the two types of sleep (C) sleep
(D) To recommend an increase in the (D) concentration
number of hours of sleep
6. It can be inferred from the passage that students
2. How many times per night do most sleepers who are writing term papers
experience REM sleep?
(A) require slow wave sleep to increase
(A)Eight mental activity
(B)Three to five (B) can stay up all night working and recover
(C)Five to thirty the sleep they need by sleeping for a few
(D)Ninety hours the next afternoon
(C) need REM sleep to restore mental
3. The author mentions all the following as functioning
characteristics of REM sleep EXCEPT (D) do not need as much sleep because of
the heightened brain waves involved
(A)vague thoughts
in creative activity
(B)smaller brain waves
(C)eye movements
(D)dreams

4. The word "vague" in line 4 could best be

replaced by
passage? (A) familiar
(B) indefinite
(C)unpleasant
(D)detailed

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 Passage Six
America's infatuation with the West was probably influenced in part by the appearance of tales of
adventure in the dime novels of the 1860s. In these romantic stories, the cowboy was elevated to hero. One
of the most popular and prolific authors of the dime novel was Ned Buntline, whose work laid the
foundation for western fiction.
(5) With the appearance in 1920 of The Virginian by Owen Wister, the western genre was established. By
then, the cowboy was disappearing from the American scene, and the romantic figure was even more
appealing. Wister also introduced several other memorable characters, including the villain, the garnbler,
and the love interest, a school marm. They became stock characters in the novels and the films that
followed.
(10) The next year, in The Log of a Cowboy, Andy Adams chronicled a trail drive from Mexico to Montana.
Told simply and less dramatically, it was nonetheless popular and influential in the development of the new
genre. Especially in his descriptions of places and real people like Bat Masterson and Wyatt Earp, Adams
injected details that rang true.
One interesting aspect of the development of the western genre is the fact that most of the authors were
(15) easterners. Ned Buntline wrote almost all of his novels before he ever went west. Owen Wister, a
Philadelphian, was a Harvard graduate. Andy Adams, born in Indiana, was an easterner who went to Texas,
became a ranch hand and, eventually, a trail driver. The western writer was an exception.

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1. With what topic is the passage primarily 4. The word "stock" in line 8 could best be
concerned? replaced by
(A) Eastern writers (A) comic
(B) Western genre (B) vulgar
(C) The Virginian (C) recurring
(D) Dime novels (D) charming

2. According to the passage, the event that marked 5. The word "it" in line 11 refers to
the establishment of the western genre was
(A) the development
(A) the publication of the dime novel (B) the next year
(B) the appearance of The Virginian (C) the new genre
(C) the success of Log of a Cowboy (D) The Log
(D) the descriptions of real people and places
6. The paragraph following the passage most
3. The author mentions all of the following as probably discusses
easterners EXCEPT (A) westerners who wrote novels about
(A) Andy Adams the East
(B) Ned Buntline (B) easterners who wrote novels about
(C) Bat Masterson the West
(D) Owen Wister (C) trail drives in the old West
(D) life in the East in the early 1900s

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 Passage Seven
Jazz originated in the southern United States after the Civil War. It began as the musical expression of
black people who had formerly been slaves, combining hymns, spirituals, and traditional work songs into a
new form. The style was a blend of the rhythms brought to America by the Africans who were imported as
slave labor and the popular music of the era that featured the ragtime piano. The term jazz itself is of obscure,
and possibly nonmusical origin, but it was first used to describe this particular kind of musical expression in
about 1915.
Improvisation has always been one of the primary elements of jazz. While one instrument, often the
trumpet, plays the melody, another instrument, usually the clarinet, embellishes and invents compatible
melodies around the original theme. Such improvisation is the test of the jazz musician's skill.
(10) A jazz band commonly includes four to twelve musicians with a relatively large proportion of the group
in the rhythm section. There are a drummer, a bass player, and a pianist. Often there is also a banjo player or
guitarist. In traditional jazz, the clarinet, trumpet, and trombone carry the melody, but in more modern jazz,
the saxophone, violin, and flute may also be included in the melody section. Some jazz bands employ a blues
singer.
(15) Jazz first became popular outside the South in the 1920s, when jazz bands began to record, distribute, and
even export their recordings to Europe. Since jazz is improvisational, it does not exist in the form of printed
scores, and recorded performances were and still are the best way of preserving the music. A very basic
library of recorded jazz would include work by such classic artists as Jelly Roll Morton, Louis Armstrong,
Duke Ellington, Count Basie, and Billie Holiday. Theirs is probably America's most unique and most
(20) important contribution to the musical world, although there are a few contemporary artists who are keeping
the tradition alive.

1. With which of the following topics is the 4. The word "blend" in line 3 is closest in meaning
passage primarily concerned? to
(A) The History of Jazz (A) mixture
(B) Jazz Musicians (B) rejection
(C) Improvisation (C) imitation
(D) Jazz Bands (D) variety

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2. The rhythms of jazz were first heard
5. The word "it" in line 5 refers to
(A)in Europe
(B) in Africa
(C) in South America (A) era
(D)in North America (B) kind
(C) origin
3. ' The author mentions all of the following as (D) term
characteristic of jazz EXCEPT
6. The paragraph following the passage most
(A)a large number of percussion instruments
probably discusses
(B) a printed score for the music
(C) a melody played by the trumpet (A) recorded performances by jazz musicians
(D)a ragtime piano (B) modern jazz musicians
(C) famous blues singers
(D) Louis Armstrong's contribution to jazz

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 Passage Eight
Although square dancing is usually considered a typically American form of dance, its origin can be traced to earlier
European folk dances. The traditional formation, a square consisting of four couples facing each other, can be found in many
old European formation dances, including English Morris dancing, Scottish reels, and Irish jigs, as well as the elegant
ballroom dancing of the royal courts.
(5) Historically, square dancing in America has followed two separate lines of development, referred to as eastern
square dance and western or cowboy square dance. The eastern dance was clearly related to New England country
dancing, and both closely resembled English country dancing, with the four-couple square. In contrast, western square
dance was adapted from Appalachian Mountain dances such as the Kentucky running set. In the running set, couples form
a circle of any number of couples, although often traditional four-couple circles are preferred. Western dance was also
(10) influenced by the dances already found in the region, especially those of Spain and Mexico.
Modern American square dancing includes elements of both the eastern and western varieties. The traditional four-couple
square is popular, but all four couples join hands for circle figures around the square as well. Unlike the original dances,
which could be memorized, modern dances are more spontaneous. Square dancers rely on a caller to cue the steps while they
are dancing. They must listen carefully to stay in step with the other dancers in their square.

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1. What is the author's main purpose in the 4. The word "spontaneous" in line 13 could best be
passage? replaced by which of the following?
(A) To trace the history of square dancing in the (A) awkward
United States (B) intricate
(B) To teach the reader some basic square (C) strenuous
dancing steps (D) impulsive
(C) To compare square dances with European folk
dances 5. The word "those" in line 11 refers to
(D) To describe modern square dancing
(A) couples
(B) circles
2. What is the origin of square dancing?
(C) dances
(A) New England country dances (D) elements
(B) Cowboy dances
(C) European folk dances 6. The paragraph following the passage most
(D) Appalachian Mountain dances probably discusses
(A) types of cues for square dance steps
3. Western square dancing is described as all of the
(B) the way that dancers memorize steps
following EXCEPT
(C) the popularity of square dancing
(A) It is done in a circle, often with four throughout the world
couples. (D) the formation of square dance clubs in
(B) It is adapted from the Kentucky running set. America
(C) It is influenced by both Spanish and
Mexican dances.
(D) It uses a traditional four-couple square
formation.

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 Passage Nine
There are four basic types of competition in business that form a continuum from pure competition
through monopolistic competition and oligopoly to monopoly. At one end of the continuum, pure
competition results when every company has a similar product. Companies that deal in commodities such as
wheat or corn are often involved in pure competition. In pure competition, it is often the ease and efficiency
of distribution that influences purchase.
In contrast, in monopolistic competition, several companies may compete for the sale of items that may
be substituted. The classic example of monopolistic competition is coffee and tea. If the price of one is
perceived as too high, consumers may begin to purchase the other. Coupons and other discounts are often
used as part of a marketing strategy to influence sales.
(10) Oligopoly occurs when a few companies control the majority of sales for a product or service. For
example, only five airline carriers control more than 70 percent of all ticket sales in the United States. In
oligopoly, serious competition is not considered desirable because it would result in reduced revenue for
every company in the group. Although price wars do occur, in which all companies offer substantial savings
to customers, a somewhat similar tendency to raise prices simultaneously is also usual.
( 15) Finally, monopoly occurs when only one firm sells the product. Traditionally, monopolies have been
tolerated for producers of goods and services that have been considered basic or essential, including
electricity and water. In these cases, it is government control, rather than competition, that protects and
influences sales.

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 1. Which of the following would be the best title 4. The word "tolerated" in line 16 could best be
for the passage? replaced by which of the following?
(A) Monopolies (A)permitted
(B) The Commodity Market (B)reserved
(C) The Competition Continuum (C)criticized
(D) The Best Type of Competition (D)devised

2. An example of a product in monopolistic 5. The word "it" in line 12 refers to

competition is
(A)competition
(A) corn (B)group
(B) electricity (C)company
(C) airline tickets (D)revenue
(D) coffee
6. It can be inferred that this passage was first
3. The author mentions all of the following as printed in
characteristic of monopoly EXCEPT
(A)a business textbook
(A) the use of coupons or other discounts (B)a government document
(B) government control (C)an airline brochure
(C) basic or essential services (D)a newspaper
(D) only one firm

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 Passage Ten

The first census of the American people in 1790 listed fewer than four million residents,
most of whom had come from England. Ten years later, in 1800, although the English were
still a majority, many Irish, Dutch, German, Swedish, Scottish, and French settlers had come
to make their homes in the United States. Immigrants from all of these nations, along with
(5) an undocumented number of Africans who had been brought into the country as slaves,
provided labor for the rapidly growing cities and the frontier farms. They built factories,
roads, and canals, pushing West to settle towns on the edges of the American territory.
By 1880, large numbers of central and southern Europeans began to find their way to
America. Italian, Greek, Russian, Austrian, Armenian, and Slavic immigrants settled in the
(10) cities where they supplied labor for hundreds of new industries. The census of 1910 listed
almost one million immigrants.
After the Civil War, many Asians began to arrive, primarily to work on the railroads in
the West. Chinese laborers by the thousands led the way, followed by Korean and Japanese
immigrants.
(15) In more recent years, hundreds of thousands of refugees have come to the United
States, the largest numbers from Hungary, Cuba, Lebanon, Syria, and the West Indies.
With the close of the Vietnam War, thousands of Indochinese relocated in the United
States.
The United States is unique in the world because, with the notable exception of the
(20) Native Americans, all Americans are immigrants or the descendants of them.

1. Which of the following would be

the best title for this passage?
(A) A History of American Immigrants
(B) A History of Immigration in the 4. The word "majority" in line 3
Nineteenth Century is closest in meaning to
(C) A History of European Immigration (A)the largest number
to the United States (B) the smallest number
(D) A History of Urban and (C) the average number
Agricultural Development in the (D) the correct number
United States
5. The word "them" in line 20 refers to
2. When did many Italian immigrants (A) Native Americans
enter the United States? (B) Americans
(A) In 1790 (C) immigrants
(B) In 1800 (D) descendants
(C) In 1880
(D) In 1960 6. It can be inferred from the
passage that the author's
3. The author mentions all of the attitude toward immigrants is
following as residents listed in (A) discourteous
the 1800 census EXCEPT (B) respectful
(A) Germans (C) prejudiced
(B) English (D) disinterested
(C) French
(D) Italians

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