TOEFL Short Course

(1) NOUNS AND PRONOUNS

Subject Object Possessive Possessive Self-Pronouns

Adjectives Pronouns
she her her hers herself
he him his his himself
they them their theirs themselves
we us our ours ourselves
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself/
yourselves
it it its ___ itself

A. Subject
 She is cooking breakfast
 We are waiting for our lecturer
B .Object
 He loves her very much (object of verb)
S O
 She went to the movies with me last night.(object of preposition)
C. Possessive
 That is my book. ( ….+ noun )
 Do you mind my smoking ? ( ….+ V-ing )
 This is my book (This is mine)
 That is your pen (That is yours)
D. Self Pronoun
 I saw myself in the mirror.
 She loves herself very
much.
 Andy made the kite
himself (nobody else)
 I can’t move this table by
myself. (alone)

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Nouns

Quantity Plural Countable Nouns

Many
Few
A number of
Several
Two, three, four etc
One of ……… Books
Hundreds of thousands
of…
Hundreds of millions of …..

Quantity Uncountable Nouns

Much Water
Little Money
An amount of

Quantity Countable / Uncountable

Nouns

Some
A lot of Water / Books
All

Nouns as Modifiers must be in Singular Form

room numbers a ten year-old child
identity cards the two day seminar

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COUNTABLE NOUNS

Regular Plural Irregular Plural

 book books  child children
 box boxes  leaf leaves
 etc  phenomenon phenomena
 fish fish
 foot feet
 etc

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

 sugar sugar
 water water
 working working
 english english
 etc

the / an / a + noun
each / every + singular countable noun

the man
an apple
a book
each student
Plural Expression of Uncountable Nouns
 a cup of tea two cups of tea
 a piece of bread two pieces of bread

Nouns and Pronouns

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1. The old woman lived alone, with no one to look after ______.
A) her
B) herself
C) she
D) hers

2. These two rings here on my little finger belonged to______ grandmother.

A. my
B. mine
C. me
D. myself

3. A baby learns the meaning of words as ---- are spoken by others and later uses them in
sentences.
A. they
B. them
C. themselves
D. theirs

4. Some of these clothes are _______ and the rest of them belong to Zack.
A. yours
B. you
C. your
D. yourself

5. As ---- cuts it as well as he does, I always have my hair cut at Johnson's.

A. no one else
B. everyone
C. nobody’s
D. someone else’s

6. Superman made their comic debut in 1938 Action Comics.

A B C D

7. When children experience too much frustration, its behavior ceases to be integrated.
A B C D

8. Although the destruction that it causes is often terrible, cyclones benefit a much wider belt
A B C
than they devastate.
D

9. There was no indication from the Senate that he would agree with the decision made in
A B C D
the house

10. A baby learns the meanings of words as they are spoken by others and later uses him in
A B C D
sentences.

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11. After Clarence Day’s book Life with Father was rewritten as a play, they ran for six years
A B C D
on Broadway

12. The neutron bomb provides the capable of a limited nuclear war in which
A B C
buildings would be preserved, but people would be destroyed.
D

13. The average American college costs more than eight thousand dollar per year.
A B C D

14. Winters in the northern Rocky Mountains last up to nine month; spring, summer, and
A B C
all last only about one month each.
D

15. Hundreds of thousand of tourists visit Washington D.C. every spring to see the
A B
beautiful cherry blossoms there.
C D.

16. Computers of the past were cumbersome and complicated, but a six-years-old child
A B
can easily use today's computers.
C D

17. The five-men team ran fifty miles in less than three hours.
A B C D

18. A bicycle popular is the mountain bike, which people of all ages are enjoying.
A B C D

19. Although Congressional representatives and senators may serve an unlimited

number of term, the president is limited to two, for a total of eight years.
A B C D

20. After her long day, Angela took a bath hot and relaxed on her comfortable sofa with
A B C
a good book.
D.
21. Many of the food consumed by penguins consists of fish obtained from the ocean.
A B C D

22. All of NASA’s manned spacecraft project are headquartered at the Lyndon B
A B C D
\Johnson Space Center in Houston.

23. The discovered of gold in California in 1848 led to the Gold Rush of 1849.
A B C D

24. Antarctic blue whales can be 100 foot long and weigh more than any dinosaur that

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A B C
ever lived.
D

25. The compute of the passage of time has always been associated with the movements
A B C
of celestial bodies.
D

(2) Adjectives and Adverbs

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Adjectives explain nouns and pronouns

1. Position of Adjective before Noun

She is a beautiful woman

adjective noun
2. Position of Adjective After verb or Be

She is beautiful
pronoun adjective
Adverbs explain verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

She runs fast

verb adv

She runs really fast

adverb adv

She is really beautiful

adverb adjective

Adjectives can be formed from Verbs

A. Present Participles (V-ing / Active Meaning)

 tiring jobs
 confusing questions

B. Past Participles (V3 / Passive Meaning)

 tired workers
 confused students

They have extremely tiring jobs

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adverb adjective noun

Numerical Order :
Ordinal Order : Cardinal Order :
- first - one
- second - two
- third - three
-fourth - four
 I am learning the second chapter.

 I am learning chapter two.

Adjectives and Adverbs

1. Please go to ______ to pick up your ID card.

A. third window C. window third
B. the window three D. the third window

2. It is difficult to find a _____ in the Washington area for less $1200 a month.
A. two-bedroom apartments
B. two-bedrooms apartment
C. two-bedrooms apartments
D. two-bedroom apartment

2. The most visible changes physical of aging take place in the skin.
A B C D

3. Her creative talent is not easy captured in simple words.

A B C D

4. The loosely woven rug on our kitchen floor is made of a rarely grass found in marshy areas.
A B C D

5. The economy is heavy dependent on industry, and economic growth has always been
A B C
of greater concern than environmental preservation.
D

6, That novel is definitely a dense-packed narrative, but one which requires a

A B C
vast knowledge of cultural background or an excellent encyclopedia.
D

7, During the winter months, clears skies are usually accompanied by low temperatures.
A B C D

8. Modern art is on display at the Guggenhein Museum, a building with an unusually design.
A B C D

9. Sounds quieter than 10 decibels are impossibly for the human ear to hear
A B C D

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10. They careful planned their vacation to include a quick trip to the scheduled tropical island where
A B C D
they first met.

11. Unfortunately, the vigorously daily exercise he has been engaging in has not helped his health
A B C D

12. The processes involved in the creation of the universe remain mysteriously to astronomers.
A B C D

13. Homing pigeons are especial good at finding their way home over hundreds of miles of unfamiliar
A B C D
terrain.

14. Humans have a very large and densely brain in proportion to their body size.
A B C D

15. Carefully consideration of the alternatives led us to a practical solution.

A B C D

16. Water, an important naturally resource, is being polluted by acid and other harmful industrial
A B C D
wastes.

17. Aspirin seems helpfully in reducing the risk of stroke in people whose upper heart chambers beat
A B C
irregularly.
D

18. The chlorophyll in leaves is a complex organically molecule capable of converting certain
A B C
wavelengths of light into chemical energy.
D

19. Emotionally stable people seem to have about the same number of nightmares as highly anxiously
A B C D
individuals.

20. In spite of countless obstacles, Charles Lindbergh remained relentlessly in his efforts to cross the
A B C
Atlantic in his small monoplane and finally succeeded in the spring 1927.
D

21. In space, with no gravity for muscles to work against, the body becomes weakly.
A B C D

22. In autumn, brilliant yellow, orange, and red leaves are commonly to both the
A B C
Sweet Gum trees and the Maple.
D

23. Even a professional psychologist may have difficulty talking calm and
A B

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logically about his own problems.

C D

24. Interest in automatic data processing has grown rapid since the first large
A B C D
calculators were introduced in 1950.

25. The salad tasted so well that my brother returned to the salad bar for another helping.
A B C D

(3) Connectors, Prepositions and Word Orders

although / even though/ though + clause
despite + phrase

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in spite of + phrase the minister of education phrase

besides It is me clause
beside
because/as/since + clause
because of /due to + phrase
so that
so
Examples:
A.( although, in spite of, despite….)
1.In spite of his illness, Andi went to school
2. Although Andi felt ill, he went to school.
3. Despite his illness, Andi went to school.
B ( because, because of. )
1. Because she was ill, she stayed at home
2. Because of her illness, she stayed at home.
C. so (unexpected result) / so that ( intended purpose )
1. The bus was overcrowded so I took a taxi
2. I took the front seat so that I could see more clearly.
D. (besides, beside…..)
1. Besides our dog, we have two cats and a canary
2. We sat beside the teacher.
E. Paired Conjunctions
both………and …….(as well as) …….
either……..or ……….
Neither……nor ……..
not only …..but also ……….
not……but …… (not is not conjunction)
Examples :
 She speaks both English and Spanish at home.
 Checks are not only safer but also more convenient.
 The school color is not blue but red.
 Either Sue or Mark has the book
 The movie was neither amusing nor interesting.
PREPOSITIONS
Between ( only two ) and Among ( more than two ) diantara
 She is sitting between Andi and Rudi.

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 She is sitting among some students.

Place – In, On, At

In On At In
Country Street Number a park
State Street Corner a room
Province Coast a building
County River
City a ship / train
a plane

Time – In, On, At

- In – Year/Month On – Day/Date At -Time
 We go to the mosque at 11.30 0n Friday.
 She was born in December 1999. on December 19
 We live in Jakarta.
 He lives on Tenth Street

Time Limit – From…..To…..

 I lived in Jakarta from 1980 to 1990.
But and Except ( kecuali )
 All the students but Mary were present yesterday.
 All the students except Mary were present yesterday.
Word Order
I : Incorrect
C: Correct
I : The natural disaster caused much damage property
C : The natural disaster caused much property damage.
I : Ronald Jackson was entirely almost unknown to the people of his own time
C : Ronald Jackson was almost entirely unknown to the people of his own time
I : The class economy in most airlines is almost similar to the first class.
C : The economy class in most airlines is almost similar to the first class.
Note: In Indonesian (D M Diterangkan Menerangkan) buku baru
In English ( M D Menerangkan Diterangkan) new books
Pattern: S + V + (O / Complement) Statement
 I went to Jakarta ( S + V )

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 I like apples ( S + V + O )
 I am a student ( S + V + C )
(WH) + Auxiliary + S + ……..? Questions
 What do you like?
 Are you ill?
Auxiliary (is, am, are, were, was, do, does, did, has, have, can, may, could, etc)
 Dependent Clauses (Anak Kalimat) must be in Statement Order and has a connector

Adjective Clauses

Dependent Clauses Adverb Clauses

Noun Clauses

 Main Clauses ( Induk Kalimat) has no connector

Were you watching TV when your father came home?

MC DC

Connectors, Preposition and Word Orders

1, _______recent times, the discipline of biology has expanded rapidly into a variety of subdisciplines
A, It is since
B. When
C. Since it is
D. In

2. Malaria, which can be fatal if left untreated, is transmitted by the female, ______by the male,
mosquito.
A. not
B. however
C. despite
D. instead

3, _______ his life, Eugene O’Neill was regarded as the foremost American dramatist.
A, It was the time of
B. While
C. During
D. By the time of

4. Franchising offers many advantages to small business owners _______problematic.

A, however it is
B. even though it is
C. despite its
D. it is

5, In practice, setting up a chain of command in a business can be a very complicated task, ______ it
involves the interaction of real human beings.
A, because of
B. how

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C. as
D. due to

6, Copper tubing is the preferred choice of plumbers _______ noncorrosive

A, since it is
B. because of
C. it is
D. insofar as

7, _______ growing awareness of social ills, Edna Saint Vincent Millay wrote increasingly more
somber poetry during her last years.
A, A
B. Because her
C. When a
D. Due to her

8. ________ young, Eugene O’Neill traveled with his father’s theatrical company, and the stage was
an important part of his life.
A. When was he
B. He was
C. Was he
D. When he was

9. Moderate exercise is not the only behavioral adaptation necessary to promote physical fitness,
______ it is a contributing factor.
A. however
B. though
C. despite
D. nevertheless

10, . ______ the light rain, the baseball game will not be cancelled unless the other team concedes.
A. Despite of C. In spite
B. Despite in D. Despite

11. We moved to the front row _____ we could hear and see better.
A. so as C. such
B. so that D. such that

12. We were both pleased ______honored to be guests of the president.

A. also C. alike
B. and D. as

13.Karen’s home ______ on a busy downtown street.

A. small, is an apartment
B. a small apartment is
C. an apartment is small
D. is a small apartment

14, Carpenters _____ to build cabinets.

A. woodworking, a variety of useful tools
B. use of a variety of woodworking tools
C. a variety of woodworking tools use
D. use a variety of woodworking tools

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15, People’s attitudes and daily lifestyles are influenced by _____

A. they see and hear what on television
B. on television what they see and hear
C. they see and hear on television what
D. what they see and hear on television

16. A variation of collodion photography was the tintype, which captured images on a black or dark
A B C
brown metal plate instead from on glass
D

17. Oil base house paint is neither easy to work with or quick to clean up, but it is often preferred to
A B C
latex paint because of its high sheen and durability.

18. Biologically produced ceramics, alike those made by mollusks such as the sea urchin, remain
A B C
superior to those produced synthetically.
D

19. Despite of the Taft-Act which forbids unfair union practices, some unions such as the air traffic
A B C
controller have voted to strike even though this action might endanger the national security.
D

20. Amelia Earhart, the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic, disappeared on June 1937 while
A B C
attempting to fly around the world.
D
21. A vast quantity of radioactive material is made when does a hydrogen bomb
A B C D
explode

22. In Ground Control Approach, the air traffic controller informs the pilot how
A B
far is the plane from the touchdown point.
C D

23. Benny Goodman was equally talented as both a jazz performer as well as a classical musician.
A B C D

24. Amelia Earhart, the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic, disappeared on June 1937 while
A B C
attempting to fly around the world.
D

25. Astronomers rely on measurements of mass and brightness to determine how old is a star.
A B C D
(4) COMPARATIVE DEGREES OF ADJECTIVE AND ADVERBS

Positive Comparative Superlative

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tall taller tallest

Adjective good better best
expensive more expensive most expensive

Positive Comparative Superlative

hard harder hardest

slowly more slowly most slowly
Adverb
well better best

V1 (s / es ),

V2
V has/have/had + V3
is / am / was / were
modal + V1

I. POSITIVE
S1 + V + As + Adjective/Adverb + As + S2
 Andi is as tall as Rudi ( Adjective )
 She is as beautiful as her sister. ( Adjective )
 Andi runs as fast as Rudi ( Adverb )
 My father drives as carefully as my uncle. ( Adverb )

II. COMPARATIVE
S1 + V + Adjective / Adverb + er + Than + S2
More + Adjective / Adverb
 Toni is shorter than Rudi ( Adjective )
 This book is more expensive than that one. ( Adjective )

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 The flowers in my garden are more beautiful than those in your gardens
(Adjective / in formal written English kata yang dibandingkan harus diulang
degan kata ganti)
 Andi studies harder than Rudi ( Adverb )
 Andi studies more seriously than Rudi. ( Adverb )

III. SUPERLATIVE
S + V + The + Adjective / Adverb + est
Most + Adjective / Adverb
 An essay test is the most difficult ( Adjective )
 An essay test is the hardest ( Adjective )
 He runs the fastest of all. (Adverb )
 He studies the most seriously in his class. (Adverb )

IV. DOUBLE COMPARATIVE.

The + Comparative + S + V, The + Comparative + S + V
 The more you review, the easier the pattern will be.
 The harder you work, the better the result will be

OTHER COMPARATIVES
The same and (the same as + Noun )
The same + Noun + As
 This coat is the same as that one.
 This coat and that coat are the same.
 My bag has the same color as yours
Similar and (similar to + Noun)
 This pen is similar to that pen.
 This pen and that pen are similar.
Differ from, different from, and different
 This car differs from that car.
 This car is different from that car.
 This car and that car are different.
(Like, Unlike + Noun) and alike
 Rudi is like his father. (preposition)
 Rudi and his father are alike. (adjective)

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 Unlike his uncle, Rudi is a hard worker. (preposition)

as much/many as
Fresh fruit costs twice as much as canned fruit.
We have half as many as we need

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Comparatives
Find the best choice

1. The combine population of the state Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming is less than _____
A. that of the city of Los Angeles
B. people who live in the city of Los Angeles
C. the city of Los Angeles
D. the city of Los Angeles has a population

2. _____ the worse I seem to feel.

A. When I take more medicine
B. The more medicine I take
C. Taking more of medicine
D. More medicine taken

3. We will have to be careful not to get our suitcase mixed up because yours is almost the same
_____ mine.
A. like
B. to
C. as
D. that

4. Although she is very popular, she is not _____ her sister.

A. pretty as
B. as pretty
C. prettier than
D. more pretty than

5. Some retirement communities will not sell properly to new residents unless they are about
_____ the rest of the residents.
A. the same age
B. the same old
C. the same age as
D. the same old as

6. Ms. Jones isn’t as nice ______ Ms. Smith.

A. as
B. for
C. like
D. to

7. The rooms in Graduate Towers are _____ Patterson Hall.

A. larger than
B. larger than that of
C. larger than those in
D. larger than in

8. Texas is larger _________ but it has fewer people than California does.
A. of California
B. that California
C. California
D. than California

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9. The instructions for this model are _______as possible, so it will not be difficult to put
together.
A. clearly more defined
B. as clearly defined
C. as defined clearly
D. more clearly defined

10. Small cars are ______large ones, which generally use much more gasoline
A. as popular today as
B. of as much popularity as today
C. as the popularity is the same today as
D. as today’s popularity is the same as

11. School children in the same grade in American schools are usually the same old as their
A B C D
classmates.

12. Alligators are about the same color than crocodiles, although the adults may be slightly
A B C
darker with broader heads and blunter noses.
D

13. Laser disks provide images of best quality than those of either television signals or video
A B C D
tapes.

14. New York City subway system is the most longest underground railroad operating in the
A B C D
world

15. Chicago’s Sears Tower, now the taller building in the world, rises 1,522 feet from the ground
A B C
to the top of its antenna.
D

16. Despite its smaller size, the Indian Ocean is as deep the Atlantic Ocean.
A B C D

17. The first living structures to appear on earth thousands of years ago were alike
A B C D
viruses.

18. The bodies of cold-blooded animals have the same temperature their
A B C
surroundings, but those of warm-blooded animals do not.
D
19. The earliest the CVS (clorionic villus sampling) procedure in the pregnancy, the greater
A B C
the risk to the baby.
D
20. Because there were so few women in the early Western states, the freedom
A B
and the rights of Western women were more extensive than Eastern ladies.
C D

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21. The more a robot can be programmed regarding its domain of activiy, the best it can perform
A B
that activity without frequent human intervention or reprogramming.
C D

22. While solvent-based wall paints offer good coverage and sealing power, they are most
A B C
difficult to clean up than are water-based paints.
D

23. In general, banks are heavily regulated than are brokerage houses and other financial
A B C D
institutions.

24. Beginning her life in Nort America as an immigrant whose English language skills were
A B
limited, Eva Hoffman went on to become one of greatest American writers of the twentieth
C D
century.

25. The prison population in this state, now at all time high, is higher than any
A B C D
State

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(5) ADJECTIVE CLAUSES AND NOUN CLAUSES

Adjective Clauses are clauses that explain nouns

PATTERNS

Functions Persons Things

Subject who / that which / that

Object whom / that/ which / that
Possessive whose whose

Who / that is used as a subject of adjective clause and the noun preceding it is

person.

 We know a lot of people. They live in California.

 We know a lot of people who live in California.

S V adv

adjective clause

The man is very friendly. He lives next door.

 The man who lives next door is very friendly.

(Adjective Clause harus berdekatan dengan kata benda yang dijelaskan)

Whom / that is used as an object of adjective clause and the noun that precedes it
is person.

 The man was away on holiday. I wanted to see him.

 The man whom I wanted to see was away on holiday.

O S V

adjective clause

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Which / that is used as a subject of adjective clause and the noun that precedes it
is non person.

 I don’t like stories. They have unhappy endings

 I don’t like stories which have unhappy endings.

S V O

adjective clause

Which / that is used as an object of adjective clause and the noun that precedes it
is non person.

 I don’t like the novel. You bought it last night.

 I don’t like the novel that you bought last night.

O S V adv

adjective clause

Whose is used to replace possessive for persons and things.

 We saw the people. Their cars had been stolen.
 We saw the people whose cars had been stolen.
poss S V

adjective clause
 The car belongs to me. Its door is broken.
 The car whose door is broken belongs to me
poss S V

adjective clause

NOUN CLAUSES

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Noun clauses are clauses that can place the position of nouns. To test whether a clause is noun clause,

change with noun. If it is grammatically true, it is a noun clause

For example:

I know what you have in your pocket

I know the wallet

Characteristics :

1. They have a subject and a predicate.

2. They have connectors.

3. They are parts of sentences.

4. They are in statement order

A. As subject of Sentence.

 When he will arrive is not important. ( when as connector, he as subject and

will arrive as predicate )

 That he was late caused many problems.

B. As objects of Sentence

 I know when he will arrive.

 I know what happened ( what as subject and connector and happened as

predicate ).

 I am concerned about when he will arrive

C. As Complement of Sentence.

 This is what I want.

 That is what he wanted.

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Adjective and Noun Clauses

1. . _____ have at least four hours of hazardous materials response training is mandated by
federal law.
A. All police officers
B. All police officers must
C. That all police officers
D. For all police officers

2. Chemists are no sure _________

A. how precisely can cold fusion occur
B. cold fusion can occur precisely how
C. precisely how cold fusion can occur
D. can cold fusion occur precisely how

3. The year 1732 saw the first appearance of Poor Richard’Amanac, ________ Benjamin
Franklin created the character of Poor Richard
A. there
B. in which (where) on/at which (when)
C. in it
D. which in

4. Depressant drugs _______ historically have been known to be addictive are called narcotics.
A. and
B. which
C. they
D. about which

5. Vitamins are organic compounds __________ and must be ingested on proper bodily
functions.
A. that they can’t be produced by the body
B. the body can’t produce them
C. that can’t be produced by the body
D. not produced them by the body

6. I don’t understand the assignment _______ the professor gave us for next Monday.
A. whom
B. who
C. which
D. whose

7. I would like to know ________ you have in your mind

A. what
B. which
C. that
D. whose

8. Meteorologists, _________, have long sought ways of controlling local and regional climates.
A. whose study of the weather and its patterns
B. they study the weather and its patterns
C. whose study of the weather and its patterns
D. who study the weather and its patterns

9. From ______ I understand, the meeting has been cancelled.

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A. what
B. which
C. that
D. whose

10. A perennial is _____ for more than two years, such as trees and shrubs.
A. any plant that it continues to grow
B. any plant it continuing to grow
C. any plant that continues to grow
D. any plant continuing to grow

11. Dolphins form extremely complicated allegiances and _______ continually change.
A. enmities that
B. that are enmities
C. enmities that that
D. that enmities

12. Scientists are now beginning to conduct experiments on _______ trigger different sorts of
health risks.
A. noise pollution can
B. that noise pollution
C. how noise pollution
D. how noise pollution can

13. ____ will be carried in the next space shuttle payload has not yet been announced to the
public.
A. It
B. What
C. When
D. That

14. ________ in the first draft of the budget will not necessarily be in the final draft.
A. Although it appears
B. It appears
C. What appears
D. Despite its appearance

15. The television, _______ so long been a part of our culture, has an enormous influence.
A. has
B. it has
C. which
D. which has

16. It is difficult to determine exactly ________

A. what the center of the earth consists of
B. what does the center of the earth consists of
C. what the center of the earth consists of what
D. what of the center of the earth consists

17. Water and petroleum are the only two liquids what occur in large quantities in nature.
A B C D

18. Garlic, who is a member of the lily family, is valued both for its medicinal properties and for

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A B C D
its pungent flavor

19. Most college-age students today are interested in finding universities in which can pursue
A B C
both academic and athletic extra-curricular activities
D

20. The fastest of all game fish is the sailfish, that which can travel at speeds of up to seventy
A B C
miles per hour.
D

21. Modern American women, whom lives have become more and more stressful and career-
A B
oriented, still have longer life expectancies than men.
C D

22. After she took the exam, which it lasted three hours, Cecelia was exhausted.
A B C D

23. The teacher whom book I have said that I could keep it.
A B C D

24. What is most important in this situation it is to finish on time

A B C D

25. Why the condition of the patient deteriorated so rapidly it was explained.
A B C D

(6) Participles, Actives, Passives and Reduced Clauses

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A. Present Participles (V-ing / Active Meaning)

After finishing his speech, he invited the audience to ask questions. (True)

logical relationship
After he finished his speech, he invited the audience to ask questions.

Returning to her room, the missing jewelry was found by her. (False)

illogical relationship

When the missing jewelry was returning to her room, the missing jewelry was found by
her.

B. Past Participles (V3 / Passive Meaning)

When purchased at this store, all items are on a guarantee. (True)

logical relationship
When all items are purchased at this store, all items are on a guarantee.

When purchased at this store, the buyer gets a guarantee on all items. (False)

illogical relationship

When the buyer is purchased at this store, the buyer gets a guarantee on all items.

Note: Subject of Main Clause is Subject of Participles

C. Actives & Passives

Actives Passives

Simple Present Tense Simple Present Tense

S + V1(s/es) S + Is/Am/Are + V3 + (By Agent)
Simple Past Tense Simple Past Tense
S + V2 S + Was/Were + V3 + (By Agent)
Perfect Tense Perfect Tense
S+Have/Has/Had+V3 S+Have/Has/Had+Been+V3+(By Agent)
Modals (can, may, could etc) Modals (can, may, could etc)
S+Modal+V1 S+Modal+Be+V3+(By Agent)

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A : Children need love

P : Love is needed by children.

A : His parent has sent him to the boarding school.

P : He has been sent to the boarding school by his parent.

A: My servant should cook dinner.

P: Dinner should be cooked by my servant

D. Reduced Clauses

Reduced clauses are clauses whose subjects and be are omitted without meaning change.

Examples.

 Although it was not really difficult, the exam took a lot of time. ( Adverb clauses )

 Although not really difficult the exam took a lot of time..

 The woman who is waving to us is the tour guide. ( Adjective Clause)

 The woman waving to us is the tour guide.( Present participles )

 The letter which was written last week arrived today. (Adjective clauses )

 The letter written last week arrived today. ( past participle )

 The book which is on the table is mine. ( Adjective clause )

 The book on the table is mine. ( other phrase )

Actives, Passives, Participles, and Reduced Clauses

1. The human brain ______ only two percent of an adult’s body weight.
A. which makes up
B. it makes up

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C. makes it up
D. makes up

2. Anthropologists ________ within their environment and evaluate the adaptations they have made.
A. societies are studied
B. study societies
C. who study societies
D. their societies are studied

3. ________ extensively by persons who cannot speak or hear, American sign language ranks as
the fourth most widely used language in the U.S. today.
A. Relied on
B. It is relied on
C. Relying on it
D. To rely on it

4. In the 1960s, pop art __________ to discover artistic significance in the commercial artifacts
of the consumer culture.
A. seeking
B. to seek
C. has sought
D. sought

5. Air ______ the carbon dioxide necessary for photosynthesis enters leaves through tiny surface
openings.
A. contains
B. contained
C. containing
D. it contains

6. In the 1960s, due in part to the invention of air conditioning, the population of the United
States ________ a dramatic geographical shift southward.
A. experiencing
B. was experienced
C. to experience
D. experienced

7. Whole-grain food products _________ in most large supermarkets across the United States
and Canada.
A. now can purchase
B. can now be purchased
C. now to purchase
D. the purchase of

8. Temperatures _____ above 110 degrees Fahrenheit are common in the American Southwest.
A. they climb
B. climb
C. that they climb
D. climbing
9. _____ by all, Professor Jones will be missed when he retires.
A. Loved
B. He is loved
C. Loving
D. To love

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10. Declared an endangered species in the United States, ___________

A. people have gathered the ginseng root almost to the point of extinction.
B. the ginseng root has been gathered almost to the point of extinction.
C. the near extinction of the ginseng root is due to excessive gathering
D. gathering the ginseng root almost to the point of extinction.

11. _______ categorized as lipids.

A. Fats and also oils
B. While fats and oils
C. Fats and oils are
D. Fats and oils

12. Chemicals in paint that pose a fire hazard _______ as combustible, flammable, or extremely
flammable.
A. are listed
B. listed
C. being listed
D. they are listed

13. Considered unique and exotic, _________

A. over 4,000 Americans households keep the llama as a pet.
B. there are over 4,000 Americans households that keep the llama as a pet.
C. the llama is kept as a pet in over 4,000 Americans households
D. the llama kept as a pet in over 4,000 Americans households

14. ______ in size, these cameras take very good pictures.

A. They are small
B. Although small
C. Although are small
D. They small

15. _____ her mistake, the stewardess immediately apologized to the passengers.
A. Realized
B. Realizing
C. She realized
D. To realize

16. Works wrote by Vladimir Nabokov often contain heroes and heroines who have lived in many
A B C D
places.

17. When attempt to explain children’s food preferences, researchers are faced with
A B C D
contradictions.

18. Although not selecting for the team, he attends all of the game as a fan
A B C D

19. Before decided to have surgery, you should get a second opinion.
A B C D

20. According to the conditions of their scholarships, after finishing their degrees,
A B

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the University will employ students for three years.

C D

21. While trying to build a tunnel through the Blue Ridge Mountains, coal
A B C
was discovered by workers at the construction site.
D

22. Most fatty acids have been find as essential components of lipid molecules.
A B C D

23. By reading the instructions carefully, mistakes on the examinations can be avoided.
A B C D

24. In Western culture, much attention been given o the subject of social class conflict, which may
A B D
cause revolution.
D

25. Before testifying, their answers were sworn in by the court

A B C D .

(7) Parallel Structure and Redundancy

Parallel Structure is the use of the grammatical structures for related ideas of equal
importance (usually connected by conjunctions; and, but, or, not only …..but also,
either…..or, neither…..nor, both …..and, not…but)

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Examples :
1. Jane is young, smart and talented. ( adjective…..adjective)
2. She enjoys teaching and writing ( V-ing……V-ing )
3. Both historically and geographically , Ontario is the heartland of Canada.
( adverb….adverb )
4. He is not only a successful businessman but also a good father. ( phrase…..phrase )
5. I know both where you went and what you did. ( clause….clause )
6. I am here because I have to be and because I want to be ( clause….clause )
7. I like apples and bananas (noun…noun)
Note: parallel can be noun, noun, and phrase or phrase, phrase, and noun
I like coffee, tea, and orange juice
I need drawing books, color pencils, and pens

REDUNDANCY
Redundancy is the unnecessary repetition of words and phrases.
I = Incorrect C = Correct

Examples :
I : Lee leaned English in a quick manner.
C: Lee learned English quickly.
I : The money that I have is sufficient enough for my needs.
C : The money that I have is sufficient for my needs.
I : He asked me to repeat again.
C : He asked me to repeat.
I : Robert he is going to California.
C : Robert is going to California.
I: Ecology is a science that it deals with environment.
C: Ecology is a science that deals with environment.
I: This company did not make the new innovations
C: This company did not make the innovations.
I: The man whom we met him last night got a traffic accident.
C: The man whom we met last night got a traffic accident.
I: That is the school where we study there.

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C: That is the school where we study.

Exercise on Parallel and Redundancy

Find the best choice:

1. Both historically and _____, Ontario is the heartland of Canada.

A. in its geography
B. geographically
C. also its geography
D. geography

2. Although your recipe for bread _____, the bread made with my recipe is as good as yours.
A. takes longer than my bread
B. it takes longer than mine
C. takes longer than my recipe
D. my recipe takes longer

3. Automobile accidents are far more frequent than _____

A. having an accident in an airplane
B. airplanes have accidents
C. airplane accidents
D. when there are airplane accidents

4. Too much stress can cause sleeplessness, depression, and _____

A. lack of appetite
B. you don’t want to eat
C. lack of appetite is caused
D. to lack of appetite

5. A baby’s development is influenced by both heredity and ______

A. by environmental factors C. the influence of the environment
B. environmentally D. environment
.
6. In a hot, shiny climate, man acclimates by eating less, drinking more liquids, wearing lighter
clothing, and _____
A. skin changes that darken
B. his skin may darken
C. experiencing a darkening of the skin
D. darkens his skin

7. Microwaves are used for cooking, telecommunications, ________.

A. and to diagnose medically
B. and diagnosed medically
C. and medical diagnosing
D. and medical diagnoses

8. Waitresses and waiters who serve _____ deserve at least a 20 percent tip.
A. in a courteous manner
B. courteously
C. with courtesy in their manner
D. courteous

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Find the mistake

9. The aims of the European Economic Community are to eliminate tariffs

A
between member countries, developing common policies for agriculture,
B
labor, welfare, trade, and transportation, and to abolish trusts and cartels.
C D

10. The cacao bean was cultivated by the Aztecs not only to drink but also
A B C
currency.
D

11. Manufacturers may use food additives for preserving, to color, to flavor, or to
A B
fortify foods.
C D

12. Air travel is fast, safe, and it is convenient

A B C D

13. Rock music is not only popular in the United States but also abroad.
A B C D

14. To control quality and making decisions about production are among the many
A B C D
responsibilities of an industrial engineer.

15. Dr. Johnson, the first woman elected president of the University, was
A B
intelligent, capable, and awareness of the problems to be solved.
C D

16. Fire extinguishers can contain liquefied gas, dry chemical, or watery
A B C D

17. A well-composed baroque opera achieves a delicate balance by focusing

A B C
alternately on the aural, visual, emotional, and philosophy elements.
D

18. Tom is the best candidate for the position because he understands the project,
A B
knows the University, and who works very hard.
C D

19. Because we were not sure where the house was, and because of the time, we
A B
decided to ask for directions
C D

20. To treat minor diarrhea, drink plenty of liquids, especially tea, water, and
A

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carbonated beverages, eat soup, yogurt, salty crackers, and bananas, and
B
avoiding milk, butter, eggs, and meat for twenty four hours.
C D

21. The examiner did not know whether to report the student for cheating or
A B
warning him first.
C D

22. The idea of a submarine is an old ancient one, dating from as early as the
A B
fifteenth century when Drebbel and Da Vinci made preliminary drawings.
C D

23. Advertising it provides most of the income for magazines, newspapers, radio,
A B C
and television in the United States today.
D

24. That comets’ tails are caused by solar wind it is generally accepted.
A B C D

25. Irving Berlin, America’s most prolific songwriter, he never learned to read or
A B C D
write music.

26. International law is made up of the rules and customs that they deal with the
A B C
relationship between different nations and the citizens of different nations.
D

27. Some international students use cassette recorder to make tapes of their classes
A B
so that they can repeat the lectures again.
C D

28. Blood plasma it is the transportation system for all of the widely separated
A B C
organs in the human body.
D

29. Men who lived thousands of years ago, long before alphabets were devised,
A B
they used pictures to record events and to communicate ideas.
C D

30. If one doesn’t pick up his dry cleaning within thirty days, the management is
A B
not obligated to return it back.
C D

(8) AGREEMENT ( Concord )

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Singular Subject + Singular Verb

Plural Subject + Plural Verb

Singular Verbs : V1+s/es, is, was, does, has

Plural Verbs : V1, are, were, do, have

1. Subject and Verb

 His knowledge of languages and international relations helps him in his work.
 Senator Davis, with his wife and children, is leaving for New York.
 Senator Davis, his wife and children are leaving for New York.
A. Subject and Appositive (keterangan subject )
 My friend, John, is coming tomorrow.
 My friends, John and Andy, are coming tomorrow.
B. Subject / Noun and Pronoun
 Al is interested in mathematics and its application.
 In spite of their small size, these cameras take very good pictures.
 Those of us who will participate in the contest must write our identity.
 If one knew the fact, one / he would not be so quick to criticize.
Singular Subject + accompanied by……+ Singular Verb
with ………
along with……
together with……
 The guest , along with his wife and two sons, is coming soon.
either…… or / neither…….nor diikuti plural verb atau singular verb
tergantung benda setelah nor / or
 Neither the students nor their teacher was satisfied with the test.
 Neither the students nor their teachers were satisfied with the test.
Some, All, No, Half + diikuti plural verb / singular verb tergantung kata benda
yang mengikuti.
 No book is expensive

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 No books are expensive

 All of the money is in my pocket
 All of the books are on the table

Exercise on Agreement (18 minutew)

Find the correct choice:
1. The more hemoglobin one has, the more oxygen is carried to _____ cells.
A. one
B. its
C. their
D. one’s

2. Clones, ______, are genetically homogeneous.

A. plant growing from a single specimen
B. that a plant grown from a single specimen
C. plants grown from a single specimen
D. from a single specimen, plants

3. The television program we allow _____ to watch influence their learning.

A. a children
B. our children
C. our child
D. their childs

4. A good team _____ of both recruiting and coaching as well as performing

A. is a result
B. it is a result
C. resulting
D. result it

5. A college bookstore that sells _____ used textbook stocks along with the new ones on the self
under course title.
A. its
B. their
C. a
D. them

6. Each of the radioisotopes produced artificially _____ its own distinct structure.
A. have
B. has
C. having
D. have had

7. Glaciers covering the west coast of Greenland _____ about 7,500 icebergs a year into North
Atlantic.
A. are dropped
B. drops
C. dropping
D. drop

8. The three basic chords in ______ the tonic, the dominant, and the subdominant.
A. functional harmony C. functional harmony are

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B. functional harmony is D. functional harmony they are

9. ______ heated by solar energy have special collectors on the roofs to trap sunlight.
A. Home is C. A home
B . Homes are D. Homes

Find the error:

10. Columbus, Ohio, the capital of the state, are not only the largest city in Ohio
A B
but also a typical metropolitan area, often used in market research.
C D

11. There is about 600 schools in the United States that use the Montessori method
A B C
to encourage individual initiative.
D

12. Everyone who has traveled across the United States by car, train, or bus are
A B C
surprised to see such a large expense of territory with such variation among
D
the life-style of the people.

13. Because entertaining is in such a competitive business, a group of singers and

A B
musicians needing a manager to help market the music.
C D

14. Magnesium, the lightest of our structural metals, has an important place
A
among common engineering materials because of their weight.
B C D

15. Although maple trees are among the most colorful varieties in the fall, they
A B
lose its leaves sooner than oak trees.
C D

16. One can only live without water for about ten days because almost 60 percent
A B
of their body is water.
C D

17. The Gray Wolf, a species reintroduced into their native habitat in Yellowstone
A C
National Park, has begun to breed naturally there.
C D

18. Each number in a binary system are formed from only two symbols.
A B C D

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19. Scientists at medical center is trying to determine if there is a relationship between

A B C
saccharine and cancer.
D

20. The great digital advances of the electronic age, such as integrated circuitry and a
A B
microcomputer has been planted in tiny chips
C D

21. There are frequently mentioned reasons why one out of four arrests involve
A B C D
a juvenile.

22. Work on improving industrial disposal methods were begun in the early 1970s,
A B
shortly after the Clean Air bill was passed by Congress.
C D

23. Although the body has been reduced in size by eighteen inches, there have been
A B C
little change in the new models.
D

24. Mathematics have been my most difficult subject so far this year.
A B C D

25. Both a term paper and a final exam is required for Chemistry 320.
A B C D

26. Neither my traveler’s checks nor the money that my father cabled me are sufficient to pay
A B C
for the tickets
D

27. Everyone who takes the examination will receive their score report in six weeks.
A B C D

28. Not one in a hundred seeds develop into a healthy plant, even under laboratory conditions.
A B C D

29. Benjamin Franklin strongly objected to the eagle’s being chosen as the national bird because
A B C
of their predatory nature.
D

30. Although the body has been reduced in size by eighteen inches, there have been little change in
A B C D
of the new models.

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(9) Criteria of English Sentence

A simple English sentence has one subject and one predicate
Examples:
There are some students in the classroom.
She can speak English well.
They waited for me yesterday.
If more than one, it may have:
1. Conjunction
1. Rudi and Andy watched the match last night.
2. I came home when my sister was watching T.V.
2. Noun Clause
I know what you want.
S V S V

noun clause

That smoking is bad for our health is known by smokers.

3. Adjective Clause

I know the man who waited for you last night.

S V O S V

adjective clause
The book that you bought is interesting.

4. Present Participle (V1-ing / Active Meaning)

The man waiting for me is my uncle.

The girl lying on the sofa is my sister

5. Past Participle (V3 / Passive Meaning)

The victim killed in the accident was taken to hospital.

The car repaired in the garage belongs to him.

Exercise on Criteria of English Sentences (18 minutes)

Find the best choice:

1. The North Platte River _______from Wyoming into Nebraska.

A. it flowed
B. flows
C. flowing
D. with flowing

2. ______ Biloxi received its name from a Sioux word meaning “first people.”
A. The city of

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B. Located in
C. It is in
D. The tour included

3. A pride of lions ______ up to forty lions, including one to three males, several females, and cubs.
A. can contain
B. it contains
C. contain
D. containing

4. ______ tea plant are small and white.

A. The
B. On the
C. Having flowers the
D. The flowers of

5. The tetracyclines, ______antibiotics, are used to treat infections.

A. are a family of
B. being a family
C. a family of
D. their family is

6. Henry Adams, born in Boston, ______ famous as a historian and a novelist.

A. became
B. and became
C. he was
D. and he became

7. The four U.S. presidents _____ in log cabins were Lincoln, Fillmore, Buchanan, and Garfield.
A. were born
B. they were born
C. who were born
D. who they were

8. _____ colonial statesman William Bradford attended no formal school, he was a well-educated
man.
A. Despite
B. In spite of
C. Although
D. Even

9. The pony express, _____ between Saint Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento, California, was put
out of business with the invention of the electric telegraph.
A. was a ten-day mail service
B. its ten-day mail service
C. a ten-day mail service
D. of a ten-day mail service

10. _____ a dentist, Mike is very concerned about having healthy teeth.
A. Because
B. He is
C. As
D. That he is

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11. My father, _____ an immigrant, came to the United States in 1925.

A. who he was
B. he was
C. that he was
D. who was

12. The North Pole _____ a latitude of 90 degrees north.

A. it has
B. is having
C. which is having
D. has

13. ______ greyhound, can achieve speeds up to thirty-six miles per hour.
A. The
B. The fastest
C. The fastest dog
D. The fastest dog, the

14. The greenhouse effect occurs _____ heat radiated from the sun.
A. when does the Earth’s atmosphere trap
B. does the Earth’s atmosphere trap
C. when the Earth’s atmosphere traps
D. the Earth’s atmosphere traps

15. Some economists now suggest that home equity loans are merely a new trap to push
consumers beyond _____
A. they can afford
B. they can afford it
C. what is affordable
D. able to afford

16. Experiments _____ represent a giant step into the medicine of the future.
A. using gene therapy
B. use gene therapy
C. they use
D. gene therapy uses

17. _____ off the Hawaiian coastline are living, others are dead.
A. While some types of coral reefs
B. Some types of coral reefs
C. There are many types of coral reefs
D. Coral reefs

18. Nimbostratus clouds are thick, dark gray clouds _____ forebode rain.
A. what
B. which
C. what they
D. which they

19. People who reverse the letters of words _____ to read suffer from dyslexia.
A. when trying
B. if they tried
C. when tried
D. if he tries

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20. He had to borrow a little money from his brother _____ he could finish his education.
A. so as
B. so that
C. that
D. in order so

21. We had a disagreement _____ the bus was late.

A. because of
B. caused of
C. because
D. caused

22. I wonder _____on sale.

A. how much cost these shoes.
B. how much do these shoes cost
C. how much these shoes cost
D. how much are these shoes cost

23. Rubber _____ from vulcanized silicones with a high molecular weight is difficult to
distinguish from natural rubber.
A. is produced
B. producing
C. that produces
D. produced

24. _____ appears considerably larger at the horizon than it does overhead is merely an optical
illusion.
A. The moon
B. That the moon
C. When the moon
D. The moon which

Find the mistake:

25. The state seal still used in Massachusetts designed by Paul Revere, who also
A B C
designed the first Continental currency.
D

26. When a country in an early stage of development, investments in fixed capital

A B C
are vital
D

27. Thunder that is audible from distances as far away as ten miles.
A B C D

28. Quasars, which relatively small objects, emits an enormous amount of energy.
A B C D

29. Most modern observatories contain telescopes that scientists using as cameras
A B C
to take photographs of remote galaxies.

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30. In 1914, Congress established the Federal Trade Commission, who steadily
A B
increased the extent and nature of its regulation of the advertising industry.
C D

Cumulative Exercise (25 minutes)

Cumulative Exercise Part 1

1. Justice Sandra Day O’Connor was _____ to serve on the U. S. Supreme Court.
A. the woman who first
B. the first woman
C. who the first woman
D. the first and a woman

2 If a ruby is heated, it _____ temporarily lose its color

A. would
B. will
C. does
D. has

3. Political demonstrations on American campuses have abated _____

A. after 1970
B. in 1970
C. for 1970
D. since 1970

4. North Carolina is well-known not only for the Great Smoky Mountains National Park _____ for the
Cherokee Indian settlements
A. also
B. and
C. but also
D. because of

5. ______ 1,000 species of finch have been identified

A. As many as
B. As many
C. As much as
D. Much as

Error Recognition

6. The plants that they belong to the family of ferns are quite varied in their size and structure
A B C D

7. Despite of the increase in air fares, most people still prefer to travel by plane
A B C D

8. Miami. Florida is among the few cities in the United States that has been awarded official status as
A B C D
bilingual municipalities

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9. Fertilizers are used primarily to enrich soil and increasing yield.

A B C D

10. One of the most influence newspapers in the U.S is The New York Times which is widely distributed
A B C D
throughout the world

Cumulative Exercise Part 2

11. _____ is necessary for the development of strong bones and teeth
A. It is calcium
B. That calcium
C. Calcium
D. Although calcium

12. Calculus, _____ elegant and economical symbolic system, can reduce complex problems to simple terms.
A. it is an
B. that an
C. an
D. is an

13. The Consumer Price Index lists _____

A. how much does every car cost
B. how much every car costs
C. how much are every car cost
D. how much costs every car

14. Weathering _____ the action whereby surface rock is disintegrated or decomposed.
A. it is
B. is that
C. is
D. being

15. Although Margaret Mead had several assistants during her long investigations of Samoa, the bulk of the
research was done by _____ alone
A. herself
B. she
C. her
D. hers

Error Recognition

16. Interest in automatic data processing has grown rapid since the first large calculators were introduced in
A B C D
1950

17. Some of the most useful resistor material are carbon, metals, and metallic alloys.
A B C D

18. Banks are rushing to merge because consolidations enable them to slash theirs costs and expand.
A B C D

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19. Light can travels from the Sun to the Earth in eight minutes and twenty seconds
A B C D

20. The bones of mammals, not alike those of other vertebrates, show a high degree of differentiation
A B C D
Cumulative Exercise Part 3

21. The North Pole _____ a latitude of 90 degrees north.

A. it has
B. is having
C. which is having
D. has

22. Experiments _____ represent a giant step into the medicine of the future.
A. using gene therapy
B. use gene therapy
C. they use
D. gene therapy use

23. Rubber _____ from vulcanized silicones with a high molecular weight is difficult to distinguish
from natural rubber.
A. is produced
B. producing
C. that produces
D. produced

24. The observation deck at the World Trade Center ______in New York
A. is highest than any other one
B. is higher than any other one
C. is highest that any other one
D. is higher that any other one

25. The Continental United States is _____ that there are four time zones.
A. much big
B. too big
C. so big
D. very big

Error Recognition

26. Killer whales tend to wander in family clusters that hunt, play, and resting together
A B C D

27. The community of Bethesda, Maryland, was previous known as Darcy’s Stores.
A B C D

28. Alloys of gold and copper have been widely using in various types of coins.
A B C D

29. Like snakes, lizards can be found on all others continents except Antarctica.
A B C D

30. William Hart was an act best known for his roles as western heroes in silent films.

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A B C D

Cumulative Exercise Part 4

31. Evidence suggests that one-quarter of operations _____ bypass surgery may be unnecessary.
A. they involve C. involving
B. involve D. which they involve

32. Sports medicine is a medical specialty that deals with the identification and treatment of
injuries to person _____
A. sports are involved
B. involved in sports
C. they are involved
D. sports involve

33. The Wilmington Oil Field, in Long Beach, California, is one of _____ oil fields in the continental
United States
A. productive
B. the most productive
C. most are productive
D. productivity

34. _____ range in color from pale yellow to bright orange

A. Canaries C. Canaries which
B.. That canaries D. Canaries that are

35. The flight instructor, ______ at the air base, said that orders not fight had been issued.
A. when interviewed
B. when he interviewed
C. when to interview
D. when interviewing

Error Recognition

36. Benny Goodman was equally talented as both a jazz performer as well as a classical musician.
A B C D

37. It is proving less costly and more profitably for drugmakers to market directly to patients
A B C D

38. The United States has import all carpet wools in recent years because domestic wools are
A B C
too fine and soft for carpets.
D

39. Quarter horses were developed in eighteen-century Virginia to race on courses short of a
A B C
length.
D
40. Two of the players from Yankees has been chosen to participate in All Star game.
A B C D

Structure and Written Expressions

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Exercise 1 Nouns and Pronouns

1. A 8. A (they cause) 14. C (months) 20. B (their)

2. A 9. C (it) 15. B (thousands) 21. A (much)
3. A 10. D (them) 16. B (year) 22. C (projects)
4. A 11. C (it) 17. A (man) 23. A (discovery)
5. A 12. A (capability) 18. A (popular 24. B (feet)
6. B (his) 13. D (dollars) bicycle) 25. A (computation)
7. C (their) 19. A (terms)

Exercise 2 Adjectives & Adverbs

1. D 8. D. unusual 14. C. dense 20. B. relentless

2. D 9. B. impossible 15. A. careful 21. D. weak
3. C. easily 10. A. carefully 16. B. natural 22. B. common
4. C. rare 11. B, vigorous 17. A. helpful 23. B. calmly
5. A. heavily 12. C. mysterious 18. B. organic 24. C. rapidly
6. B. densely 13. A. especially 19. D. anxious 25. A. good
7. B. clear

Exercise 3 Connectors, Prepositions and Word Orders

1. D 8. D 14. B 20. C. in (lengthy)

2. A 9. B 15. D 21. D. a hydrogen bomb
3. C 10. D 16. D explodes
4. B 11. B 17. A. nor 22. C. the plane is
5. C 12. D 18. B. like 23. C. and
6. A 13. D 19. A. despite 24. C. in
7. D 25. D. a star is

Exercise 4 Comparatives

1. A 8. D 14. B. the longest 20. D. those of Eastern ladies

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2. B 9. B 15. B. tallest 21. B. the better

3. C 10. A 16. D. as deep as 22. C. more
4. C 11. D. the same 17. D. like 23. B. more heavily
5. C age 18. C. the same 24. D. the greatest
6. A 12. B. as temperature as 25. D. that of any state
7. C 13. B. better 19. A. earlier

Exercise 5 Adjective and Noun Clauses

1. C 8. C 14. C 20. B. which

2. C 9. A 15. D 21. A. whose
3. B 10. C 16. A 22. B. which
4. B 11. A 17. B. which 23. A. whose
5. C 12. D 18. A. which 24. C. is
6. C 13. B 19. C. which 25. D. was
7. A

Exercise 6 Participles, Actives, Passives, and Reduced Clauses

1. D 8. D 14. B 20. B. after the students finish

2. B 9. A 15. B 21. A. while the workers were
3. A 10. B 16. A. written trying
4. D 11. C 17. A. attempting 22. B. found
5. C 12. A 18. B. selected 23. A. when the instructions
6. D 13. C 19. A. deciding are carefully read by the
7. B test-takers
24. B. has been given
25. A. the witnesses were
sworn

Exercise 7 Parallel Structure and Redundancy

1. B 9. B. to develop 17. D. philosophical 24. D. without “it”

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2. C 10. D. to be 18. C. without “who” 25. B. without “he”

3. C currency 19. B. because we did 26. C. without “they”
4. A 11. B. to preserve not have time 27. D. without “again”
5. D 12. D. without “It is” 20. C. avoid 28. A. without “it”
6. C 13. B. popular not 21. C. to warn 29. C. without “they”
7. D only 22. A. old/ancient 30. D. without “back”
8. B 14. A. to make 23. A. without “it”
15. C. aware
16. D. water

Exercise 8 Agreement

1. B 11. A. There are 21. D. involves

2. C 12. C. is 22. B. was
3. B 13. C. need 23. C. has
4. A 14. D. its 24. A. has
5. A 15. C. their 25. B. are
6. B 16. C. one’s 26. B. is
7. D 17. C. their 27. C. his
8. C 18. B. is 28. B. develops
9. D 19. A. are 29. D. its
10. A. is 20. C. has 30. C. has

Exercise 9 Criteria of English Sentences

1. B 11. D 21. C
2. A 12. D 22. C
3. A 13. D 23. D
4. D 14. C 24. B
5. C 15. C 25. B. was designed
6. A 16. A 26. A. country is in
7. C 17. A 27. B. without “that”
8. C 18. B 28. A. which are
9. C 19. A 29. C. use
10. C 20. B 30. B. which

Cumulative 1 Cumulative 2

1. B 6. A (without “they”) 11. C 16. C (rapidly)

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2. B 7. A (without “of”) 12. C 17. C (materials)

3. D 8. C (have) 13. B 18. C (their)
4. C 9. D (to increase) 14. C 19. B (travel)
5. A 10. B (influent) 15. C 20. A (unlike)

Cumulative 3 Cumulative 4

21. D 26. C (rest) 31. C 36. C (and)

22. A 27. B (previously) 32. B 37. B (profitable)
23. D 28. C (used) 33. B 38. A (imported)
24. B 29. C (other) 34. A 39. B (short courses)
25. C 30. A (actor) 35. A 40. B (have)

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