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‫‪9‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ :‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
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‫‪µëþa@ñ†yìÛa‬‬
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‫ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫‪ (3‬ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺳﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (4‬ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (5‬ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (6‬ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺪﺭ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (7‬ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪13‬‬
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15
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:‫ﺎﺩﺓ‬KKKK‫• ﺍﳌ‬

H[! %! zY $ 0 72C' 7. 8M :‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬
:‫ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬
HR| }X! 7 4^s` ' ! :E`F 5 (
HN2+ 7! R| }X 4^s` ' ! :`, 5 (
HN2+ }X! N2+ 7 4^s` ' ! :'[2 5 (
:‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ‬
HfST Nn ^&+ -M Nn ,),&9( Ù Nn @! 4^1 $ 0O 2T 8M 4<- &+ '_ .
H3,& $3'!
2T 0O $ +! ,
$ 0O 2T 8M :

H4<- K },& o '!
UK ~+9= $ s` $ U!
1−1 7C cE1 :

:`# '! ,EO
S 73 8M! :
−
H+ EO
S 73 :"9!q −
H^ +
S 73 :"9!
−
:
−W
H− E
S 73! 4NE. 4
/ <! "< O!
H"9!d: 4
W-O 4U P /^ + '0. 4^< 4U w-M <! $ C
'!
1−1
16
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
$ ^ ^ j D!d= < g 7E&' ! ,"<1 "9!dl $ ^ 4
!
H2−1 7C cE1 <1 }U< M n 2n 2 2F ^ -M ^! ,"9!dl
H4<- "< o "9!dl P'[ fu' 1−1 /!!
1−1 !
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 " #$
Q P O N M L K %
&'%" (
98 72 50 32 18 8 2
) " * + ,- )% .$-
2−1
H3−1 7C cE :/0

12%
3−1
H"9!q ^ g!,' "9!dl ^ :304

3
5 "
(
H"9!q ^ $ 7U "9!dl ^ :304
36!
(
H"9!q ^ $ q. "9!dl ^ :304
36
7
(
17
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:‫• ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

KU O! ,\F $ K& $ KU ^
%9 99 & Z
*
HV'! 4N2F J< PKU W-

H!d= 99 L3, R9.! . } W + . 3`. $!
:‫ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻭﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ‬

: , $

"9!q!
SC E "9!dl ^ j!, t=
SC ^ + 4<- −
H
SC EO
H"9!q ^ $ 7U "9!dl ^ . t=
SC EO 4<- −W
H"9!q ^ $ q. "9!dl ^ . t=
SC E 4<- −~
H"
SC` ),O? ! ^1 & ! W,+. Y. ++ +X+ fu!
:‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬

SC ^ + \F $ K&
SC /^ + `F +(E $ vAU ^

vE,
SC v - fEF `F 8+(E vA& ]= \F KU $ 7&
"9!dl
H"9!d: M& vE,
SC EO \F KU! ,"9!d: %,+.
M s. - %9 ,V'< ! 4N2T J<! "TFU $ `F 8+(E vA& v'&
Z(9!
H4−1 7C cE
4−1
H^& ! SE,1 "E %

P
F'! ` YT 8X
< 3T $ 4<E M : *
18
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
&`
W&! , %&` }| EO
S t fEF' %9 '5 $ K& ~O0 $ vAU ^
HE
S t t fEF \F $ K& x1 `F +(E vAU %

H5−1 7C cE M s. ,c+Y`+m c+
S (3 cEA& g ,tX+' cEA& Z(9!
5−1
: t $ +
+,9!
H
+ `|s+1 C+1 "
SC (
HWtX+ Y`+*1 "
SC (
(Q) :3'89:
304
&
(C) <

=> :304
/'$ ;
, 1.6 * 10-19 C g!, !d:

SC 3U .- 'O!
D
) 6.25 * 1018 5B CB 3$
Q 3'89:
04
?%@ *A9 :<

(
:+ ^ 1 /(# $ "9!dl $ N ^ "
SC 3U o /F5 $3'!
Q = 1.6 * 10-19 * N
:1 E
? "
SC B36 È' } ,!d= 250 * 1017
' . t=
FFFF
: "
SC B36
Q = 1.6 * 10-19 * 250 * 1017 = 4 C
19
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:2 E
?"9!dl ^ } ,"9!dl $ 3X1 0.8 C +3U .
S
' . t=
FFFF
:+ /(# $ "9!dl ^ ^= $3'
Q 0.8
N= −19
= −19
= 5 × 1018 elec
1.6 × 10 1.6 × 10
:+ /(# $ !
Q
N= −19
= 6.25 × 1018 × Q = 6.25 × 1018 × 0.8 = 5 × 1018 elec
1.6 × 10
:‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻡ‬
w-M ). O H c+9SC c. c 8+ 4&` "U 4 ). )U &
: O! s. Hvd (+# ! B
c+
SC %C u Wt !
4U 4&

H (Q1 , Q 2 ) c+
SC 3U u 7T P '^ v
+ (F) 4& −

Hs
(R 2 ) ,1 P P , v
+ (F) 4& −W
:+ ^ 1 t *` $3'!
q1 q 2
F∝
r2
q1 q 2
∴ F=K .....N $9
r2
:
H(m) d1 &! ,c+
SC c ,1 : r 2
H(C) ) &! c+
SC <& : Q1 , Q 2
% O+ g- o! *+,1 " );9 o 3+ ' M! v
+ R| M :K
:g!, 8M! "
SC
K=1/4 πε
:g!,! ,&`K1 s, M : ε :=
ε= εo εr
20
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
8.854 × 10 −12 F / m d ^< g!,! ` s, : εo :
H1 = zY ! r E,

s, : εr
:3 E
c+
SC! c!N +u I! (8 cm) , sA $ E c+
S c 4& O!

εr = 2 εo=8.854×10-12 F/m : s` Q 2 = 5 × 10 −8 C , Q1 = 6 × 10 −5 C
FFFF
q1 q 2 5 × 10 −8 × 6 × 10 −5
F= = = 2.106 N
4πεr 2 4 × 3.14 × 2 × 8.854 × 10 −12 (8 × 10 −2 )2
Z‘bîÔÛa@pa‡yëë@òîöbí îÐÛa@pbîàØÛa 2-1-1

(Electric Current) :‫ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬
/X1 4U 7a
4U N| R w .
S ' ! x ,=89:
'
9 GFH
H8

E
S! !q
S EO
S , "
SC $ c9 Ô! & 9.t s.!
HÂ1 w '!, E
S ' ' w EO
S '! !dl
S

SC 4^'[ g E,
SC 0X
! F&9 M<! xd' E
S /&+9 ? t!
HEO1
}; $ }n o t! ,EO1
SC ' w M 8 <+ w o f`KT &!
H45 "9!dl 8M! E "
S ' ]= PO "<+
Hv, vK& ]= vO1 vK& $ M 5 w-M <+ w!
6−1
'
IJ
21
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:‫• ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬

H4 9a ` PK& /(# 8+ EO1 "
SC 3. 8M
Q
I= ........A
t
:=
HA NE? &! 8 <+ 4 – I
HC ) &! & +1
SC 3. – Q
HS 9a &! + $[ – t
4NE. %+3U & Hj# . 4^ ]= 4^ $ `3 45 NE? 8 <+ }U `+

H^ 1 T o g+ 8+ ! 7a ,NE \ " ]= 7F S ! O
4N2T %+3U U!
Y1 $ - ,9!dl ! 7a NE? $ `1 $ 0 j + O
H& "! $ NE +` 0O ! 10 ^ "YA )*+ ? $ Na.
:¡3,! vO1 ! v,
10 ^ jU 10 ^ "YA o 2−1 /! g+
2−1 !
35
3%'H
3'7K 3%'H
&
;
LBM #7
0.000000000001 10-12 P Pico
0.000000001 10-9 N Nano 99
0.000001 10-6 µ Micro !'
0.001 10-3 m Milli ¢`
0.01 10-2 C Centi 8+

0.1 10-1 D Deci £'^
10 101 Da Deka '^
100 102 H Hecto +M
1000 103 K Kilo `.
1,000,000 106 M Mega X
1,000,000,000 109 G Giga XO
1,000,000,000,000 1012 T Tera N
22
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:+ }& /

¤ :1 E
200 KA = A 1
0.5 A = mA 2
0.2 µA = nA 3
0.03 mA = µA 4
FFFF
:+! , 1 KA = 1000 A X9 2−1 /! )*+ 1
200 KA = 200 * 1 KA = 200 * 1000 A = 200000 A
:+! , 1 A = 1000 mA X9 2−1 /! )*+ 2
0.5 A = 0.5 * 1 A = 0.5 * 1000 mA = 500 mA
,1 A = 1000000000 nA -.! , 1 µA = 0.000001 A X9 2−1 /! )*+ 3
:+!
0.2 µA = 0.2 * 0.000001 A = 0.2 * 0.000001 * 1000000000 nA = 200 nA
:+! , 1 A = 1000000 µA -.! , 1 mA = 0.001 A X9 w( /! )*+ 4
0.03 mA = 0.03 * 0.001 * 1000000 µA = 30 µA
:2 E
?NE? <+ <& M HD| 6 /(# 7T
K&9 "
SC $ ). 30 q '
FFFF
Q
I=
t
30  C 
I=  
6 S
I = 5A
:3 E
?) "
SC 3U } ,9| 12 /(# 7T 3' 1.5 mA % 8. <
FFFF
Q = I * t = 1.5 * 10-3 * 12 = 18 * 10-3 C = 0.018 C
23
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:3'

NO
P Q ,- RS T U '
VH0 =

"9!dl PK+, e t= %9? ,"9!dl % xS+ `. 4^ % &`2
<, x
M ' (
HU+' <+ <! xS+ ' K&9 ]= 4^

UK <F |¥1 -M 7a3'! ,3+, <+ <! 7 ! "9!dl x |¥ Ô! (
Hc+K&
c J
:‫• ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬

Direct Current :% W" '
(
H7−1 7C s. ,$0 N2 }n< w! 3& Ra <+ M! DC 0 % 0'!
7−1
% W" '

Alternating Current :55" '

(
}| EO 3U o ]= YF $ %+3U N2+ $0 <! P w! 3& N2+1 <+ M!
]= '0+ -# }| ,E 3U ¦U ]= t j +! ,YF ]= 7F ]= U
+ -#
,AC 0 ^^d1 <+` 0'! ,$0 <! P <+ -M! ,EO 3U o ]= %
! YF
8 − 2 7
8−1
55" '

24
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:‫ﺏ( ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬

4
/ "< <! "9!dl & 9.t U! ,r '<-
E $ ^1 `+
v #§ ]= < $ !d= /&+9 }+' 8! H4
$
dU s`. U
+ 4^ U 73 < 7.!

U ,1 w-M! H#§! < c `TY ,1 <! &Y' ! v,'
%= 7&+
1 <1 U g!, U
H$'<1 c UK JY v, '0 ! 7&
:=> ?- 3XYX Z[ =89:

'
: 'T RW; 5" GQ
Insulators :3
\
5" •
d! ¢# E. vE, t ! ,r(# $ 8 <+ <!3 f3, 8+ ^1 8M!
– +(E − ©K1 − \ vC¨ 7a 4 "9!d= O' ¡<t c g&
.ª=HHH\0¨
Semiconductors :3T" *6 5" •
%E ^1 g ,8 <+` `T $ [ ^1 ! `T1 ^1 c P& ^ 8M!
X+9 4^'0 +`T E ¡< O<^ N| R! ,`K1 YF O<^
[ `T1
.`T1 %E ^1 $ `, ,)9! ,4<5 7 Y ¡<t c '& K Y
Conductors :3T" 5" •

r(# $ 8 <+ <!3 f3, 8+ ^1 8M!
4 "9!d= o ¡<t +l ;9
U E,' 8. /6 O
"<1 Y`+*1 UK "'+, c , 7&+
$3'
^1 h!d! ,` `T1 ^ 1 $ MNn! ,S
– AY – vM- 7a , u=
.4^ 7
!&1 v, +`T
25
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:‫ﺝ( ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬

:‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬
4< vE,+' <+ !& 4^ $ c*, ` 8 <+ <!
Z(9
H9−1 7 cE M s. ,`, -M 7#^
:<] 7^
H ?! "' −
H1 c*, 40O −
H«(1! )S` "'!. −
9−1
:‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ‬
H10−1 7 cE M s. ,M+' %9 hEF1 7+ 8 <+ <!
Z(9
:<] 7^
H'<`Y! XM+1 fF1 −
H(Diods) A "
a −
10−1
26
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬

<& o 3+ ' 7T1 / ,
2
N| ¬_ %9 ,7T 8 <+ <!

H<+ w!
:_ H`9 a'bc" dXA
3e;Y )%
:ZK 3H`
−
W
O /s 8 EK w M '! ,7T v9X `TE ,
2 4= PA9
£
21 /X1 w -#! ,
21 4l w N2+' 7T1 8. < <!
Z(

H11−1 7C fu M s. ,7T3`
:3'E
3H`
−

`1 7#^ '' PA9 }| ,"Y 4 $ ` 7 o 7T
EÙ . <
<39
? W- %` ,g'5 v`& o |¥' £
2 /6 ¬! Z(9 -! ,£
21
H12−1 7C fu M s. ,''5
:<] 7^
H "S1! ".S1! & 40O −
HO?! WE f −
12−1 11−1
27
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬

H!? %E. ]= 7`S+' /`S1 8s. /` 8. < t=
3+,1 <F1 vO1 vK& %`T9 vM- $ /!? h` ,/` c
u! t
Z(9 8 <+ <!
! H'<KE` v, vK& %`T9 )
1? $ #! ,'<KE
,)
1? h o vM- $ &E vd! 7`S+' 7.G+' 13−1 7C cE M s. vM- h
HvM- )
1? ( `3 `3 w-M L3,!
:<] 7^
H^ 1 ( `3 −
H^ 1 &
! ®(*+ −
13−1
:‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‬

! ,"(A ]= z $ 7&+
Y u . "< $ 4<E EF !? \ 9

"X
C ¬! ,`3 w-M (`# °
¬ %9 / 8O<# O ]= ,9l },O ¯ +'
H8O<¨ <F1 $ )^& };+
1 Nn 8 <+ $ 9 "(A
Hª1 ! v`& K [O ' $ },X` - "<+ U $3'!
:,W #W! CB =89:
'
dXAQ ^@
H"(A `& ]= g^¥' 15mA ]= 10mA $ −
H«Y
+! v`& "(A o |¥' 50mA ]= 15mA $ −
H4 ]= g^¥' 50mA $ a. −
28
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:U <] W
H8 EK ~( T¨ 40O?! v`& ± 9= [O
! EK ¯n? −
H1 81 < −
Electric Voltage :‫ﺩ( ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬

:‫• ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬
14−1
=89:
:f <:L
:3'

39i
%9 <H =89:
:f <:L g'h
' $ s`T+ t! s 1 fK j+, c J ^

3U! B ,A 9=
' . t=
X9 $'9l c E9? Ô1 )sF f+
%9 −14−1 7C s.− *A )*+! E9
: %`! , Y*
1 fK B 9l ]= PY 1 fK A 9l $ g' 1
9l $ 1 ' i
' 8 <+ H$'9l c 1 fK j+, JY i
' 8
<F i
8 J 1 8SK c JY ^= REE, 8+ *A1 B ]= A
'<K
H(a
29
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:‫• ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ‬
(Volt) l
L
;9 /H Djk- Z[ 3`H ) 36!" 04
; HF
6F" c4F
F>
D(U) &
9 *
&
]!? K&
$ EO1
SC 7&
)[( 72C <& M 7T c+K&9 c J +!
P 8+ 4& 7a3' ². O J +' v "
SC 7&+
8! Hj#? K&
]=
H7T1 7#^ #§ ]= $ xS+ ]= "
SC w-M
:+ U( %, $3'! ,RY 4 &'! ,U 0 ² X` 0'!
_
W
U=
Q
:
H(J) / UK 8M W
H(C) )
SC 8M Q
:1 E
? J M ,
SC $ (10C) 7&
UK $ (50J) ]=
X+ t=
FFFF
W
U=
Q
50J
U=
10C
U = 5V
:2 E
,7T j# K&9 ]= K&9 $ 3 C M<U .
S 7&
/ )[( 72C <& M

? 12 V g!,' c+K&
c J s`
FFFF
W = U * Q = 12 V * 3 C = 36 J
30
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:‫• ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ‬
:I $ c,< c9 O'

:DC % W" :f (
"'<KE $ %` /F5 $3'! ,3+,1 <+ 7a %à $0 N2 P w! R| M!
H3+,1 <+ "! ,3C '(¨! }.1!
15−1
% W" :f
:AC 55" :f (

" $ %` /F5 $3'! ,^^d1 <+ 7a %à $0 N2 P w! 3& N2+ M!
H "K ^^d1 <+
16−1
55" :f
31
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
Electric Power :‫( ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬K‫ﻫ‬
9 4<U ]= r! . 4<U `2C

| 40O? `+,
! c*, 4<U (a
H(U) ! (I) <+ 4 $ 7. 4^'0 (P) 4<& ^^0! HHHu 4<U ! 9 4<U

4<& 8. [O g o + – Z(9 H )` }M $ 4<& }` q+ '!
−s^
H`+,' 8+
:‫• ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
&! ^ $[ (B) K&

]= (A) K&
$ (q)
S 'S+ (W) /!-E1 72C <& 8M
:" 4
W
P= ......[ W ]
t
:=
H(J) / 4 &'! /!-E1 72C M :W
H(S) 9a &'! $0 M :t
H(W) 0 r 0'! (Watt) " 4 &! 4<& 8M :P
4<U 8M! , "
.1! ".S1 )*+,! 4<&` j# U 4! x
M!
HHP 0 r 0'! ,Horse Power F5
:
9 H
,G9 H
_9 3$Y

1HP = 746 W
:+ o /FS` <+! 8+^ $ 4^Y+ $3' w.t E !
W W Q W Q
P= = × = ×
t t Q Q t
: 4<& ^ fEF+
P = U × I .......Watt
! *+
H<+! o M^s+ ;9 a.? ^ 1 q+ 8M!
32
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:1 E
4d /(# 2.5J g!,' . 4^ B K&9 ]= A K&9 $
S 7&
/!-E1 72C . t=
H`+,1 4<& 3U O! ,9| F9 M<U
[
FFFF
:8M `+,1 4<&
W 2.5
P= = = 5W
t 0.5
:2 E
,20V c J ,. !& /(# $ 70mA %+3U < 3' &`2 . 4^
? !&1 `+,1 4<& 3U s
FFFF
P = U × I = 20V × 70 mA = 1.4 W
Electric Resistance :‫ﻭ( ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
/S+ 8+ UK "9!dl &Y c <, /(# 8 <+ 3'

H"9!dl ' !& $ <+ <, 7T1 %|_ s t N,Y $3'! ,4< ]= 3;
:‫• ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
DT U =89:
'
3$B[ 3'Tk =>
:‫• ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
U! , (Ω) X! 0 r 0'! ,)! D1? e ]= E,9 (Ohm) )!? 4 !&1 3U &
H (kΩ, mΩ) 7a q. "! )*+ ]= KA
:‫• ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﻫﻲ‬
HL 0 % 0'! Length 7T1 / −1

HA 0 r 0'! Cross-section Area PK&1 , −2
33
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
4< O<^
LK ! ,!< K
! ρ 0 r 0'! Material
!&1 4^1 B9 −3
H+|
HT 0 r 0'! Temperature 4<5 O<^ −4
:¢' s. 7T1 !& 3U ' $3' 7 w-M $!
ρ.L
R=
A
:=
H Ω )!? &! Resistance !&1 8M :R
H Ωm d )!? &!
!&1 8M : ρ
Hm d1 &! Length /K 8M :L
H mm 2 P1 d1 &! Cross-section Area PK&1 , 8M :A
H "(T1
T `3 +,1 r ^ 1 E ρ }U cE' 4−1 /!!
4−1 !
3'B
3H"
&
n86W
m,"
2
Ω × mm / m
0.028 Al )
?
0.21 Pb ®T
0.12 Fe '5
0.0175 Cu S

0.10 Ni 7

0.11 Pt c(E
0.0165 Ag AY
0.063 Zn +
1.1 Wm110 )!. 7

0.5 Wm50 +9+,9
0.43 Wm43 ),
21
34
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
: E
O<^
%+!& v, H5m 7T1 /! ,5mm % KU % g^ % K& S
$ 7T
Ω.mm 2
0.0175 = 172 × 10 −8 Ω.mm 2
%+!& . t= , 20o C +3U 4<
m
FFFF
ρ.L
R= :^ 1 )*+,9 !&1 3U ^l
A
A = π * r2 :4 , s
Hm d1 ? %U 4!! 4 KU F9 – r :=
2.5 mm K& F9 mm }` 5 PK&1 KU s!
3.14 g!,! ,+| 3U – π

A = 19.6 mm 2
ρ.L = 0.09 Ωm
ρ.L ρ.L 1.72 × 10 −8 × 5
R= = = = 0.0044Ω
A π × r2  5 × 10 −3 
2
π ×  
 2 
35
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
(Electric Symbols) :‫ﺩ( ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

5−1 !
&
o

`
Wire )5 ©&9
`F+ Nn ©&9 ! x(
!
Battery '<K
DC 3+, <F
AC ^^d <F
Fuse 3T − [
Transformer 8. /
Center tap transformer F+

1 K&9 !t /
Earth '<
(Ground)
Lamp hEF
Heater 8. *
Motor x
Coil `
Push Button nu h+Y
2-way Switch Y=! 72C h+Y
SPDT $'<, h+Y
36
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
&
o

Dual On-Off Switch ~!^0 h+Y
(DPST)
DPDT $'<,3 ~!^0 h+Y
Relay %`'< − 3.
Resistor !&
(Rheostat) c K 4N2+ !&
(Potentiometer) \ |(a 4N2+ !&
Capacitor a
Variable Capacitor N2+ a
Trimmer Capacitor U^ Eu a
Diode ^'^ − 8

|
LED 8u 8
|
Light Emitting Diode
Zener Diode
'[ 8
|
Photodiode A` 7E&+, 8

|
thyristor – SCR <+'a
Diac x'
Triac x'd
Varactor or Tuningor Varicap Diode g 8

|
SIDAC x,
37
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
&
o

Transistor NPN
`T 8
| <+,'09
Transistor PNP
Transistor, Field-Effect, N-Channel
Transistor, Field-Effect, P-Channel /X1 N| <+,'09

Transistor, Metal-Oxide, Dual-Gate
Transistor, Metal-Oxide, Single-
Gate
Transistor, Unijunction `T g^ <+,'09
Phototransistor 8u <+,'09
Speaker s
Amplifier 4< q

Aerial 8M
(Antenna)
DC Power Supply 3+, '-2 <F
AC Power Supply ^^d '-2 <F
LDR u !&
Thermistor '< !&
Voltmeter d3+ O &
Ammeter d < &
Ohmmeter d! !& &
Oscilloscope W,`! [O
38
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
@Z‘bîÔÛa@À@òß‡ƒn%¾a@ñ èuþaë@òİî%jÛa@òîöbi‹èØÛa@ñŠa‡Ûa 2-1

Zòİî%jÛa@òîöbi‹èØÛa@ñ‹öa‡Ûa@pbãìØß@ 1-2-1
:¢' 17−1 7C fu M s. K,E 4 +
17−1

Hª HHH.
! '<K ' $3' :=89:p :! G −
H UK 4 ^= %+Yi!!
H)
? ! S
$ x(? :'TQ qY7- −W
H 4 <+` `2 <, x
M ' ,73S` 8 <+ /F'= +Yi!!
EF ' $3'! :F% −~
, UK `+,' g-
M! ,. !& !
Hª HHH . ,u ,'< UK / $ #§ 7 ]= UK /S+ % !
H%`F ! 735 72C }S+ %&' $ }+' :r L −^

,735 ]= <F $ <+ 3' 4 c K` ,( Switch h+Y1 '

.
&`21 4 −5 w-M − 4 L3,! ,&`2 '! <+ <, 73+' -!
HClosed Circuit
+Y1 4 4 L3,+ 8 h+Y1 /(# $ 4 «(+' e t=
Open Circuit
H8 <+` ' ¬! ) ;9
:/'H
&:!- −w
H 0 4 % 0'! ,d3+Y [X 8 &' −
H 0 4 % 0'! ,d? [X 8 <+ &' −

H 4 8 <+! 3U hA'= +Yi!!
39
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
(Ohm’s Law) :‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻭﻡ‬

H&`21 4 R !&1! I <+! U $ 7. c U( )! 9U fu'
:<- ,$
u FB FF:f sFF 5F
3FFH" 3%'FF$ sFF 'WF u Fb RFF7 3FFH U FF" 'FF
3%'FF$ ,- CFFB tFF
D 6X B
U = I×R volt
:=
H(A) NE? &! ,<+ 3U −I
H(V) RY &'! ,8 3U −U
H (Ω) )!? 4 &! ,!&1 3U −R
H!&1! <+! c U( +

'3+ fu'!
@NòßëbÔ¾a@pbjq@‡äÇ@ïöbi‹èØÛa@ŠbînÛaë@‡è§a@µi@òÓýÈÛa ZÞëþa@åíŠànÛa
H18−1 7C %Su' s. :‫• ﳐﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬
18−1
40
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ‬

H'(# ¬(a % }S+ O <F −1
Hh+Y −2
Hd3+Y [O −3
Hd? [O −4
H (R = 12 Ω) +| !& −5
:‫• ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬
Hd?! d3+Y $ 7. "U !^
³ −1
H\ u |(| ]= %^'[! YA "& <. −2
H! <+ c U( L
S
}< −3
:‫• ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬
I (A) U (V) R (Ω ) #$

0.2 2 10 1
0.4 4 10 2
0.6 6 10 3
:‫• ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ‬
H19−1 7C fu M s. ,!&1 3U "E|
<+! c U( L
S
1 fu'
19−1
:‫• ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
U( <+! c U( g ,!&1 3U "E|
E,
«Y
<+! $ 7. ^^0'
( U ∝ I) :¢' s. 4 +m &'K v+! ,'^
41
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
@N‡è§a@pbjq@‡äÇ@òßëbÔ¾aë@ŠbînÛa@µi@òÓýÈÛa ZïãbrÛa@åíŠànÛa
H20−1 7C %Su' s. :‫• ﳐﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬
20−1
H ( U = 1.2 V) R| O <F −1
Hh+Y −2
Hd3+Y [O −3
Hd? [O −4
H4N2+ !& −5
:‫• ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬
H ( U = 1.2 V) R| O ]= 4 7T −1
H (4Ω, 6Ω, 12Ω) j#? ` 4 + }& o 4N2+1 !&1 Eu −2
Hd?! d3+Y $ 7. "U 7X, −3
:‫• ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬
I (A) R (Ω ) U (V) #$

0.1 10 1.2 1
0.2 6 1.2 2
0.3 4 1.2 3
42
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:‫• ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ‬
H21−1 7C fu M s. , "E|
!&1! <+ c U( L
S
1 fu'
21−1
:‫• ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
v+! ,, U( !&1! <+ c U( g ,<+ 4^'[ ]= g^¥' !&1 3U ¯Y*9
1
(I ∝ ) :¢' s. 4 +m &'K
R
U
I= : g
R
:o 7FS9 2F w-M o 7'S+ O!
U
U=I.R R=
I
:‫ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻭﻡ‬

(R) !&1! (I) <+ 4! (U) 8 $ 7. c U( fu' )! 9U

H 4
:=89:
:f vW; −-
U :0 % 0'!
H(V) RY 4 (U) 8 &'!

H(R) !&1 P -.! (I) <+ 4 P '^
E
(U) 8 v
+'!
43
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:=89:
'
−v
I :0 % 0'!
H(A) NE? 4 (I) <+ 4 &!
:3'89:
3H" −1
R :0 % 0'!
H(Ω) )!? 4 (R) !&1 &!

P '^
E
(R) !&1 v
+!

H(I) <+ 4 P ,
E
! (U) 8
:75 &, c9& "U( EK

:3e;Y
g ,? " µ (R) !&1! ,(I) <+! ,(U) ´ $ 7. }U v
H+ o )! Ω ,NE A ,R V
" "YA ! 0O µ (R) !&1! ,(I) <+! ,(U) ´ }U
!
HNE A 8M! ,? 4 ]= `' vX (µA, mA, KA) 7a ?
:3'89:
H
vW; −5
H(W) " 4 &! P 0 r 0'!
P = V×I

H(I) <+! (V) $ 7. P '^ 4<& v
+!
:o 7FS9 U = I × R $ ' +!
P = I2 × R

H(R) !&1! (I 2 ) <+ P $ 7. P '^ 4<& v
+!
U
:o 7FS9 I = <+ $ ' +!
R
V2
P=
R

H(R) !&1 P ,!
(V ) P P '^
2
4<& v
+!
44
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬
:1 E
:(V) R ? 4 ]= ¢' /
³
1) 4000 mV 2) 50000 µV 3) 33 KV
FFFF
4000
1- 4000 mV = = 4V
1000
50000
2- 50000 µV = = 0.05 V
100000
3- 33 KV = 33 × 1000 = 33000 V
:2 E

O v, H I = 1.5 A w<& < vS,'! R = 6 Ω %+!& 8. O
H(U) 8
FFFF
U = I×R
U = 1.5 × 6
U = 9V
:3 E
¤ R = 3 Ω M<& !& o g+ . 4^

H U = 6000 mV w<& O <F3 R`T!
H(I) <+ 4 v,
FFFF
:V ]= mV $ /
U 6 6000
I= = = 2A U = 6000 mV =
R 3 1000
U = 6V
45
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:4 E
vS,'! , U = 220 V w<& O o 73 ' 8. [O
H I = 4000 mA w<& <
H(R) [ !& v,
FFFF
:A ]= mA $ <+ /
U 220 4000
R= = = 5Ω I = 4000 mA =
I 4 1000
I = 4A
:5 E

:v, H U = 0.22 KV %`2C O! vS,' 8.
I = 5000 mA <
H(G) `T1 −2 H(R) Y !& −1

FFFF
U 220 :? " ]= 7'S+ }+'
1− R == = 44 Ω
I 5 5000
I = 5000 mA =
1 1 1000
2−G= = = 0.022 S
R 44 I = 0.22 KV = 0.22 × 1000 = 220 V
46
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
Z‘bîÔÛa@À@òß‡ƒn%¾a@ñ èuþa@ 2-2-1

(Multimeter) :‫• ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ‬
¶
` & 40O c $ [O }M ¯n? ^ + d3+`1 [O q+ '
^ + ;9
ul ,AC ^^d1 <+ ! DC 3+,1 <+ $ 7. U $3' %(# $ t= ,& /X1! j1

HAVO-meter d ? [X A' \ '! ,!&1 -.! %
U ]=
:‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ‬

& )&' ¯n? ^ + [O M
[O $ 9 O'! H!&1! ! <+ $ (.
:8M d3+`1
Analog Multimeter ¢|s+ d3+`1 [O −
Digital Multimeter 83U d3+`1 [O −
(Analog Multimeter) :‫ﺃ( ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﻲ‬
22−1
%' " \:! _6

HC+ 0O o g+ Q
! #§ ]= [O $ /? `+ U
47
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:w
) xXy
z{K 5 %' " \:! ,
",X1 7T }+' ! + vO! – v "<l 4p¥
k 8M! :WFi" kF
xS+' \ p¥1 &
| ",X1
, t=
9 Z H&` *+,1
E.! ",X1 Pu N2 v t ¬ t= H& <+! U
j#?
HSSF
[ '
YF PU Eu g [ 4' 1 h+Y1 -M )*+,' :3FH" 'F

EA ]= ~+! ,.S+ 0O O ¢|s+ ¯n? ^ + d3+`1 [O H *+,
H"*+ 4
:8M ),U 4 ]= },& h+Y1 -M Z(9 :/'H
3'%B ' k r L
V \ }| jF& 3& <C'! ,RY −
HA NE ! NE ¢` g mA }| 3& % <C'! ,NE? −
HR \5 %= <C'! ,!&1 −
:|H
3
:8M! 23−1 7C ;9 ,< «'& |(| O' %9 Z(9!
H&1 -M ]= = ;
9 ( !& 3U «&9
g` &1 M! :3FH" /'FH −
s. c3 O YF g ,<, ]= c3 $ E !&1 & "s,& Z
H};+
Nn %<
23−1
3H" }'H" |H
_6
<+! 3U 4U &1 -

3'! ,!&1 & 7Y M! : DC /'FH −
DC c+a
48
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
$ E' Da! 10 ]= YT $ E' /!? "s,& |(| o g+ &1 -M
M Z
H250 ]= YT $ E a ,50 ]= YT
HM.t , "s,&+ (DC) & %C'! : AC /'H −
:‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﻲ‬

H"& 4U Y. fu! hb à? /!
+
!
:‫• ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
HR \ 8+ $.? ]= & <+# h+Y xS9 v !&1 &
:+ 24−1 7C Su1 4& o
`F !&1 U

9 ¯Y
!
24−1

H12 3& ]= NC' p¥1 j9! '^3 & g` &1 ]= ;
9 v !&1 3U &9 8 −
:+ "5 v, h+Y1 Pu! MC9 −
sh
r L"
Pu! ]= h+Y1 NC' Rx100 Pu! ]= h+Y1 NC' g Rx1 Pu! ]= h+Y1 NC'
8+ 3& g Rx10000 M&9 8+ 3& g M&9 8+ 3&
3%'$
,10000 !· M&9 3U + ,100 !· !&1 3U + ,1 !·
3H"
,&9 8+ !&1 3U + ,&9 8+ !&1 )! 12 = 1×12 ,&9 8+
H)! 120000 = 10000×12 H)! 1200 = 100×12 [Ω]
49
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:‫• ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ‬

DC l9E
:f /'$ −
$.? ]= & h+Y! DC ]= <+# h+Y xS9 v DC Ra &
V \ 8+
:25−1 7C s. NC' p¥1 ¯Y

25−1
D.C. \!5 p¥1 &1 ]= ;

9 v Ra 3U &9 8
:+ "5 v, h+Y1 Pu! MC9

r L" sh :f ~P 3%'$
3,& O' %9= (2.5 V) Pu! ]= h+Y1 NC'

"s,&+ $ 4! g <+*
2.5 ]= YT $ C
HX+
«Y9
K +, <+*9 ¹ }¹ ! ,j#?
NC' p¥1 X
10 ]= YT $ 3,&+ 9d# t
? ,&&5 3U R, w-M $! ,5 3& ]=
H10 V Pu! ]= «! ,2.5 V ]= NC' h+Y1
2.5 × ‫ااءة‬
= 8M 3U t=
10
2.5 × 5
HR 1.25 = 8M 3U +
10
NC'
M p¥1 ,50 ]= YT $ 3,&+ -#9
^
50
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
r L" sh :f ~P 3%'$
H 25 3& ]=
(2.5 V) Pu! h+Y1 = !
2.5 × 25
HR 1.25 = 8M 3U
50
&, 3& «Y9
«
&9 8+ 3,&+ <+# t=

K + s
HX+
«Y9
H 250 ]= YT $ 3,&+ o 4& t WO
(10 V) Pu! ]= h+Y1 NC'

M
p¥1 X9 H10 ]= YT $ 3,&+ o

U +
H 5 3& ]= NC'
HR 5 = 8M 3U t=
(50 V) Pu! ]= h+Y1 NC'

M
p¥1 X9 H50 ]= YT $ 3,&+ o

U +
25 3& ]= NC'
R 25 = 8M 3U t=
(250 V) Pu! ]= h+Y1 NC'

M
X9 H250 ]= YT $ 3,&+ o

U +
H125 3& ]= NC' p¥1
HR 125 = 8M 3U t=
51
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
AC 55" :f /'$ −
$.? ]= & h+Y! AC ]= <+# h+Y xS9 v AC ^^d1 &
HA.C \!5 p¥1 &1 ]= ;
3U &9 }| ,V \ 8+
&K 8 4& &'
HRa 4U w
p 1
:‫• ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬

DC l9E
'
/'$ −
$.? ]= & h+Y! DC ]= <+# h+Y xS9 v DC Ra <+ &
mA \ 8+
:26−1 7C s. NC' p¥1 ¯Y

!
26−1
D.C. \!5 p¥1 &1 ]= ;

9 vX Ra <+ 3U «&9
9?!
52
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:+ "5 v, h+Y1 Pu! $' j9
sh
r L"
100mA Pu! ]= h+Y1 NC' ,10mA Pu! ]= h+Y1 NC' ,1mA Pu! ]= h+Y1 NC'
]= YT $ 3,&+ 9d# t o 4pE
U - ]= YT $ 3,&+ 9d# t
]= NC' p¥1 X
10 H 10 ]= YT $ 3,&+ ]= NC' p¥1 X
10
3U R, w-M $! H5 3& 5 3& ]= NC' p¥1 X9! 3U R, w-M $! H5 3&
]= NC' h+Y1 ? &&5 <+ NE ¢` 5 = 8M <+ 3U t= ]= NC' h+Y1 ? &&5 <+
100 mA H> g^ 1 mA '

= 8M 3U t= 1 × ‫ااءة‬
= 8M 3U t=
10
100 × ‫ااءة‬
1× 5
10 8M 3U +
10
100 × 5
8M 3U + H> g^ NE ¢` 0.5 =
10
H> g^ NE ¢` 50 =
AC 55" '
/'$ −
$.? ]= & h+Y! AC ]= <+# h+Y xS9 v AC ^^d1 <+ &
p¥1 &1 ]= ;
$! ,&, &'K «Y
<+ 3U &9 }| mA \ 8+
HAC \!5
&K 4& &'!
HRa <+ 4U %p } 1
53
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
(Digital Multimeter) :‫ﺏ( ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ‬

1 t! "9!dl /6 *+ "& 40O a. $ 83U "d3+`1 [O q+ '
H4& U ]= ul )*+ $ w '
27−1
*Q =%$
%' " \:! _6
:‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ‬

:8M! ,C+ 0O o g+ Q
! ,#§ ]= [O $ /? `+ U
:$ 4<E 8M! &` *+,1 ",X1 /#^= }+' ! :Wi" k
<+! ! !&1 U
)*+,'! HVΩmA [ p¥ M! vO 7# −
HNE ¢`1
HCOM [ p¥ M! ,v 7# −

j# 4< p¥ ' U! 10DCA [ p¥ M! NE? Ra <+ 7# −
– v, 4<= &
| ",X1
, t=
9 Z Hd3+`1 U 4<U v,
H3+,1 ! <+ U
)U<? v9X C ;+
0 <+09d \ 7T }+'! ,v, & )*+,! : 7&
F7'$ kF
NPN ! PNP 7C p¥1
54
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
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HAC ^^d1 & u w-M ]= v#
' }+'! ,ACV u −
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H%U ^1
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HU ^1 !&1 3U v,S
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, [0 −2
HB ? "(T /[
B0
'_ L+ 7T1 '@ $ \(2 0O C' −3
H"(T1 B ;!
45−1
4
3H`9 ?P- B 2 T 3Q
:‫• ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺳﻜﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺑﻼﺕ‬

¬! v
X+9 L+ B ? ^ +1 7 ' `3 )&
U "K¨ BE v
:46−1 7C cE M s. 73
| ¬^ ! m

H7 / '^ %+' ^1 \(2 / }` ' −1
P "(
)*+ EA )(
! 7 / 7 7 \(n C' −2
H\(2` + &EK ±# ! hO ) 4

)*+ t! 8O<¨ 7 \ L+! g )( P ' 7 \(n }+' −3

S ,\(2 3 P v
+ & O<! s;+
` 2A '! "(

\(2 . t= H4pE 5 }U< 4K¨ ]= /&+9 }+ , + `# &EK h_
° #§ 73 vX ,+ &EK &F+`
H/!? K C` [ 7` 8O<¨
! 7` 8O<¨ \K $ '^ '^<[ K cK c&C c 4 S
1 \(2 KU B0
−4
H7` g C w
69
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
Hg C L+! 7` g S1 / $ %+[= ^1! 8UE 7 \(n B0
' −5
# $ ! +(E /0 'p $ "Y` 7 S1 g C
' + &K
` −6

HE'& } 4 ]= 3 $ ¯ <!
8O<¨ 7 \ L+! /0 'p $ ®S ¢# C5 $ 4M; &EK C −7
H`# B ? /[ ±# ! hO ) 4 P %09 }+'! ,"(
K
W`K1 /K v, +' }+' }| ,EA 7T+` `K1 /? "(T1 B & −8
H7T+ \ «(+
46−1
?P- B 2 6'p 3Q
70
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
@ZpýibØÛaë@Úýþa@pý–ë@ 3-3-1

v! ,S` "(! x(? <! 7T! 73 +, "(T $ B9 < O'
H<K# g ¬! v
X+9 L+ 3` &'K 4-Y
! 3 `T
:(‫• ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ )ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
:47−1 7C cE M s. + 73 "K# BE v
Hsr `T 73 ^1 `, $ + KU · −1
H} 7.5 c`, $ KU 7. '@
/[ $ v
/ b&' −2

HE'& `, + KU Pu −3
g^3 7C
H`T [X9l [( "Y` 73! 2A` cY `' ! '^ '^<0 73 +, −4
47−1
35^ 3'9c
3T

:‫• ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ‬

° ]= %EC 8M! #G c gt 7. <
`T w-M 73 +,!
, '^ `T NE.
H`#+1 `T cE' 48−1 7C! ,M.t
48−1
3k " 3T

71
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:‫ﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬‫• ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍ‬

"E.d T¨ 7T+ x( < 9 49−1 7C
E1! `T w-M 73 +,!
HDE1! /[
1 "'3+` 7T+ v` -.! ,! 8 w c` < ! 4<9l
:"(T $ B
-M [X9l + 73 "K# BE v!
Hsr `T 73 ^1 `, $ + KU · −1
H} 7.5 c`, $ KU 7. '@
/[ $ v
/ b&' −2

HE'& `, + KU Pu −3
g^3 7C
HcY `' ! '^ '^<0 /s + , W<& w `, /_ −4
49−1
3
i" 3T

:‫• ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬

£< 7. $ 8 7. ` P'Y ]= O5
50−1 7C
E1! `T w-M 73 +,!

H4& `T "(T $ B
-M L3,' 9!
50−1
3'BL
3T

72
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:"(T $ B
-M [X9l + 73 "K# BE v!
Hsr `T 73 ^1 `, $ + KU · −1
% '@
Da! } 2.5 /K %YF+

/!? ,c`T3` /[ $ v
/ b&' −2
H} 7.5 /K

HE'& `, + KU Pu −3
g^3 7C
'^<0 /s + `K1 `T [X9l %Y }A! ,£ o 8Y `, `'! 2A' −4
HcY `' ! '^
:‫• ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬

B
-M [X9l + 73 "K# BE P 51−1 7C
E1! REa+ `T! 73 $3'
:"(T $
Hsr `T 73 ^1 `, $ + KU · −1
H} 7.5 c`, $ KU 7. '@
c`T3` /[ $ v
/ b&' −2

HE'& `, + KU Pu −3
g^3 7C
HcY `' ! '^ '^<0 /s + %Y }A! ,£ o 8Y `, `'! 2A' −4
HK# 7 o £ `, '@
S9 73 ' −5
H`K1 `T [X9= }+' L+! %+9+ 4^'0 K¨ 7C / `' REa ` )*+,' −6
51−1
l'6E
3T
73
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
@ZÚýþa@HÝ–ëI@Éí‹Ðm@ 4-3-1
x(? c "(T+ v! ,S` Nn "(T ~+9l 4^
&'K w-M 73 +,!
H' B9 ]= g^¥' <p ¬! v
X+ C 3
:‫• ﺻﺎﻣﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻼﻙ‬
S
$ B
F J+,! v` ¢#^ 3U P 8+( \(n $ 4<E x(? T
, 'Y <&1 x(Ã v
1 }X5 $ T /s + g<!· $ '! ,x(? %`# Pu
HT 7 73 +, $3' 8+ x(? }X 7F v` o .-' 4^

:+ 73 "K# BE v `T w-M Ol!
Hsr `T 73 ^1 `, $ + KU · −1
Hc`, $ KU 7. '@
/[ $ v
/ b&' −2

HE'& `, + KU Pu −3
g^3 7C
HcY `' ! '^ '^<0 /s + c3 w , W<& w `, / −4
H/[ $ } 1.5 o X1 `, '@ PK& −5
Hl <U C! , W<& w <! F 7#^ /X1 \K v.' −6
F9 <&3 N2F `, $ /[ $ 0O /0'_ %
q. ` $ N2T ` 7T! P'Y
!
` $ /!6 ` P'Y HNE / N2F `, /! ,NE `, $ /0'
/ }| ,/!X1 `, $ } 2.5 7& v`F `, /[ $ } 1.5 <& /0'_ v`T
F !X1 `, 7#'_ }| ,l <U ) v`F `, / /!X1 `,
PQ x(? T )*+ P'Y+ `3 cE' 52−1 7C! H&, &'K «Y
<!
_
HM.t 8+ "5
74
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
52−1
qY7- 3
T 3`79 qY7K sLQ
:(‫ﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ )ﻭﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬ ‫• ﺟﻠﺐ‬

)*+,'
! ! 91 !0 1 "(T1 7T "(T w-M 73 +,
'^Y9 '<+ x(
H9 1 7T v`
:3" 3
&" YT%
'T
R! −-
:53−1 7C cE M s.! + 73 "K# BE v `T w-M Ol!
'@ g _ t ! ,8O<¨ % (n g '_ }| ,W`K1 /K v, 1 7T1 &' −1
!^ 7T1 ÁY+ o ®5 P ,7T+ '@ EÒ / 3U g!, ,3 7T1
HPKU ! ±#
x(? B / −2
H`,` 8 EK / w
7#^ !X1 x(? PQ 0
S 7T+ '@ EÒ 7#^
7T1 \ 7#' −3
H T ! 8
| !^ E`
75
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa

~» 7T3` $3' S x(? FU g K ®S! E` o (Ù 2A' −4
H)l 4O `T! o /F5 }+' L+! j# 4

53−1
'T
36!
:A
qY7K 'T
R! −v
:54−1 7C cE M s.! + 73 "K# BE v `T w-M Ol!
x(? / −1
Hj!,+ L+
!0 PK&! , W<& w
7F++ '^<[ K ` 2A'! ,©2A9 &` / `3 $
\K 7#' −2
H)l 4O `T! o /F5 }+' L+ ) /!X1 `, o A E
54−1
NcM 3T 3`79 qY7K sLQ
76
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
(Soldering Iron)@ZâbzÜÛa@òíëb×@ 5-3-1

0O? w-M! H)5 ]= ~+ 0O 9!d=! . !^ o 9!dl 40O? g+
H`+ !^! "<+09! "Ya! "!& $ "91 \! 7T+ x( $ 4<E
K&9 _
¤ + ` 'F& 4^ Pu!! ,¶
w-M $
g \ c*,+ )S` `3 }+
Hc*,+ `3 Ol 4^. )S` '!. )*+,! ,)S`
:55−1 7C fu M s. ,4<T , '^ )S` '!. v.d
9 4< H6 '! < H1

'! },O H7 REa <s, H2
`1 '@ H8 '! vÙ ` )!. 79 ` H3
7T+ ` \(n H9 U< H4
'! 7T ` H10 g< /[ H5
55−1
<0
3p _6
"91! 0O? Ù <E+ c -#? v c 73 ^? E

)5 '!. <+#

4<& o

"'! 4< "O<^ `+ ,
4< O<^ 73 o )S` `T S1
¡<U ^'^[ '! 4< O<^ ^^0! H120watt ]= 15watt c h!d 8+! r
'! 4< 7F! ,' O<^ 250° ]= ¡< O<^ 7F 25 w 4<& "t '! ,
H-M! ,300° ]= 30 w "t
77
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:x : <0

B - ? - !Q
3U o %< O<^ 3+ ! ,"'! B9 , M! :F; 3'89F:p FH9 <F 3Fp −
)*+,'! Hg^ B
L3,'! ,PETl 7 "'! $ B
-M -#'! H 4<&
H"!&1! "(T1 wE )5
o B
-M '! :_ '89:p _QH9 < 3p −W
g+ ! g^ 7C PET= ! , 7
72C+ Pu! '! ,4<& N2+ ,E. o

! ,
4<U o ,E 2u !^ g^
)*+,'! ,q. j# 4<U o 73 ' ,E 2u
56−1 H4NE ),O? )5 B
-M
r(# $ }+' 9!d= } o B
-M g+! :Station 3` H
dFc 3Fp −~
H4<5 O< }S+
)S` 4^ Y ! vS, )&' g- )S` ©Y o B
-M g+! :<0
NL4F9 3Fp −^
H)S` ! [ En

*,
57−1
9!dl 40O? T¨ 9!dl ¶

)S` )*+, '! w-M! :F]9 3Fp −w
H&U
78
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
(Soldering)@ZâbzÜÛa@ 6-3-1

40O? 73 )&' $ O
&+'_ v 8+ ? "<1 $ Y! )S` q+ '
$3' %` fT #§ )5 73! [O g +
! %9? ,9!dl !!
.` 40O? h(T=
fb ` 7. < ' $ ! A E 9!dl "91 `! 8M :<F0
3'F%B
HEK1 4 ! S

:‫• ﻃﺮﻕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‬
:8M B9 |(| ]= )S` "`3

F
HTag Solder A P "91 \ )5 −

<_ )S` $ B
-M ! :EK1 ! ! fb ¶
\ )5 −W
$ ¨ "91 ! ,EK1 4 ! fb ` W&| "91 \
.S
fb O "91 \ }S`!
_ ,` fb
S
fK o
\ }S`' )S` $ B
-M ! :fK o ¶
\ )5 −~
.` W&| <!1 !^
:‫• ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‬

$! , `+,1 4<& $ E
'! ^F&1! :367 '! <F 3Fp −
.< PK& ,
H. ! & v g $ '! $ ;

+ :nW
) P −W
g [l t! ,1 `È ! ,v
! u! }+'! :=F'6`
LF7 )F 3F`$ −~
.'! < $ .
4 fK ' v :: 5" " (b- g8O

3;
- 3B6`" 8
g`F7 −^

.? $ #
' ! +'[ ! 3S ! 3 ^ g $ # fb ! EK1
79
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
±sU K& fK, f,3 t }+'! .5 ^1 9!dl "91 \ -.! ,?!
./S 7a 4< 4^s `È
g- B
$ ' 7AY'!
_ ,% }+ g- )S` E
wKU ' v! :<F0
nF7 −w
HSolder Flax <T ! 9YÙ )S` 4, 4^ o g+
! [= En

*, )S` 4^ Y ! vS, 4^? w-M )*+,! :<0
NL −!
H%3S` } ` ! 9!d= KU
Hv- )S` ®F+ )& S9 "N $ B
F M! :<0
3
\[ −[
H&A
1 `º! ,9!dl 0O? ! REa+ )*+,'! :H −h
@NâbzÜÛa@‹–bäÇ@ îè¤ ZåíŠànÛa@áa
:)S` '!. 0 −1

H;
+` E
1 4^? )*+ . ! & v g $ O '! < ;9 −
H$*, L+ '! x! H ®¨ 72C+ O v, '!` ² <+ 7TÂ −
< o A &E '!
³ %` F
' L+ '! < $ )S` ` WU
³ −
v' o , 4 w-M! H )& o F
1 'F& $ 4. '!
³ ,'!
H)S`
)S` K&9 4Ô o! $ 4<5
,v
! u 8 EK
Yl $ KU o '! < < )S` 7EU −
H'! < o 4F
1 'F& 4. N2F! . g [l t! 1 `È!
:x(?! "91 \ 0 −2

H+'[ ! 3S ^ ! ! . g $ # "91 \ v −

vX ,"N 4 $ 9
! +3F
` .

` %5 ^1 \K . t= −
:)S` `3 + "K¨ )&
80
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
,`, K& E

NC& 4^ )*+ v
/K %5 ^1 \K $ [ 4^1 /[ −
Â
PK& , o ÁY5! x(? NC&
[ &EK [= U t B<!
Hr ¨ 0X+! x(Ã fSF 0X+ 58−1 7C fu'! ,`,
58−1
(Desoldering) :‫ ﻓﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻡ‬1-6-3
! & ¶
[l '<!· "`3 $ %9? ,)S` I «Y9 % )S` =
! r 7*`m ! \X1 "t '! R9.
,)S` "!^ % )*+,!
_ H9!dl
H7FY
M 7*`m! '^ )S` '!.
@NâbzÜÛa@ÙÏ ZåíŠànÛa@áa
4 8&E o Z , 4Ô1 ¶

/!! 3'U 9!d= !^ · )S` Y
4^=! 4 ~<# +(T <E+# = }+ ! $ ¶
`3 HY 3` EK1
`3
| 8 v <E+#( Y ,Y 7EU Y` $ .+
! ,j# 4 E.

O< c*,+ X+9 Y
`+' %
! ,5T % ^1
' $3' %9? U Y
H)S`
! Y
'<5 "1 )*+ fF
' - , 4<
81
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
ñ‡yìÛa@áíìÔm
:‫ﺌﻠﺔ‬KKKKKK‫ ﺍﻷﺳ‬:‫ﻻ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﹰ‬
:A HP
30'0G
39! CB
( ; 85 sh :1/
:r U ^1 4 P ¯n? ^ + d3+`1 [O 7T }+' −1
H+ o a
Hg[+ o b
H(b) ! (a) O= c
: <+ U ^1 4 P ¯n? ^ + d3+`1 [O 7T }+' −2
H+ o a
Hg[+ o b
H(b) ! (a) O= c
:A y'P 3b 6

<- × 3YB ,30'0G
6
<- 3YB sh :2/
HN2+ }X! R| 7 4^s` ' ! E`F 5 4^1 " $ −1
H
2T 0O $ + !
$ 0O 2T 8M 4<-` '5 ' + −2
HE
S 73 4
−3
HE
S 73! 4
/ <! "9!dl −4
HEO
S 73 "9!q −5
H"9!q! "9!dl $ & + 4<- −6
H^ +
S 73 "9!
−7
H"9!q ^ $ q. "9!dl ^ ' ^ +1 4<- −8
H"9!q ^ g!,' "9!dl ^ ' EO1 4<- −9
H"9!q ^ $ q. "9!dl ^ '
SC E, 4<- −10
82
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
HC+1 "
SC WtX+ −11
HY`+*1 "
SC
+ −12

Hs
,1 P P '^
E
c+C+ c+
S c Ê+1_ 4& v
+ −13

Hc+
SC 3U WÅ 7T P '^
E
c+Y`+m c+
S c Ê+1_ 4& v
+ −14
:3'

37K s' )B R!- :3/
H4^1 " fu+ P ^
¤ −1
? ) ^F&1 −2
H). 9U 9 Æ' fu+ P .t −3
? 8 <+ w ^F&1 ! ? 8 <+ ^F&1 −4

Hu'< fu+ P 8 <+ 4 \
¤ −5
H8 <+ B9 } fu!
¤ −6
? )*+, $'! ? 8 <+ "N| 8M −7
H8 <+ 7T o ¡<U v,S ^1 ¤
T −8
H"*+! ®¨ $ )91?! S
c <U −9

Hu'< fu+ P 8 \
¤ −10
H8 B9 } fu!
¤ −11

Hu'< fu+ P 4<& \
¤ −12
? F5 4& ^F&1 −13
¤ _ !&1 ^F&1 −14

? 3+ t o! ? 7T1
H !&1 \
¤ −15
H"!&1 B9 .t −16
H+a "!&1 B9 ^
¤ −17
H4N2+1 "!&1 B9 .t −18
H9 !&3` ¢# v.d fu!
¤ −19
83
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:¢' 7 ? & "! .t −20

H
SC Ha
H4& Hb
H$0 Hc
H<+ Hd
H He
HUK Hf
H4<& Hg
H!&1 Hh

HK,E 4 "9 } Su .t −21
? +Y1 4! &`21 4 c JY −22
H)! 9U .t −23
:¢' 7. )! 9U )*+ W,5 $3' . −24
H8 Ha
H8 <+ 4 Hb
H !&1 Hc
:¼! 4<& c U( 8M −25
H8 Ha
H8 <+ 4 Hb
H !&1 Hc
H¯n? ^ + d3+`1 [O \
¤ −26
? ¯n? ^ + d3+`1 [X U $3' 8+ ¶
8M −27
? ¯n? ^ + d3+`1 [O B9 8M −28
? ¢|s+ ¯n? ^ + d3+`1 [O +' −29
84
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
? 83U ¯n? ^ + d3+`1 [O +' −30

H x(? \
¤ −31
? x(? B9 8M −32
? "(E B9 8M −33
? +a "E.d )*+, 8+ x(? B9 −34
¤ _ )*+, $' −35

? '< "(T1
¤ _ B9 −36
? "GC
1 ~<# "'3+` )*+, 8+ "(T1
¤ _ [ ^3. )*+,_ 8+ ^1 ^

H "(T1 ¤ −37
? 7T3`
¤ _ 'NE? , ^F&1 −38
? 'NE? %+ ! `, KU c U( −39
? E
1 x(? <+#= `3 }+ . −40
H x(? '@ "(T! B9 .t −41
? x(? ' ! PK& )*+, 8+ "!^? 8M −42
? )S` '!. + −43
H)S` "'!. B9 ^
¤ −44
? }+ .! ? )S` `3 ^F&1 −45
? )S` B9 8M −46
? )S` `3 4,1 "!^? 8M −47
? )S` ©Y M −48
? )S` `3 }+ . −49
85
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:‫ﻦ‬KKKK‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺭﻳ‬:‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ‬
:¢' /
¤ −6
3500 mV → V H1
4000 nA → µA H2
470000 pF → µF H3
1800 µ Ω → mΩ H4
120 mA → A H5
900 µA → mA H6
:4b jU "! )*+ + "3 v+. −7
58000 W H1
7600 kW H2
0.00005 V H3
32000 V H4
0.09 A H5
0.0000012 A H6
4000 Ω H7
0.017 Ω H8
0.0002 S H9
0.00000007 S H10
:¢' 7 A + B P3 7T O! −8
B = 700 µA; A = 3 mA H1
B = 300 nS; A = 13 µS H2
B = 2 A; A = 500 mA H3
B = 14 µA; A = 6000 nA H4
:¢' 7 A - B hK 7T O! −9
B = 700 µA; A = 3 mA H1
B = 300 nS; A = 13 µS H2
B = 2 A; A = 500 mA H3
B = 14 µA; A = 6000 nA H4
:¢' 7 A * B W· 7T O! −10
B = 700 µA; A = 3 mA H1
B = 300 nS; A = 13 µS H2
B = 2 A; A = 500 mA H3
B = 14 µA; A = 6000 nA H4
86
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
A
:¢' 7 3,& 7T O! −11
B
B = 700 µA; A = 3 mA H1
B = 300 nS; A = 13 µS H2
B = 2 A; A = 500 mA H3
B = 14 µA; A = 6000 nA H4
H). 1.12 +3U .

SC "9!dl ^ O! −12
50 s
,1 R9.! ,$9 0.1 g!, zY c+'!,+ c+
S c Ê+1 4& R9. t= −13
Hc+
SC 3U O! ,}
4& <& O! ,} 10 s

,1
$9 20 4& tX+ +. +
S −14
H) 1 s
,1 RSET t= s

H<+ 4 O! ,D| 5 /(# ). 77 7T

¤ _ 4<1
³ "
SC <& . t= −15
M<U . "

S 7&+

NE ¢` 16 % 8. < <!1 )[( $0 <& O! −16
H7T
¤ _ ). 0.128
H"
SC $ ). 12 7&
/Ç 45 M<& U /- $
3U O! −17
?
SC 3U s ,RÈ 24 w<U O J +
/Ç 100 M<& U `+,_
−18
? D| 6 /(# "! 15 +3U 4<U x(+=

/!-E1 72C <& ' }. −19
? /Ç 2.5 w<& 72 /-

"! 0.5 +3U 4<U x(+ [( 41 8M −20
,NE ¢` 400 % < 3'

"! 2.4 g!, . 4^ `+,1 4<& R9. t= −21
H8 J O!
1.72*10-
%+!& R9. t ,25 m % ,4 cm2 % K& , S
$ 7T
¤ _ −22
H 20°C +3U 4< O<^
%+!& O! ,8 Ω*m
4< O<^
%+!& O! ,2 mm % KU r 4^ % K& ,50 m % )
1? $ 7T
¤ _ −23
20°C M<U
H 2.87*10-8 Ω*m
%+!& s`
87
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
H (I) <+ 4 v, H R = 20 Ω %+!&! U = 110 V O o 73 ' 8. O −24

O v, H R = 6 Ω %+!&! I = 1500 mA w<& < vS,' 8. hEF −25
H ( U) 72C+
vS,'! U = 0.22 KV O o 73 ' 8. * −26

v, H I = 8.8 A w<& <
HR *, !&
H U = 220 V O o 7T R = 22 Ω %+!& w $*,_ −27

H(I) WS,1 <+ 4 − :v,
H U = 110 V X %`T
WS,1 <+ 4 −
vS,' 8. [O −28

H U = 110 V O o 73 '! I = 0.5 A w<& <
H(R) [ !& − :v,
H U = 220 V X o 73 '
WS,1 (I) <+ −
88
‫‪òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa‬‬
‫‪ñ‡yìÛa‬‬
‫]‪íé‰^‰ù]íéñê†ãÓÖ]†‘^ßÃÖ‬‬
‫‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻮﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﻓﺤﺼﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻭﻓﺤﺺ ﻭﺷﺤﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (4‬ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (5‬ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ – ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ – ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (6‬ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﶈﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (7‬ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪89‬‬
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
Fuses@ZHpaŒìîÐÛaI@pa‹è—ä¾a@ 1-2

, ! "
#$ ,%&' ()$ !*+
2,-./ 0+
1 "
2-)3 45 678 9 +/:)
?@ A B& >1−2< ;5
9 "&": ".CD 45E
2 !FGE
:7H I"HJL 0) )K $
0
D M N 0D 0 I O PQ +/
4"#C
L ,F !*+ !RJ 4ST
1−2 9-U D V- ;:W XT !+/:

,1 0
D 0 Y7Z [8
2(A) *#E !+/D 0 \
&
@Zpa‹è—ä¾a@òÐîÃë@ 1-1-2
! " & " 9 +/D ]
! " &^Z >2−2< ;5 ,
_Q Ì&O aIb& a@ 0D 0 !I&O
;U cS$d !*#e 0 f gZQ
hi ;j , ! " k/M
! ") D !FGE ) l 8
2−2 2

!"#
91
‫‪òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa‬‬
‫‪@Zpa‹è—ä¾a@Êaìãc@ 2-1-2‬‬
‫ﺃ( ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻬﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﳉﻬﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪m 0 4M‬‬
‫‪2>3−2< ;5 ,4M‬‬ ‫( ‪m "G 9 P 9 +/‬‬
‫( ‪2>4−2< ;5 ,A-./ 0 A-./ "G 9 P 9 +/‬‬
‫ ‪4−2‬‬
‫)"!
(
' )"‪+,") %& +,‬‬
‫ ‪3−2‬‬
‫‪* %& $‬‬
‫‪$‬‬ ‫)"!
(
' *‬
‫ﺏ( ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻬﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‪:‬‬

‫( ‪2>5−2< ;5 , 9 "&": 9#5 I &K 6".C 9 +/‬‬
‫ ‪5−2‬‬
‫)"!
‪

-.
/ 01‬‬
‫( ‪2>6−2< ;5 , !FGE &K 6".C 9 +/‬‬
‫ ‪6−2‬‬
‫)"!
‪
2'3
01‬‬
‫( ‪2>7−2< ;5 ,!0C 9 0 " &K 6".C 9 +/‬‬
‫ ‪7−2‬‬
‫)"!
‪%4

01‬‬
‫‪92‬‬
ZñŠbîÛa@À@òß‡ƒn¾a@HpaŒìîÐÛaI@pa‹è—ä¾a@ 3-1-2
" !no B+ !FGE cS$E &^Z 9 +/D ;:C
cS$r O !ID ;es 7 p
q"t 2! " p q"8 "/M !0C -).D
,0D 0 !"5 !I&O (P u#C& ! "
;
Z ?@ 2!0C YC7 1+
v
g8 _Q ,& aIb " , !FGE O !ID g8 u#C " G0I _Q cS$E !0 8 ]-
v P ! " ]
9 +/D 6".C @ 2)e !0C
0D 0 !"5 w-0 "/M !*#e Mx
2! "
8−2
%4
,.4&
!")
ZHpaŒìîÐÛaI@pa‹è—ä¾a@˜zÏ@ 4-1-2
:9−2 R‫ﺃ( ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻬﺮﺍﺕ )ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻮﺯﺍﺕ( ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬
9−2
93
:‫ﺏ( ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻬﺮﺍﺕ )ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻮﺯﺍﺕ( ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﳌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ‬

yH- #D 6 ".$ 9 +/D yH- •
YCG _Q yH- #D z { "8 ;U&L
z _Q ;U& T| z !0C
z 2>10−2< ;5 ,+/:) 4E
v
u
S+ & +/:) T|
2&0 #) uGD
10−2
%4

!"#
678
,Y)$ *} +/D ~M 4"& #:) !nQ 6"M ^/ Y)$ +/D ~M 4" yH- #D !nQ
2> < lC +/D ~M 9-U D V-/ ?* u
! " +/D { _Q yH- #D z { ;U yH- #D $ e ! I yH- •
4I yH- #D 9n PJ ,yH- #D 8S ! ") " 4+&Q " ,
, +/D 9-U V- ;:t +/: ?* u ,Y)$ *} +/D ~M (P
2, ;:Z !0" ; 0" u yH-) ".CD #:) !0" M &
11−2
9
:
!"#
678
94
:‫ﺝ( ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻬﺮﺍﺕ )ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻮﺯﺍﺕ( ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ‬

OG { +/D ] (P >R 6E <
D \ OG 6 ".$ 9 +/D yH-
!+/D −>12−2< ;5− 6 v -U O !n "/J ,\
7 8S \

*} !+/D J !n a ~M 'b& O J 6 !*#e
\
7 e PQ ,:)$
2:)$
12−2
;) 3
<= !"#
678
95
! " " IG " \ OG 6 ".$ l&{ M yH-&L +/D ê
v +/D & ,
eRiD
/ _Q \
O I$E ()C z{ ;U ,! " #j
" & "/M ! " >−< #C
/ _Q v IIR v "G \
D " & "/M ! ") (N)
z _Q Y +/:) 4E z _Q \
O KE ()C z{ ;U ,v :C v "G \
D
IG "/M ,+/D S$ ~M −>13−2< ;5− +/D { " IG 4"& ,+/:) j
2?* Y& u , +/D ~M 4"& (P J ,uCHJ "8 z{ "
13−2
>
?
<= !"#
678
96
:‫ﺩ( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻬﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

@Nòîöbi‹è×@ñ‹öa‡i@pa‹è—ä¾a@Ýî–ìm ZåíŠànÛa@áa
:‫• ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬
2OS #&0" 9SC F −1
29 +/D 0#T ! " ;U −2
2300W ,200W ,150W ,50W 0" e ! " 1A ,0.5A 9 +/D ;U −3
2! " 0D 0 w-0 "/M 9 +/D 0#T −4

2e /J ;:M !"ML g"/U −1
2: h0 −2
21A ,0.5A 9 +/ −3
2300W ,200W ,150W ,50W e 4K −4
2;U cS$ −5
:‫• ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ‬
@-/ OS #&0" 9SC FG −1

2&:
,9 +/D 0#T ! " ;U −2
2>14−2< ;5
14−2
97
"G e ! " 0.5A +/ ;U −3

>15−2< ;5 ,50W 0" 220V
+/D ;:W X" ! " ;:M u 0 −4
2>15−2< ;5 ,! " 0D 0)
15−2
"G e ! " 0.5A +/D ;U −5

2>16−2< ;5 ,150W 0" 220V
16−2
+/D ;:W X" ! " ;:M u 0 −6

, !0"
!I&O "/M J 0D 0)
17−2 2>17−2< ;5
\ O7 +/D S$ yHJ −7

2>18−2< ;5 ,RJE
18−2
"G e ! " 1A +/D ;U −8

2>19−2< ;5 ,200W 0" 220V
+/D ;:W X" ! " ;:M u 0 −9
2>19−2< ;5 ,! " 0D 0)
19−2
98
"G e ! " 1A +/D ;U −10

2>20−2< ;5 ,300W 0" 220V
20−2
+/D ;:W X" ! " ;:M u 0 −11

, !0"
!I&O "/M J 0D 0)
2>21−2< ;5
21−2
\ O7 +/D S$ yHJ −12

2>22< ;5 ,RJE
!I&O "/M 10 ,5 9 /C P −13

2! " !0"

22−2
99
Battery@ZpbíŠbİjÛa@ 2-2
;&W ~M ;: Y ,&- ):M n/ e { _Q : ;&W ~M &0 # ;:
!0#M ,Hi ):M n/ :e { _Q >/&" < "D !":CD
. F " 1 F& >23−2< ;5 ) 0"+ M
2>24−2< ;5
24−2

%@/
2)%
23−2

=@A %!) %@/
!nQ ~M ;: ê ,0 >eZ I – )C < ])

D ! I &@ ~M !0C &0 # ;:
2!0C Ro !FGE ;i B+D
@ZpbíŠbİjÛa@Êaìãc@ 1-2-2
2Hi) ) *} 9&0 Hi) ) 9&0 c/
:ueR [8 M
2>25−2< ;5 ,J 9&0 # −
2>26−2< ;5 ,)C 9&0 # −h
2&P- 9&0 # −
26−2 25−2

A4
%@/
8?
%@/
100
:‫ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﻓﺔ‬

R e J I !
9&0 # ?@ "G
>27−2< ;5 J 12V _Q J 1.5V
9 R- ;: !FGE ;i 6".C
e z I: 4S$ Y& 8 2!*+

27−2
E " -. 8S& !*#e 9 R- / !"
8' %@
;e + ] C& F/7/D "Ce
2;M- / G0"&E
:‫ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬

k/ Y &0 # ?@
!0C "&F ~M ;: PQ ,!0C
9G8 ~M ;: ê ,;i n"# OS
!0C -).D :E
!
,!0C c n/
28−2 , 24V 12V &0 #) J "
AB %@
2>28−2< ;5
:‫ﺝ( ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫﻳﺔ‬

J I !
"G& 9&0 # w/ @
!FGr 6".C& ,3V 1.5V e
29−2 e !0"

W !*+ Ro
(C8 %@ ,P- 9&0 # ?@1 G0 nF 2!*#e
2>29−2< ;5
101
@ZpbíŠbİjÛa@kî×‹m@ 2-2-2
:8?
%@/
D9& −
u, >+< ,>−< J{ ueL
,n } /7M (O #)M e
2>30−2< ;5
30−2
8?
%@/
D9&
:A4
%@/
D9& −E
>31−2< ;5 )C &0 # ueR
:&
2u$ u uG u •
]/+& &0 #) G0T zS} •
_Q ;T " YC
& ,,D D
[H !":ME n &o 9 78
J cR& ,g"/+ w VS
31−2 I :) B:C& 8 g"/+ ;-$
A4
%@/
D9& 9SM- #$RD :
v
$ ?@ q"W e ,J ]:7
2!":ME
102
9SM- / 9 O V-/ h

~M aW ($S# }d L )M 9HJ •
aIb& T " %, !I&O 9 O V#8 _Q aIb& h
j ?@ I "C 2&- Hi n/
9& ;i &0 # hC 4)HD ]/D 2&0 # 07- _Q aIb& " , E ) _Q
2U 9SU / ^J ;U
[8 YeD n } : I:M ; E 9M:
2 E VS q"8 ]/D &C 9JC / ;+- ?@ :#G •
;e & [8 %
J "8 ) #GD E M #C E I"M "&F& :#$ •
2#$ 8) uG
B:C C )U- B-+ ,, M #C #GD E ;+- ;UJ 4O M •
2 E ]¡ _Q 1ST 4)HD 0:
ZpbíŠbİjÛa@Ýî–ìm@Ö‹ @ 3-2-2
:‫ﺃ( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‬
!
: [8 M e J I ! ~M ;+H z$ ¢ ~M 9&0 # ;U "/M
29&0 # () J " X
]: &C / (E) J "
E = E 1 + E 2 + E 3 ...... + E n
U t = U 1 + U 2 + U 3 ...... + U n
u
j &0 #) uC u
_E &0 #) uGD u
;U YJ ;U
&{
;U
&{ B& >32−2< ;5 , @ ,jj &0 #) uC u
j &0 #) uGD
2¢ ~M 9&0 #)
32−2
F
.
G$ %@/
&
103
:‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‬
29&0 #) I ]¡ aC& ¢ ~M )UD 9&0 #) "
E = E 1 + E 2 + E 3 ......
:1 H)
; )T "
D 2.2V &0 ; J " !
,¢ ~M 9&0 # V£ )U
¤ L
:"G 1 Ω &0
29&0 #) ) J " !
−1
29&0 #) ) )T "
D −2
26 17 Ω 0 "
G0T
0 !"5 −3
:II1
:9&0 #) ) J " !

−1
E = E1 + E 2 + E 3 + E 4 + E 5 , E = n . E1
= 5 × 2.2 = 11 V
:9&0 #) ) )T "

D −2
r = n × r1 = 5 × 1 = 5 Ω
: 0 !"5 −3
E 11 11
I= = = = 0.5 A
R a + nr1 17 + 5 22
104
@NïÛaìnÛa@óÜÇ@pbíŠbİjÛa@Ýî–ìm ZåíŠànÛa@áa
2OS #&0" 9SC F −1
2" \ !FG ] ¢ ~M 9&0 qSj ! " ;U −2
2&0 ;e { ~M " gJ \ −3
29&0 #) " gJ \ −4
20 !"5 \ !FG ] ¢ ~M 9&0 qSj ! " ;U −5
2 0 !"5 \ −6

2RQ /J !"ML g"/U −1
2: h0 −2
2;U cS$ −3
1.5V 9&0 qS −4
1.5V #+ −5
2on/off - −6

2&: @-/ OS #&0" 9SC FG −1
2>34−2< ;5 >33−2< ;5 ,¢ ~M 9&0 #) " 9 3 −2
34−2 33−2
105
,8) ~M qSj 9&0 # u0 −3

2>35−2< ;5
;7$ ,&0 ;e { ~M " gJ V −4
35−2
:\

2222222222222222222222222222222222 = V1
2222222222222222222222222222222222 = V2
2222222222222222222222222222222222 = V3
] _E &0 #) uGD u

{ ;U −5
,j &0 #) uC u
z{
2>36−2< ;5
_E &0 # { " gJ V −6
2j &0 #
36−2 V1, 2 = ........................
&0 # ] ¢ ~M jj &0 # ;U −7

2>37−2< ;5 ,j _E
37−2
106
,qSj 9&0 #) " gJ V −8

2>38−2< ;5
Vt = ........................
38−2
2¢ ~M )UD 9&0 # 0 \

! " ;U −9
2!"8 &0 ;U "/M #+D 4ST 0D 0 !"5 V −10
I1 = ........................
2¢ ~M _E &0 # ] j &0 # ;U −11
2#+D 4ST 0D 0 !"5 V −12
I1, 2 = ........................
2¢ ~M j _E &0 # ] jj &0 # ;U −13
2#+D 4ST 0D 0 !"5 V −14
I1, 2 , 3 = ........................
29&0 #) " hC8 −15
E = E1 + E 2 + E 3
E = 1.5 + 1.5 + 1.5 = 4.5 V
2hCHD " ! " \

D " 0 −16
107
:‫ﺏ( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬

J " !
) &C &0 #) J " !
aO ~M 9&0 # ;U "/M
2!":ME I"M e ^ "8 I:)
E = E1 + E 2 + E 3 ......
2v *#e & z$ aO ~M ;U / 0 ^/
I = I1 + I 2 + I 3 ......
u
j &0 #) uGD u
] _E &0 #) uGD u
;UJ
;U
&{ M
u
] jj &0 #) uGD u
,_E &0 #) uC u
] j &0 #) uC
_E &0 #) uC u
] jj &0 #) uC u
,j _E &0 #) uGD
2aO ~M ;U
&{ B& >39−2< ;5 , @ ,j
39−2
J
.
G$ %@/
&
2&C 9&0 # ; J " !

u aO ~M 9&0 # ;U "/M :KL
:‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻄﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬
2!":ME I"M e ^ "8 I: "G aC& aO ~M )UD 9&0 #) "
E = E1 = E 2 = E 3 = E 4 ......
108
@NðŒaìnÛa@óÜÇ@pbíŠbİjÛa@Ýî–ìm ZåíŠànÛa@áa
2OS #&0" 9SC F −1
2" \ !FG ] aO ~M 9&0 qSj ! " ;U −2
2&0 ;e { ~M " gJ \ −3
29&0 #) " gJ \ −4
20 !"5 \ !FG ] aO ~M 9&0 qSj ! " ;U −5
2 0 !"5 \ −6

1.5V 9&0 qS −4 2RQ ;:M !"ML g"/U −1
1.5V #+ −5 2: h0 −2
2on/off - −6 2;U cS$ −3

2&: @-/ OS #&0" 9SC FG −1
2>41−2< ;5 >40−2< ;5 ,aO ~M 9&0 #) " 9 3 −2
41−2
40−2
109
,8) ~M qSj 9&0 # u0 −3

2>42−2< ;5
&0 ;e { ~M " gJ V −4
:\
;7$
V1 = ........................
V2 = ........................
V3 = ........................
42−2
&0 #) uGD u

{ ;U −5
uC u
z{ ] _E
2>43−2< ;5 ,j &0 #)
43−2
{ " gJ V −6

,j &0 # _E &0 #
2>44−2< ;5
V1, 2 = ........................
44−2
110
] aO ~M jj &0 # ;U −7

,j _E &0 #
2>45−2< ;5
45−2
9&0 #) " gJ V −8

2>46−2< ;5 ,qSj
Vt = ........................
0 \
! " ;U −9
,aO ~M )UD 9&0 #
2>46−2< ;5
46−2
2!"8 &0 ;U "/M #+D 4ST 0D 0 !"5 V −10
I1 = ........................
2aO ~M _E &0 # ] j &0 # ;U −11
2#+D 4ST 0D 0 !"5 V −12
I1, 2 = ........................
2aO ~M j _E &0 # ] jj &0 # ;U −13
2#+D 4ST 0D 0 !"5 V −14
I1, 2 , 3 = ........................
29&0 #) " hC8 −15
I = I1 + I 2 + I 3
111
Resistors@ZpbßëbÔ¾a@ 3-2
9 0@ q"t a@ 6I+ 7 è8 ; 0 S& `J
D e 0 0 "/M
?@ ~M l) & ,XT _Q !I 6I+ #C )¦ [8 ,
D / ]/+ !ID 9&
m
D 0D 0 e ^)e ,>0D < )
PQ ,e Y78 9 P
6 ".$ u `J 4M
!0" ;:H "G
D a 2) J 0) #$/ *} I w :78 e
9-M, (Ω) F 6r F& ,6E $ !"8 R F
:) F& ,/ e
/#J "
D F0 (MΩ) 6 7D (KΩ) 6 )e 6E \ !"8
2>47−2< ;5
47−2

)M#
2)%
@ZbèÇaìãcë@pbßëbÔ¾a@ 1-3-2
:‫ﺃ( ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
v #e )§ , : %#, *) ) *}

/ M/+D !ID w/ #
#C : !*# 9
D I"t i}
e
)$
Q
2> −48−2< ;5 :CG ~M D :
4ST J ^C
: J :J :CG ~M
D : ]#{ ):M u+& !*+ 9
D
v

)Z "M : "&"H 9
)Z ]¡ uCW ,
D YCG ~M )D 9
)Z l&{ M C8
2>h −48−2< ;5 ,
D ?@ ^C : I"W E !*TE
-4' G$ E.) )M#

-= −
N
MA OP Q) D4R )M#
-= −E
48−2
112
:)M#
S
•
,
D : J ] C 8 ,: JD ) >9
)8< g {d 9
D v *je 9FL
;G ,
D d 9- #C I"t a@ ¨- #@ g I"8 ,
D _Q
2: _Q 0C !n
" (/:& ~M ¨- #@ g
g{ 1 V 9
D A c/
!n
" (@ ¨J #P
z{ aE hE g
2>49−2< ;5 ,()C
49−2
VA#
)M#
MA U
T
29
D Y #& >1−2< 4"G
1−2 '
)M#
S
=
SA
3
=
WH
=
JXY
<3
% Z-4#
.
:B 0 0 100=1 ±20
>" 1 1 101 ±1
\ 2 2 10 2
±2
FM& 3 3 10 3
±3
4 4 10 4
±4
]P 5 5 10 5
±5
U% 6 6 10 6
±6
>4" 7 7 10 7
±7
J:)% 8 8 10 8
±8
+ 9 9 10 -1
±9
>/^( 10 -1
±5
_8 10 -2
±10
S S ±20
113
:1 H)

D ?@ : Ye
:1
>" \ FM& :B

1 2 103 0%
12 × 1000 = 12000Ω ± 20%
:2 H)
8 >50−2< ;5 / g0O A

2: _Q 0C " : I"W
`: ue ` I"8 4E g )
9 = A 4E g
6 = g0O j g
1 = / [j g
%5 = 9- #C
5
50−2 960 ± 960 × =
D :
100
950 ± 47.5 =
:3 H)
>51−2< ;5 g0O ªT

5 = ªT 4E g
6 = g0O j g
4 = -U [j g
10000 = 10 4
%5 = 9- #C
5
560000 ± 560000 × =
D :
100
51−2 560000 ± 2800 =
114
Variable Resistor :‫ﺏ( ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺓ‬
: : : ,-U X+ : :M : XU : 1 %#,) )

,z { S 1
D : 4 : ]
) : a ~M 4+Z :& ,)
D
2Ro !FGE l" %#, } ;:C >52−2< ;5
52−2
à.) )M)
2>53−2< ;i ê 9 .D " ` F&

L
9-M,: 6E
D YCG ~M ;7CJ : 0 "

53−2
2 (MΩ) 6 7 (KΩ) 6 )e \
!"8
à.#
)M#
2)%
Photo resistor :‫ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬
%)CDL n, 0 "

~M ,
D : ":
%C n, !I" !I&F : y/ [8 )M
n,) $C8 I ,
D ]/+ )M
v : * −>54−2< ;5−
Y ,n, !"i
J
R& v "G ;:H ] C , 9
D
: !0"
cS$ 300 V 200 V 100 V
54−2 29 300 9 30 R&
b
)M#
115
v
#} ;:C [8 !"&"M 9
# , 9
:)
, !0o ;i | h E 9WJ 0 @o !FG
55−2
F& ,`} n IG \C8o E u) & [8
b
)M#
2)%
2>55−2< ;5 ,F 9 .D ,
:)
Thermistor :‫ﺩ( ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬
M 6".C& ,!0 Z G0I * ]

* !0 H) $C8
&0 Z
D
F (NTC) F 1 F& ,u$ a0 8 ; P &0 Z
D 22
D ?@
nD !0 8 G0I \
6".C !0 Z G0I I&IO ]
;
>56−2< ;5
XTE
D 2(P *} ,; C XC 5e ] D &« 4" \ 9 0C 9eHD
"&F >57−2< ;5 F (PTC) F 1 F& ,uG a0 8 ; P
J
!I&O cHD & ,9&F-) !FG 6".C !0 Z G0I I&IO ]

2;:Z
2>59−2< ;5 / -)3 v5 &0 Z
:)
56−2
%
1
)M#
2)%
57−2
NTC / 4
58−2 %

1
)M#
2)%
%
1
)M-A A.c PTC /'#
116
@ZpbßëbÔ¾a@‘bîÓ@òÔí‹ @ 2-3-2
:& ê RE OG 6 ".$
D \

4 ~M \
OG uT - ], •
2 (Ω) 6E
: \ I D
D ] RE OG ;+ •
2>59−2< ;5 ,aO ~M
,RE \ O7 $
D
D :
•
59−2
2>59−2< ;5
R = 61 . 28 KΩ \
/
D : ;7$ •
E l&{ M $

D
D hC8 •
6 1 × 10 3 ± 5%
A B C D%
R = AB × 10 C ± D% :
D !n
&{ •
:
D hC8 •
D
R = AB × 10 C ± AB × 10 C
100
R = 61 × 10 3 ± 5%
R = 61 KΩ ± 5%
117
@ZpbßëbÔ¾a@Ýî–ìm@Ö‹ @ 3-3-2
: 9
D ;U g{ qS "G
2¢ ~M 9
D ;U −
2aO ~M 9
D ;U −
29
:) ueD ;U −
Series Resistor Connection :‫ﺃ( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‬
j
D & " ] _E
D & ;U >60−2< ;5 ¢ ~M 9
D ;U
"G ]#/ _Q jj
D & _E
D & " ;U ,jj
D & " ] j
D &
]#/ _Q I& Y R 3
D Y R 2
D Y R 1
D 0 :& (P "/M ,e
R 2
D & 0D 0 V- R 1
D 0D 0 4
:& (P 4ST ,"
2
;e 0D 0 aC& ]#/D 0 4
:& (P 4ST R 3
D 0D 0 V-
I T = I1 = I 2 = I 3
60−2
F
.
G$ )M#
&
118
>61−2< ;5

;e "/M "
w: a ,
D : zST )§ `J
aC ¢ ~M )+D 9
D ~M I
2 ]#/D "G
U T = U 1 + U 2 + U 3 + ......
)M 4+Z :J ! ") )
D
:¢ ~M 9
D ]¡ 4ST
61−2 R T = R1 + R 2 + R 3
)M) 9 "$ >
?
:‫• ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‬
2J 9
D w: aC ! ") )
D −
2¢ ~M )UD 9
D ]:7 `C- 0 ax& −
2
D : zST uCH )3
;e " # & −
! " M 0 ] _Q aIb& ! " ;K a ; M nFG a ] q"8 PQ ¢ ! I :IdO)
2):ed
:‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‬
2!I-/D 9
D w: = ! ") (R T ) )
D ¢ ~M ;U 8 −
:M !0#M ¢ I )CD !0"
−
PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + ....... + PN
V2
PT = IVS = I 2 . R T =
RT
119
:H)
9
D )U >62−2< ;i /#D ! "
: uC8 ,¢ ~M R 3 , R 2 , R 1
2! ") )
D −1
2! " 0D 0 −2
2
;e ~M " # −3
2) !0"
−4
:III1
: R T )
D −1
R T = R1 + R 2 + R 3
R T = 10 + 20 + 50 = 80 Ω
:I ! " 0D 0 −2
U T 160
I= = = 0.2 A
RT 80
:
;e ~M " # −3
62−2
U 1 = IR 1 = 0.2 × 10 = 2 V
U 2 = IR 2 = 0.2 × 20 = 4 V
U 3 = IR 3 = 0.2 × 50 = 10 V
:) !0"
−4
PT = I . V = 0.2 × 16 = 3.2 W
PR1 = IVR1 = 0.2 × 2 = 0.4
PR 2 = IVR 2 = 0.2 × 4 = 0.8
PR 3 = IVR 3 = 0.2 × 10 = 2
PT = PR1 + PR 2 + PR 3 = 0.4 + 0.8 + 2 = 3.2 W
120
@NïÛaìnÛa@óÜÇ@pbßëbÔ¾a@Ýî–ìm ZåíŠànÛa@áa
2OS #&0" 9SC F −1
2\
!FG ] ¢ ~M 9
qSj ! " ;U −2
2 :C "7 ! " ;U −3
2! " 0 " \ −4
2\
;7C −5

2RQ /J ;:M !"ML g"/U −1
2:C "G 0"+ −2
R 1 = 1.5 KΩ , R 2 = 2.7 KΩ , R 3 = 3.3 KΩ Y
-)3 9
−3
2;U cS$ −4
20 " \ !FG −5
2h0 −6

2&: @-/ OS #&0" 9SC FG −1
2>63−2< ;5 ! " % 3 −2
63−2
121
2>63−2< ;5 , ! " ;U −3

0 − 24 V DCV &@ "7 ! " ;U −4
R 1
D { ~M " V −5
U R1 = .......................
R 2
D { ~M " V −6
U R 2 = .......................
R 3
D { ~M " V −7
U R 3 = .......................
2&@ 0"+ { ~M " V −8
U T = .......................
2! " 0D 0 V −9
I = .......................
2RE \ O7 R 3 = ........... , R 2 = ........... , R 1 = ........... 9
D V −10
R 3
D z{ & R 1
D z{ & " ~M ! ") )
D V −11
R T = .....................
R T uC8 −12
UT
RT = = .....................
IT
122
Parallel Resistor Connection :‫ﺏ( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬

/ 9
:) 9& "# z { ]¡ ;U "/M
;U XT
/ 9&/ z { ]¡ !"8
;U , ]#/D h "8 ] 9&/ z {
@J , ]#/:) T| u
] 9& "# z {
64−2
J
.
G$ )M#
& 2>64−2< ;5 aO ~M ;U :C& ;U
I"M ~M 0 w-& `C- " *d W 9

D ;e ]
;U w/ @
2]#/D 0 aC& w- w: 0D 0 !IGD 9 0CD
I T = I1 + I 2 + I 3 + ........
v
]¡ 9& "# z { ]¡ u#C (P ,]#/D " &C & zCJ wJ ; "
2 ]#/:)
/ ^)U
_Q 9&/ z {
U T = U1 = U 2 = U 3
z$ a aO ~M 9
D ;U 4ST )M 4+Z :& ! ") )
D
2! " e
U U
1 1 1 1
= + +
R T R1 R 2 R 3
:& ê )
D J e ! I aO ~M )+
IG 8
R1 × R 2
RT =
R1 + R 2
:‫• ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬
2! "

U U aO ~M )+D 9
D w:7D )
D −
2&O D w- 9 0 M: aC& ! " 0D 0 −
2" V- W aO ~M ;U 9
D ;e ]
−
123
[8 ,*} F/D 9 "&": ]$ ;i aO ~M ;U

&{ 6".C :IdO)
2;
C ;i 4KE ;K a ;i ;+J :&
:‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬

U U ! ") (R T ) )
D aO ~M ;U 8 −
2! "
:M !0#M aO I )CD !0"
−
PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + ....... + PN
2 U2
PT = IU S = I . R T =
RT
:1 H)
9
D )U
¬ >65−2< ;i /#D ! "
: uC8 ,aO ~M R 3 , R 2 , R 1
2>66−2< ;5 ,! ") )
D −1
2>66−2< ;5 ,
;e 0D 0 −2
2>66−2< ;5 ,! " ~M l# D " −3
2>66−2< ;5 ,! " wJ wJ ;e !0"
−4
65−2
:III1
: R T )
D −1
1 1 1 1
= + +
R T R1 R 2 R 3
1 1 1 1
= + +
R T 10 20 50
1
= 0.1 + 0.05 + 0.02 = 0.17
66−2 RT
1
∴RT = = 5.9 Ω
0.17
124
:
;e 0D 0 −2
U 16
I1 = = = 1.6 A
R 1 10
U 16
I2 = = = 0.8 A
R 2 20
U 16
I3 = = = 0.32 A
R 3 50
I t = I1 + I 2 + I 3 = 1.6 + 0.8 + 0.32 = 2.72 A
:! " ~M l# D " −3

U = I . R = 2.72 × 5.9 = 16 V
:! " wJ wJ ;e !0"

−4
P1 = U . I1 = 16 × 1.6 = 25.6 W
P2 = U . I 2 = 16 × 0.8 = 12.8 W
P3 = U . I 3 = 16 × 0.32 = 5.12 W
125
:2 H)
: uC8 ,aO ~M R 2 , R 1 9
D )U >67−2< ;i /#D ! "
2! ") )
D −1
2
;e 0D 0 −2
2! " ~M l# D " −3
67−2 2! " wJ wJ ;e !0"
−4
:III1
: R T )
D −1
1 1 1
= +
R T R1 R 2
R1 × R 2 4× 2 8
RT = = = = 1.33 Ω
R1 + R 2 4 + 2 6
:
;e 0D 0 −2
:! ") U " "G − v
U = I.R
U = 6 × 1.333 = 8 V
U 8
I1 = = = 2A
R1 4
U 8
I2 = = = 4A
R2 2
I t = I1 + I 2 = 2 + 4 = 6 A
:! " ~M l# D " −3
U = I . R = 6 × 1.333 = 8 V
:! " wJ wJ ;e !0"

−4
P1 = U . I1 = 8 × 2 = 16 W
P2 = U . I 2 = 4 × 4 = 32 W
:) !0"

PT = P1 + P2 = 16 + 32 = 48 W
126
@NðŒaìnÛa@óÜÇ@pbßëbÔ¾a@Ýî–ìm ZåíŠànÛa@áa
2OS #&0" 9SC F −1
2\
!FG ] aO ~M 9
qSj ! " ;U −2
2 :C "7 ! " ;U −3
2! " 0 " \ −4
2\
;7C −5

2RQ /J ;:M !"ML g"/U −1
2:C "G 0"+ −2
R 1 = 1.5 KΩ , R 2 = 2.7 KΩ , R 3 = 3.3 KΩ Y
-)3 9
−3
2;U cS$ −4
2" 0 \ !FG −5
2h0 −6

@-/ OS #&0" 9SC FG −1
2&:
2>68−2< ;5 ! " % 3 −2
2>68−2< ;5 ! " ;U
¬ −3
DCV &@ "7 ! " ;U
¬ −4
0 − 24 V
R 1
D 0D 0 V −5
I1 = .......................
68−2
127
R 2
D 0D 0 V −6
I 2 = .......................
R 3
D 0D 0 V −7
I 3 = .......................
2! " 0D 0 V −8
I T = .......................
2! " 0D " V −9
U = .......................
2RE \ O7 R 3 = ........... , R 2 = ........... , R 1 = ........... 9
D V −10
9
D 9& " ~M \
O 4E z ;U& [H ! ") )
D V −11
29
D 9& ~M O7) j z
R T = .....................
2)
D uC8 −12
R T = .....................
128
:‫ﺝ( ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬

! I ;U M !0#M ueD ;U
2>69−2< ;5 ,¢ ! I ;U ] aO
)
D uCW ;U w/ @ ;j
! " JD )
D hCH ! ")

D ] /
D uCW Y aO
:¢ ~M ! " !IGD
R2 ×R3
R 2 // R 3 =
R2 + R3
R T = R 2 // R 3 + R 1
: a
69−2 R2 ×R3
RT = + R1
)M-A D9#
.
R2 + R3
v ;U e PJ ,;U w uC8 ^ ; YJ ! " 0 "
l# / `J &O
v ;U e PQ ,aO ~M ;U ! " " 0
" 0 l# /
2¢ ~M ;U ! "
129
:‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ‬
:1 H)
¤ L >70−2< ;i /#D ! "

)U
v
: uC8 ,#e v
SU 9
D
2! ") )
D −1
2! " 0D 0 −2
2) !0"
−3
:III1
:! ") )

D −1
4،5،6 9
:) )
D uCH :v •
:¢ ~M )UD
R 456 = R 4 + R 5 + R 6 = 4 + 9 + 3 = 16 Ω
v )UD
&O v •
R 456 )
D uCH :
: R 3 ]
R 3 × R 456 24 × 16
R 3 // R 456 = =
R 3 + R 456 24 + 16
384
= = 9.6 Ω
40
)U
v •
R 1 J ! ") )
D uCH :j
v
: R 2 ] ¢ R 3 // 456 ]
R T = R 1 + R 3 // 456 + R 2 = 6 + 9.6 + 6 = 21.6 Ω
70−2
:! " 0D 0 −2
U 24
IT = = = 1.11 A
R T 21.6
:) !0"
−3
P = U . I = 24 × 1.111 = 26.664 W
130
Capacitors@ZpbÐrØ¾a@ 4-2
\ !"8 (C) F j:) F& ,/O !RJ " } JQ &F¦ ~M ;:
(PF) I 0J (nf) I 0J (µF) I 0J ?® FG (F) F ` F& ,I 0- jD
2>71−2< ;i #J " jD F0
71−2

eH#
2)%
@ZpbÐrØ¾a@Êaìãc@ 1-4-2
:‫ﺃ( ﻣﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
Paper Capacitor :‫• ﻣﻜﺜﻒ ﻭﺭﻗﻲ‬
,]:i &F ]#iD g0 9

# F 6/E &"+
8 ueR&
v 78 )¦ ,1500V _Q 100V R& "G ~M 9-jD ?@ ;:
I7) #
2 1µF 1000PF $ R ,)M ;:
Ceramic Capacitor :‫• ﻣﻜﺜﻒ ﺳﲑﺍﻣﻴﻚ‬
2 9@@ "/M !*U 9$ 9-jD ?@1 ,4Oe ( *C !I ;:C 9-jD ?@
;:C 500V _Q ;+ IG ~M ;: *#e a0 8 ; 9 P 9-jD ?@ w ]/+
2I 0J# $ 60 % ' ~M $ u ,%0 9-j 0 I
Plastic Capacitor :‫• ﻣﻜﺜﻒ ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ‬
,g0 v" ($S# OM !I ^/ 0 9-jD ê " 8 ueR
2/: yT0 :78 + 0 9-jD M 9-jD ?@ O
Mica Capacitor :‫• ﻣﻜﺜﻒ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎ‬
`$ `)M u& ,D

0 9
#{ ^/ &"+
6/E je 8 ueR&
]/+J w/ @ !*+ 9C 9 P 9-jD ,- `)M ;:& a@ ?"G I 0J#
2"G 9# *U a0 8 ;: O ,D ~M !0j/D ,-
0 9
#{ ~M
131
Electrolytic Capacitor :‫• ﻣﻜﺜﻒ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬
:C 0 &« "/M ,6/E ` \: :e 4) ` " nM ueR&
4)HD uGD u
OM v "G
0
#{ ¢ ,6/E "Ce & jD
v
`)U ," Y/ I #} 6".C& ,)e
C w E e $ & w/ @
,uC ]#/D z uC `# uGD ]#/D z uGD `# ;U u7J ! "
jD @ M/U :& ,)& 8 ` V 2`):W ~M "7 `)U "/M u

# /7M ;5 ~M :e !I ~M aW
0
#{ ^/ 6/E
0 8
nM ;T I @ ]& e
& O
# ~M aW uGD ) !"CebD
2"
Variable Capacitor :‫ﺏ( ﻣﻜﺜﻒ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ‬
;+ M: ;e ,>72−2< ;5 eH M: M: 22 E M: &
nF 8C j:) -
8CD ,j M:7D ;T I eHD M:7D 0" ,,#
,:& e C j E ;T I eHD E "/M 2%
J E ;T "D
,:& ; C ¢ ;
j:) - 8CD J ; eHD E T "/M
2OM !Iê n 1 9-jD ?@ 6".C&
72−2
à.#
eH#
132
@ZÑrØ¾a@ÝàÇ@òÔí‹ ë@kî×‹m@ 2-4-2
:‫ﺃ( ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻒ‬
,/ OM !I^ 8) ;+-& !I" JC ^/ )
" 8 jD ueR&
2>73−2< ;5 ," ;U z ;U& jD ;e
73−2
eH#
D9&
:‫ﺏ( ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻒ‬

0"+D u
4UD jD !Z 9Ro J "G 0"+: jD ;U "/M
(P ~M #GD 9/Hi v *#e v I"M 0 -)3 u
(P H @7/ cH ,uGD
(P 9Ro !*#e I "M `Q axJ uC 0"+D u
;UD ) 2)
v 0 de "#& /F !R- () ,) (P ~M #C 9/Hi AJ ,u

v
]$ D ~M #GD 9/Hi ;e aC 48 & [#)& ! " X« e
"/M & uC ]$ D ~M #C 9/Hi (@e ,uGD 0"+D u uGD
v
e v c/ 4
J ! " ¯ 0"+D "G aC "G 0"+ `de ]$ D
"#& 0"+D "G ] jD { " aC "/M `J F¦ ]$ D 8
2/Hi &-
133
@ZÑrØ¾a@Íí‹Ðmë@åz’@ 3-4-2
:‫ﺃ( ﺷﺤﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻒ‬
>&0 < e 0"+ _Q jD ;U "/M
lJ" "# 9Ro J /H5 ;G >74−2< ;5
,(A) ` ;+D ) _Q &0 #) uC u

9Ro ]J" 6
9Ro ?@1 #C /Hi
:C& ,#G /H5 P B#+J (B) ) !IGD
74−2
v jD H5 Y& 8 9Ro lJ"
"/M (P 2
eH#
Q7
v
,Hi & &0 # " &C jD "G B#+&
!"D `/Hi jD -t ` I BJ jD H5 "
& ° `^ -t r:& a@ nD FT d5 d5 )&{
2`&t D &- hx c/
:‫ﺏ( ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻒ‬
¢ ~M ;U& `/H5 ):M 6Q " jD /H5 &-
/
` ;U ()$ >75−2< ;5
]
(P "/M 2! " >&0 # < n 0"+ wF "
2
D `/H5 &- ~M jD ;:&
H5 Y& `J h/ 0 0"+: jD ;U "/M
75−2
eH#
f& 2&@ "G `# * ;e ] jD &-
@Zbèmbibyë@òîöbi‹èØÛa@òÈÛa@ 4-4-2
,(C) F 1 F& , /Hi FT ~M jD !0" d jD $ z
2(F) F ` F& ,C \ !"8 I 0-
2jD 8 (V) "G gJ Io OS (q) /Hi :e M !0#M d C z ê
q  ‫ آم‬
C=  
V  
134
:1 H)
2jD F.D /Hi uC8 1000V ?"G 0"+ _Q ;U 1µF `$ j
Q
C= ⇒ Q = C . V = 1 × 10 −6 × 1000 = 10 −3 (C) 6e
V
:2 H)
42 × 10 −9 (C) jD 8 F.D /Hi J 600V ?"G 0"+ _Q ;U j
?jD $ ^J
Q 42 × 10 −9
C= = = 70 × 10 −12 (F) I 0J
V 600
:‫• ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻒ‬

v
2 C ∝ A E B $ 8C ] &I{ jD $ u$/ :Z
3
g@B 4) −
1
;
C a C ∝ v
E "# ] CM jD $ u$/ :Z
I 3
hI 84I#
−h
d
2 E JCD I IF "/M
1 OM !I ; , E O !ID * jD $ * : Y
:#
Y
iB
−
S u C ∝ ε o ε r 4O %$ 8^$ ] jD $ u$/ @ (ε ) / 8^$
:& ê &
A
C ∝ εo εr
d
:Q [8
2C −C
2]D RD ; "8 uG 8C −A
2RD 4O (:$ −d
24O) #C/ 8^C − ε r
135
ZpbÐrØ¾a@Ýî–ìm@Ö‹ @ 5-4-2
:‫ﺃ( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‬
& ;U& ¢ ~M 9-jD ;U "/M
jD & j jD & " ] 4E jD
2>76−2< ;5 ,[j
S _Q " YC
/& ;U @
29-jD I"M uC8 (P U1 , U 2 , U 3 6C
76−2
F
.
G$ H#
& U = U1 + U 2 + U 3
Q
U= : ^
C
Q Q1 Q 2 Q 3
= + + ∴
C C1 C 2 C 3
29-jD ]¡ &C Q /Hi J 9-jD ]¡ !"i 0 e
Q = Q1 = Q 2 = Q 3
:ID B#+J
Q Q1 Q 2 Q 3
= + +
C C1 C 2 C 3
:& ~M ;+H/J Q ~M ID YC

¢ ~M 9-jD ;U ! " ) C hC8
1 1 1 1
2) C C [8 = + +
C T C1 C 2 C 3
¢ ~M -j ;U "/M

) C J >77−2< ;5
:& ê
C1 × C 2
CT =
C1 + C 2
77−2
F
.
G$ hH) &
136
:‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‬
j $ U U 9-jD ?@1 ) C ¢ ~M 9-jD ;U "/M
2! "
1 1 1 1
= + + .......
C T C1 C 2 C 3
:1 H)
,¢ ~M >78−2< ;5 9-jD )U
2! " 9-j:) ) C uC8
78−2
:I1
:) C
1 1 1 1
= + +
C T C1 C 2 C 3
1 1 1 1
= + +
C 2 3 6
= 0.5 + 0.3333 + 0.16666 = 1µF
1
∴ = 1µF
1
137
:2 H)
! I ¢ ~M )U 9-j 0
! " ~M l# D " >79−2< ;5 e
, C 2 = 0.1µF , C1 = 1µF 9-jD $ 220v
79−2 >I 0J&< C 4 = 0.2 µF , C 3 = 0.25 µF
2j { ~M " gJ uC8
:I1
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
C T C1 C 2 C 3 C 4
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
C 1 0.1 0.25 0.2
1
= 1 + 10 + 4 + 5 = 20
C
1
∴C = = 0.05 µF
20
:S Q /Hi : "G ∴
Q = C× U
Q = 0.05 × 10 −6 × 500 = 25 × 10 −6 C >6e<
29-jD ]¡ ~M &C /Hi J ¢ ! " ;U ^
2- " & 8 I 0J _Q I 0JD 4H j ;e ~M " hC8 ] C (@
Q 25 × 10 −6 Q 25 × 10 −6
U1 = = = 25 V U2 = = = 250 V
C1 1 × 10 −6 C2 0.1 × 10 −6
Q 25 × 10 −6 Q 25 × 10 −6
U3 = = = 100 V U4 = = = 125 V
C3 0.2 × 10 −6 C4 0.2 × 10 −6
∴ U = U 1 + U 2 + U 3 + U 4 = 25 + 250 + 100 + 125 = 500 V
138
:‫ﺏ( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬

9-jD & eRi !"8
_Q 9-jD & " ;U aO ~M 9-jD ;U 8
z ]#/D z { "8 _Q 9&/) cRiD z ;U Y ,eRi !"8
_Q
2>80−2< ;5 , ]#/:) T| z _Q 9& "#) cRiD
80−2
J
.
G$ H#
&
" gJ `C- j ;e { ~M " gJ "7 U = U1 = U 2 = U 3 (P 4ST
2! ")
v
,w- 9 0 w:7D &C 0 & F7& 0 a ,!"i *} / 0 ^
29-jD ?@1 9/Hi w:7D &C /Hi (@
Q = Q1 + Q 2 + Q 3
C . U = C1 .U + C 2 .U + C 3 .U ~M ;+H S A& " Q = C . U S
: ID ~M ;+H/J U ~M

C S YC

C T = C1 + C 2 + C 3
2aO ~M )U 9-j w:7D ) C !*TE ID
139
:‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬
9$ w:7D &C 9-jD ! " ) C aO ~M 9-jD ;U "/M
: S aO ~M )U 9-j M:7D ) C uCW ,! " )UD 9-jD
C T = C1 + C 2 + C 3
:1 H)
>81−2< ;5 aO ~M SU
¤ L -j
~M ^$ e PQ ^1 ) C uC8
81−2
2 60 PF , 500 PF uR
:I1
:! ") ) C

C = C1 + C 2
= 500 + 60 = 560 PF
:2 H)
>82−2< ;5 aO ~M )U
9-j 0
, C1 = 1µF >I 0J< 9-jD $ e
, C 3 = 2 × 10 −4 PF >I 0J< , C 2 = 400 nF >I 0J<
82−2
2! " )UD 9-j:) ) C uC8
:I1
2I 0J -/ !"8 !"8 _Q 9-jD 9$ 4H :v

∴ C 2 = 400 × 10 −3 = 0.4 µF >I 0J 10 −3 = I 0J <
C 3 = 2 × 10 4 × 10 −6 = 0.02 µF >I 0J 10 −6 = I 0J<
C T = C1 + C 2 + C 3
C T = 1 + 04 + 0.02 = 1.42 µF
140
:‫ﺝ( ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ‬

M !0#M ueD ;U &
,aO ! I ;U ] ¢ ! I ;U
2>83−2< ;5
C ;U w/ @
JD ) C M !0#M ! ") )
,aO ~M 9-jD ;U ! "
jD $ ] uCW / C
2¢ ~M ! " IGD
C 2 // C 3 = C 2 + C 3
C 1 × (C 2 + C 3 )
CT =
C 1 + (C 2 + C 3 )
83−2
H-A D9#
.
141
:‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‬
:H)
)U
¤ L >84−2< ;i /#D ! "
v S
9-jD $ e #e v U 9-jD
, C 3 = 2 µF , C 2 = 1µF , C1 = 2 µF
9-j:) ) C uC8 C 4 = 2 µF
2! "
84−2
:I1
:¢ ~M C 4 , C 3 hC8 :v

C3 × C4 2 × 2 4
C 34 = = = =1
C3 + C 4 2 + 2 4
v
:aO ~M C 2 , C 34 hC8 :
C 234 = C 2 + C 34
= 1 + 1 = 2 µF
v
:¢ ~M C1 , C 234 hC8 :j
C 234 × C1
) C C T =
C 234 + C1
2× 2 4
= = = 1µF
2+2 4
142
Coils@ZpbÐÜ¾a@ 5-2
u) a"&"8 u) u) 1 !*U
P 4FD \H/ )$ 9-)
v
z& A- o )D ) ,u)
C{/ v
,J u#C& )D 0 0 2&J
,(H) F 1 F& a/1 HD \ !"8 (L) F 1 F& ,HD ² @ [Z
F& 10 −12 = (PH) a/ 10 −6 = (µH) a/ 10 −3 = (mH) a/ ?® FG
2>85−2< ;5 F " ):)
85−2
eA#
2)%
@ZbèÜàÇ@c‡jßë@òîöbi‹èØÛa@pbÐÜ¾a@Êaìãc@ 1-5-2
:‫ﺃ( ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
Air cored coils :‫• ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ‬
48 9-)D ?@ )

L ,>86−2< ;5 & J u) " a"&"8 u) " 9-)D ?@
v
6".C ,"G ;U P " uG8 ;T I #} ] , $ " & I $
)D F& ,*#e Y7H Y:+ 9-)D ?@ p
;)
,9H5D (@e 9@@ I
2>87−2< ;5 F 1 u)

86−2 87−2

>
^ DA= ( eA) >
j
DAM
2)%
143
Iron cored coil :‫• ﺍﳌﻠﻒ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪﻱ‬
,>88−2< ;5 9 7J " 9 7J / B-U ):) a"&"Z u)
&
ê ,*#e ² @ `j8 )D Y:+& ,Y/ I B ³ P a"&"Z u)
) 6".C&
I ,E z8 B-U 4^$ B-+ ]/+ ,,-./D 9 IIR 9H5 9-)D ?@ 6".C
e PQ ,:$ B-+ e PQ ´0
0
# B-+ 4F ,& " B-+
2>89−2< ;i ê F a"&"Z u)
aP )D F& , gHC: 4FJL
0
89−2
88−2
J1
DAM
( eA) 2)%
J DA= ( eA)
Ferrite cored coil :‫• ﻣﻠﻒ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻳﺖ‬
]& 2>90−2< ;5 )D 0T ;T I >µ)

D < u)
!0 I )D @1 ² @ [Z %#,&
!I M !0#M & - !I ,C{/ 9 ]i& 8 " uG8 ;T I )D @
2>91−2< ;i ê F & - u)
aP )D F& ,( *C
90−2 91−2
k
8 DA= ( eA) k
8 DA= ( eA) 2)%
144
:‫ﺏ( ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬

v
0 !I&O "/M >92−2< ;5 C{/ v
,J (P u#C& ) 0 0 "/M
CM J I ! & (P MQ ~M ;:& )D ,¯{/D lJ" !I&O /&
0
Q "/M ,Mo ?@ ~M u) ~M ;: ):) 0"+D { Q `J{
, y
M A& 4W !0O b J I ! * @ M )D 6
& )D 0D
2HD ):) ² @ [Z ):) ¯{/D lJ" * l )D UT :C
~M ":& SJ )D [8 ,`
8C )D 9-) I"M 0 !I&F A- Jje I"t
2u)
!I w 9-)D I"M )D I ~M ^Q IIR
92−2
eA#
>
%.
%)
145
:‫ﺎ‬‫ﺝ( ﺍﶈﺎﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﺴﺎ‬

)D a ,` 0D 0 * 7 e J I ! " ~M )D !0" `d (L) )D [8 z&
"Z ~M )D jHCDL J " !
;: [8 ,` 0D 0 * HD MQ a"#&
,[Z )M-: z& H ~M aW ! I *d @ , ! " 0 :
:¢
4ST )D jZ )M-D IQ :& ,6E \
(X L ) F 1 F&
X L = 2 πFL = ωL ω = 2 πF
:Q [8
26E jZ )M-D = XL
2>j !0I< 0 II = F
2a/1 )D [8 = L
:1 H)
2100 KHz II "/M 50 Hz II "/M 25 mH ` )D jZ )M-D uC8
:I1
: 50 Hz II "/M jZ )M-D •

X L = 2 πFL = 2 × 3.14 × 50 × 25 × 10 −3 =
:100 KHz II "/M jZ )M-D •

X L = 2 πFL = 2 × 3.14 × 100 × 10 3 × 25 × 10 −3 =
v
,)D [Z ] &I{ v
0 II ] &I{ u$/ jZ )M-D B,& lC 4jD 4ST
:J
D ;: )D e PJ ,6
D ¶/ 9-)D )M-D
U
I=
XL
146
:2 H)
2 60 Hz ?II ,120 V `: "G 0"+: ;U ,): `
400 mH `j8 )
:& "G
2):) jZ )M-D −
2)D :& a@ 0 −h
:I1
:jZ )M-D −
X L = 2 πFL
= 2 × 3.14 × 60 × 400 × 10 −3 = 150.7 Ω
:)D :& a@ 0 −h
V 120
I= = = 0.796 A
X L 150.7
:3 H)
2):) jZ )M-D uC8 2 200 Hz ?II "G 0"+: ;U , 85 mH `j8 )
:I1
:):) jZ )M-D

X L = 2 πFL
= 2 × 3.14 × 200 × 85 × 10 −3 = 106.76 Ω
147
Coils Connection@ZpbÐÜ¾a@Ýî–ìm@ 2-5-2

Siers Coils Connection :‫ﺃ( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‬
M: aC ) HD J IIR "G 0"+: >93−2< ;5 ¢ ~M 9-)D ;U "/M
:¢ ~M 9
D ;U ; Z ?@ ,9-)D ?@1 9HD
L = L1 + L 2 + L 3
! " "&F !IMQ Y ,¯{/D 47D FT ] C 9HD ?@1 !"-D
2l8 N
2! " 9-)D ~M )CD I w: aC& `J ! " "
VT = V1 + V2 + V3
93−2
F
.
G$ A#
&
:‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﶈﺎﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‬
:¢
4ST ¢ ~M )UD 9-):) ) HD uCW
L t = L1 + L 2 + L 3 + .......
:Q [8
2) HD = L t
2"8 )D = L1 , L 2 , ....
148
:1 H)
¢ ~M ^)U Y 2 0.895 H j )D , 1.5 H 4E )D -) c/
2! ") ) HD uC8 2e ! I
:II1
L t = L1 + L 2 = 1.5 H + 0.895 H = 2.395 H
:2 H)
) HD uC8 2 750 mH ` ) ] ¢ ~M , 450 mH ` ) ;U
¤ L
29-):)
:II1
L t = L1 + L 2 = 450 mH + 750 mH = 1200 mH
:3 H)
)D ,1 H j )D , 0.5 H 4E )D ¢ ~M )U 9-) S
29-):) ) HD uC8 2 1.5 H [j
:II1
L t = L1 + L 2 + L 3
= 0.5 H + 1 H + 1.5 H = 3 H
149
Parallel Coils Connection :‫ﺏ( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬
) HD \ J ,IIR "G 0"+: >94−2< ;5 aO ~M 9-)D ;U "/M
:aO ~M 9
D ;U ; Z ?@ ,9-)D ?@1 9HD 9$ w: aC&
1 1 1 1
= + +
L t L1 L 2 L 3
94−2
J
.
G$ A#
&
:‫• ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﶈﺎﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬
:¢
4ST aO ~M )UD 9-):) ) HD uCW
1 1 1 1
= + + + .......
L t L1 L 2 L 3
:Q [8
2) HD = L t
2"8 )D = L1 , L 2 , ....
150
:1 H)
2 0.6 H j )D , 0.3 H 4E )D ,aO ~M -) ;U
¤ L
29-):) ) HD uC8
:II1
1 1 1
= +
L t L1 L 2
1 1
= + = 3.333 + 1.666 =
0.3 H 0.6 H
1
∴ L t == = 0.2 H
4.999
:2 H)
)D 0.6 H j )D , 0.2 H 4E )D ,aO ~M )U
¤ L 9-) S
2) HD uC8 2 1.2 H [j
:II1
1 1 1 1
= + +
L t L1 L 2 L 3
1 1 1
= + + = 5 + 1.666 + 0.833 = 7.499
0.2 H 0.6 H 1.2 H
1
∴ L t == = 0.133 H
7.499
151
:3 H)
m ) ] aO ~M , 3 H ` ) ;U
2 0.5 H -):) ) HD e , ¤ L
2j )D uC8
:II1
:j )D
1 1 1
= +
L t L1 L 2
1 1 1
= +
0.5 H L1 3 H
1
2= + 0.333
L1
1
= 2 − 0.333 = 1.667 H
L1
1
∴ L1 == = 0.599 H
1.667
152
Electric Transformers@Zòîöbi‹èØÛa@püìFa@ 3-5-2

&@ 0 " ]J& [8 , " A-T ]J 9HD 6".C
" A- 9HD ;:C cS$ l{/ ,cS$ l{/ _Q " ;
;#
-).D Ro !FGE ;i 9HD 6".C ,4O/D 6 ".$
" 4HD F0 2T F >95−2< ;5 4H:) F& ,,-./ IG ~M ;:
2>96−2< ;5 . F ` F*J
96−2
95−2
7-A >@@,.
2)
>
7#
:‫ﺃ( ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﶈﻮﻝ‬

:& ê C0 n FG S >97−2< ;5 4HD ueR&
2 " )D −
2aj )D −
2a"&"Z u)
−
97−2
7#
D9&
153
:‫ﺏ( ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﶈﻮﻝ‬

ax& `J , ( U1 ) ?0 "
h/ e "G 0"+ _Q 4HD " )D ;U "/M
v
48 ³/& J C{/ v 0) Q [8 , (I1 ) h/ e 0 ( N1 ) )D @
v
) ;,- (P 4H:) &"&"Z u)
47D @ ax& [8 ,C{/ v " )D
( N 2 ) aj )D 9- ¯{/D 47D T ]
J ,¯{/D 47D !" "&"Z
`-) ~M e ;K ;U "/M , ( U 2 ) ?0 "

)D { v/ v "G "&
¤ ,4H:)
v
2>98−2< ;5 (I 2 ) aj )D ax& z$ e v 0 J aj
98−2
7#
-$
:¢
6".C 4H:) 9-) I"M 0 " hCZ
U 2 N 2 I1
= =
U1 N1 I 2
154
:‫ﺝ( ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﶈﻮﻻﺕ‬

Air cored Transformers :‫• ﳏﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ‬
6".C ,>99−2< ;5 ¯{/ *} ;i ;I 48 )L 9HD w/ @ 9-)D
?@ 6".C ,M n
G0" F: [8 , I 9+ !FG 9HD ?@
_Q ;+& [8 ,9-)D C{/D !*#e :e hx u#C !0" 9H:e 9HD
v
1 u)
4HD F& , " )D / ¯{/D A- S v 0" aj )D
2>100−2< ;i ê
100−2
99−2
>
j
DAM
7# 2)%
>
^ DA= l
Iron cored Transformers :‫• ﳏﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪﻱ‬
>101−2< ;5 9HD ?@

!0" 0"+ 9H:e 6".C
9 :C IIR) 9
"/M (1000 VA) ¢ 8 _Q ,#
101−2
9 " J ,0"+D II
J DAM Cl
Y/ 4F 6
a"&"Z u)

N )+D Ro
v
0"+D M v
e vFM
2>102−2< ;5 ·$E
102−2
>.8 DA= J DA=
( Cl )%
155
:‫ﺩ( ﻃﺮﻕ ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﶈﻮﻻﺕ‬

:‫• ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﶈﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﻭﻣﻴﺘﺮ‬
aj )D " )D

\ l&{ M 6E \ OG 6 ".$ 4HD yH-&
;U
D \ 4 ~M 6E \ OG ] (P ,?"8 ~M ) ;e { ~M 4H:)
'bD cH& u (P "/M ,>103−2< ;5 4H:) " )D z {d O z {
` " )D ~M 4"& @J -+ aC !n M PQ ,/ : 9 P !n &
aj )D yHJ Y& ;jD ,;+J ` " )D ~M 4"& @J 'bD cH& ° PQ ,p
2RE O7
103−2
;)3
7#
678
104−2 :F. 9 ;)3

<= 7#
678 Q- 09
:4 ,5 nM"
h <M
OP Q) >
.C
eA#
)M) <= :mC
R 4, 5 = ...................... Ω
m
:3 ,2 ,1 nM"
h <M
OP Q) JVH
eA#
)M) <= :Vp
R 1, 2 = ...................... Ω
104−2 R 2, 3 = ...................... Ω
7#
678 R 1, 3 = ...................... Ω
A#
)M) <M
156
:q ) r.".4V <M

OP Q)
)D ~M 4"& @ ,!*#e : 9 P " )D
D $
D :
"/M −
v
2^)$ 4H:) " )D J ,;+J p ` "G&
/& aj )D
e " )D
D $
D :
"/M −h
2"7) AJT 4 4HD
w: ,3 ,2
/ $
D :
aC 2 ,1
/ $
D :
"/M −
,Y)$ aj )D ~M 4"& @J ,1 ,3
/ $
D :
aC ^:
23 ,2
/ j .D 2 ,1
/ 4E .D 22G3 &
:‫• ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﶈﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬

:& ê >105−2< ;5 " \ OG 6 ".$ 4HD yH-&
, 220V e "G 0"+ _Q 4H:) " )D z { ;U −1
2>95−2< ;5
2>105−2< ;5 ,4HD T { _Q \
OG z { ;U −2
V2 = ............... 4H:) "G V −3
7#
sc G$ ' J3 ?
<= $ "$ I) ,AIB I7#8 IA I?
<I= "I$ (
uAB `t 7#8
105−2
?
<= 7#
678
157
:q 09 ?
<= '
,.B 7#
678 Q- 09
2>106−2< ;5 −! " ;U −1
"G 0"+ ] 4H:) " )D ;U −2
2 V1 = 220V e
V2 = ............... aj )D "G V −3
106−2
?
<= 7#
678
: G$ ' -M V2 ?
<= ' <= "$ (
uAB `t 7#8

sc
158
@Zòîöbi‹èØÛa@pbèîÜí‹Ûa@ 6-2
@ZbèÜàÇ@c‡jßë@òîî bäÌßë‹èØÛa@HpbèîÜí‹ÛaI@pýy‹¾a@ 1-6-2
v
M e ` YH :& - M !0#M
Q _Q aIb& ,;8D ) :& a@ 0 l&{
1 F& ,;8D !IGD VS
h@ ze m V{/
107−2
#
2)% 2>107−2< ;5 F "
Electromagnetic Relay :‫ﺃ( ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
/ a@ VS

I"M ,>108−2< ;5 -)3 678 45d 9S8D "G
2 ".$ #{ uC8 )¦
108−2
O#

159
;+& ,9
H)D !no ;i e -:e ;: ¯{/ ;8D "G& !0C
2T " `#e ;8D ;5 #& >109−2< ;5 , 30A _Q `):H& a@ 0
109−2
qP

v/9& %4
wT"a)
#
Principle Electromagnetic Relay :‫ﺏ( ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬

v
;:& C{/ v 7/
v ;8D ) e 0 ax& , ;8D ! I gS}Q "/M
v
4ê (P M /J ;8:) \^
VS ##C ,;8D w 0P I " _Q aIb& w 0@ h@G ~M
_Q w 0@ I& ¯{/D ` 5S& ;8D ) M 0 w
"/M 2 ! " 0 0C
v
I D ! " w
Y ,VS
4+- _Q &Ib ;-$E _Q ?I " A-./& ,lC `
2>110−2< ;5 ,): YH
110−2
#
-$ /)
v "G (DCV) v :C v "G Q J `)i ~M ;:& a@ ;8D ) _Q ;U "
v
0 " w 0 "
u& ,T¸ _Q ;8 -)3 " (P 0 "
& ,(ACV) v IIR
2;8D zS} ~M 9CSD
160
:‫ﺝ( ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬

: C n FGE ;8D &
Coil of Relay :‫• ﻣﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻞ‬
48 z-) e ()$ M !0#M

0 0 "/M 2>111−2< ;5 &"&"8
v
C{/ v & ()C e
111−2
#
eA) 2V{/ _Q &"&"Z
4H
Contactors :(‫• ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺡ )ﺍﳌﻼﻣﺴﺎﺕ‬
9CSD ?@

(NC) Normally
) #
9CSD
a ,Closed

/ ?@ ,)+
8- #
)
a ,(NO) Normally Open
)+ *} 9CSD

8-
/ ?@ ,>8-<
) _Q 0 ;U ;#
112−2
0 ;U "/M l) ,;8D
#
4)O)
,;8D ) _Q
2>112−2< ;5
"D w 0@ h@ "D ¯{/D 47D ,T¸ _Q ;8 M 9CSD I"M )§
2! " 0 axJ ! " ;: ,;8D ) e 0 0 "/M ;-$ _Q
UE ` _Q w 0@ ]G& ¯{/D 47D 5S& ;8D ) M 0 ;+J "/M
2! ") 0 ;+& SJ ! " ] _Q aIb& ># <
161
Kinds of Relay :‫ﺩ( ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻼﺕ‬
,C{/e 9S8 :_Q ):M "# [8 M /+ ,-)3 !"&"M w 9S8:)
2e RQ 9S8
Electromagnetic Relay :‫• ﻣﺮﺣﻼﺕ ﻛﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
:²d& / -)3 45d 9S8D ?@ "G

:>'' ( ) −
G0 ;i #& >113−2< ;5
2T " `#e ;8:)
113−2
>'' ( )
:x)
`B yOa ) −
G0 ;i #& >114−2< ;5
2T " `#e ;8:)
114−2
x)
`B yOa )
:WY) yOa ) −

G0 ;i #& >115−2< ;5
2T " `#e ;8:)
115−2
WY) yOa )
162
:>'' E/V z ) −

G0 ;i #& >116−2< ;5
2T " `#e ;8:)
116−2
>'' E/V z )
:9 %= ) −

G0 ;i #& >117−2< ;5
2T " `#e ;8:)
117−2
9 %= )
163
a@ h E I"M uC8 h E I"M [8 -/+ :J C{/ 9S8D w
:²d& w E ?@ Y ,;8D !IGD VS
I"M (@e ,;8D / &
(SPST)

A7.

D@M
( ) −
Single pole Single Throw
>"8 u < "8 w 0P & ;8D @
>118−2< ;5 !"8 VS
w 0@) "G&
118−2
2aI8 -:e ;:& ;8D @

AL
D@= )
(SPDT) h.A7.

D@M
( ) −
Single pole Double Throw
>"8 u < "8 w 0P & ;8D @
@ ;:& ,>119−2< ;5 VS)

2/ -:e ;8D
119−2
S.AL
D@= )
(DPST)

A7.
h/@M
( ) −
Double pole Single Throw
V-/ eH M 0P & ;8D @
2>120−2< ;5 ,!"8 VS
w 0P ;
120−2

AL h/@= )
164
Double pole Double Throw :(DPDT) h.A7.

h/@M
( ) −
,VS
w 0P ; , V-/ eH& M 0P & ;8D @
2>121−2< ;5
121−2
h.AL h/@= )
Electronic Photomos Relay :(‫• ﻣﺮﺣﻼﺕ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ )ﻛﻬﺮﻭﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬
!0#M ;8D @ ,;8:) T " ueR IGD !no l&{ M 9S8D ?@ ;:
LED n, [M / l&{ M & ):M "# !+ RQ ! I M
C{/ 9S8D IGD )D M v" ;:& a@ ,(Light Emitting Diode)
;8D 9CSD M v" (Photo electronic element) RQ p/M a 0$F
2Ro ;8:) G0 ;i T " ueR #& >122−2< ;5 ,¯{/
122−2
>{9 W; | )
165
Zpýy‹¾a@ñ‹öa†@˜zÏ@ 2-6-2
@N˜zÐÛa@ñJèuc@âa‡ƒnMbi@pýy‹¾a@ñ‹öa†@˜zÏ ZåíŠànÛa@áa
2OS #&0" 9SC F −1
2;8D VS ´&0 yHJ −2
2;8D ;i ) yHJ −3
2;8:) &@ "G yHJ −4

2e /J !"ML g"/U −1
2-)3 9S8 −2
2RJ }E I" \ OG −3
2e "G 0"+ −4

@-/ OS #&0" 9SC FG −1
2&:
):M n Go ;8:) G0 zS (J −2
2yH-
2>123−2< ;5 ,;8D VS ´&0 −3
123−2
166
OG 6 ".$ ;8D VS ´&0 yHJ −4

2>124−2< ;5 ,RE \
124−2
v
(NC) #{
)D
/ yHJ −5
v #{ 8-D
/
,;8D (ON)
2>125−2< ;5
125−2
>126−2< ;5 ;8D ;i ) yHJ −6

2RE \ OG 6 ".$
126−2
167
,;8:) &@ "G ;U −7

2>127−2< ;5
127−2
;5 ;8:) &@ "G yHJ −8

" \ OG 6 ".$ >128−2<
2
128−2
~M "D 9-U D uC8 ;8D 4"#$ −9

2>129−2< ;5 ,;8D
129−2
168
ð‹ÄäÛa@Šbjn‚üa@ZOüëc
:}~ M8 77!

'
G$

y1

: { :1<
: 9 +/D ] ! " &^Z −1
2 ! " & " −
2 ! " & −h
2 ! " %$ −
2 cS$E −I
: ! " &K ~M 9 +/D ;: −2

20 !I&O −
20 w
−h
20 y
−
20 !I&O y
−I
:{ _Q : ;&W ~M &- ):M n/ &0 # ;: −3

2e −
2 −h
2&0 8 −
:~M ;+H ¢ ~M 9&0 # ;U "/M −4

2M e J I ! −
2¢M e 0 !"5 −h
2,-./ e
−
:"/M

D ) −5
20) #$/ *} I w :78 & −
2J 0D 0 e
−h
20 Mo M 0" −
169
:& ¢ ~M 9

D ;U "/M −6
2 0 " −
2 " −h
2 0 −
2! "
U U )
D −I
: jD ueR& −7

2OM !I ^/ " 8 −
2)
8 −h
2 -8 ~M ;: OM !I 8 −
2OM !I ^/ ($S# 8 −I
:"/M jD /H5 &- "#& −8

20"+D "G ] jD { " XC& −
2jD { #C 9/Hi ] 0"+D "G XC& −h
2jD { #GD 9/Hi ] 0"+D "G XC& −
: HD \

$$E !"8 −9
2(H) a/1 −
2(mH) a/ −h
(µH) a/ −
:9S8D VS
I"M −10
2
qS −
2
$ −h
2
^ −
2):M #{ uC8 )¦ −I
170
:") /B"#
%/Y
-A }~ A 9 -9
:2<
222222222222222222222 ! "
M !0#M 9 +/D −
222222222222222222222 0+
1 9 +/:) D !ID T −h
222222222222222222222 { _Q ;&W &0 # H5 ):M n/ Y& −
22222222222222 _Q 2222222222222 R J 9&0 #) J " !
−I
222222222222222222222 : %#,) ) *} j
D −?
2n,) 222222222222222222222 I ,
D ]/+ −
v
2jD 222222222222222222222 & &0 # " &C jD "G B#+& "/M −O
222222222222222222222 jD $ \ !"8 −
222222222222222222222
P 4FD \H/ ()$ )D & −
222222222222222222222 A-T ]J 9HD 6".C −a
ueR !IGD 222222222222222222222 l&{ M > < Ro ;8D ;:& −c
2;8:) T "
222222222222222222 I"M uC8 T " #e [8 C{/ 9S8D /+ −4
222222222222222222222
I"M uC8
: .

%/Y
Q) %/$ 9 ) × )O$ T )O$ { :3<
> < 2l 8 hi ! " &^Z 9 +/D 6".C −
> <2)C &0 # uGD u
M J &0 # uGD u
ue )§ −h
> < 2 " "8 0"+D &0 # −
> < 2)M %)CD n, 0 "
~M ,
D : ": −I
> < 2!0 Z G0I * &0 Z
D : * −?
> < 2I 0JD jD \
$$E !"8 −
> < 2 /Hi FT ~M jD !0" d jD $ zL −O
> < 2 X L F jZ )M-:) F&L −
> < 2&"&"8 48 z-) e ()$ M !0#M ;8D ) −
> < 2VS
4+- _Q ;8D ) M 0 w
aIb& −a
171
: .
3
)M#
-= ' :4<
(c) (b) (a)

u?
%.A A-L Q)

),.4#

!"#

V 9(
:5<
uB x ( g{& ) 67

/#
,.B
!"#
678 MT Z
:6<
u8?
%@/
A4
%@/
D9& B g{.
) Z
:7<
uB x ( g{& ) F

.
G$ %@/
& MT Z
:8<
u/'#
%
1
,/ 4
%
1
,b
,à.#
,.H
)M#
)% B%
:9<
uB x ( g{& ) J

.
G$ )M#
& MT Z
:10<
uV D9;
g{& ) -M
.p H#

V 9(
:11<
uB x ( g{& ) eH#

f& Q7 MT Z
:12<
uV D9;
g{& )
A#

V 9(
:13<
uB x ( g{& )

A#
-$ /) Z
:14<
uV 9 -$ Z ) C7#

V 9(
:15<
uwT"a)
#
-$ /) Z
:16<
?B g{.
) wT"a)
#
V) >^ ) :17<
172
ïÜàÈÛa@Šbjn‚üa@ZObîãbq
@Nòîöbi‹è×@ñ‹öa†@À@òÐÜn¬@paŠbîni@pa‹è—ä¾a@Ýî–ìm ZÞëþa@‰bjnüa

2e /J ;:M !"ML g"/U −1
2: h0 −2
21A ,0.5A 9 +/ −3
2300W ,200W ,150W ,50W e 4K −4
2;U cS$ −5
:‫• ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺭﺏ‬

2OS #&0" 9SC F −1
29 +/D 0#T ! " ;U −2
2300W ,200W ,150W ,50W 0" e ! " 1A ,0.5A 9 +/D ;U −3
2! " 0D 0 w-0 "/M 9 +/D 0#T −4
173
@NïÛaìnÛa@óÜÇ@pbíŠbİjÛa@Ýî–ìm ZïãbrÛa@‰bjnüa

2RQ /J !"ML g"/U −1
2: h0 −2
2;U cS$ −3
1.5V 9&0 qS −4
1.5V #+ −5
2on/off - −6

2OS #&0" 9SC F −1
2" \ !FG ] ¢ ~M 9&0 qSj ! " ;U −2
2&0 ;e { ~M " gJ \ −3
29&0 #) " gJ \ −4
20 !"5 \ !FG ] ¢ ~M 9&0 qSj ! " ;U −5
2 0 !"5 \ −6
174
@NðŒaìnÛa@óÜÇ@pbíŠbİjÛa@Ýî–ìm ZsÛbrÛa@‰bjnüa

1.5V 9&0 qS −4 2RQ ;:M !"ML g"/U −1
1.5V #+ −5 2: h0 −2
2on/off - −6 2;U cS$ −3

2OS #&0" 9SC F −1
2" \ !FG ] aO ~M 9&0 qSj ! " ;U −2
2&0 ;e { ~M " gJ \ −3
29&0 #) " gJ \ −4
20 !"5 \ !FG ] aO ~M 9&0 qSj ! " ;U −5
2 0 !"5 \ −6
175
@NïÛaìnÛa@óÜÇ@pbßëbÔ¾a@Ýî–ìm ZÉiaŠÛa@‰bjnüa

2RQ /J ;:M !"ML g"/U −1
2:C "G 0"+ −2
R 1 = 1.5 KΩ , R 2 = 2.7 KΩ , R 3 = 3.3 KΩ Y
-)3 9
−3
2;U cS$ −4
20 " \ !FG −5
2h0 −6

2OS #&0" 9SC F −1
2\
!FG ] ¢ ~M 9
qSj ! " ;U −2
2 :C "7 ! " ;U −3
2! " 0 " \ −4
2\
;7C −5
176
@NðŒaìnÛa@óÜÇ@pbßëbÔ¾a@Ýî–ìm Z ßbä@‰bjnüa

2RQ /J ;:M !"ML g"/U −1
2:C "G 0"+ −2
R 1 = 1.5 KΩ , R 2 = 2.7 KΩ , R 3 = 3.3 KΩ Y
-)3 9
−3
2;U cS$ −4
2" 0 \ !FG −5
2h0 −6

2OS #&0" 9SC F −1
2\
!FG ] aO ~M 9
qSj ! " ;U −2
2 :C "7 ! " ;U −3
2! " 0 " \ −4
2\
;7C −5
177
@N˜zÐÛa@ñJèuc@âa‡ƒnMbi@pýy‹¾a@ñ‹öa†@˜zÏ Z#…b%Ûa@‰bjnüa

2e /J !"ML g"/U −1
2-)3 9S8 −2
2RJ }E I" \ OG −3
2e "G 0"+ −4

2OS #&0" 9SC F −1
2;8D VS ´&0 yHJ −2
2;8D ;i ) yHJ −3
2;8:) &@ "G yHJ −4
178
‫‪òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa‬‬
‫‪ñ‡yìÛa‬‬
‫]‪íéŠé^ßÇÚæ†ãÓÖ‬‬ ‫‬
‫‪êñê†ãÓÖ]…^éjÖ]‚éÖçiÑ†æ‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪1-1‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2-1‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪1-2‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2-2‬‬
‫‪179‬‬
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
Magnetism & Electromagnetism@Zòîî bäÌßë‹èØÛaë@òîî bäÌ¾a@ 1-3

!" # $% ,' ( )( *

6+,- ./! 012 34 54 ( )( /
89 :1 ; ,, * <=> ? @ ,32 4 ,9A," 1B 600 / 7#
8; ,Q+PO 1 +,;M NH( 7C# D ,E!7" 5F GHI JKB +5L7
S ,(electron) R ,==, D,/ .P SH +,=2 * 9! T 'F
6*
'F 1B 8; U,3" 'F / V )# B +,2,PW" X(Y 2=> '/ B
6+#P XRC +,2,PW (Y
+,Z +,2,PW$ 1" 'FA 7[ ,+,Z \; ]^ +,- ,T _ \`/ X(Y NH( )^
d
# @ ,2 a( +,5,1P +,= 5 X9 = UB 8; _ '/ b,PW , 5 K,[ c!B
d 7,5
fg[ T d U7/ ; 3T NH( ,,! h 7[ ,b,PW" 3e '5" (Fe 3 O 4 )
+75" ?e (Y b,PW" 3T NH( U,$ H( ,_WM GM KF ij Hkl
6+,2,PW" U[/ m
9" 75# n,T ,+5-; +,C, X +,2,PW" X(o 1600 5 _ \`h .7T B
d
_ JK= 9 \2 $2# D D p2T> D (F $# q +e- D1F#
1 aL5 +,2,PW"
d
2=> r# H#
s 6D/ SH )2M e= D .! X9 GHh
1 H( i,L2# ,X9"
6 7 H m +75" +, ),(C" +,2,PW" X(Y t/ 3@ H( +L X$ '5
Magnetism@Zòîî bäÌ¾a@ 1-1-3

)/ X9q q ,b,PW" 3T t/ !@ 5 +,2,PW$ : 9 / 9#9u )^
D9 *h D,[ X " [ G;3 +,k t/ '5 # @ 'F 5 Uv T +,2,PW"
6+,2,PW" +v9@ NH( w t/ .L# p H( t/ ,b,PW" 3e

a( ,, U # @ ,+,5 9 _ \=R> xy / z# ]vl :
d
DF a 9" '5 , # @ u`# 5,{ ,+,5 +,2,PW Ek 8| a }7[ +[5" ~5
181
; ,/ v cB 9" NH n,T ,+,2,PW" +#;C +,/ 9" +,2,PW" Dk _ # @
6b,PW G7 U5j
Magnet :‫ﺃ( ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ‬
6b,PW m x2> m7 +5B +#;qC *Vh GHh t/ X 7 \; ;qC +5LB '5
d \2,PW" ),27 $#
: !-!
CTA 51
6)- ]^ aYe b,PW" '5# :(electromagnet)

:(permanent magnet)

= 02T C,! $# ,X$2 +C! +,2,PW"
Cy +$- \2,PW" n,T
: # 9
:(Magnetic stone)
−
62=> k 9 +5,1L _ 9h" # @ ,2 " a5,1L b,PW" (
:(Artificial Magnet)
−
d 2=> +$- D!-!k D2 D,F B b,PW (
,X9 ^ \h@ 51
6 4 ]W 9 +#P X " +,2,PW" CTq $# +$- \2,PW"
0 :23 0 7[ 6 +/!" 9" = 02T C,! $# +$- \2,PW"
d
b,PW" 1 X]k \2 _ ,)- b,PW" i!# a 9" )( # U
t/ !@ h 8; ,U , , t/ +#e" ;qC 8-1 i!# )-
, +,1 a( SH (Alnico) , ,X]w ^ )- b,PW" )3T _ ]1 ,C
, , +,1 a( (Alni) a , (Al , Ni , Cu , Fe) # @ pe ,
,=, ,, ,,= ,U t/ +#e" ;qC 8-1 n,T 6 (Al , Ni , Fe) # @
d
+#3 *K _ h ,SB 0 )-9 b,PW +/ _ ]w 666
w ck +,2,PW 9 AT q 6U, b[,h ,U,=] ,U, ,U,
6$2 9#9u _ 1 8-12 NH( `,C #1 U#[
d
6+C
" 4 02e r# +,/! \2,PW" ),27 $#
182
Magnetic Forms :‫ﺏ( ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ‬
(Bar Magnet) :

&'( •
Q1−3O 4
%1−3$ !"#

&'(
:./ +,-
•
(Horseshoe Magnet)
Q2−3O 4
%2−3$ !"#
)* +,-

(Ring Magnet) :01

•
Q3−3O 4
%3−3$ !"#
01 2

183
Magnetic Poles :‫ﺝ( ﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
S ,Q4−3O 4 ,PW 0,rB ij /

i$ (F#s +$/= # T X9 _ b,PW" = =
,0,r7 a#f T X9` NH( $Y5 +,1W
%4−3$ !"#

34( 56 -7-/ + 89: X9 TA#s K 6Q1L7O :# :( t/ .L#
H( t/ .L# ,0,r7 V T i$3 q # @
6b,PW$ QX #e" +7L"O 0,r7 *VM
M 0L7 KF 0L7 : V,,$ 0I
b,PW D,h :1L7 +,$2 .F 6b,PW$
d 7,5
(North) KF 0L7[ 6Q5−3O 4 ,T d .5#
_ K +,j X _WM KF ]F# SH (
X9/ V,$# (N) V D V# ,+1 +T
%5−3$ !"#
(South) M 0L7 k 0L7 $2# K, 6

;4(< -7-=
V,$# ,+,j X _WM GM ]F# SH (
`5# NH( 6(S) V D V# u X9/
6b,PW" -!k c T
184
Magnet Characteristics :‫ﺩ( ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ‬
:# K,[ b,PW" Ek )( ,

$#
(Poles direction) :;4(< >:
b,PW ./s ; D= a( ,, X4> $# +,k

d ]F# D=g[ ,+@ T # n,e
,Uv N K-9
d
QGh K4O N ,[Wh Nq H( '5#
]F# SH b,PW" 'P $2# ,Q6−3O 4
(N) KF 0L7 KF / nT1 0L7 KF
%6−3$ !"#
GM / nT1 0L7 +12 8H ,b,PW$
%;6B 5C#$ ? @ >:A
(S) M 0L7 '5# GM ]F# SH
6b,PW$
:53D E
FGHD
G;3 K, ,[ +C
" \2,PW" _ (S-S) ,(N-N) +,1L7 +vK" GLB n,T
6+,2,PW$ +,=w +, a( NH( Q7−3O 4 (S-N) +5" +,1L7 \; GLB
%7−3$ !"#
53D E
FGHD
8; # ,h k K4 Z T :1L7 Cy f 3= +,2,PW X9 X U5s ;
9 +#f _ 9h ,2,PW 1LB D ]1 b,PW / X1/ +,j X
+,1L7 Q,PW" KF 0LB X9/ D,/ .L#O KF _ ,PW" 0L7 V,$# 6
d Q#5O +,h +,2,PW
X KF 0L7 ,KF / nT1 0L7 GHI D= Y=
185
,b5 b5 ,Q8−3O 4 +,2,PW"

_WM 0L7 ,PW" 0L7 S
, L :C :5j _ 57#
X ,2,PW" 1L7 .1L# q
d
,| :,[WM :1L7 t/ +,j
/ 1/q Hk# 'e= K, h#
#5 8; 97# ,+1 z#
D !7# SH Q'e=qO aTA" L!"
%8−3$ !"#
KF N +1 N : ," +#u
IJ< E
5
X L t/ S _ a7,7@
6+,j
Magnetic Field :‫ﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬‫ﻩ( ﺍ‬
XT +,2,PW X ij /

)-9 ,PW T
t/ 0 n,e ,Q9−3O 4
_ b,PW" T +C \[2
d
]F }1r 5,{ fg[ T c2
Q TO L= _ 8; ,b,PW"
L H( <k D +,5 +[2
%9−3$ !"#
_ n,e +,2,PW" X> }1r
E
5
6 M – KF Nq
,PW" 3" D,/ .L# :5 V,T L= _ v b,PW" / + c7 # H(
d
> 8; # r# ,PW 8H Qb,PW" e= ]F a +,2,PW" >O
186
+7L" ( ,PW" 3" a5# H( ,:1" b,PW" L= <k D, ]F a +,2,PW"
6+,2,PW" [ G;3 cB v ,[ Y ,b,PW" +L,e"
'F $# ,[ a +7L" ( ,PW" 3"
,PW" 3" },% ,+,2,PW" c7
` 3" XB ,\(q i,{ _ b,PW"
'5 a b,PW" 'P G7 $#
%10−3$ !"#

K60 FGHL
6Q10−3O 4 ,+,2,PW" GLB
!" +L7= / 5r ,3" XB ]vl 7#

TA# 6X #e" +7L" '5 a b,PW$
'P / b,PW$ $Y5 c7 Q9hO V
6Q11−3O 4O !@ X T b,PW Qa1LBO
%11−3$ !"#

91 M9NO K60
d
]^ ,5B a[ ,}7[ r# $52 +$Y ¡Lk 0, +L ,PW" 3" / `5#
6,PW" 3" t/ q q Ak $# X9h
d
+[5$ .5 a +, \eL!" ),(C" ¢91" /7 ]w 8( X4> I
:a( Z ,PW" 3" +,( x9 )[
(Magnetic Flux) :E

P-D
k9 (Magnetic Forces) +,2,PW" c7 ¡Lk / D `5#

£ s AL ,PW" .[
,F +L ,/ q q $# (F $# q +,Z ¡Lk a( ,,PW" 3"
0,rB +¤,( t/ Z T ,:2,PW t/ :/j :,hhu :T t/ # @ X9 w= / <;$=
187
t/ .[ QLO 5 ,Q!@O pC X T b,PW +¤,( t/ k ,PW
d
¡Lk +¤,( t/ ,PW" ,C PLk d +,5 +1,R 2C= *Vh )Y :,hhV :T
+,1
d +7
6Q12−3O 4 , /=
&'(
./ +,-
%12−3$ !"#
E
Q* R64S
AL a( +,2,PW" c7 ¡L

,PW" 3" ¡L
'5# 8;
2#
d
6,PW" .[ ¡L
r# '5# T C
d
_ w| 9 ,PW" 3" ¡Lk TA#
( aL5 a ,3" ¡Lk +L ¥C
6,PW 0LB t/ X7 ]vl N +L7= /
¡Lk +L ,PW" 3" 2 / `5#
£ s
3" = 4 Ak 9 e# +,Z
n,T ,b,PW" 4 = 02e ,PW"
%13−3$ !"#
,,PW" 0,r7 3" ah 2" w$#
E
&'0 E
5 R64S J
6Q13−3O 4
188
n51 .W 2 \; ¡Lk +L Q14−3O 4 !@ X T ,PW )# 8H
6Q15−3O 4 M 0L7 _ k ,KF 0L7
%15−3$ !"# %14−3$ !"#
E
5 R64S VT U E
5 R64S J
./ +,-

95 ,b,PW$ (N) KF 0L7 < a[ ,+7W +,Z ¡Lk a( 3" ¡Lk :+-W(
6KF M 0L7 b,PW" k9 ]2 ,(S) M 0L7 / k [
(Magnetic Force effect) :

+60 FGHL
X7 ]vl = t/ q q $#

6,PW" 3" ¡Lk 4 +,2,PW"
+,Z ,PW" 3" ¡Lk != 8H
¡L NH( ,| 6+7W X9 F +,PL ¡,
d
3" '5 ,qP ¦B +$,72 1!
k9 B 99V [w 99V n,T,b=3"
3" ¡Lk :T _ ,¦B \[2"
%16−3$ !"# d
\[2" k9 XB 5j 9 / B ,PW"
X(< J ? 5 R64S +6(
,b=3" ]^ 3" '5 +#L Q\2"O
6Q16−3O 4
189
:,PW" 3" ¡Lk 3= n,T ,,PW" 3" Ek )( EA

$# 8;
6M 0L7 _ k KF 0L7 Qn51O < −
6+72 +7W \2
§ −
651 r5 i +#u a[ iP7 q −
Q17−3O 4 L ( _ (Tensile Force) (Fr ) 4 XB 8; / z# ,¦7 ,| −
d
n,T (S) , (N) :C :1LB : X9/ 6(Attraction Force) GHM X7 r# '5
6Q18−3O 4 ,:;3" :1L7 : $# cB e" 3" #
%17−3$ !"#
%18−3$ !"# %S , N$ [ -# +6(
-YD E
5Z
}Wj XB 8; / z# ,+[w w 1! Q,PW" 3" ¡LkO ¦7 / −
d
[ X7 r# '5 ,Q19−3O 4 52" ( _ (Fp ) +,1=h (Pressure Force)
: \q3" +@ NH( _ 6QN , NO :mF :1LB : ? y ,(Repulsion Force)
d
'e n,T Q3" ¡Lk O 95 +7L$ '5 ,| +#2 X9r :1L7
6Q20−3O 4 ,51 r5 3 +#u ]2 ,+,KF GLB +h 3" ¡Lk
%19−3$ !"#
%20−3$ !"#
%N , N$ [ ^ _ +6(

2A 'L, ], L
,+,2,PW" \q3$ +u/ 9 +1 i!# 8H ,+,2,PW" > t/ v −
6QU,1O 8,A1 C pe # X9/
190
8$# Ak a ,X7 \]vl pK# N SH ,PW" 3" /$ _ −
.L ,3" *v +BL NH( H1 n,T ,Q+BLO WF :5 7 H t/ X 7
X! +,2,PW" `5 ,+=V \BP w| +,2,PW" \q3" # H( ,D,4A / +,=v
6QWF u3= t/ X 7O +BL 4 c T +/
(Magnetic Flux Density) :E

P-D `
V D V# ,,PW" .[ K4 0LB <¨ SH ,PW" 3" $2#
(vs) +,=v }C `# V $# Q21−3O 4 6(wb-weber) `# a( D T , (∅) S[
: a5# H(

d
+C _ (1v) T }[ X B ,- d
h # SH ,PW" .[ :6 -6 (1wb) a76 −
+$,B Y= Q.[ O 3" H( B / ,PW" 3" T +/j 82
6(1s) X T +,=v N B u _ C! $Y/
d
+5" R" X T t/ #9$/ +5B ∅ ,PW" .[ X 4 :W W
P-DW `W −
A2 a( ,B X T B '@ V#
s ,Q22−3O 4 (A) 3" +T2 (1m )
2
6(T-Tesla)
%22−3$ !"# %21−3$ !"#

P-D ` ∅ – b" 5
R¨ (1wb) `# T X B )Y ,PW .[ +,eL2 +[w (1T) A2 T S2#
d
: S ,#9$/ d
BRk d
(1m 2 ) T d
5 d ( B +T2
R
1T = 1 wb = 1 vs
m2 m2
191
iLB +T2 _ (B) ,PW" .[ +[w G© (∅) ,PW" .[ +$,B t/ !@ $# n,T
: S (A) ,PW" 3"
∅ = B . A (wb)
∅  wb 
B=  2 = T
A m 
∅
A=
B
(m ) 2
:%1$ 5`
Dr,[ +[w , 5 (cm 2 ) D5L7 +T2 ,PW 0,r7 ,PW" .[ h
6 0.12 (T) ª1
!WWW/
:24O
A = 5 (cm 2 ) B = 0.12 (T)
:;614
∅ ( wb) = ?
:264c
(
Q ∅ = B . A wb = vs
m 2 . m2 )
∴ A = 5 (cm 2 ) = 5 . 10 −4 (m 2 )
: S
∅ = 0.12 vs . 5.10 −4 m 2 = 0.6 . 10 −4 ( vs)
m2
= 0.6 . 10 −4 ( wb)
192
:%2$ 5`
 wb 
6,PW" D7[ 02T 61  2 
,PW" Dr,[ +[w 25 (cm 2 ) D5L7 +T2
m 
!WWW/
:24O
 wb 
B =1  2  A = 25 (cm 2 )
m 
:;614
∅ =?
:264c
 wb 
Q ∅ = B . A  2 . m2 
m 
∴ A = 25 (cm 2 ) = 25 . 10 −4 (m 2 )
: S
 wb 
∅ = 1  2  . 25.10 − 4 (m 2 ) = 25.10 − 4 ( wb)
m 
Magnetism Molecular theorem :‫ﻭ( ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
.#P / +,2,PW" +,k ,j $#

d
,2,PW d
1,rB =« ;g[ ,+,¤#VM \2,PW"
0LB K4 0LB K \2,PW 8; / z=
D2C= ),27 #$ ; ,Q23−3O 4 h
/ X1/ # D,/ !@ $# Wl[
T D= RC# h 0LB K4 0L7 b,PW
%23−3$ !"#
t/ .L# n,T ,\2,PW Y *Vh W
2
0L
NH( t/ .L# D=g[ \¤#Vh X9" *Vh W
6Q+,¤#VM \2,PW"O X]W! \2,PW"
193
Materials Magnetically Classification :‫ﺯ( ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴ ﹰﺎ‬
+,,A a5 ,, .L (µ ) +7L" #;C= +,2,PW" , Ak X9" = 9 e#
:a( X9K +7L" +#;C S ,;C=> +,B
µ = µo µr
: n,T
:a( D$,B Q (H / m) R¬S( a( D T ,PW" Uw '5# ¥C +7L" +#;C − µ a
µ o = 4 π .10 −7 (H / m)
:a( * ¥C D$,B X9" } a12 ;C 5 − µ r
µr =1
d
5$ r# '5# 8H ,X T +!k +#9 / +$,B S2# ck X9 ¨ D
a 6ck X9 ¨ [¦ 3 ,PW _ +C
" 9" ij / 6+#;C
3" k9 X9h" X9K (B) ,PW" .[ +[w : +12 t/ .L# , +=7" $=
R[ t/ (µ r ) +,12 +#;C ) * ¥C _ (B o ) ,PW" .[ +[w ,PW"
: S ,X F +#2 \q
B
µr =
Bo
+=7" p,7 t/ 8H !e= =g[ , (µ r = 1) * +,2,PW" +" =9 T ; p H( t/
r[ ; ,PW" 3" X 4 / ,PW" 3$ X9" , (µ r = 500) a5 8; t/
+h9 t/ ,PW" .[ +[w t/ $5 a[ +v U2, ;qC (µ r ) +$,B 6X +-K2 *
(µ r = 1) $,B ! X@ +h9 C ;qC (µ r ) C
; ah }Wr t/ X@
X@ +h9 / ;qC n,T , (770 o C) / ;qC S +L7= i7 n,T S +L7= / T
d
:1" (µ r ) a12 ;C 5 +$,B 02T +C
" 9" UC 7[ $/ 6,PW ]^ 1!# NH(
6+,2,- \/$ ?Av _ Q1−3O h _
194
%1−3$ 5,-B

µ r 9( &
6 dL
µ r < 1 eIII µ r ≥ 1 eII µ r >>> 1 eI 3L
E4 7 E4 J E4 ,F f14
0.99984 \V 1.00000037 *( 800 (2…4%C) (u # T
0.999970 .1-u 1.00002 , 4000 Q0.1% BO ;q[
0.999975 +r[ 1.00026 :A 8000 t/ S% \qk <
+
0.999984 1.00027 ,
0.999990 pe= 1.0026 ;q[ 100000 (Mumetal) ,,
0.999991 * 1.15 ;q[ 300000 (Permalloy) S
+,2,- \/$ ?Av _ UC ,PW" , ,B n,T 9" M TA#
:# K
:
,F 6
Ferromagnetic Materials
+,,A ,$2 U74 n,T
\o B 6 # T a5 QFerrum ][O
d
5,{ +B , U ;qC G3
+k +C! +,2,PW$ ;qC +7 ,+LW$
d X]1 +,2,PW" D, a5# H( 6+,¤j
6 h
%24−3$ !"# a12 (;C= 5 +/$3" NH( _ 9" i,$3[

,F 6 XB 99V ,[ , µ r >>> 1 T ]w `
w −Q24−3O 4− ,PW" 3" 2 +[w
d
+7 ; $/ a( ,, U ;qC
6X]W +,2,PW
195
:
J 6
Parramagnetic Materials
a12 ;C 5 ,[ # a 9" a(
d
f TA# , T S2# A,B ` µ r ≥ 0
7[ ,PW" ,C i$ V t/ v
7 S ,Ak " / D[w
,1 t/ * , w X]1 +,2,PW"
%25−3$ !"#
d $/ ,w"
D14 +/$3" NH( _ 9" `5

J 6
d
6Q25−3O 4 ,,2,PW +
®
:
7 6
Diamagnetic Materials
n,T +¤#9 +,2,PW" , 9 a(
H( , T B µ r < 1 a12 ;C 5
d +,/ +,2,PW" 7 :1#
8; TA# , h
D1 ,PW" 3" 5j G Ak
%26−3$ !"# 9" NH( −Q26−3O 4− Ak 15

7 6 t/ 0(H ,+rC ,pe ,\V1 ,:h ,
6w" ,1
+u5 9" +/$ a( X T +/$ $j (III) +/$3" (II) +/$3" 9 ! / F
9" a( ( T `5 (I) +/$3" ,+,2,PW ]^ 9 `5 f S ,,PW" , +¤#9
6Q+,2,PW ]^ +,2,PWO :/$ $j 9" ! p H( t/ +,2,PW"
196
Electromagnetism@Zòîî bäÌßë‹èØÛa@ 2-1-3

#H( : }R + ) X(Y a( ,+,2,PW" * +1 +$ +,2,PW
+/j" +,2,PW" +1 D9 Ak Tq n,T CF ,:3"
d $% G7
5j 95 ,GM – KF N / 'e Q27−3O 4 ,
\A" T +,2,PW \q +( +3,= H( ,a- , iLB /
6a- , +@
%27−3$ !"#
1g63 hYU
6X,@ \q 4 _ 2=> + k _ 9 z-= \

+,2,PW X(o UCF H(
\ " ,+w# @ \q \o +,2,PW +, ),(C" ¢91" x9 )[ t/ 9K/q1[
6(]^ \q!q \ 5 XVh \AT" i[ \e"
, $ +,Y@ \2,PW a( +,- \2,PW" ((h _ a5 +,2,PW
a- , t/ $5 +,- +,2,LW"[ ,+$- \2,PW" b5 D/L7= / V }7[
6X¯1
:‫ﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬‫ﺃ( ﺍ‬

d s a- , 1/ $# 66uA ,PW" 3" ,
Kw ,PW" 3$ 112
d
(DC-direct current) $2" , 7# p H( t/ 6a- , 112 M `5#
d 51 Kr51 L1 D i ,PW" 3"
6,
197
: D ii< -60 , * 5TS j kJ j"97 ^l m,
7 #V V" X e +$Y -9 +¤,( t/ " T ,PW" 3" 2 4
6Q28−3O 4 ," _ , N ( 9 $# ,, !7= X9#V [w
%28−3$ !"#
" JD E
5 (T
B 1! (B) .[ +[w a5# H( ,< e= X /1 V" X e - : \[2" X9#u
d
/ i (B) +$,B 7 ; +[2" i i ,2/ 0 f S ," / ( 5 9u K
6+[2" +C/r
+BA5 −Q29−3O 4− , X F 9 ys (Magnetic intensity) (H) ,PW" 3" X 4 +$,B
6!7 X9#V +#9P
%29−3$ !"#
" JD E
5 +-# (T
198
5[ ," T " ,PW" 3" N Ak 9 e# " _ a- , N
D3,[ , GR7# / ,+/2 G7/ i 3" N # "
® k9 S ⊕ / , 51#
,+/2 G7/ 9 b/ ,PW" 3" N , "
® <k S =e=
6Q30−3O 4
%30−3$ !"#
" JD >: E
5 >: (T
:X /7 X /7 NH( '5

, k9 N _ Q0" K2"O +$#` =# / D= t/ −Q31−3O 4− 97aW −
6" T ,PW" 3" N 9 % +$#` C7 +T N g[ " _
]F# m> ,$, , " t/ r1B ; = t/ −Q32−3O 4− nWop −
T " ,PW" 3" 9 N 9 y +r17 i g[ ," _ , N
6"
%31−3$ !"#
%32−3$ !"# 97a +-(
nop +-(
199
:‫ﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻒ‬‫ﺏ(ﺍ‬

" _ " ,PW" 3" N # y Q$, , +r1BO m> X /B +L 8H $#
i ]F n,e −Q33−3O 4− $, , " t/ r1B ;g[ ,a- , +3,=
,PW" 3" ¡Lk <k N S (N) KF 0L7 ]F# m> g[ ," _ , N
6" Hm a- , +3,= " "
%33−3$ !"#
d1 .6"D E
5 >: -7-=
.L# )- b,PW$ ,PW" 3" DF# , D " $ ,PW" 3" TA# n,T
:n,T D5
6QS , NO GLB
6,PW" 3" ¡Lk \2
:a( Z ,X # / #V$ )- b,PW" / V,$# a- b,PW"[ 8; )^
6]w t/ N F DLW $#
6" , ]W ∅ ,PW" .[ +$,B ]W
:‫ﺝ( ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﲔ‬

#H( T ,2,PW" q3" g[ ,#3 : _ a- , #° /
K, , Nq bC= _ , :@ :" n,T ]vl q91# ,#u =, :"
200
,PW" 3$ P 4 8; o# ,Q34−3O 4 G; cB K, lF , e q
6:$ Q35−3O 4 P 4 w" ,:" T e"
%35−3$ !"#
%34−3$ !"#
q6
-#
;: K6(
,:" : [ cB *F= 8; S9, Q36−3O 4 :C :( _ , +T _
6Q37−3O 4 \A$ 52 }Wj 8H ,,PW" 3$ +,1=h }Wj cB 8; o#
T +,[ += $2" , , \/ # 0I +,$5 \7,1L _ D=g[ p H( t/
6+,,# c7 +7 i,L2
%37−3$ !"# %36−3$ !"#

I ^ _ L K6(
:‫ﺩ( ﻭﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ‬

V V# (N) " \C 9 / _ (I) , X 4 G± T / X1/ a( .[ +,
+$,B (N) \C 9 / (A) ]1 a( .[ +, X T ,(Theta) , ²=, '@ ( (θ)
:+, +95" 02y QX T 9O +!k +#9 /
θ = I N (A)
p H( t/ ,+,- X- _ a- , 012" M .[ +, +=7 $#
d
+,2,PW" +e" X7 .[ +, r# '5 ,,PW" M '5
(e.m.f) +,- Q+e"O +5[ X7 i +=7" 8; ,(m.m.f-magnetic motive force)
6+,- X- _
201
6 120 (mA ) X B , D,[ $# 2500 DC 9 / " .[ +, +$,B h :5`
!WWW/
N = 2500 I = 120 (mA ) :24O
θ =? :;614
:264c
I = 120 mA = 120 . 10 −3 A
= 0.12 A
θ=I N
θ = 0.12 . 2500
= 300 A
6 300A N 7 , D,[ $# ,X T +C S; " .[ +, +$,B o +$,7 NH(
:‫ﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬‫ﻩ( ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‬

.[ +, / X1/ a( (H) ,PW" 3" X 4
a( D T (L m ) ,PW" 3" 2 P _ R (θ)
A
:+, +BA5 02% ,R¬]1  
m
%38−3$ !"#
I N θ A
F( d1
H= =  
Lm Lm m
d
7 3" X 4 +$,7[ (L m ) i ,2/ 0 (H) n,T
.[ +, ),B n,T \C" S2 7[ ,2" P K
,PW" 2" P n,T (N) \C 9 / (θ)
%39−3$ !"# ³
Q39−3O 4 " i 2 Q38−3O 4 "[ (L m )
!76
d1 #2 Z 8H ,K (θ) .[ +, ),B n,T
_ C C" # 8; t/ (L m ) ,PW" 2" L C¨ K (N) \C 9 / n,T
+T _ B +$,B \; ¦B " +T _ ` f n,T ,(H) ,PW" 3" X 4 +$,B
6P "
202
:5`
D,[ }" ,PW" 3" }k P ,3000 DC 9 / " ,PW" 3" X 4 02T
6 50 (mA ) D 4 , D,[ $# ,15 (cm)
!WWW/
:24O
I = 50 (mA) L m = 15 (cm) N = 3000
:;614
H =?
:264c
I = 50 . 10 −3 (A ) = 0.05 (A )
L m = 15 . 10 −2 (m) = 0.15 (m)
N I 0.05 . 3000 A
QH= = = 1000  
Lm 0.15 m
:‫ﻭ( ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬

:+, \BA5 ,PW" .[ +[w 02y
∅  wb 
B=  2
A m 

A
B=µH  
m
203
:5`
A
n,T 180   ,PW" D X 4 ª1 a-( 0B S; " ,PW" .[ +[w 02T
m
Vs
6 1.25 . 10 −6 a( ¥C +#;C=
Am
!WWW/
:24O
A  Vs 
H = 180   µ o = 1.25 . 10 − 6  
m  Am 
:;614
B =?
:264c
Q B = µ H = µo µr H
µ r = 1 *( } n,T
Vs A
∴ B = µ o H = 1.25 . 10 −6 . 180
Am m
 Vs wb 
B = 2.05 . 10 − 4  2 = 2 = T 
m m 
:‫ﺯ( ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬

(I) a- , D $# ,(m) R" p7# (L) 5C DP +@ T ),72 ij /
2
R¬`# Q,PW" n@O Dr,[ +[w )Y ,PW k9 (A) ]1 D 4 p7
e D,[ , +3,= -9 +¤,( t/ " T +F" ,PW" 3" ¡Lk g[ ,(B) a(
j5 Nq H( _ q3" 1!,[ ,( bC= _ | a )Y" ,PW" 3" ¡Lk i
k e$,[ Nq _ 3" i +j5 ck +,T _ K, ,Ce
5[ XB :3" : /C H( / z# ,:95 "
® +,T NH( _ q3" 1!#
204
8#y cB v +,C, bC 6Q40−3O 4 :3" 95 +,T= " i[ (F) +,,=,
k9 j (L) ( (m) R" DP (N) DC 9 / _P t/ (F2 ، F1 ) +,,=,
8#e cB ? e[ ,Q41−3O 4 9 t/ +@ T " # n,e )Y ,PW
6" 9 D/ z# \A/C NH(
%40−3$ !"#
JL !9v w1i t "U" !O +6(
%41−3$ !"# ND E
5Z ?
r"LJ J6s t u6_6 JD1 !/ d1 .J,
ND E
5Z !S
d
X T +,2,PW [ X7 r# '5 a (F) +,,=," ]vl XB p7
d 8H $,B 02y QN-newten ,O
:+, +BA5 7[
F = B I L ( N)
: n,T
 wb 
6 2 
,PW" ,C +[w −B
m 
6(A) " " , X 4 −I
6(m) $ 5C L −L
d
_ ij ; Q9 d
O e a- , @ +@ T Q"O " # H(
6+,- \e" ,WF +, +#Y 1" ( ,)Y ,PW
:‫ﺡ( ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻓﻠﻤﻨﺞ ﻟﻠﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺮﻯ‬

+,$ a( (F) +,2,PW" [ ]vl XB hs +,2,PW +@ X(o +9 Ak
d
:a( ,/ Xv" 5 )( g[ p H( t/ ,( d
7 £ s L +,,B
+@ 9 y
205
:+7x !
$% QO " +e" (F) X7 ]vl X9#u 3= F = B I L +, +BA5 Y
d
X9#u ,(B) ,C +[w X9#V d
)Y ,PW k9 Q O +@ T # n,e ,
d
6X7 NH( +$,B t/ v 5,{ a( (L) 5C L X9#u 8H (I) , X 4
:>:A !
3= F = B I L +, +BA5 (F) 9 N \; +,$ a( (F) +@ XB n,T
+95" _ ck \,$ ?Aw N b, }7[ 7" X9 +,$ ( (L) 5C L
Q42−3O 4 +vAw +, \3" } +BA/ x( TA# 6+3 \,$ a[ B , I , F
z$[ X /7 '5 a +,- \e$ z$[ X /7 +vAw \3" : }R +[5 $#
6Q43−3O 4 ,c«, ,
%43−3$ !"# %42−3$ !"#

%" 2Y91 z91 +-($ Ky -1 z91 +-( :A 29" ^L
:# t/ z$[ X /B

" JD J, >: { F|L 8g< C Q* R64S (l} ~Y Ky - J ^ W -W
e/ >: { F|7 -D9 nop . !g6 ?
, z$[ X /B .,7y $# :T _ +T i F
«# TA#
6}7[ i
c«,
:NT
63" , N ,PW _ , T QO +T N 9 e# −
d
67L d ,PW" 3" , b/ ; −
]W# +@ N g[ 5
206
\e$ c«, , X /7 z$[ X /B '5

9 N +T # | )# t5[ ,+,-
d

r# 7,7y $# ,+,- \e"
}7[ c«, , i K/ ,[ )# ck +,C,
6Q44−3O 4 , +T 9
%44−3$ !"#
" 2Y91 z91
%Ky - +-($
:´ t/ +,C, NH(

{ F|L 3 U, ,QO3 'O t 769 M4i6 , 3 , nop Ky - 8g 2W
>WW: { F|WWL nWWop .WW %dWW1$ !WWg6 ? JWWD J,WW >WW: { 4WWi6 , NDWW QWW* >WW:
e%.J,- $ /
:5`
d
k9 /j 25 (A ) , D,[ $# 40 (cm) DP t/ Xv" [ XB 02T
6 1 (T) D[w )Y ,PW

!WWW/
:24O
I = 25 (A) B = 1 (T ) L = 40 (cm)
:;614
F =?
:264c
1) L = 40 . 10 −2 (m) = 0.4 (m)

2) F = B I L
3) F = 1.25 . 0.4 = 10 ( N)
207
:‫ﻁ( ﺍﳊﺚ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬

g[ ,.[ H( t/ 5 QO )Y ,PW .[ : +,12= +T ? T /
" _ a- , ( .[ S«# Q"O " Qne2O e . m . f +,- +5[9 XB
+$,B 9 y ,+,- \ " m $5 a X /7 1" ( H( g[ p H( t/ Q"O
:+, \BA5 X " e . m . f
:$ −1
U o = B L υ (v)
:$ −2
U o = N B L υ (v)
: n,T
6(v) UC p7 ,X " +,- +5[ X7 a( − U o
6Q"O " D$j xe# SH )Y" ,PW" ,C +[w −B
6Q"O " 5C L −L
( )
6 m s +,=v¬R" p7 Q"O " +T +/° )Y" 3" ¡Lk iLB +/° − υ
:5`
( s ) +$Y +/« xe# 10 (cm) 5C DP _ n@ " M 7
10 cm
6A2 T +[w ; D7[ ,PW k9
!WWW/
:24O
L = 10 (cm) ( )
υ = 10 cm s B = 1 (T)
:;614
Uo = ?
:264c
1) L = 10 . 10 −2 (m) = 0.1 (m)
2) υ = 10 . 10 −2 m( s ) = 0.1(m s )
3) U o = B L υ = 1 . 0.1 . 0.1 = 0.01 ( v)
208
:‫ﻱ( ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻓﻠﻤﻨﺞ ﻟﻠﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲎ‬

:\q5" _ $,B G2T / 1/q _ Hks 0I +3 +,$ ( " Q,O M
Uo = N B L υ , Uo = B L υ
NH( 9 y ,Q+@ NO +/« ,,C , M ,\3$ +,vAw +BA5 \q95" TA#
s
,$, , z$[ X /7 '5 a Q\ "O , X /B
Q45−3O 4 +vAw \3"
6Q46−3O 4
%46−3$ !"#
2- 691 +-(
%45−3$ !"#
%M9 -1 z91 +-($
- 6D JD >: -7-=
Q* R64S Vl} ~Y 4 M9 - . tW %zW91* MW9 -W1 $ 2- 6W +-W( WL
O7 8g< >: . 5, %d1$ !g6 [ 3 / >: { nop F|7, ,- J %-ODL$
e- 6D %JD $ -@ >:
d
6Q47−3O 4 ,ck +,C, \ " X /B .,7y $# r#
– m>O ?Aw $, , i 5 : t/ a
3" N .7e Ak $# QL – +12
D, ]F# a +@ N ,+12 D, ]F a ,PW"
d
k9 xe" " " " , N Ke[ ,m>
%47−3$ !"#
d s , 3"
6L i1 D, F
2- 6$ M9 -1 z91 +-(
:N t/ B# " , M e . m . f N 1/q Hk 0I
6)Y" ,PW" 3" .[ −
63$ +12 Q"O " +T −
209
Methods Electronical Current generation@Zïöbi‹èØÛa@ŠbînÛa@‡îÛìm@Ö‹ 2-3

@Z†† ¾a@ïöbi‹èØÛa@ŠbînÛa@ 1-2-3
Alternating current characteristics :‫ﺃ( ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬
:Z X / E
" a1,M M (A.C) 99R" , V,$#
6 (i , u ) + +HH +1h" +12 ),7 +/$ a( :(Cycle) +J,-
9 % ,X T +,=v Ak Q+H;O + X9 |> W2" V D !7# :(T) ]J,-W jxW
:+BA5
1 1 ‫دورة‬ 
T=  − 
f s 
699R −f : n,T
X T p7# X T +,=w _ Q\HHO \ D !7# :(f-Frequency) lWW
6V( (Hz)
1
f= (Hz) : S
T
K4 # _ , f = 50 (Hz) ( −$, − µ5 9 )Y5 _
2" , 99
d
65L7 d
*j aL5 +3(" ,!" g[ , f = 40 (Hz) 99R B ;g[ 6 f = 60 (Hz) ,
´H n@ / + e . m . f +,- +5[ X7 g[ , f = 50 (Hz) / 99R 9u ;
6X 7 7= ¡Lk +L +" +,- +BL 7= .,5# ¶ 99V (Silf induction)
S +1 +1h U= * X99R" +,$ +$,B ·B a( :(Amplitude) u WWLA
6 − f max + f max
:‫ﺏ( ﻃﺮﻕ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬

+BL <= _ a" n,w@ L t/ p _ a1 , µ5 i#« L
\,= , +2 ck +BL = (]^ / u| +,- +BL 8; ,+,-
ne1 _ $ 99R" , +7#L * 2=> z= H$[ 6i#u 7 8; _ K #$
d
H( t/ ,99R" , , - \q !k a- , , \q 9!" #L
210
+,$/ _ +
2" +BL 9! \ " = 02e 99R" , , P ,! $# p
:Z :,2,- :/$ <=>
:{ J,- 0L, :%Alternators 26$ ;,D JD 2- 6 •
, DL )# T t/ +" + Sy n,T :(Single phase) J6W4 W7
d
+1 X]W 9h \ B \; \" NH( 1^ ,Q48−3O 4 +#9T h +h
U[ 220 ( h ,\, Q5÷1O : B R ; },21 $5 V"
A
6:2 i#u Y=
%48−3$ !"#
7 6 -B kB6
L avAw 99R" , \

2=> x9 7[ :(three phase) J6W4 WGTG
; Dhk ,ο120 +#V 51 r5 / +TV −Q49−3O 4− \C +vAv S% SH
6Q51−3O 4 +,1,h \h ?Aw −Q50−3O 4− \3 +vAv
%51−3$ !"# %50−3$ !"# %49−3$ !"#
` 2B6 TG c 2D J64 GTG - 6
211
P V# 82" avAw Y } P " 99R" , 7= h
,+,= J[ U qV= \7T U xA +2 Y=
® s /$ _ a( ,qV= 7T
220 ( v) P h n,T L +#9T Q\ O +$Y= +vAv ¹[ +,$5 +,T a[
+[9 \ "

q Ak ,\, Q1000÷10O : R B
} '5# −Q52−3O 4− }7[ xA +vAw 1!, avAw } Y= #L 2=
8H ,:Lk #P : 220 ( v) N h (∆ − delta connection) aww" ,
h xA +5l Y= +C 9h Ak +C
" ^ \h@ +,1 ' m
(Y − star connection) a$3 , S; avAw Y '5# ( ,U[ 380¬220
+[5 a[ +,71" xA +vAw ,N 95 82 i 82 '5# −Q53−3O 4−
:# K \, 9M 02y , L 1 , L 2 , L 3 ¡L xAl
%52−3$ !"#
`1` − ∆ − ^J
%53−3$ !"#
U L = U ph
`1` − Y − ^J
I L = 3 I ph
I L = I ph
6L , h − I ph , U ph : n,T
U L = 3 U ph
6} , h − I L , U L
³
} _ U L = U ph = 220 v aww" } _ L h i 2 } h TA#
s
Q95O 9,@ 82 : # L h :T _ ,U[ U L = 380 ( } h a$3
d ]1 F D5 Y H( F= +,= H( U ph = 380 v ( }k S
n,T , h
6ck
2 } h X*j
2# L h
212
:" (4 J •
T 99R" ,, Y +BL , i#u 7= + +,- +BL t/ 0L X9#V dY=
$# p H( t/ ,+,- +BP % DT +,5,1L 9" ,C2# 2=>
: +T" \,=> +BL 9! 02e 99R" , , 0, P )( ,!
- \ºF i,{ X9 3" 9!" )r :(Renewable energy) +-DW W(4 JW
: 5,1L ! 9 3 hRA +7 +BL \; ,
6\A7 .#P / (Solar energy) +,2$F +BL −
6(Wind energy) # +BP −
6(Geothermal energy) +,[h +BP −
6(Tidal energy) VM " +BP −
6(Water energy) +,- +BP −
Cs a 9!" i,{ $F :(Non Renewable energy) +-DW FW W(4 JW
d
: \Le" = 02e ! 5,{ a( ,82
s
6+#
, \L −
6+#u^ , \L −
6V# \L −
6+#= , \L −
, \ w $2 , , 9! 99R" , , )# n,T :9D W JWL JW
b/ \AB $2 +#T #y -
.#P / (]^ \#L1 $2"
6+ ^ \q!q _ / F
2 ,(Converters)
:‫ﺝ( ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬

,),5 ,+e! ,X3 ,+/V ,# 5 ,+/!O X # / \q _ 99R" ,
2#s
6Q$5 ,+j# ,+[7w A/> ,]L ,\L7 ,\A"
213
:‫ﺩ( ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬

:(n) - 6 .J,
GLB <u 9 / , " M 99 8H ,99R" , \ 9 +/° G2T $#
d ,PW" 3"
:+, \BA5 7[
np 60 f
f= (Hz) n= (R.P.M)
60 p
: n,T
6(R.P.M) +7,B X9 " 9 +/° −n
6V " Q,O M 99 −f
6,PW" 3" GLB <u 9 / −p
N99 , , # ; QGLB T <uO :,2,PW :1L7 )3@ ]W 99R , aC[
w h ; ,+7,B9 X9 3000 S ,+,=v X9 50 " 9 0I D=g[ , f = 50 (Hz)
9 / $ X T X9 _ # D=g[ " _ Qh 0LB K4 0LB = GLB <uO :1LB
6X9h" GLB <u 9 / S2# , \9
:%1$ 5`
d " M 99 G2T GL" 6X9 1500 +7,B _ # 99R ,
; " l K/
6+,2,PW GLB +5
!WWW/
:24O
n = 1500 (R.P.M) p=2
:;614
f =?
:264c
n p 1500 . 2
Qf = = = 50 (Hz)
60 60
214
:%2$ 5`
6 50 (Hz) Dhk 99 8 DLB 9 / 9 +/° h
!WWW/
:24O
p=4 f = 50 (Hz)
:;614
n =?
:264c
60 f 60 . 50
Q n= = = 750 (P.R.M)
p 4
:%3$ 5`
D=9 +/° 50 (Hz) 99 ; Dhk h 99R , " GLB <u 9 / 02T
6+7,B X9 3000
!WWW/
:24O
f = 50 (Hz) n = 3000 (R.P.M )
:;614
p =?
:264c
60 f 60 . 50
p= = =1
n 3000
215
:3@ MY 2AO & JD , -@ (

, ω +#u +/« ,+/2 G7/ b/ _ + X9 0 o D# ij ( U m ) D3 9 ;
Ak ( U m ) +1h $Y/ +$,7 3 a1,h e t/ !e , 30 o \R[ t/ ij 3
+,7 6Q54−3O 4 02 X != Ak (− U m ) +1 $Y/ +$,B 0h" X !=
X- }, DP o# a7[ }k t/ +#u 7 u 2 , u 1 +,Y@ ),7 32[ +$,7
e i w" 3 a1,M e" '5# z e" (t) V e$ '5# , (d.π = 360 o )
d
+$,B t/ DAk !e= SH , " , +h" a1,M e" r# '5# −Q55−3O 4− ,
!= Ak (−I m ) , +1 $Y/ +$,B 0h" X != Ak (I m ) , +1h $Y/
6 666 (i 1 ) , +,Y@ ),7 32 ,02 X
%54−3$ !"#
l -@ MY 3@ B6
%55−3$ !"#
l JD MY 3@ B6
216
d 02y +,Ye ),7 3= 8; t/

:+95" 7[
u = U m sin ωt (v) 99R" M −
i = I m sin ωt (A) 99R" M −
ω = 2 πf (Hz) +#V +/« −
d
+12 Q,O M m ]W# a +,- +#V / X1/ a( ,SV 99R =,T (ω) '5
6V
d 2π
ω=
t
=
t
[radian sec ond] : S
_ X9 _ $# SH $2" , 8; +$,B :fl (I) 99R" , +5C +$,7 '5s : O* 90 −
V# 6V bC X bC= _ $# K,T 99R" , 3# a X@ +,$ bC= z, :5 u
d
i" } Hh r# +5C +$,7 $2 ,XV,¶ +A/ 9 ]1 V +5C +$,7 X9/
6X¯1 , 3 +#95 p,7 XVh ,1 a a( +5C +$,7 −Q56−3O 4−
%56−3$ !"#
JD1 *1D 0
:# K 99R" M 99R" , +5C +$,7 02y H(
Im
I= = 0.707 I m (A)
2
Um
U= = 0.707 U m (V)
2
217
a +eF bC= X9 S _ 7# SH (I) $2" , a( :(Average value) 4Wi6D 9W0 −
:+, \BA5 99R" M 99R" , +L" +$,7 02y (i) 99R" , 7#
2 Im
I av = = 0.637 I m (A)
π
2 Um
U av = = 0.637 U m (V)
π
F 5$ +L" +$,7 +5C +$,7 : +12 '5 :(Form Factor) !"|W !WO −
:# K 02y , 3 , +#2 a( ,+r +#9 / F 5 +$,B (K f )
I 0.707 I m
Kf = = = 1.11
I av 0.637 I m
U 0.707 U m
Kf = = = 1.11
U av 0.637 U m
6b5 ( U av ) (I av ) ),B U$/ ; ( U) (I) :,5 (K f ) .#P / $# n,T
+$,7 : +12 :D=l (K a ) +$7 5 '5#s :(Peak "amplitude" Factor) W90 !WO −
\ T +#9 / +$7 5 +$,B , ( U) (I) +5C +$,7 , ( U m ) (I m ) $Y5
:# K 02y
Im
Ka = = 1.414
I
Um
Ka = = 1.414
U
:#
I m = 1.414 I (A)
U m = 1.414 U (V)
p,7 XVhl[ , 3 Q'h, O +HH ) .#P / }7[ $Y5 ),7 p7 :NT
3 $Y5 ),7 ,+5C ),7 }7[ +!! f Q,BO f, i,L2 q +#95
d +,Z \;
6\C" V/ 1k / Aw
218
:%4$ 5`
:
2 +7 _ 10 (A) $Y5 D$,B ª1 , c° ; R]1 ,1# a +5C +$,7 a(
?XT 8H e a +5C X 7 7 ,10 (Ω) $,B
!WWW/
:24O
I m = 10 (A ) R = 10 (Ω)
:;614
Io = ? , Po = ?
:264c
1) Q I = 0.707 I m
∴ I = 0.707 . 10 = 7.07 (A)
2) Q P = I 2 . R
∴ P = (7.07) 2 . 10 = 500 ( w )
:%5$ 5`
?U[ 660 5C N h 99R , V/ D$e# 0I SH ·B M (
!WWW/
:24O
U = 660 ( v)
:;614
Umo = ?
:264c
U 660
Q Um = = = 935 ( v)
0.707 0.707
219
:2,0 ? J -@, JD (T

d
(L) ´H n@ (R) +7" +, +vAw , ~/ i,{ Sy 99R" , \9 ,$/
d Su +! \ _ r5 5,{ X9h ~5 NH( B (C) +52
,5
:# K N T t/ !-!k x9 )[ h
Q58−3O 4 +7" t/ M , +h 3= Q57−3O 4 +7 t/ }7[ Sy X9 −
\3" D,1 K 2q _ q C¨ q , 0 o = L [ +#u S ,ah C _ =
6Q59−3O 4
%57−3$ !"#
%59−3$ !"#
R ]6D= +J
JD , -@ 2D %58−3$ !"#
JD , -@ MY
:+BA5 U , I , R ),B 02y

U
I=
R
, +h 7 M +h g[ ,Q60−3O 4 (X L ) +,r#e D7 t/ Sy X9 −
5C ),7 +,1" \3" 8H Q61−3O 4 , M \,e D,1 K (+90 o ) +#V
+#V +/« D,1 K ,+/2 G7/ b/ # N n,T ,Q62−3O 4 , 3
6\3" t/ (ω)
%60−3$ !"#
%62−3$ !"# %61−3$ !"#
XL ]6D= +J
JD , -@ 2D JD , -@ MY
220
U
IL = :+BA5 U , I , XL ),B 02y
XL
X L = ω L = 2 π f L (Ω)
, b5 (X L ) +,r#e +7" TA# (H) S p7# ´H n@ 5 −L
d
6Q63−3O 4 (f ) 99R (L) ´H n@ 5 i #9P 0
%63−3$ !"#
~/ !O, l XL (T
99R , 1, ! , (X c ) +#52 D5=¶ (C) D5 }7[ w t/ Sy X9 −
\h \,e D,1 K (−90 o ) +#V , +h / kl M +h g[ ,Q64−3O 4
N 1/ t/ Q66−3O 4 , M \3 , 8H Q65−3O 4 , M
6\3" t/ (ω) +#V +/« N D,1 K +/2 G7/ b/
%65−3$ !"# %64−3$ !"#

%66−3$ !"#
JD , -@ MY Xc ]6D= +J
JD , -@ 2D
:+, +BA5 Ic , U , C , Xc G2T )#
U U
Ic = = = Uωc
Xc 1
ωc
221
1 1
69[," X9/ p7 ,w" +5 a( – C , X c = = (Ω) : n,T
ωc 2 πfc
I I
C= (µ F) , ∴ C= (µ F)
Xcω Uω
, \9 _ (∞) S2 (X c ) TA#

d
C S2# $2" , 99 8; $2"
(X c ) g[ 99R" , \9 _ 6 (f = 0)
%67−3$ !"# , b5 Q67−3O 4 (f ) 99R X9#V 7

76O OUC, l , JD (T d
6+52 99R i #9P 0# SH
:%6$ 5`
+$,7 02T 6 220 ( v) +5C D$,B 50 (Hz) N99 3 55 (Ω) $,B +5[ +7 !
d
r# 02T 6+7" 'P t/ 3 $Y5 +$,7 8H ,+7" _ " , $Y5 +5C
6+2" X 7
!WWW/
:24O
R = 55 (Ω) U = 220 ( v) f = 50 (Hz)
:;614
Io = ? , I m o = ? , U m o = ? , Po = ?
:264c
U 220
1) Q I = = = 4 (A)
R 55
2) Q I m = 1.41 I = 1.41 . 4 = 5.64 (A)
3) Q U m = 1.41 U = 1.41 . 220 = 310 ( v)
4) Q P = U . I = 220 . 4 = 880 ( w )
222
:+J-0 ~1`
+,w@ \A/C" 112 a +#L +Tu> +3,= X 7 \1 ?Av h 99R" , \9 _
:\BA5 Q68−3O 4 X 7 nw \1" NH( G2T $# ,+#52
P S=U . I
cos ϕ =
S
P = U . Ia
Q
sin ϕ = Q = U . Ir
S
%68−3$ !"#
+J-0 ~1`
: n,T
6 M , −U , I
65C 9 5C , −Ir , Ia
6 (KVA) (VA) X T p7 +#(Y X 7 a( −S
6 (KVAR ) (VAR ) X T p7 +,5[ 9 X 7 a( −Q
6 (Kw ) ( w ) X T p7 +5C X 7 a( −P
6+#L +Tu> +#u a( − ϕ
6L +#9T \ _ P = U I . cos ϕ :a( +5C X 7
P = 1.73 U I . cos ϕ :g[ L +,vAw
: n,T
6} h , Z −U , I
6X 7 5 cos ϕ
6?^w,[ nw .,1L \, 9M \7" \ww ) $# w"
223
:%7$ 5`
02T , U = 220 ( v) , I = 15 (A) , cos ϕ = 0.8 99R" , $5# x +T t/ 9
®½
6 η = 0.85 xe$ +#C 5 +$,B U= ; P2 < X B 8H +#(Y X 7 +5C X 7
!WWW/
:24O
U = 220 ( v) I = 15 (A) cos ϕ = 0.8 η = 0.85
:;614
Po = ? , P2 o = ? , S o = ?
:264c
1) Q P = U I . cos ϕ = 220 . 15 . 0.8 = 2.64 (Kw )
2) Q P2 = P . η = 2.64 . 0.85 = 2.24 (Kw )
3) Q S = U . I = 220 . 15 = 3.3 (KVA)
:%8$ 5`
d 0e2# ,10 (Ω) +, D7 " 5C , X 7 5 ª1# )
/ 5 (A) D 4 ,
6 220 ( v) 3 D,
!WWW/
:24O
R = 10 (Ω) I = 5 (A) U = 220 ( v)
:;614
cos ϕ o = ? , Ia o = ?
:264c
1) Q P = I 2 . R = 5 2 . 10 = 250 ( w )
2) Q S = U . I = 250 . 5 = 1100 (VA)
P 250
3) Q cos ϕ = = = 0.227
S 110v
4) Q I a = I . cos ϕ = 5 . 0.227 = 1.13 (A)
224
Direct electric current-DC@Z‹àn¾a@ïöbi‹èØÛa@ŠbînÛa@ 2-2-3

d
2=> 1B *
,9Lr" , r# (DC) $2" a- , '5#
)m )K/ h * _ wT1 *K5 V3= $2" , .#P / ,$2" ,
a- Y= / X1/ Q1900O / 1B X 7 7= , )# 7 Y 7[ 6Q5,{ µ O
a- , +$Y= µ5 )Y5 _ +,- +BL +$Y= Uy 8; 5 )v ,$2" ,
d $2" , +BL +$Y= t/ Y[
Y= d ±@ B _ uq 2=> o 8; )^ ,(AC) 99R"
F# n,T ,+ +5 X,@ \1L \h,T ]w a1# Y X # 5 V,¶ ( -C
d
h + 7" 1 ]w _ , G" , # $2 , Y +,5 +,C X 7 7=
d
X e" \#q U U , , =qu,= _ X ,51 \[2" _ .1L# , d
(
d
#2 _ *" Uy +#L \A _ $2" , X 7 7= Y= .1L# r# ,+,#
, 60 (Hz) 99R k ! 50 (Hz) 99R +,- +1F != $5 , _ ,Q[=[O
$2# D=g[ 2=[ R3= : , Y= ,Kr51 :Y $2" , K5 B
,# 1 A _ :C :B _ 8; ? % n,T XH \h,T t/ 0W \Le" , C

d :V 99R aY= C@ +hT 9 :(q S _ 0L 02e X 7 7= $# K,
66|
699R" , +$Y= _ +7-[ +5! q D7,7y $# q SH
6$2" , +, E +[5 Ak 9 $# \V,$" ]w x(
Characteristics :‫ﺃ( ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ‬
:Z +/ +k X # / E

$2" , , Y= u$#
:JL gS * (DC) 9D JD
8H (t) V +12 Nq X F Uv −
QConstantO Uv Q−O X4g D V#
6Q69−3O 4 (I) '@
%69−3$ !"#
jx 8 (DC) JD (T
225
Xc = ∞
1
G=0=
2 πfX c
π = RC = 0
1
f = = +[5 ]^ +,$
0
$2" , '5 ]^ 99R
93$1[ (X c = ∞) +#52 D5=¶ 8H ,+,u +Y@ S _ ]W# q T N _ S«# −
6+,- X _ , #° B# (C) X9 e" +52 w" e4
: n,T
1 Q
Xc = (Ω ) C= (F)
2πfc U
+,- +,$ eF# w" (C) +,- +52 9C '5# – F (Farad) +52 X T
6U[ Q1O h T 1
02 0L7 (+ . positive pole) 0h" 0L7 +,- X- _ ah N2 −
d
Qi1"O !" : :P : $j (→) )2 N i TAL (- . Negativ pole)
6(Load) $@
d PW dq # −
N 9 % :" T V" X e -9 +¤,( t/ Nq X F Uv ,2,
6\A" $j , N X F 4 3" -9
6N , 9! \ B 3T 7 +,C +#]1 X9 ),7 # −
d
D51# b5 X9 $Y/ +$,B Q0O C ![ X CB +Y@ _ ,-3[ ]W# −
+,wT +,- pB X¯ z# ,\A" T ,PW" 3$ i#° a-3[ ]W
E@ N1=q 1 +#B 0L# 2=> XVh t/ $Y5 _ X]Lk
6# # F
226
:JL * 9D JD
: ¨ −
6Q´H n@O +,r#e \v"
6Q+#52 +/C"O +5"
:_
2# −
6_j V/ +h@ 9 +,/ 93 7 +$Y=
6+,e \A" B +,$ +,/ \ 7 7 +$Y=
d
6° F L/ !C Q70−3O 4 ,=R +#K@ )e +$Y=
6Lk +A2 +#K@ ][ Kr #9," ^ i,{
\, 93 \ ,75 9 «# +2 +,,[R +,1L +,$5 \q3"
_ Q71−3O 4
q 9 T $r# K ¯1" !q / +V5
6+BA5 \; +,¤,1 \v" 5 'Y
%71−3$ !"#
%70−3$ !"#
*1D 2A ? 9D JD n-Di
9D JD n-Di
7C/, "YD 9NU ?
227
Sources :‫ﺏ( ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬
:Z +C 9! $2" , t/ !@ $#

(DC Generators) :9D JD 2- 6
d '5
)# a +,- \q $2" , \ `5 ,+,,=," 9!" X9/
, \
2 n,T ,\q3" _
2# +,- +BL ! t/ !e 5,!
/!" +,,=," \q X9 X*j> $F +/ ^ \hT +,1 Q72−3O 4 $2"
$/ 1 6\P7 X9 666+#3 +,/! +,2 +,T,2 ²1" \ºF" _
, N # e $, , X /B .,1L 8; _ K 99R" , $/ 1 bC= ( $2" ,
,T 7# SH <=> r/ t/ (Commutator) i$3" 9h _ ( K, 'Akq ,z" M
#y .#P / \ " NH( _ +,- +BL <= )# 6Q73−3O 4 $2 , " ,
Hk[s $2" , = +,- +BP xe" .#P / " +k +,,=," +BL
6ah $@ +P" T" t/ X9h" \KeC
%73−3$ !"#
zD JD -6L
%72−3$ !"#
9D JL - 6D B,x +-,
228
: D ii< xB< j %74−3$ !"# 9D JD - 6 .6"D7,

6Q ,O <=> \C D,/ ij (Rotor) X-9 r/ −
6$2 , z" , ,T 7# Qi$O T −
6Uw k9 - r5 +=u $e 7# ,9$/ −
6+,2,PW" GLB \C $e 7# (Stator) Uw r5 −
6+,= X /7 D,1w xe" *Vh $y U,1w /B −
651 r51 *Vh } , −
6 T" t/ _ L1r# +$eC a$% +$eC QU,O c −
6Uw +# +e" *Vh U,1w t/ $5# aCk 'A^ −
6 T" t/ +1" X7 +$eC U,1w }Wj t/ $5# z=` −
6$@ z" , , t/ $5 (Broush) +$e[ −
6r51 *Vh U,1w ]2 −
6- r5 X9 9 −
6a 'A^ −
6X , xA −
%74−3$ !"#
9D JL - 6 ii< xB<
229
:Z :, :$2B +,2,PW" mLB +#HW n,T $2" , \ !
:1* 7m D 9D JL 2- 6 •
/ !C ahk ! $2" , mLB +#HW )# a Q75−3O 4 \ " a(
d
*r/ X9h" ,T *r/ .#P / Hk,[s z" M , ,Aw \#L1 \ "
H(
2# ,ah $@ " }] +,h xA }" \KeC +L X-
6+$,7 Uv Q hO , , +h@ / \ "
%75−3$ !"#
1* 7m D DC - 6
:L 7m D 9D JL 2- 6 •

\q z \C _ " $2" , +,2,PW" mLB +#HW )# a \ " a(
, n,T )27 −Q106−3O 4− +,2,PW" GLB 0B _ +,71" +,2,PW" +3,= 2C=
: <=> r/ i GLB \C
6Q1−76−3O 4 ,<=> \C i GLB \C D,[ :(Series) q6L - 6 •
6Q2−76−3O 4 ,<=> \C i Su GLB \C D,[ :(Shunt) ]r6L - 6 •
::$2B \ " H( _ GLB \C )27 :(Compound) &WW - 6WW •
Q3−76−3O 4
& −3 ]r6L −2 q6L −1

%76−3$ !"#
L 7m D DC 2- 6
d
6,$ D +,B DC 9 / # ,z" i # ]W )2B −
d
65,[ D X]w DC 9 / # ,z" i Su ,[ k )27 −
230
:9 J-

+C
" 3T /=l \#L1 i,{ $2" , 9! H( $F#
\ 7 +C +C 9! F 5,$3[ ,+#B +,r +- +[h Q77−3O 4
+=V
" +,- +BL #y )# \#L1 i,{ _ ,
W 02T 9M \,
6DC $2" M , +,- +BP +,-,$, \A/C .#P /
%77−3$ !"#
DC JD 9 J-
:6_ J-
$2" , +,- +BP −a-r v − +,2$F +BL #y )# 9!" H( _
X¯1 a ,Q78−3O 4 (Photo voltaic cell) +,-j UC #A .#P /
6+,-,$, Vk \#L .#P /
%78−3$ !"#
6_ -B 7TS
231
:(AC) l JL J-

Dhk ,T )# n,T Q79−3O 4 L avAv L S9T # B
\ T +2 +,vAv + +h (Bridge) +#«h X9 .#P / Q80−3O 4 Q99R" , \hO
6Q81−3O 4 ,$2 Q,O 3 " <k T +,=,
%81−3$ !"#
9D JL %80−3$ !"# %79−3$ !"#
GTG l JL B6 GTG l JL - 6
Calculation :‫ﺝ( ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺏ‬
:n, .6U(
(U) M X9#u +12= bC +, \7$ +$ +,- X9 _ (I) , X9#u : t/ #
: n,T (R) +7" C
=
U
I= (A)
R
U
U = R I ( v) R= (Ω)
I
:%+*" $ +6@

+ X9C2" X 7 a( < X B : +12 t/ +,- \q _ X9M X*C
: S (P1 ) + t/ XL5" X 7 a( ,k X B (P2 )
P2
η= %
P1
NH( URB K ,e! T / 7 +#¤ +12 7# ,X*C 5 ( (η) n,T
d
/ ]w +12 NH( UB K 9h 7 a + X9h U5C ,,e! T +12
6,e! T
232
:+J-0
:+BA5 $2" , \9 _ X 7 02y
P=U I (w)
: n,T Q,O M i i =B 02T \7" _ Q+2"O X97C" X 7 0
U2
P= (w) P = I2 R (w)
R
:" ! |
S ( t ) ,WF u (P) X 7 X9#u i 0# 7 ( W ) 82" a- WF 99V#
:
W=U.I. t (Kwh ) W=P . t (Kwh )
:%1$ 5`
X9h 02T , 2.2 (Kw ) D B D% a,=, x <% 2 (Kw ) D B a-
6a- "
!WWW/
:24O
P1 = 2.2 (Kw ) P2 = 2 (Kw )
:;614
η=?
:264c
P2
1) Q η = %
P1
2
∴η= = 0.91 = 91 %
2.2
233
,+,,=, ,BC +¤,( t/ X +,- + k9 X 7 _ 7[ ( (P1 − P2 ) : C :NT
6+,e= ,BC ,+#T ,BC
:%2$ 5`
d ,1800 ( w ) ( 7 $2 , ! +,- X B Hkl# $2 , x
H( X B l K/
, x X9h 02T[ , 746 ( w ) S2 a,=," !@ X B (Hp) U= ;g[ 2 (Hp) xe"
6$2"
!WWW/
:24O
P1 = 1800 ( w ) P2 = 2 (Hp) 1Hp = 746 ( w )
:;614
η=?
:264c
1) P2 = 2 . 746 = 1492 ( w )
P2
2) Q η = %
P1
1492
∴η= = 0.84 = 84 %
1800
(Nominal power) :9iA +J-0

+,- Q+,$q \ 7"O \C" +T t/ += " +$,7 :fl (Pn ) +,$q X 7 '5s
d `5 ,+,- + u3
,+,- \q XVh ,WF ¡¯ ¡ ·B T
d
6+,- +$Y= ,WF / / / (u uI q ,,"/ X $5 +$,7 NH(
234
:%3$ 5`
¾
½ s
02T ,10 (A) / 110 ( v) :+, \5" +,- Xl[ $ + \C" +T t/ 0
a- i1$ lL , / Xl[ " + X 7 , 8H 02T ,7 Xl[ " X B
6 220 ( v)
!WWW/
:24O
I = 10 (A ) U = 110 ( v) U = 220 ( v)
:;614
1) Pn1 = ? , R = ? ,e! , +T _
2) I = ? , Pn1 = ? lL , +T _
:264c
:,e! , :dq •
1) Q Pn1 = U I = 110 . 10 = 1100 ( w ) = 1.1 (Kw )

U 110
2) Q R = = = 11 (Ω)
I 10
d
:lL , :,=v •
U 220
1) Q I = = = 20 (A)
R 11
2) Q Pn 2 = U I = 220 . 20 = 4400 ( w ) = 4.4 (Kw )
Pn 2 4.4
= =4
Pn1 1.1
,: ` , 8H ,X9#V '5j Q4O a( :@ _ +2" X 7 : +12 n,T
d
, X9#u +# iPB \!$ +,$ µ ; ,Xl[ " xA Re KT
0I +,- XVh \q¿ +,$q +T t/ += " ),7 ,(Overload) -V $@
6T T Sl ,WF / (u / /
235
:h6#F [U6(
\]W G2T _ :( :==B Q1824 −1887O '4] \ 'h ²" µ5 ij
8H +1" \ +¤[" +7" 9I _ ==7
2#s n,T ,+1" +,- \

2# n,T +C
" \ [ 'P _ Q+,- +5[ c7O 9M \, G2T
6+C
" +,- \1F G2T _ ==7
:5,< .6U0 •
], WWL +-WW0O jWW WWBJc 2JWWD u6WW9Z
e+-0O *U j 1S- 2JD u69Z
68; j# Q82−3O 4
%82−3$ !"#
2JD .6U(
: S
I1 − I 2 − I 3 − I 4 + I 5 = 0
I 1 + I 5 − (I 2 + I 3 + I 4 ) = 0

:X 75 bC= +h \, $ S2 X 7/ _ +k \, $
I1 + I 5 = I 2 + I 3 + I 4
:# K X¦ X! '4] =B ij $#
∑I=0
6S`M $3" a( − ∑ n,T
236
:%4$ 5`
6F t/ XL5" \, ),B +,5$ Q83−3O 4 +!B C \, ),B 02T
%83−3$ !"#
!WWW/
(o) (a ) , N a5# (I ao ) n,T
: (a ) X 75 t/ '4] =B .,1L −1
I ao = I da − I ab = 7 − 6 = 1 (A)
: (b) X 75 t/ =7 .,1L −2
I bc = I ab + I ob = 6 + 2 = 8 (A )
: (o) X 75 t/ =7 .,1L −3
I oc = I ao + I do − I ob = 1 + 4 − 2 = 3 (A)
: (c) +L7 t/ =7 .,1L −4
I cd = I oc − I bc = 3 + 8 = 11 (A )
: (d) +L7 t/ =7 .,1L −5
I cd = I do − I da = 4 + 7 = 11 (A)
237
:h6#F" ` .6U0 •
: t/ # ,9M =7 '5#
t 6@ R63 u69Z { _p *1DW 8W1 W" WO- K6W01 ]aW@ u6W9

6*g ], 7 1*0 " +J-1 *1D 2,0
: S
∑E + ∑IR = 0
: n,T
6+,- +5[ c7 S`M $3" − ∑ E
6\7" t/ 9M ¡1 S`M $3" − ∑ I R
:2J# .6"L . M7 .6U0 m P34L -,

x( S ,0h" 02 'L ,/ " / +1h +,- +5[ c7 −
d
6 M _ /C
x( S 02 'L 0h" 'L ,/ " / +1 +,- +5[ c7 −
d
6 M _ P1(
x( S ,, #° N i ,/ " / +1 +,- \7" t/ M −
d
6 M _ P1(
x( S ,, #° b/ ,/ " / +1h +,- \7" t/ M −
d
6 M _ /C
238
6Q84−3O 4 ) N bC =7 .1L= 8; )C

 → 
+/2 G7/ N i  1 abcd  Nq
 
 ← 
6+/2 G7/ N j  2 abcd  b5 ²w Nq
 
%84−3$ !"#
6@ R63, O- K60 .6U( P34L
1) − I1 R 1 − E 2 − I 2 R 2 − I 3 R 3 + I 4 R 4 + E 1 = 0
2) − E 1 − I 4 R 4 + I 3 R 3 + I 2 R 2 + E 2 + I1 R 1 = 0
" , N t/ B q +#L1 (e.m.f E) +,- +5[ X7 X4 :95" TA#
s
q C _ " , N t/ B X _ +7 S t/ M _ ¡1 X4 g[ ,b5 ,,[
6C H( _ 1# S +,1LB t/ B#
239
:%5$ 5`
6Q85−3O 4 +,- X _ +7 _ " , h
%85−3$ !"#
2,0 2JL ;
!WWW/
# (b) +L7 t/ '4] =B _ ) j ( K X _ , N C=
: 10 (Ω) +7" " ,
I 3 = I1 + I 2 (1)
:Q1O 2" a b c d e f a X t/ ²w =7 .,1L
− 10 I 3 + 20 − 5 I 2 = 0
: 3= 5 t/ +$27
− 2 I3 + 4 − I2 = 0
∴ I 2 = −2 I 3 + 4 (2)
:Q2O b c d e b X t/ ²w '4] =B .,1L
5 I 1 − 10 + 10 I 3 = 0
: 3= 5 t/ +$27
I1 − 2 + 2 I 3 = 0
∴ I 1 = −2 I 3 + 2 (3)
240
:Q1O _ Q3O ,Q2O ij
∴ I 3 = −2 I 3 + 2 − 2 I 3 + 4
6
∴ 5 I3 = 6 ⇒ I3 = = 1.2 (A )
5
I 2 = −2 . 1.2 + 4 = 1.6 (A)
I 1 = −2 . 1.2 + 2 = 0.4 (A )
6Q86−3O 4 ,e4 , ( I 1 S
%86−3$ !"#
jY# JL 6 I 1
_ 9 b5 Q116−3O F 02T # 0I D( a5 I 1 +12 +$,7
6Q115−3O 4
241
:%6$ 5`
t/ M ¡1( 02T )v Q87−3O 4 X *Vh _ a- , X 4 02T
6 6 (Ω) +7"
%87−3$ !"#
+J- xB 8 ? JD ;
!WWW/
: (a ) +L7 t/ '4] =B .,1L
I 3 = I1 + I 2 (1)
:Q1O a d e f a X t/ ²w =7 .,1L
I 3 − 2 − 3 − 4 I1 = 0 ⇒ I 3 = 5 − 4 I1 (2)
:Q2O a b c d a X t/ ²w '4] =B .,1L
− 6 I 2 + 3 − I3 + 2 = 0 ⇒ I3 = 5 − 6 I 2 (3)
:Q2O _ Q3O ij
2
5 − 6 I 2 = 5 − 4 I 2 ⇒ I 2 = I1 (4)
3
:Q1O , Q4O
2
I 3 = I1 + I1 ⇒ I 3 = 1.6 I1 (5)
3
242
:Q2O , Q5O
1.6 I1 = 5 − 4 I1 ⇒ 5.6 I1 = 5
5
∴ I1 = = 0.89 (A )
5.6
:Q2O _ I 1 +$,B / #5
I 3 = 5 − 4 . 0.89 = 1.44 (A )
d
:Q4O _ I 1 / #5 r#
2
I2 = . 0.89 = 0.59 (A)
3
:( 6 (Ω) +7" t/ M ¡1( #
∴ U = 0.59 . 6 = 3.54 ( v)
243
: !" 3i +J3O , 91" H7 1 ! !9 :1)

d
Hkl fl[ T d
7,5 U7/ ; a5,1L b,PW" 3T w +1 −
666666666666666666666 ij
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,PW" 3@ 9 / +,2,PW" E 02 0! # @ 8-1 −<
666666666666666666666 N _
666666666666666666666 b,PW / X1/ +,- \2,PW" −9
6666666666666666 [L H( '5# ,,PW" 0,r7 'P T # @ X9 i$3 −N
666666666666666666666 _ h 0,r7 _ X #e" +7L" −
666666666666666666666 +mF" +,2,PW" GLB −u
666666666666666 0L7 _ k 66666666666666 0L7 n51 ,PW" ,C ¡Lk −
6666666666666666666 \2 ,PW" ,C ¡Lk F −¡
,PW" 0,r7 k 2" _ ,PW" ,C ¡Lk S« −S
6666666666666666666 0L7 66666666666666666 0L7
6666666666666666666 +BP $2" , k9 −x
6666666666666666666 +BP $2" , x <k −
d
6666666666666666666 , , , d
! /= i,$3 \#L1 `5 −
d
¡Lk iLB +/° +[w i #9P d
1 n@ X " +,- +5[ c7 0 −
6666666666666666666 i 8H ,C
6666666666666666666 X /7 '5 $, , z$[ X /B −p
6666666666666666666 +12 Nq X F Uv , ( $2" , −
244
el " JD 6S - :2)

e9D " JD 6S - :3)
el " JD - 6L J :4)
:H7 ! ?
c +J3O n %×$ T, YY +J3O n %$ T 8_ :5)
Q O 6\2,PW" \]vl Ek + )À )/ a( +,2,PW" −
Q O 6uA (o +,2,PW" * −G
Q O 6$2" , <=> ! 99R" , `5# −<
Q O d
6+,2,PW1 9" $j ,2,PW 0! # @ !# −9
Q O 6 L Ak pC X T b,PW _ ,PW" ,C ¡Lk S« −N
Q O 6" , B K " T ,PW" ,C +[w 99V −
:H7 +0 !" YY Bp t 5- h/ 56 + 8_ :6)
:a( a- " 9 +/° p,B X T −1
RPM −
PRM −G
MPR −<
:p,B X T a( (Hz) V −2
n −
X L −G
f −<
:X /7 c«, , z$[ X /B '5s −3
6\7" −
6\ " −G
6\e" −<
d
:i #9P X L +,w@ +5=K" 0 −4
6GLB −
63" −G
699R −<
245
:( 7 V X T +$,B µ5 )Y5 _

2" a- , 99 −5
100 −
60 −G
50 −<
: 7 # y Ak $# X 7 +12= / X1/ +,- \q X*C 5 −6
699R −
6 ,BC" −G
6+/« −<
#K@ 8,A1 pe Ek k9 Q+,2,PW" X>O +1 ij −7

:\]vl
6X@ \h9 −
6+,2,PW" \q3" −G
6* +T −<
!" 3i 9" n )60 !S %;$ 69 ? )0 2-, j +-, ! (J 8W_ :7)
:H7 ! ? %$ 69 ?
%;$ 69 %$ 69
m −1 Q O B −
N −2 Q O ∅ −
Ω −3 Q O F −
Hz −4 Q O n −
mm 2 −5 Q O Xc −
T −6 Q O L −
min −1 −7
wb −8
246
eO34
g ? -D V4 -
:8)
ekS
-0*L D 2G, !6O :9)
:b7 !1 :10)
d .,5 XT \2,PW" +1 +,KF GLB Hkl
6_WM KF ij K-9 −
6+,- XVh \q _ P1 > P2 −G
6CP + 05 D,[R - +#HW _ $2" ,
−<
d
699R" , p,7
; C! ij YC $2" , p,B uh Y# −9
d
6+$- w ,$/
2 +,- \2,PW" −N
JWD WL & W :11)

+J, 1500 y J,-7 ;4(< J l JL - 6 jW zDW
e0(-
? 660 ( v) 5O* -@ 9( 1 l JL 2*1 5x k19YD7 . & -B t J-0 :12)

_7 2(TO wDB Y_6 ,l JD1 O* 90 , MW9NO 9W0 [W VW* [W :13)
e3i
e+J-0 9NUH 4J, ,1g6L V
, ,J64 GT` l JD 2- 6 2x - :14)
iJ :15)
1O , O* , %7N $ 1" 2J-0 , 2JD , 6@, 2,0 2`1` j T
83 5TS q6D t C'O3 [D1g6 ` OU, DY ,0 tW 76DWY W" +J-W1
e u = U m sin wt l -B
247
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M
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ZÒa‡çþa •
:‫ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ‬
:

1
.
11
.(Diode) PN $% " #
21
.ZD (3Zener diode) ( " # )*+,- *. /0 1 2 31
.(Photo diode) "4 "
41
:$67 " # ,89
5 - 2
.%: $7; $67 $ #
,89 <9 =>? 12
.$67 " # ,89 )*+,- $9@A
" 22
:BC #D? ,89?

5 - 3
.%: $7; BC #D?
,89? <9 =>? 13
.BC #D? ,89? )*+,-
" 23
: ? E; $%1@

* <9 4
.@ $%1@ * <9 14
.$%1@ * F ? 24
:UJT $% *G
5
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.$% *G ,89
25
:,
6
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.,
26
249
Diodes ZpbîöbärÛa@1M4
ZòÜ–ì¾a@éj’@ñ†b¾aë@òÛŒbÈÛa@ñ†b¾aë@òÜ–ì¾a@ñ†b¾a@1M1M4
:
! "
#$
% &'
Conductors :‫ﺃ( ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬
/01 ) * +,- .,
.) :

&' 896 : ,
;< 7= >7 5 ,4567
3−1
/B9 ' :7 ,
;7< * ?7 @79 ,A= ,7
;7<
/E , F,
GH :GI J,- .,
5 C7! 4567
D
C$77
77 K77
77GH LM,770 77G<
N"77) O,77P Q77I
:77 ,
C77? O,77P R
"775 ,C77! 45677
D5
1−4
+"
896
S &' OG, .,
5 G<
N"7) LM,70
T'$
,5 +I C@
Semiconductors :‫ﺏ( ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬

) * +,- .,
7 .7)5 :

77' 77= >77 77 .77)5 ,45677
4 &77' /7701
U G : ,
;< * C! 456
D
VBW .
5 ,?
B77X
.77Y C/77B9 77GH Z"77 877[ 77 77 N"77)
* QI +I ,: ,
;< A= ,
;< 4567
D
U C/B
OW 75 >7 7X
7
!
5 ?
2−4 T`
^' C _,X +I] \
,

251
Insulators :‫ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ‬

;< * ? a .)5 ,456
`8−5] &' /01 ) * +,- .,
.) :
U /B9 `?] GH Z" 8[ 7 7 N"7) VBW7 .7
5 ,C7 4567
:7 ,

_X .
?
U /B
] #F ;< _' : ,
;< A= ,
;< 456
D
T`?
TK= X ? d-
^' >
^X
C :>I b,$,c R
"5
3−4
Semiconductors :‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻱ ﻷﺷﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻼﺕ‬

,Qe Ce +1 /01 G<
,c * C? 456
D ' &' f$' g0 OG,7
G<
,c >I l R
"
,+5
Z5h * X
'i j$' kh 5I > c
f$X=
T`4−4] : n ,K= 456
XI &' +,m C"
/01
4−4
!"#$ %& ' ( )*& + !,$- Ge
252
K5 C5p 4e qI q Ce :9 KB ki

+B
896
`4−4] : n o7a
R= QX 8XW t" 4567
D R7s@,5 ,4567
>@ 7 C"7
VBW7 7F rc7
U Ua^' > 5 ,
w
? * x U U
M v u kh 5I > c
> R
"7
i7,5 ,R7s@,

Ty< YW

zX C{ K5
z7X |79 +7 7G 7! 7G<
>}7= 7
X
C7! 7? * 7I
U
T`5−4] : n , M U w% Bc$ 456
D
> c
5I kh VBW5 ,?
5−4
-. !/0 12$ 3#& !456 !,& - 78
:(Si-P) (‫ )ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ‬Acceptors ‫• ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ‬

5I k1 : ,

'i j$' 7I 7 8~7n k7h 5I > c7
dY7%I e
K5 M : >5B
Ce >}= w= 4567
7M 7te +,7- +"7
k7$a 5I >5B7

"5 ,, /E rc < B * ,CB
C5p > 7s 4e M7 q7 ,7 rc7
4? ' l$
4iY
Sp CiY
N") L7 7 ,C57i C"7
* Hole C7i=
,7

d 456
D ' B 0I ? 5,CB
* 4iY
' C^ WF > ,= C!
+A

'i j$' I B~n Ce =% ' >15 ,B~
C"
=% X , /E
> s CB
* 4iY
' >I5 Àcceptors] B, 8~
j$X
N") c 4iY
C7^
U
B77? C77 c775 477iY
.77) $77) $F77
4M77F= R
"77
T8~77
4e 77X
5c7
7
:r5 ,$F
4M >'
C"
N")5 ,(P-Type) 5I
U
T`majority charge carriers] 91 $F
4M c5 ' 91 .)5 :4iY
−
253
T`6−4] : n `minority charge carriers] :G1 $F

4MF c5 :456
D −
A= ,
M >5 Ce q kh Ce A= ,
M >5 Ce q > c
Ce
6−4
P-type !/ 9
:(Si-N) ‫• ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﳓﺔ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬

U :G 96
5 > c
C YcY
5I
4e : 8~n dY7%I e
' >}= ,?
456
c Rx YcY
5I
Ce >1 ") m5 ,C' 47 7 C7! 4567
D
U > c
4e q] <F 4"
q ~
K5

* $ XI ,w=
I ,`M
U VBW5 ,
Ce 6 >I R
"
4"
q OX KB Q}= .7w= ,
>567
D

C! ? ' l$
456
D Sp >56
D "7) L7 7 ,CB7
:70 Zi,7
*
/E
d 4iY
' B 0I ? 5 ,CB
* 456
D ' C7^ W7F > ,7=
+A c 'i j$' I B~n Ce =% ' >15 ,B~
C"
=% X 7,
4e Ce > =% $7'5 T(donors) 7F j$7X
N"7) c75 ,4567
D 7' C7^
U
") c5 ,8X 6,$s :
> 5c VBW C! 456
D 9 >}= > c7
7

> c
Ce > T(Negative charge) $F7
B
7s 4567
D >1 ,(N-type)`N−S7] S$7

254
U
c5 ' 91 .)5 ;456
D :r5 ,$F
4M >'7 7
(n-type) S7 7X<
T`7−4] : n ,G1 $F
4MF c5 ;4iY
5 , 91 $F
4M
U
Yc= Ce
= > c
C U
Yc= Ce
= kh C
7−4
N-type !# 9
ZïöbärÜÛ@ðŠìÜjÛa@kî×"Ûa@2M1M4
U
,X<G 0 896 56
f$' 7)
TP B?
5 N B
s r QBn C
8−4 T`8−4] : n
.~$
5
N") -5 ,~$

c &' :WF $7}= ,B7? CB7 B
7s C7 :7 $7'
: y~! :cc 8c
z77X :,77$ R
"77
i77,5 ,CB77
:770 ~77' 977 77F, 477iY
5 45677
D −
<$ * B? CB
4i= MD Y
<$ _' B
c
CB7
* C7! 4567
D
T`9−4] : n , Y
B

9−4
!4 <= !8-> ( ?-@A$ B2 ' ':;
255
U ] B
s $Fn 6
_7X .7,
C7iY
−
CiY
5 Q 6 >56
D >1 #
U
T`10−4] : n ,`B
s $F >56
CiY
> VB I QI $X
0 Q VBW=
R
"
i, T`10−4] : n ,Ci= c B? $Fn Q 6
_X +"7
>567
D −
U
0 Y
<$ .B? &' <$ $
T2µm 5 * <$ N")5 ,$F
x
10−4

(-C D= !/' !E 5@ F$
U
TB? U
? 8c, 456
D zX Y .,
CB
−
U
TB
s U
? 8c, 456
D zX 8c, .,
CB
−
:W , [
B' q$ .Y X U , $ ? ;=
,7 R
"7
i7,5
k7777i
777?7F7
7h h ;= LX5 ,B? CB
B
c
CB
456
D
T`11−4] : n `0.7 volt] > c
5 (0.2volt)
11−4
P-N !9
'H/. I) !G,5 F$
256
ZïöbärÛa@paŒbî®a@3M1M4
(Forward - Bias) :‫ﺃ( ﺍﻻﳓﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬
CB
<B
8
c
L<
5 (P-Type) B? CB
<B
8? L7<
d7 5 e
B? CB
* 4iY
>}= ,0.7volt _9I <B
? > >I (N-Type) B
c

B
c
CB
* C! 456
D >I @9 ,C?! <$ 6 <B
8?7 L7<
q7 7=$,
U
R
"
i, ,C?! <$ 6 <B
8
c
L<
' X .7~
7h /7, 7F,
CB
&' <B
8
c
L<
:X5 ,4iY
: C?! <$ 456
D z7X _7X
&' <B
8? L<
:X5 ,B
c
CB
* $7
X7
4567
D 7 7 B
c7

.~9 CB
* " )5 ,−`12−4] : n− B? CB
* 456
D 7 ~7
",7?
U
^Fa
* .~$
5 >1 #5 ,.~$
.1 ^Fa X
N"7) c75 ,`.7I 7]
U
* ,
F
R
e5 .~$
q ,
&' 5 : 8[ Q7}= ,7? C/7 >7 .71
TC~

12−4
JK @L ( PN !9
'
(Reverse – bias) :‫ﺏ( ﺍﻻﳓﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬

<B
8
c
L<
d 5 R
"795 ,B
c7
CB7
<B7
8?7 L7<
d7 5 e
G 96 B
c
CB
* C? C! 456
D >I ,`13−4] : n * o7M B7? CB7

L<
G 8Bc
Y$
96 B? CB
* 4iY
>I @9 ,ei,
' 8Bc 8? L<

a R
"5 ,$F
4M Y
<$ i, ?! h >}= R
"
i7,5 ,8
c7

T X
^Fa X
N") c5 .~
,
5 CB
Vc
257
,n 8h P 8h 456

D :,$ L$,sa <$7 * .7~
Z7i C7^ $7'5
U / >}= R
"
i,5 ,P 8h n 8h 4iY
zX :,7$5
X
Nla * ?
a5 U, X
,
VBW $X G ' h C^ $'5 TIr 7
Q7
75 XW7 KB7 7
^Fa * .~$
5 >I @5 TI0
Q
5 X
qB,
.c5 7h 7G &7' ,7X
T/BI$
5I /BI5 5 * X
,
G > C/B9 X

13−4
M @L
:‫ﺝ( ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬

.77,
77B g77 77$F$
, X
^7Fa5 .71 ^7Fa
:
,
$
* N^[ +"
5
,: ,
* .~$
NX IB +"
5 −
777?! 777h ,777G >777 5
> c77
477~$ * d
77= 0.7
Tkh 4~$ * d
= 0.3

: $F$ Yc
7h −
,
:# 7 X
:7 ,

U
:W77 >I YW77
5c7 U 7
7 B7
14−4 7 7a 7? 7h
J4569 I) ' A N O P5@5 >I m e n '
T`14−4] : n .~$
O,
258
ZpbîöbärÛa@Êaìãc@4M1M4
(Junction Diode) :(‫ﺃ( ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ )ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ‬
: rI 5
QG
X
h :F, ,.$ s 5I sI Q
,C
~5 * k,c :IG 0Q0 −a
T`15−4] : n ,Qi ^ ,
^ @95 ,/BI 5−1.5 ,
5 d
=1000−500
`15−4] : n :>' )5 ,,Y 5I O
~5 * k,c :A#Q-8 R9 0QI −b
T C~ Q'5 ,Rs Q0 LYn :O
•
TLYn /E5 5 > + •
15−4
!9
F45S 1
(Zener Diode) :‫ﺏ( ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺯﻳﻨﺮ‬

* $^ .~$ k,c5 TC/ 9 4B< Q
5 ,Z@X,sa X~
56
D j$7X
7 7$^ .7~$
T`16−4] : n :,
:
* @9 Q
5
u ,56
- f$X9 5I ,h dB 5 #$
16−4
-5Q J45S H
565 ,Q#$ +"

h Q' 8, 5
u , X
^Fa < : 5 ,h #$,
k,c75
h ,
8[5 ,+15 Y
5 >Y,
C?I * C ?75 ,d
7= `150−1.5] 7 C7'
TQ' ,
259
U
<5 c ' U
M U
: 5 e I ,7I U
M7 :7 5 e +7' .7~$ 9 7$
.7~$ :7X
,
Ls X
h * $X G $' Q}= ,`17−4] : 7n Q,7 7 :7! q7 +^,7

' 5 * 8Bc, +"
X
7h c7 ,C7n5 w7?Y CW7 7 X

?" Z'
U
dXH .,
8~
9 &' ssI $
? 5I a ? ,X5 ,"7$
7?" 5I "7a
T$
.~$ $ q$ .,
C
17−4
-5Q J45S
$ 0
h >}= `$^ ?]a ? c { ? &'I $^ .~$ &' ' ? yB< $' −
U B $^ .~$ *H &'
T$^ .~$ CG 8c5 Q= ,
G 4/
, ,
Th dB ~5 * .X? i9 $
.~$
X
a ? :,c −
<$ 7$
.7~$ Z70 $7' −
;6m 5I O, 7
Q7}= 7a
? C~
>

:GI >
,
- Q
`18−4] : n TQY 8Bc .7,

T$^ .~$ g0 $F$ B
,x i $^ 4~$ =, −
4w C' 7, d
7Y
7?I
U? ¡B '<,7s5 ,4,7
Y

18−4
-5Q J45S N O P5@5 T45 ~ 4

260
Light Emitting Diode (LED) :‫ﺝ( ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ‬

q L.E.D .~
XB7a .7~$
G<
:F, k +I ,9 C7n} 7 $7'
4Y77s= 77 q$W775 ~77% 77GH ~77

T`19−4] : n ,k
h
19−4
J4* TL J45S H'
") :' # ,X5 ,.71 N7la * −`20−4] : 7n− .~7

XB7a .7~$ :7 5
+A ¢ $F
4M R- &' :X .1 : ,
Q
C<X
G<
>I C = &' .~$

Free ] C! 456
D >I +I T.~
SXnD BBc 4)la :9 * XB$ C 47=
7
,c Kc 456

D N") > 5 T4iY
.77= q775 ,777 77
77B77X Èlectrons
5e LED* q
J
i, s15 U% q7 7}= ,:7GI 7GH ,c7 &7'I 7GH
T.1 ^Fa
&' LED
'B
.~$
.F,
,k5I91 k5I 680 ,G 5 @7~ :7 5
TQX ,

20−4
U*9 V= J456
$ 0
,zY$ )? 8Bc 4B<,

/ 9 * i), 4B
Ua7 LEDs ZB,7s 7 7G5
U% q Y,£ >
q$W I @9 ,: ,

q<

q|
:F,
5 :<
)7'5
gW
% "D # * k,c5 ,! d- XnI 5I U
5I ;Î 5I Y I 5I ¤70I 5I 7 I
TX ' F,
.~
ZsD C?I5
261
Photodiode :‫ﺩ( ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ‬

C"Y$ =Yn C"7=5 N 8
7s 70¥5 P 8?7 :7 QB7n 7 .~7
.7~$
> ,7
C
B `22−4] : n T - f$X9 k,c5 Q,5 : % Q' Ks e5 T`21−4] : 7n
T

: x s15 ,.~
.~$

22−4
J4* J456 H
21−4
J4* J456
PN 5 &' ~% GH Kc $X= ,
, ,PN 5 ' CB' ) .~7
.7~$
5
' F,5 ,B
K5
|
k
&' KGc

^ @95 ,7
,7 Q7}=
U
, c U KGc

C X
"7) 7 ,7G1 4$F77 c7 .7,
4$F7

T.~$
* X
,
^ @9 56
D ~5
* k,c 8|,

U
F,

, 55 W q `23−4] :
* @9 c ' U
M7 .~7
.7~$
:7
,
>}= ,C,X
4~$ *5 T X
,
,
y ^ @95 ,.~
.7~$
7 X

*5 ,kM#

* .~
.~$
:' B `24−4] : n T4/BI5 47' 57 * 7 X

T
?5

23−4
J4* J456
$ 0
24−4
U* 0/' !> (' , Y !> ( J4* J456 W=
262
Varactor Diode :‫( ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻛﺘﻮﺭ‬M‫ﻫ‬

T X
Nla * PN 5 ' CB' ) `25−4] : n `Xc
.~$
] ,9Y
.~$
TZB,sa C?I ,0 * k,c5 Q' yB< h /, QXc
/,
25−4
A82 J45S H
:W !Q-Y •
U
:X <$ N")5 ,eY$,sa <$ c > , ,c ' Xc
~$
7
:7 $7'
TO .9 >MX @}= N <$5 ,P <$ I ,O Z^' Ua
>}= , X
",
? $' QI oM `26−4] : n ,9Y
.~$ g0 $F$ 7
",77
77? G$77, $77'5 ,Xc77
$775 ,Z^77X
R77s R
"77 77,
qc77, eY$,77sa <$77
+e O s Rc ,9Y
.~$ >I +I TXc
R
"5 eY$,sa <$ Rs y 7 X

U /B9 Q C? :'
TQ' yB< h 8cF Q,Xs /, ,Q' ' ? yB< $' R
e5 ?
46 F,
~5 *5 O
,
4 X ' F,
~5 * ,9Y
.~$ k,c75
Xc
4~$
k,c75 T c7
4aW7a C7?I *5 .7'eD ZB,7sa C7?I * 4"7"
U
T' qG
h &' @,' C/, 4Y 9
26−4
A82 J456 I) – A N O P5@5
263
Tunnel Diode :‫ﻭ( ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﻲ‬

¦ / ,m§ ' CB' ) .~$

.77~$ * $77' O,77P 77< '$W77 $77
5 PN
27−4
8~
' * Q$' O,¨ Q7 7 7

JG25 J456 H
108 :7779 * B~777n .777Y$
.777~$
* q777%
T.Y$
.~$
B `27−4] : n
.77~$ g770 77$F$ 77B `28−4] : 77n
oM ,.Y$
.~$
g70 7${5 7

: ,
>}= h $' QI $F$ 7
U q©
G :W , +X
.~$
S©I ?
.~$
* ,
#X

.7) 7,
$7X
28−4 :W , >W$

IB ,
>}= )7X T.7Y$

JG25 J456 I) – A N O P5@5 C ,
>}7= 7
.7~$ * @$7 TYW7

TQ' yB< h
Z‡îyìnÛa@paŠa†@@5M1M4
' B `29−4] : nTNla 6 7,
:7- 7,
7X W7
T,c 6 ,

29−4
I>A 0 ZQ
264
Half wave Rectifier :‫ﺃ( ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ‬

: I W= ![ •
.~$
_' 5 ,.1 ^Fa
* .~$
> :0
? 8? OW7$
*
U
? B +5c J ? >}= ,
5 ,C/ .1 ^Fa ZM0 Q,5 > 5 T:! 75
^Fa
* .~$
> ?
OW$
* T`:0
C7n +5c7 J7 C7n] T:07

U
,? .GB
Bc$
X
,5 TYW
5c J7 7? >7 5 ,7 7 a ,7
5 ,7 X

U
T`30−4] : n ,:0
Cn 8? i
< J Cn : n > 5
30−4
265
:‫ﺏ( ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﲟﺄﺧﺬ ﻭﺳﻄﻲ‬

D2.~$
5 .1 ^Fa
* D1.~$
> 8? OW$
* :0
Cn > $7'
T`31−4] : n ,
c oa T:0
CnD 5c J Cn > 5 , X
^Fa
*

* D2 .~$
5 , X
^Fa
* D1 .~$
> :0
CnD 8
c7
OW7$
*
T`31−4] : n ,
c oa TN_' 5 ,.1 ^Fa
31−4
J,E' \O]W& !98 !/ I>
266
:(‫ﺝ( ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ )ﺍﳌﻮﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻄﺮﻱ‬

* D3,D4 >~$
5 ,.1 ^Fa
* D1,D2 >~$
> ? 8? OW$
*
U
T`32−4] : n ,:0
h 5c J ? > 5 X
^Fa

D3,D4 >~$
5 , X
^Fa
* D1,D2 >~$
> CnD 8
c
OW$
*
U
T`32−4] : n (-Vin):0
Cn ª X h 5c J ? > 5 ,.1 ^Fa
*
32−4
Filters @-
,4B C *
/, Nla ? ' CB' ,
4 J0 >I $#a yBs 7¢
,i
X$ X 4Fn k ,Vn6
X
4Y k,c $}= 4?,
G :,
5
C<$
J Cn X$ Y9 oM `33−4] :
T, QBn 7G &7' ZW7F
R7
e5
TO k,s
,D1,D2 .1 : ,

* >~$
> :0
? C5
8?7 Z51 q7
ZM70
$'5 O *H &' h :0
? G C^ q5 ,O 7 F7 k7 7 75
U
h Q$ 5< U
:0
h 5c O *H &' h VBW :0
h 7#X
7

Td
= 0.7 + 0.7 5F ~$
&'
267
X >'©
5 ,¡Y,
O IB ,
5 Ya :07
7? IB7 7
q7
*
ZM0 " )5 T`.1 : ,

] D3,D4 ~$
_' ,
5 IB F
X
T`33−4] : n ?
q
5

q

5 G5 C O G &' ,7X +"7
.7$
d 7
&7' O 7 ¡7Y 7 ,7X
TR:!
33−4
268
77B 77) @779 ,77? #$77 k,77s ,77 V77n6

C77~ 77 77! ripple 4?,77
:77,
5
T`34−4] :

34−4
:$ :sMs C' * ?5

TB? h #$, 0 cc
N")5 ;78xx cs −
TB
c
h #$, 0 cc
N")5 ;79xx cs −
269
pbîöbärÛa@óÜÇ@òîÜàÇ@åíŠb¸
@Nòuìß@Ñ—ã@‡îyìm@ñŠa†@õbäi ZÞëþa@åíŠànÛa
:‫• ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ ( ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺭﺏ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ‬
T.~$
LHI m −1
T6=1 k,s .~$
X
5 .1 ^Fa 5 −2
TO
,
c
m5 ,4~$
'p FY −3
T? OW C .$B −4
T45 ? C
4/, −5
TJ5 :0
Cn s5 −6

T¬X 5I 1N4007/AA118 s
4~$ −6 T6=I ^? −1
T: MsI −7 T330 Ω / 1 W : 9 5 −2
T ss5I ^? −8 TY

4~$ −3
TAC/DC d
= 30 0 CG
−9 T6vJ0 <0 i
z=0 Z{ −4
T50 µf / 50 v O −5

!@Â E- !W8. _G5 ' ,`
:J456 c,b IQId
^77? k,77s .77~$
L77HI 77- −1
T6=1
775 ª77G q7%5 &77' 677=1 q7% •
TRX100
35−4 :is5 ,.~$
*H &' ^h p q% •
JK @L !'G ab
b,777
&777' C777)#
7775 777G
T`35−4] : n
270
!@Â E- !W8. _G5 ' ,`
o77a5 ,677=1 77p q77%5 77 ' •

T5 G :is5 ,§A LF
ª
b~, ZM0 .7~$
*7H 7 •
T`36−4] : n
36−4
M @L !'G ab
:!/ fg I>$ 0 U5&
?77777 OW77777 77777 C :77777 −1
T`37−4] : n
AC 6 h5 7,
ª7G C7?I :7 −2
37−4 T`38−4] : n ,
' :BG
X ,c h5 ,
ª7G C7?I :7 −3
T`38−4] : n ,
'
38−4 * b~,77$

:i77s5 ,ª77
C77?I 877G −4
T`1−4] Z5h
1−4 'I/
: , F ss51 ^? : −5
aG e4A
,,
' :BG 7 CH151 C$7

Vdc Vac Idc Iac
:7777! 77775 &7777' CH2 C$7777
5
T`39−4] : n
nn &' ) @9 :0
? : n 7s −6
T ss51
nn &' :0
Cn 8c5 G −7
39−4
f = .................. T ss1
I& cE9E'K
$
271
!@Â E- !W8. _G5 ' ,`

T VP −P :0
? 8cI5 G −8
Vp − p = ..............
nn &' ) @9 J Cn : 7n 7s −9
T ss1
TJ Cn 8c5 G −10
f = ..................
T Vp J Cn ? 8c5 G −11
Vp = ..............
C777
&777' U777~9 UY 777 O777%I −12
T`40−4] : n
TO =% X J Cn s −13
40−4 :9 795 ,`41−4] : 7n .7~$

7 ' −14
Tc
4<
J LM,0 oa5 ,O Xs /7E 15
T,c
41−4
272
@Nïİ9ë@‰‚d·@òÜßb×@òuìß@‡îyìm@ñŠa†@õbäi ZïãbrÛa@åíŠànÛa

T.<s5 "0 9 ? C .$B −1
T45 ? C
4/, −2
TJ5 :0
Cn s5 −3

T¬X 5I 1N4007/AA118 s
4~$ −5 T6=I ^? −1
TAC/DC d
= 30 0 CG
−6 T: MsI −2
T220/ 6 volt .~9 Z{ −7 T2.2kΩ : 5 −3
Td
= c 4e `10µf,100µf,1000µf] 4Y −8 T ss5I ^? −4

!@Â E- !W8. _G5 ' ,`
.<77s5 "770 779 ?77 C :77 −1

T`42−4] : n
42−4
6 h5 7,
ª7G C7?I :7 −2
T`43−4] : n ,
' :BG AC
X DC h5 ,
ªG C7?I :7 −3
T`43] ,
'
43−4
273
!@Â E- !W8. _G5 ' ,`

2−4 'I/ * b~,$
:is5 ,ª
C?I 87G −4
Vdc Vac Idc Iac
T`2−4] Z5h
, F ss51 ^7? :7 −5
:B77G 77 CH151 C$77
:77
&77' CH2 C$77
5 ,77,
77'
T`44−4] : n :! 5
&' ) @9 :0
? : n 7s −6
44−4
T ss51 nn
T:0
Cn 8c5 G −7
f = ..................

:0
? 8c5 7G −8
T VP −P

45−4 VP −P = ..............
&' ) @9 J C7n : 7n 7sI −9
T ss51 nn
TJ Cn 8c5 G −10
f = ..................
J Cn 7? 8c7I5 7G −11
VP

VP = ..............
1000 Q,X77s U77~9 UY 7 O77%I −12
T`45−4] : n C
=5
TO =% X J Cn s −13
274
@NHð‹İäÔÛa@‡yì¾aI@òÜßb×@òuìß@‡îyìm@ñŠa†@õbäi ZsÛbrÛa@åíŠànÛa

T`+<$
] 9 ? C .$B −1
T45 ? C
4/, −2
TJ5 :0
Cn s5 −3

T¬X 5I 1N4007/AA118 s
4~$ −5 T6=I ^? −1
TAC/DC d
= 30 0 CG
−6 T: MsI −2
T220 / 6v i
z=0 Z{ −7 T5k : 5 −3
Td
= c `10µf,100µf,1000µf] 4Y −8 T ss5I ^? −4

!@Â E- !W8. _G5 ' ,`
77] 779 ?77 77 C :77 −1
T`46−4] : n `+<$

46−4
6 h5 7,
ª7G C7?I :7 −2
T`47−4] : n ,,
' :BG AC
,c h5 ,
ª7G C7?I :7 −3
T`47−4] : n ,,
' X DC
47−4
275
!@Â E- !W8. _G5 ' ,`

3−4 'I/ * b~,$
:is5 ,ª7
C7?I 87G −4
Vdc Vac Idc Iac
T`3−4] Z5h
, 7F 7ss51 ^7? :7 −5
:B77G 77 CH151 C$77
:77
5 &' CH2 C$
5 ,,
7'
T`48−4] : n ,:!
&' ) @9 :0
?7 : 7n 7s −6
48−4 T ss51 nn
T:0
Cn 8c5 G −7
f = ..................

:0
7? 8c7I5 7G −8
T VP −P

VP −P = ..............
&' ) @9 J7 C7n : 7n 7s −9
T ss51 nn
TJ Cn 8c5 G −10
f = ..................
J Cn ? 8c5 G −11
T
VP = ..............
,C77
&77' U77~9 UY 77 O77%I −12
T`49−4] : n
TO =% X J Cn s −13
49−4
T6=I k,s J ? G −14
276
@N‹äíŒ@ïöbäq@@âa‡ƒn9bi@‡è§a@áîÄäm@ñŠa†@õbäi ZÉiaŠÛa@åíŠànÛa

T$^ .~$ k,s h #$ C .$B −1
T45 ? C
4/, −2
TJ5 :0
Cn s5 −3

TAC/DC d
= 30 0 CG
−6 T6=I ^? −1
Td
= 6 $^ 4~$ −7 1N4007/AA118 s
47~$ −2
d
= ' ,s 100µf .~@9 O −8 T¬X 5I
T: MsI −3
Tk5I 330 : 5 −4
T ss5I ^? −5

!@Â E- !W8. _G5 ' ,`
k,77s 77h 77#$ C :77 −1

T`50−4] : n $^ .~$
50−4
7777ss51 ^7777? :7777 −2
T`51−4] : n
) @9 :0
? : n 7s −3
T ss51 nn &'
51−4
277
!@Â E- !W8. _G5 ' ,`

T:0
Cn 8c5 G −4
f = ..................

:0
? 8c5 G −5
T VP −P

VP −P = .............
) @9 J Cn : 7n 7s −6

T ss51 nn &'
TJ Cn 8c5 G −7
f = ..................
J Cn ? 8c5 G −8
T VP = ..............
100 U7777~9 UY 7777 O7777%I −9

C777777
&777777' =5777777
52−4 T`52−4] : n
=77% 77X J77 C77n 77s −10
4−4 'I/
12 10 8 6 TO
OI I)/
ih ih ih ih
Td
= 12 6 h /E −11
J777 777?
Tb~,$
Z5? * b~,$
:is −12
`$^ ?] Vz
278
ZpaŠìn9Iãa"Ûa@@2M4
U
x ,q$W,
?
$ 5 456
D ' * /B9 U
5 ' d k1948 k' *
s ' HI QBn ? 56
f$' S60 1 Y
@' y7=
: ,s6
k,c5 ,5 :- +I transfer resistance .,
W,0 7)5 ,,7s
T
TTT56
VY95 Cn _ 9
u k'
:!A 1 K jk AEH : f5g$
TBJT B<
.~$ ,s −
TFET Zi / ,s −
TUJT
+I ,s −
Bipolar Junction Transistor@ZòîjİÔÛa@ïöbäq@Šìn9Iãa"Ûa@@1M2M4

:BJT ‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺍﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬
s 5I M] 8~n Q
L .$
> c
5I kh m§ ,s6
q$W7

5 base C'
.)
5 emitter `q] 'B
51 4BH M , F `7B<

U >
5I NP S ~$ v u ,BH :95 junction 5 ,BH :9 > ,5 ,collector qi .7)
T`53−4] : n TNPN S 5I PNP S 4BH M ,s6
> , R
"5 ,PN
53−4
AEH :9 R9 38:
279
:BJT ‫• ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬

lNPN AEH -$ −
lPNP AEH -$ −c
T,s6
B `54−4] : n
54−4
`55−4] : n :NPN AEH : W= ![

: @9 ,s6
:'
¥ ,
C'
Nl 456
D m 'B
>I .$X ")5 ,UI ^F
U C^F$ 'B7
C7'
7 5 -
'B
5 C'
.1 ^Fa +A @9 T`'B
7 7- C7'
47i= R
"79]
> C'
– qi 5 >}= C
#$
,y C'
5 'B
L$,sa <$ :X?
U
X
^Fa +A @9 ,:! $ S5$ BH > , ,
5 ,`3−4] : n c ' C^F$
TC'
5 qi L$,sa <$ Sc C'
5 qi
55−4
AEH : W=
280
Tqi &' Kc 8? h <s "i$5 ,C'

'B
456
D _X -
C/B9 79 Z7 5 8Bc7 7¢ ,C7'
7 _79I Bc7$ 8~7
>7{ 'B7
>I 8Bc7 -
U C/ C'
<$ > 5 ,'B
7 4567
D
456
D #X :X[ ¢ `0.5µm] ?
TC'
4i= q kF,
a >5 BX
, XB$
C'
X >I C'
? &' 8[5 ,`Y,u=] C'
4i= q F,7 4567
D z7X -
TkF,
a $I 4= .,
4iY
'
:PNP AEH : W= ![

,77s6
:77' 77
¥ 77B `56−4] : 77n
PNP ,s6
:' 7
¥ ,75 PNP
: @9
IE 4iY
U 7F C^F$77 'B77
C77'
77 5 -
^7
IC 456
D 77m 'B77
>I .77$X "77)5 ,U77I
56−4 456
R
"9] C'
Nl 4iY

PNP AEH : W=
T`'B
- C'

5 >}= `56−4] : n C
#$
-
U
,c ' C^F$ >7 C7'
– q7i
T:! $ S5$ BH > , ,
5
Tqi &' Kc 8
c
h <s "i$5 ,C'
'B
4iY
_X
4iY
C/B9 9 Z 5 +A ¢ C'
_9I Bc$ 8~
>{ 'B
>I 8Bc7 -
U C/ C'
<$ > 5 ,'B
7
, XB$ 4iY
#X :X[ ¢ `0.5µm] ?
TC'
456
q kF,
a >5 BX

X >I C'
? &' 8[ R
"
,`Y,u7=] C7'
4567
q7 F,7 47iY
z7X -
TkF,
a $I 4= .,
456
D ' C'

TIE 4iY
<s IC,
* F,
QI +I IC ,
^ IE 4iY
^ @9 -
281
:J4* AEH : −m
q=
.?0 , C'
" Ua QI /E ,+X
,s6
: :X .~
,7s6

T:X
,s6

U
T`57−4] : n ,,
W C'
5 qi ? .~
.~$
_,X
57−4
J4* AEH :
Common Emitter :‫• ﻣﻜﱪ ﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬

6 'B
_ > ,Ua@X,s ,s6
4 9I 6 'B
_7 C _7,X
'B
5 ,NPN ,s k,s 6 ' C `58−4] :
B5 ,ss1 /B ,
C .)
T`qi] J5 `C'
] :0
+"Y$ 96
58−4
?:< V= n
282
:‫• ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ )ﻓﻮﻟﺖ( ﺃﻣﺒﲑ( ﺍﳋﺮﺝ ﻟﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬

:77,
yH$77 M77 o77M `7−4] : 77n /77BI −d
77= ` I C \ VCE ] 77 0 77$F$ *
:.) ,s6

Saturation Region :+<A !G,5 −
T 6 'B
_ qB,
<$ B `59−4] : n
59−4
?:< V= n m-` – ih !
O P5@5
h > 6 'B

_ *
VBE = f1 (VCE , I B )
I C = f 2 (VCE , I B )
0 ≤ VCE ≤ VCE (sat ) CWF <$ .) qB,
<$5
U
0 ≤ I C ≤ I C (sat ) W{ ¬M0 IC qi > 5
VCC = VCE + I C R CE :77

X $77' /77BX,
77 775I 77GM' 77,
77h 77GM' >77 5
> $' C7' 7

C/7 .7)5 ,J7 C7~ ,7s6
w7= 75 .7) R CE :7
T:
* ,s6

VCC
IC = , VCC >> VCE >I @5
RL
∴ VCC = I C R CE
283
TJ C5 qi ,

) IC > 5

* JC J5 JE :0
, 5 > $' qB,
<$7 * :7X ,7s6
>}7= 7' YW75
T,c ,
4 * SwitchTQF,9 ,s6
k,c )$'5 T.1 ^Fa
Active Region :!,<5 !G,5 −c

U
/ m a5 ,VCE(sat) qB,
? _9I VCE J ? = >7 .7,
<$7 .7)
U
,X5 ,q<
<$5 qB,
<$ @= CWF .) <$
<$5 TIC qi * ®7F
U R
e5 9
I C = (1 + β)Ico + I B :GMX
XB U @,'
U C'
&' <$ N") * qi
,β>>1
_9I .)5 6 'B
:
* ,s6
,
8c9 ' CB' β
U / ICo X
qi
C'
,
Bc$
`/BI 5 ] ?
∴ I C ≅ βI B
T<$
<$ * :,
$' 6 'B
C * qp GM' .)5
* J 55 .1 ^Fa
* :0
5 > $' <$
<$ * :X ,7s6

T_ 9 ,s6
:X )$'5 T X
^Fa

cut-off g2 !G,5 −m
I C ≅ 0 qi = > .,
<$ .)
I B = 0 C'
> $' m R
e 5
T X
^Fa .,
* J 55 :0
5 :X $' a yF, a ")5
:qQ p& ?:< V= 0 HWA$ :?:< V= 0 Ho

TUa@X,s 4
9I X -
T`k
9 C' ¡B]
' :0 X¢ 4e -
T96 C'
C q<G zY0I q<G 4e -
/B :' 4e -
T~ _9I i
Z'
T~ _9I ,
U
' U/B .<X -
284
T'<,sM
U
' U/B .<X -
¢ 'B
5 _' Y0 " - "
5 ,<
,Y, /E J7 C7n5 :07
C7n -
T`180o J5 :0
Cn <
;=] _ C ,s +A
Common Collector :‫ﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬‫• ﻣﻜﱪ ﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍ‬

8,
#X * c R
"
cY 6 'B
C 4$F$5 g0 ¬ 6 qi C7~
q%5 :! >I /E 6 'B
C~ QB −`60−4] : n− 56
D t >I @9 ,. 'B
q,7

T4/,
4GMX
Y @¬ > R
"5 ,Q=H &' J "0I5 'B
;c
60−4
?:< +WB n
:?:< +WB 0 Ho

TC/ J0 X¢5 C/B9 :0 X¢ 4e -
8c9 ¬ qh _ C > -
T`1] :GI 5I `GV=1] ¬ h 8c9
,Z'
T6 'B
C q<G +5c q<G 4e -
T6
/ q :! X¢ = /, -
T<
>,Y, J Cn5 :0
Cn -
285
Common Base :‫• ﻣﻜﱪ ﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬

T
X
46
$' C 96 C'
_ C :X,c
T`61−4] : n ,J5 :0
+"Y$¯¯ @= 96 C'
> C
N") *5
,C'
5 'B
*H :0
> 5 ,C'
5 qi *H J > 5
h > 96 C'
_ *5
VEB = f1 (VCB , I E )
I C = f 2 (VCB , I E )
61−4
!8:< I=G n
:!8:< I=G n 0 Ho

U ,
/B -
T`
:GI /B :' 4e]
:GI @~
T`Y$ :0 X¢ 4e] k51 4' :W5 C/ :0
5 -
T`k5I 9 C' F :! X¢ ¡B] k5I
4w :W5
' J 5 -
T`<
>,Y, J Cn5 :0
Cn] J Cn5 :0
Cn H ;= ? a -
T
X
46
$' C :X,c -
Vopp GV h 8c9 -
TGV = U Z'
+5c5 ,?
Vipp
286
:‫• ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬

6
+ :PNP AEH : r@h −
- 1
5 2
`5−4] Z5? 6=
FY
4ci :7 ,7
- + T`62−4] :
8c FY
QH5
3
- + 5−4 'I/
+ -
4 PNPAEH : r@2 #B
$
i i b CG

G
8? 8
c
651
K
`+] `−] `5 G]
1 qi 'B
U
'
?
2 'B
qi
'
3 C'
'B

'
4 'B
C'
Y$
62−4
5 C'
qi
'
:hK IsAE& PNP AEH : r@h !GQ-C 6 qi C'
Y$

' 4G qI $) >I oMu yc7
Z57h 7
> ,s6

! N") *5 ,,Y$ 7G5
TUY
> N' 5 ,@s
U
287
:NPN AEH : r@h −c

5 cY <
.) NPN ,s6
F= 7H
6 -
+ 2
1 `63−4] : 77777n 6777775
4c77777i 77777 X
5
T`6−4] Z5?5
+ -
4 6−4 'I/
+ - NPN AEH : r@2 #B
$
3 - +
i i b CG
G
8? 8
c
651
K
`+] `−] `5 G]
1 'B
qi U
'
?
2 qi 'B

'
3 'B
C'

'
4 C'
'B
Y$
5 qi C'

'
63−4
6 C'
qi Y$
:'K IsAE& NPN AEH : r@h !GQ-C
U

' 47G q7I 7I $7) >I o7M Z57h 7
> ,s6

! N"7) *5 ,,7Y$ 7G5
TUY
> N' 5 ,@s
U
288
Field Effect Transistor@ZFET@ÞbKa@Lqdm@paŠìn9Iãa‹m@@2M2M4

transistor UnipolarB<
I 4,s 7' CB7' FETZ7i /7 4,7s
U
5 S &' K= ,X ,Bipolar transistor 7B<
.7~$ ,7s6
7' 7x R7
e5
77iD CB77X
W77,0 .77) FET 7795 ,477iY
5I 45677
D 77s $F77
4M77
,channel C777$G y7777H ' , : ,
>I &' Z,c 7s 77775 ,Field Effect Transistor
? electric field .~
Zi / * F, +"
,
y777H ' 777F,
> 7
TgateB
c 8<
&' yB< ? '
:" Z#4 Z= jk FETB S]$ AEH -$ t#G5$'
TJunction Field Effect Transistor (JFET)
Zi / ,s −I
: QBn X c91 Zi / ,s −
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET)
64−4
FET B S]$ AEH -$ 1
289
Junction Field Effect Transistor :JFET ‫ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﻲ‬‫ﺃ( ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍ‬

:r cG c$5
.) $F
4M > S$
") *5 ,`N] C$
5e JFET 7
Z7i /7 ,7s •
T456
D
.) $F
4M > S$
") *5 ,`P] C$7
5e JFET 7
Z7i /7 ,7s •
T4iY

C$
e ,s6
: )I ,
Zi /7 ,7s6
Y,7£ U^7 `65−4] : 7
7B5
TB
c
C$
e ,s6
: 05 ,B?
65−4
JFET q
B S]$ AEH : F H
:JFET ‫ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﻲ‬‫* ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﻟﺘﺮﺍﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍ‬

:N 5G ' JFETq
B S]$ AEH : R9 38: •
JFET
Zi / ,s > ,7
v u ,`n] S$
7 :7 QB7n 7
7
NB? XH
`p] S$
QBn C 8~7
zXB7
") c5 ,`P] S$
,<$ &7' ZW7F
T`N] C$
+e Zi / ,s6 ,7s6

,s6
+B
896
`66−4] : n V%
66−4
T`N] C$
+e JFET
Zi /
JFET q
B S]$ AEH : R9 38:
N 5G R
290
:P 5G R JFET q

B S]$ AEH : R9 38: •
v u ,`P] S$
: QBn

Zi / ,s > ,
8~
zXB NB? XH
,s6
") c5 ,`N] S$
7,<$ &7' ZW7F
`N] S$7
7 7 QB7n C7 7
JFET
Zi / ,c6
+B
896
V% +"
`P] C$
+e Zi /7 ,7s6
T`P] C$
+e
:Ju v -C !S S JFET q
B S]$ AEH :'
.)5 ,4$F
7BE1 4M7! Z70 &7' :7X +"7
7
L7H 7)5 :Source +5 -
> 5 , IS qB$ R
" B? C$

* 4iY
5 B
c
C$

* 456
D
TB
Bc$
B? qB$ ")
R
" ,B

$F
4M Q
M0 JP +"

L7H 7) :DrainD vw -
U
TqB$ Bc$
B? Lf > 5 , (I D )
Q
+"
`Drain current] Lf
C S$
c9X C B
> 5 ,
7Bh <$7 7' CB7' .7) :Gate(G) !& -
> "
T ' ^F
* qB$ 5 > F,8~
Z' 796 7,5 ,7

U
TC$
X F,
B
? <s 5 , (I G ) Q
5 ,/ B

:JFET ‫ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﻲ‬‫* ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍ‬

:N 5G R JFET q
B S]$ AEH -$ W= ![ •
qB$5 B
h C^ >I e ,C$
X F,
`67−4] : n B
? <7s
R
e '5 ,y,= C$
.B? &' L$,sa .,<$ ' qs ¢ ,@$7 7 X
^7Fa 7
, )5 F, .,
,5 F,
5 C$
X F,7
7 7<
N"75 ,VF7
U
:oM I `67−4] : n 5 TLf
[ 9I > Lf >}= qB$ 5 Lf `Lf &' yB< h] ` VDD ] ? yB< $' -
>I oa] ` VDD ] W ? +5c qB$5 Lf ` VDS ] h >}=
! N") * ,qB$
T`°1 : B
LH
T (I D ) Lf , ,
c5 ,Lf qB$ C$
ZM0 _X Ls 456
D -
291
C^ q5 T5I 5 s `N] C$G Rc <0 ,

>}= (VDS ) 7G 7 $7' -
U
X
^Fa <$ c5] ,I qB$5 B
`PN] 7777 5 ^7F >}7= (VDS )
T: C$
>I +I ,`L$,sa <$
67−4
N 5G R JFET q
B S]$ AEH -$ W= ![
4B $' qB$5 Lf h G .7)5] (VDSO ) y7
7? 7G 7h :W7 $7' -
N") $' (I D ) ,
>I +I ,*% +I C^ +A a (VDS ) i
C^ I >}= ,` I DS 7,

U :#

T`15−4]: n , (VGS = 0) YW
+5c qB$ ?5 (VDS ) h C^ q ,
B
`PN] 5 B >I 8[ .XBH :
Zi / ,7s :7X 7, :7#M
U
YW
B 5c @~ B
$' ,
> , , ' ^F
* qB$5
:P 5G R JFET q
B S]$ AEH -$ W= ![ •
`P] C$
5e
Zi / ,7s :7X
Zi / ,s :7X .7,
7
Y$7
,C
B ) @9 ;Y
5 `N] C$7
+e 7

: `68−4] : n
TLf5 qB$ 8
s ? yB< , -
68−4 T4iY
.) ,
: -
P 5G R JFET q
B S]$ AEH -$ 0 JFET ,s6 X$ s1 Nl -
T`N] C$
+e
T`G] B
&' 8? ? yB< -
292
:JFET ‫ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﻲ‬‫* ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﻟﺘﺮﺍﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍ‬

:N 5G ' AEH : (I D − VGS ) !& – +5 I)/ + JFET vw $ N O P5@5 •
U
MW, B
s C$G +e JFET
Zi /7 ,7s 7 > ,7 C 7B `69−4] : 7n
TJ5 :0
96 $) qB$ > 5 ,6 qB$ <
: @9 `69−4] : n C
:X5
,8
c
Nla (VGG ) G C^ , F5 ,C
qB$5 B
(VGG ) N 7? y7B< -
T`69−4]:
B ) @9 (VDS ) h q (I D ) ,
g $F$ &' :WF $}= R
"5
:GI G $' IB `Punch-off] y
? >}= `YW
:GI G] B
s 7 9I (VGS ) d79 @79 -
T`70−4] : n , (VGS − VDS ) Lf g0 $F$ B ) @9 (VDS ) i
70−4 69−4

vw N O P5@5 ?:< +5 n 0
,.<0 : h C ,

= QBn 59 C$
Lf, (VGS = 0) >7 $7' -
B
s
G yH$ :X[ ¢ C$
, &' h B) ^ @9 ,
C^ R
e +A5
^F$ B
5 :X[ R
"= ,qB$ L< W,5 B7? B7
>15 ,qB7$ L7H Bc7$

U
$' QI a T (I D ) ,
: R
"
`,5 ] C$
y5 L$,sa <$7 qc7,,= c7 '
< &' >MX , / d- ,
q " )5 `71−4] : 7n,,
7 (VDS ) 7
,`Pinch Effect] Ba / C)#
N") &' y7<5 ,BU7 ,7
U 7,
:7#5 ,7,
C7^
Q
5 `Pinch voltage] 7Ba ? C)#
N") 57 +A7 +"7
7h c75
293
,s6
.<X .,
.) C)#
N")5 T`70−4] : n g $F$ &' F7%5 ` VP ] 77
) @9 ,C$
ZM0 5 * ,c ,
>}= ,q<
7? $7' Q7I o7M >I 7 75 Q7 0
(I D ) ,
>I +I , (I D − VGS ) qB$5 Lf h5 Lf g70 7$F$ V7%
`saturation current] qB,

, c5 , (I DSS ) .#'1 ,
> $' ,7 7G 7B
TJFET Zi / ,s6
71−4
:JFET ‫* ﳑﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬

U
T`5X U / = C'
-
> ] ?
,4B<,
/
* 5± X k5I i 4' ' .,
5] l$

X
:0
X¢ -
U
T`X,¢5 U
Ms 4
W :Xl }= 8

*5
:0 777X¢ 4e 4_ 5 ànalog switches] 77 x VY 8<,7 .7,
47B<,
*5 -
TJFET 4,s6
/# M= X
~=
U
T , 4
: ,
`BJT) ,s q 5I Y$ Q,s
c -
294
TC! ? /, , .,

G1 $F
4M &' ,
,X a +! ,sa -
T , 4
* :GI c Q
M,5 QX$W
s -
_9I èfficiency] CY9 Q
,B<
.~$ ,7s6
7 7 9I 7
X
467
Q,M7 -
TB<
.~$ ,s6
CY9
:JFET ‫ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﻲ‬‫* ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻜﱪ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍ‬
Cn _ C B `72−4] : n

Zi / ,7s k,7s
: @9 C
:X
`C1] O 77 _77' C77nD :077 -
77 ,c77 77,
q$77 +"77
5
C677 C77n²
Vc775 Z770

TZ0

>}= B
_7' C7nD Z70 $7' -
77
Z77i /77 ,77s
: CnD /B , 7 ,:7X
72−4 TB<
.~$ ,s
JFET IsAE& k n 0 `C2] O 77 _77' C77nD J77P -
775 ,c77 77,
q$77 +"77
5
TJ5 C_ CnD
TC
: `R3] 5 : x5 ,C
^Fa , (R2), (R3] >,5 k -
T)_' J Cn "0I ,5 C
: ' CB' `R1] 5 -
T°15 ,s6
Z' 5 ' CB' `R4) 5 -
295
:‫ﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ‬‫ﺏ( ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍ‬

Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET)
U
Insulated Gate
5X B
+e Zi / ,s s ,s6
") &7' 7I y7<
TB? 5I B
s C$G e > G5 ,IGFET
Q
5 ,Field Effect Transistor
:" AEH : \u x Z= Hy xWQ'
TEnhancement type cF 5I +X,
S$
•
TDepletion type .E=D 5I *$,sa •
:MOSFET ‫ﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ‬‫* ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﻟﺘﺮﺍﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍ‬
Enhancement type :RHQHA 15 •
= X<,
Bc > ,B? ªsI BH5 B
s C$7 MOSFET ,7s 7B `73−4] : 7n
=c @$ 5 ,Lf5 qB$ r5 ,`+n]
' X< Bc$ >,B
s >,X<G ? @$ Y$

^' G B< V<c
< ªs1 BH * ,X<
) q%5 X T45 XB G

^X
B<
<5 Lf5 qB$ >,X >, 5 : , (Sio 2 ) > c7
c79I 7 7
TB? C$ ,s6
") 0¥ S ?5 TB
:X k,
B< C$
;=
73−4
RHQHA 15 MOSFET AEH : R9 38:
/ ,7s6
U^7 `74−4] : 7n 7B
T+X,
S$
X c791 Z7i
77X c779I ,77s Z51 77
: 7

7
: 7 @$7 ,B
7s C$7G e U^7X
74−4 TB? C$G e U^X X c9I ,s
RHQHA 15 MOSFET AEH -$
296
Depletion type :( H5AEL 15 •
= X< `P] C ªsI BH `75−4] : n *$,sa S$

MOSFET ,s6
8967
,C$
: ,
Lf5 qB$ B
s BH ,5 ,Lf5 qB7$ *7H : 7 .7,
5 `n] S$7

U 7s 7
B
c77
$F77
4M77 L$,77s +A77 B77? 4$F77n
,77,= B77
B
7 U 7? :77 5
,B
&' B
c
,
Y
4^ @9 Lf := ,C$
B
c
B7<
* `4567
D]
C$
* 456
D C^ +A R
e >}= B
c
,
Y
' Ua B
B? ,
= d 5 e I
TB
s C$G +e +X ,s :' ,s6
:X R
"5 ,, ,=

: T*$,sa S$
X c91 S Zi / ,s6
U^ `76−4] : n 7B
U $,7s 7X c79I ,7s Z51
X c9I ,s

: @$ ,B7? C$7G e =
U
TB
s C$G e =$,s
75−4
( H5AEL 15 MOSFET AEH : R9 38:
76−4
( H5AEL 15 MOSFET AEH -$
297
:MOSFET ‫ﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬‫* ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍ‬
:N 5G ' The Enhancement RHQHA 15 •
> ,5 , (VGS ) B
&' ,
= ? a $' S$
") *
' Lf5 qB7$ 7 75 >7
ªs1 BH d 5 e}= ,Ì −77−4] : nTc91 BH @$ ZX 7,
C$7
5 B7
7 X7s
U
+A
^X
B<
ZM0 ~9 Uap
, ,B
&' B? 7,
= dB7H5 ,7s6
°7
U
456
D ' C^ R
e b,$5 ,B
&' ,
Y
G q H 87s$, B
7s 4$F7n
7
G5 ,@$ C$G : +A ¢ ,Lf5 qB$ C G ,= ªs1 BH * $F7
7
T,
^X B
&' B? ,
Y
>1 +X,
S$
") .s
G >}= T` −77−4] :
* B ) @9 . (VGS ) qB$5 Lf ? ;7= y7B< $7' Q7I +I
4B $'5T/,
C$
G &'5 (VGS ) h G &' ,X /,
C$
ZM0 7 (I D ) 7,

,
G c- .$X )5 ,B
7? 7G 7 7 (I D ) 7,
7G >}7= , (VGS ) 7h 7G
T8? B
? k,s
(VGS ) ? yB< k' $' −I
(VGS ) ? yB< $' −
77−4
N 5G ' RHQHA 15 MOSFET AEH : W= ![
298
The Depletion MOSFET :( H5AEL 15 •
Lf 5 qB$ 456

D x (VGS = 0) qB$5 B
? +I yB< k'
*
T`78−4] : n (I D ) Lf
U
i, R
e5 `N] C$
C? 456
²
L$,s m (VGS ) B
&7' 8
7s 7? y7B<,
U
i,5 ,C$
C? 456
D q F, .,
5 C$
ZM70 `47iY
]B7? 4$F7
7!
") c 8Bs ) ")5 ,456
D C$
³=5 L$,s , B
&' 8
c7
7h y7B<,
T` −78−4] : n .E=D 5I *$,sa S$

S$

(VGS ) ? yB< k' $' −I

(VGS ) ? yB< $' −
(a) (b)
78−4
( H5AEL 15 MOSFET AEH : R9 38:
299
:‫ﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ‬‫* ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﻟﺘﺮﺍﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍ‬

:RHQHA 15
{ zI I#8K B S]$ AEH : N ` 5@5 •
Enhancement MOSFET Characteristics
:vw N O P5@5 -
TMOSFET ,s6
+X,
S$
J 5I Lf g0 47$F$ `79−4] : 7n V7%
:GI G $7' B7 dB7 (I D ) 7,
7G >}7= (VGS ) 7h 7G 4^ @79 Q7I Q$7 o7M5
T (VGS ) i
:!GAL N ` P5@5 Q@A N O P5@5 -

U C/ > (I D ) ,
G >I oM Q$5 ,:F,
g0 7$F$ `80−4] : 7n 7B
e ?
,C/B9 ,
: Y
h X
5 ,: Y
h G :GI B7
7? 7G d79
U
a ®F ~9 U x a ,,Y9 ,s6
S$
") k,s R
"7
5

T` VGS = VT ] : Y
h G h : 5 e
80−4 79−4

!GAL N ` P5@5 Q@A N O P5@5 m-` vw N O P5@5
300
:( H5AEL 15
{ zI I#8K B S]$ AEH : N ` 5@5 •
Depletion MOSFET Characteristics
T`N] C$
+e *$,sa S$
MOSFET ,s6
J g0 4$F$ `81−4] : n B
oM5 TN C$
+e *$,sa S$
MOSFET ,s6
:F,
$F$ `82−4] : n 7B
: ,
5 ,G :GI C$
dFB I B
&' yB7< 8?7 7h ^ @79 Q7I 47$F$ N"7)
TLf `L$,c]
U
¢ M I U
B
c
C$
* : , 456
D / BH >}= B
&' B? U
7? $7BH e 7I
TLf `cF,] ,
5 ,G
82−4 81−4

MOSFET AEH : ( H5AEL 159 Q@A P5@5 m-` N O P5@5
:MOSFET AEH : Ho

:¦ @ `MOSFET] X c91 S Zi / 4,s ^,x5
U
TY :0
X "
,Lf5 qB$ '
5X B
TI
U
' :0
5 T
T?
T
.~$ ,s6
:sI X$W TJ
U C/ > , C :0 ,- .,
c T
T?
U
kI I >9I s B
&' ^Fa B< , a5 ,
' *$,sa S$7
* :07
75 TN
U
Td ^F >5 ,
* k,c "
,c '
301
T.1 ^Fa
* a : a Q1 , 4
* ,Y9 +X,
S$
k,c T5
W ^, Q
Zi / ,s 9I l rI MOSFET ,7s6
5 T^
:0 5 Q77
5 TÌntegrated Circuits] , ~5
* Q,7s :c7 7¢ Q7i
U C/B9
T> c
c9I BH * ,
^X
B<
?
#
:MOSFET AO
?D5 ,X :X,
* 4H, 8<, .,
sc! j$7X
7 Mosfet ,7s _7,X
:,
*9 )5 ,d
= 4−3 U? Q=HI .<X Q1 .G 67, ^7? J,7- 7FY

.TK= d
= 1.5 ? =H .<X +"
@,
6, ^? X ,s6

ch yH ' MOSFET 7

Rc ,
F= b7 &7' .7G
67, ^7? q7% -
TLH1
5
Gate B
:7? &7' Q$7 8?7 L7<
5 TSource qB7$ &7' ^7i
8
c7
L7<
dB7 -
T,s6
6, ^? ? >I &' Z ")5 ,C/ CG &' :WF$
Drain 7
8? L<
7 -
U
TDrainq MW, 6,
8? L<
q MOSFET,s :, kG
L777HI :7779 777 777G -
"77) TTRXB77 } ,77s6

$F777
¡777Y +A777
,,77s6
&77' C77?
6, ^? .<X >I 8[5
T:77777 k77777' C77777G
T`83−4] : n
83−4
302
Unijuntion Transistor@@U.J.T@òÜ–ìÛa@ð†byþa@Šìn9Iãa"Ûa@@3M2M4

4 * Z@X,7sa X~7
7¬ j$7X
7 UJT 7
+71 ,7s6
7Xu
TUnijunction Transistor iD CBX
W,0 ) U.J.T V<W5 ,4B$

:‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺍﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬
S > c
87G 7 `84−4] : 7n ÙJT] 7
+71 ,7s6
> ,7
T`B1&B2] '
: ,
Q, * , 5 q%5 , `N-type]
$ `B1] C'
GI > '
<s, < * P-type S > c
BH ,

' 5 +e k$1 8 OY0 : X< 5I ,s6
' : ,
,`B2] C7'

C'
*H , 5 c5 ,~
C
: ,
*H M9 $7' `7X] 75I 4c7M 57
.77) <$77 N"77)5 ,`P-type] S77 77 Bc779 k77$1 877G :77X5 T`B2] C77'
5 `B1]
TEmitter 'B

:,
F$
&'5 ,56
D 4
* ,c6
V% `85−4] : n
TÌ −85−4] : n ,B? C$G 5e UJT
+I ,s -
T` −85−4] : n ,B
s C$G 5e UJT
+I ,s -
84−4
!9
R0> AEH : R9 38:
B
s C$G 5e UJT
+I ,s −
B? C$G 5e UJT
+I ,s −I
85−4
!9
R0> AEH -$ H
303
:‫• ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺍﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬

B2
+1 ,s6
w= C
B `86−4] : n
RB2
: w= C
> ,

EMITTER
T`B1] C'
5 È] 'B
: , RB1 5
D
RB1 T`B2] C'
5 È] 'B
: , RB2 5
TÈ] 'B
.~$
B1
86−4
!9
R0> AEH : !|h I
:‫• ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬

w= C
ZM0 5 ,ÙJT]
+I ,s6
ss1 C~
`87−4] : 7n 7B
: @9 ,s6
:'
¥ V% `88−4] : n ,s6
U
Bc$
B? ` B 2 ] `<,s] ^7F >7 >I &7' 7'
7 ` VBB ] ",7
7? yB7<
",
? ? ' CB' C'
5 'B
` VB1 ]
? VBW R
e &'5 ,` B1 ]
T` VBB ]
U
> 5 ,c ' U
^F$ 'B
> R
e $' TUY7 +5c7 (VE ) > ,7s ` Vin = 0 ] 7
*
U / 77 7)5 ,K7= 'B7
8|7 7 7
* +7h 7,

5 :G '] ?
T`4/BI
87−4 88−4

!9
R0> AEH : !EEK I !9
R0> AEH : !|h I
304
U
.~$
IB5 , (VEB1 ) : _9I G (Vin ) , c ' U
^F ^F$ 'B7
.7~$ 7B
:GMX
(VEB1 ) G &' ZW! 5 ,>h 'B
IB5 ,: ,

 R B1 
VEB1 =   × VBB
 R B1 + R B2 
R BB = R B1 + R B 2 :>I @5
R  U
VEB1 =  B1  × VBB :e
 R BB 
VEB1 = ηVBB
Ìntrinsic stand off ratio] 1 4B
Bc7 c75 ,7h c7 Bc7 .7) `,7¥] η 7
T`0.8 5 0.5 ,G q5]
VE = VP ≥ VEB1 + VD
:> >I 8[ :X
,s6
IB .
QI +I
VD = Vγ = 0.7
:
,

X <X5 `Peak voltage value] C5"
< ? VP c5
VP = VEB1 + VD
Q VEB1 = ηVBB
∴ VP = ηVBB + VD
:
T: ,
8Bc .,

,
= .) VP
T`0.8 5 0.5 ] 1 4B
Bc .) η
T B1 C'
5 'B
h .) VEB1
T`> c
0.7 Volt ] PN 5 _' h .) VD
T`B1] 5 `B2] h W ) ` VBB ]
U 7I ^F$7
77 +77[5 ,7 U 7 'B77
>77 ` VE = VP ≥ VEB1 + VD ] >77 $77' 770I CB77X
&' h $= 'B
C^ ,
5 ,: ,

UJT,7s6
q7= 7¢ T (I E ) 'B7

TB
s 5 g0 &' :WF5 ` R B1 ]
T (I E ) 'B
SY q h Y C)® &'
a
C/, 59 ` R B1 ] /nI QI oa
305
Emitter characteristic curve :‫• ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻋﺚ‬

:g $F$ &' yH$ M B `89−4] : n
:+,G !G,5 -
U
<$ N") .,$5 , (I E ) 'B
(Vin ) h ^ @ = Tc ' U
^F$ 'B
= >7
T`Peak point]
< yB< h :W $'
89−4
V=9 J$AEL N ` P5@5
Negative resistance :!# !'G !G,5 -

'B
h = * >W5 ,
* C/B9 C
+I IB ,
< Z
$'
,
5 (VB1 ) 7Y 8Bc7 7¢ (R B1 ) 75 $7 (I E ) C7= "7 )5 ,` B1 ] C7'
5
B
c
5 <$ ® 8Bc ¢ (VE ) h zY$ (I E ) 4^ @9 Q7I .7$X "7)5 T (VE )
T`90−4] : n TNegative resistance
90−4
306
:!G,5 +<$ !G,5 -

C/B
C
i, ,KB7 C7
(VE ) 7G IB,7s `7
<$7
] IV 7' (I E ) 7 $7'
<$
-5 T,
C^ q KB h ,8? 5 s C~
Rc75 (I E ) *
)5 (VV ) ' ? $'5 ,d
= `1.5] $' ,/BI :G ' $' C'

TVolt1.5
:(‫• ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻛﻤﻮﻟﺪ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ )ﻣﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﺍﺭﲣﺎﺀ‬
51 #F
* T4B$

7 C 7B `91−4] : 7n
U 7 O 777 &777' $F777
777 >777
>777 5 ,Y77

+I 'B
.7~$ >7 ,7
5 T`VE=VC=0]
|,
> s +h +1 7,
5 c7 ' ^F$7
$' `RB1] > Qc7Y dG7
*5 ,ÌEO] 'B7
7 X

(I E = 0) ,Y C 'B
X " )5 ,7#X
,7G
91−4 U
TM
+I ,s > a5
*5 I 0
`R] 5 _' F
`C] O IB 51 #F
7X
.~$ VBW R
e $',`VP] O _' $F
:W ,
U 7I ^F$7
77
+77I ,77s IB775 ,7 U 7 'B77

,
5 Tk5I `20] 7 (R B1 ) :7 7 ,:7 ,

'B
.~$ 5 5 _' '| $F7
O 7 ³7Y
B? C^ 4, b,$ +"7
71 ` R 5 R B1 ] C/W7

777B5 , (R 2) $777' B
777s C^777 4,7775 (R1) $777'
O $' ¡Y,
5 F
− A TY, 4? Z nI `92−4] :

B2 C'
$' C/ 4B −B .$
d
/ yH ' ""
* F,
7
B1 C'
$' C
J0 −C d9 e Q1 `R] /,
5 ? 7
5 , (RC) F7
92−4 U
>5 VBW7,s 7
>}7= 7? C/7 `R] 7G
; /
C/B9 `R] d9 e 0I ? 75 ,`Turn-off] 47X<
*5 I I ' 7 $7) >7 7
Q7}= ,7?

:Xi
L9
T: ,
IB 1
307
:‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﱪﻣﺞ‬

Programmable Unijunction Transistor (PUT)
b_
+1 ,7s6
+B7
8796

)5 −`93−4] : n− ,s/
+B
896
QB
T,s
QBn 4BH qI 5e f$'

+1 ,7s6
7 `94−4] : 7n 7B
Tb_
93−4
:PUT) en !9
R0>K AEH : W= ![ −
AEH :9 R9 38:
en !9
R0>K ,s6
k .,
O~®
4" k7
k,c7
PUT 5 UJT 7777
~
;Y
T
+1
C5e ? Q
VBW F PUT p7 7 7777 7)
C * .5 ? ´p k,s `C{ 7G] $7X
5 C Y QBn] 7
7? R
"7 F,7= B7

TÙJT* ~i C'

U
) ¢ S©I 4 ' ) B PUT * :B7,
7^
94−4
U
Q' .) ¢ ,s 9I PUT * C'
?5 UJT*
en !9
R0>K AEH : H
U
> c7 ' U 7777F$7 PUT VBW7 $7' ,UJT *
^
T? C/ Q,5
U Y
T? U PUT :Xl ~W N") qµ
+1 ,c76
w7= C7~ `95−4] : 7n 7B
Tb_

B
5 PUT &' yB< :0
>I o7a
R1 O
A h c 7{ 7X d7 7?
TR2 5
95−4 U
,s 77775 PUT 7 QB7
7I o7a
en !9
R0>K AEH : @ 0 TB
c
B

308
AEH : IsAE& c\&\ 0 W= ![ −c

:en !9
R0>K
k,77s "77" C `96−4] : 77n 77B
Tb_
+1 ,c6

? F
O IB 7h y7B< $7'
7
ZM0 ³Y R
e X5 ,R 5 _7' 7

TPUT
96−4 79 77 C/77B9 >77 >I 877[ R 775
L7
AEH : IsAE& c\&\ 0
,C
* (I V ) 7 :7GI > 7
7,
F,7
en !9
R0>K
T`96−4] : n
,68k 5 d7G e "",7
7m 7
5 , (R G ) 5 ZM0 N[ , ,

R 1R 2
RG = :GMX
,G [
R1 + R 2
> ,
>}= R G = 1MΩ $7'
N") 10k 5c R2 75 d79 e 18µA,
T1.26 ms $^ C6= $<X C

Ta <$
$' J "0I ,5
309
@paŠìn9Iãa"Ûa@óÜÇ@òîÜàÇ@åíŠb¸
@NÚ"“¾a@sÇbjÛa@PØß@ñŠa†@õbäi ZÞëþa@åíŠànÛa
:‫• ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ – ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺭﺏ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ‬

T6 'B
_ C .$B −1
T45 ? C
4/, −2
TJ5 :0
Cn s5 −3

T(100 Ω,150 Ω,3.3 Ω,10k Ω)1/2 watt 45 −5 T6=I ^? −1
T(100µF,470µF) 4Y −6 T: MsI −2
T$G 5e ss5 ^? −7 Tfrequency generator Cn
−3
TAC/DC ? 30 0 CG
−8 TQw= 5I BC550 ,s −4

!@Â E- !W8. _G5 ' ,`
* 77{ 77) @779 C77

j$77' 6770 T1
TB,
4Mc,

k,77s 7756
D j$77X
77F= T2
T6=1
T`97−4] :
* @9 C
T3
97−4
?:< V= 0
310
!@Â E- !W8. _G5 ' ,`
T`98−4] : n VE 'B
? G T4
6 50mVP-P Cn :0
&' yB7H T5
T1kHz
T`99−4] : n VB C'
? G T6
98−4
V= I)/ ab
'B
−C'
^F ? G 8c7 T7
TVE=VB+VBE GMX

99−4
I=G I)/ ab
CH151 C$77
77ss51 :77 T8
TC
:0
J77 CH2 77
C$77
77p :77 T9
T`100−4] : n C

TJ Cn5 :0
Cn s T10
TJ Cn5 :0
Cn Sc G T11
:077
C77n 77 77<
;77= 8c77 T12
100−4 TJ Cn5
m-` ' OI k ab
,77s6
_77 77h 8c779 8c77 T13
T:0
? J ? Bc ) +"

311
@NJFET@ïÜ–ìÛa@ÞbKa@Lqdm@Šìn9Iãa‹m@âa‡ƒn9bi@ñŠb’g@ÉİÔß@ñŠa†@õbäi ZïãbrÛa@åíŠànÛa
:‫ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺭﺏ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ‬:‫• ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬

TJFET
Zi / ,s k,s Cn q< C j$' FY −1
TJFET
Zi / ,s k,s Cn q< C .$B −2
T`4n – ?] C
4/, −3
Tª
b~, :ic −4

T2N4339 ,s −6 T6=I ^? −1
0.1µF O −7 T: MsI −2
10MΩ 5 −8 T ss5I ^? −3
1N4007 .~$ −9 TCn
^? −4
TAC/DC d
= 30 0 " W −5

!@Â E- !W8. _G5 ' ,`
: @9 JFET ,s6

F= −1
: ,k51 Zp &' 67=1 ^7? q7% −I
* @777779 6777775
8
c77777
L77777<

8?77 L77<
5 B77
`101−4] : 77n
/ 6=1 ^? >}= ,qB$5 Lf7
: ? a5 `
' 5 5I] a
TB
C$G ZM0
101−4
FET AEH : r@h
312
!@Â E- !W8. _G5 ' ,`
Z77p q77% 77F ª77

C77?I :77 −
,`102−4] :
* @79 k51 &7' ª7

k5I Y777 /777 §A777 >I o777a5
:77 ?77 Q77I +I T`C/77 775 5I]
TB
5 ZM0
ZB,7777s Y,7777 47777
7777
* −J
T,s6

102−4
k,77s 7701 C77

j$77' 77F= −2
T6=1
/ ,s k,s Cn q< C : −3
T`103−4] : n JFET
Zi
103−4
CnD q< C C7nD

7 ^7? :7 −4
T`104−4] : n
4Vp- 7777B? Cn &' CnD
7 7' −5
Tp/1kHz
CnD
`$7X
] X7 C7n :70I −6
104−4 <
Td
= 15/-15 .~77$
_'
C7777
7777h ª7777G ^7777? :7777 −7
T`105−4] : n
677=1 k,77s J77 C77n 77? 77G −8
105−4 T Vo = .................
313
!@Â E- !W8. _G5 ' ,`

(Osc0lliscop) C77nD 77s ^77? :77 −9
CH151 C$
: , F C7

J7777777 CH2 C$7777777
5 :07777777

T`106−4] : n
nn &' ) @9 :0
? : n 7s −10
106−4 TCnD s
:70
Cn 7 8c5 7G −11
1
Tf = = ..............
T

:0
? 8c5 G −12
T VP− P = .................
nn &' ) @9 J Cn : 7n 7s −13
7−4 'I/ TCnD s
e4A5 'I/ J77777
C77777n 8c77775 G −14
!EG tG !&#@ tG 1
Tfo = = ..............
J ? T
Vo = .................
J Cn ? 8c75 7G −15
:0
Cn C6= :0
Cn

T = ................. 1
fi =
T
= ..............
T VP − P = .................
J Cn C6= 1
fo = = .............. T`7−4] Z5h * ª
b~, :is −16
T = ................. T
314
@NJFET@ïÜ–ìÛa@ÞbKa@Lqdm@Šìn9Iãa‹m@âa‡ƒn9bi@ñŠb’g@PØß@ñŠa†@õbäi ZsÛbrÛa@åíŠànÛa

TJFET k,s Cn _ C j$' FY −1
TJFET k,s Cn _ C .$B −2
T`4n – ?] C
4/, −3
Tª
b~, :ic −4

T>$ ' 0.1µF O −6 T6=I ^? −1
T500Ω,2.5kΩ 45 −7 T: MsI −2
T>$ ' 1MΩ 5 −8 T(Osc0lliscop) CnD s ^? −3
TCn
^? −9 TAC/DC d
= 30 0 " W −4
T2N4393 ,s −5

!@Â E- !W8. _G5 ' ,`
T6=1 k,s C

j$' F= −1
TY
,
j$X
ZB,s −2
/ ,s k,s C7n _7 C :7 −3
T`107−4] :
* @9 ,JFET
Zi
107−4
315
!@Â E- !W8. _G5 ' ,`

677777 C77777nD
77777 ^77777? :77777 −4
T`108−4] : n /40mVp-p 1kHz
,C7777
7777h ª7777G C7777?I :7777 −5
T`109−4] : n
J5 :0
? G −6
Vi = ……………
108−4 Vo = ………….
V1
25V
T`110−4] : n ,C
CnD s ^? : −7
R3
2.5K C2
1uF
+
Vo nn &' ) @79 :07
?7 : 7n 7s −8
C1
1uF Q1
TCnD s
+
2N4393
:0
Cn 8c5 G −9
R1
R4 R2 1MEG
1kHz
40mV p-p
V 1MEG 500
T = ……………
1
T f i = = ..............
109−4 T

:0
? G −10
T VP−P = ...............
nn &' ) @9 J C7n : 7n 7s −11
TCnD s
J Cn 8c5 G −12
110−4 T = ……………
1
T f o = = ..............
T
Tª
b~, :is −13
Vi = ...............
Vo = ...............
VP −P = ...............
f i = ..............
f o = ..............
316
@NUJT@òÜ–ìÛa@ð†byc@Šìn9Iãa‹m@âa‡ƒn9bi@pb›jäÛa@‡Ûìß@ñŠa†@õbäi ZÉiaŠÛa@åíŠànÛa

TUJT
+I ,s6
FY −1
TUJT
+I ,s k,s 4B$

C .$B −2
T45 ? C
4/, −3
TJ5 :0
Cn s5 −4

TAC/DC d
= 30 0 CG
−5 T6=I ^? −1
T`,10k Ω, 100K Ω, 47 Ω) 1/2 watt45 −6 TQ
X 5I 2N2646,s −2
T10k Ω C/, 5 −7 T: MsI −3
T`10nF]16 volt O −8 T$G 5e ss5I ^? −4

!@Â E- !W8. _G5 ' ,`
T"Y$,
^M
4Mc,
? −
:UJT !9
R0> AEH : r@h −1
5G !9
R0> AEH : r@h :}L'
:!$~ ,` 1$& !#
X%5 &' 56
D 67,
Y
^7? q7% −I
51 C777'
777 7775 777G5 k51
8? L<
q F 7
C7'
5
111−4 L77<
5 51 C77'
&77' `+] ^77i
!# 5G R !9
R0>K AEH : r@h
i,s ,
C'
&' `−] î
8
c

* V% 7) @79 ,7
' ,7G 75 >I
T`111−4] : n ,Ì] <$

317
!@Â E- !W8. _G5 ' ,`

8? L<
5 51 C'
&' `−] ^7i
8
c7
L7<
q7 7F ,7B<
7 ' −
) @9
' 5c, ,
! ,9 * 75 >7 V7?1 &7' 7
C7'
&7' `+] ^7i
T`111−4] : n ,`] <$

* V%
,`+] 51 C'
&' î
8? L<
5 'B7
&7' `−] ^7i
8
c7
L7<
q7% −J
,9 i,s ,Base2.5 Emitter 7 7X
79 7 ,Base15 Emitter 7 75 8c75
T`111−4] : n `J] <$
* V% ) @9 ,5
5c, 5
' G &' >§A

5 G5 ,51 C'
&'`−] 8
c
L<
5 'B
&' `+] î
8? L<
q7% −
87c5 ,
C'
&' 8
c
L<
5 Emitter&' `+] ^7i
8?7 L7<
q7% 7
>§A Ls
,9 >}= ,Base2 5 Emitter 55 ,Base15 Emitter 75
T`111−4] : n ,`] <$
* V% ) @9 5
5c, 5 C/ G &'
}
5G R !9
R0>K AEH : r@h :S
:!#
77<G1 C'77 q77 c77
477< 779
,B
c
C$
+e
+71 ,7s6
&' 4ci q% T`112−4] : n V7% @79

L7777HI 7777 77775 7777G5 L7777H1
112−4 TUJT ,s6

!/ 5G R !9
R0>K AEH : r@h
318
!@Â E- !W8. _G5 ' ,`
,s k,s 47B$

7 C :7 −2
* V7777% @77779 UJT 7777
+7777I
T`113−4] : n
113−4
_77' 51 C$77

C77nD 77s ^77? :77 −3
* @779 TJ77 <$77 77
C$77
5 O 77
T`114−4] : n
&' ) @9 (VL ) J C7n : 7n 7s −4
T ss51 nn
TJ Cn ^ 8c5 G −5
$
$' ,7s6
4^7F 7? 7G −6
T1 5 B1,B2,E
114−4
VB1 =….………….
VB2 =……………..
VE =……………..
8−4 'I/ ,2kΩ `10k] C/, 5 7G /7E −8
aG e4A T`6] `5] `4] 4< 'I ,10kΩ
m-` I)/ !'G !Wb
F 00: :9 $' 7
7
7?5 67
8c7 −9
Vp-p ' 9& A
T`8−4] Z5h * b~,$
:is5 ,
2
4
6
8
10
319
ZpaŠìn9‹íbrÛa@@3M4
.~$ : (npnp) QBn 4BH qI 896 .,
56
D q<
,7s
7~'
,7Y5 ,(Silicon controlled rectifier) k7 F c7
k75 (Shokley diode) 97n
T(Triac) 6
5 (Diac)
5 ,(Silicon controlled switch) k F c

@(Shokley diode)@ZïÜ×ì’@ïöbäq@@1M3M4
,(npnp) QBn V~§ 4BH qI 8965 ,,s
SI I 97n .7~$ 7X
TN5 QB9 `115−4] : n B5 ,KB5 XW :r ,>=H Q
5
115−4
U
B? XW > F,KB5 XW Z .1 h C :7 7
* QX7%5 ,7
X ' Q= .1 ,
:, N¶YH ,5 ,.1 ^Fa i LX G KB7
Bc7$

T(Holding current) : ,
,sa , LX
Silicon controlled rectifier@Z(SCR)@âìØUa@ïãìØîÜVÛa@âìÔ¾a@2M3M4

5 :F, Q
Q,rI X5 ,,s
~' j$' )I 7 k7 F c7
k7 7X
XW 5 Nl * .~
,
5 Nla I LH1 .M ,Y ·= 5,
' 47
TB
<s Q, F,
, ,KB
320
:‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺜﺎﻳﺮﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻭﺭﻣﺰﻩ ﻭﺃﻃﺮﺍﻓﻪ‬

c77
F,77
77 77s 77' y77< 4B77<
77' 77 QB77n 77 77 77X<G
U 7I5 (SCR) 777 f77,¨5 (silicon control rectifier)
,G–K–A .77) L77HI 7 M Q77
,Thy 7
T:!
C
F,
k7,c5
`B
s – B? – B
s – B?] ,(PNPN).) 7 7s 4B7H 7XI 7 ,7s
89675
ZW yH$ M Q= #5 TC! 4?
Q- 7 0 > c7
> 7 `116−4] : 7n
T(4–Junction)−(J3 J2–J1) .)5 ,q1 4B<

:Ju ,AE-Q6 Hy v -C !S S PNPN +&K G, x m-'
:(Anode) 0K −
:'
* 8? 7? ' Kc >I 65 (Anode) XW c 7X
5 (A) 77 f7,¨5
TPBH J¨5 ,s

:(Cathode) 0S −
:'
* 8
s ? Q' Kc >I 65 (Cathode) KB c X
5 (K) 77 7W7,¨5
TN BH J7¨5 ,,s

:(Gate) !& −
+e ,s

.Y= `Q
Xn],s
G , Q
M0 7 +"7
L7<
7)5 (G) 77 f7,P5
B$ Nl 5Y 5 T`116−4] : n ,P B<
B
L7H J7¨ P–Gate B7? B7

U
T, qs51 ) S$
")5 ,8? 7? G
116−4
!/ !& R AE-Q69 R9 38:
321
:‫• ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻳﺮﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬

(N1P2N2)
5 (P1N1P2) Z51 Y,£ ,s ' CB' Q ,7s
:7 x 7
T`117−4] :
8c zX q

117−4
!# !& R AE-Q6 H + G, J=& 38:
U
M9 q%5 8[ Q,
5 , a Q}= B
s U
KB7 7?5 B7? XW7 7? >79 e Q7I o7M
NI #s ,
") >}= Q1 ,s6
C'G * 7 57 $7' ,:7 ,
q7%5 * ,7s6

U
V,Y Q2 C'G * ,
5 $' ,
5 ,Q2 ,s6
C'G q7 Z7 Q1 q7p &7' @7
,
5 Q1 C'G q Z 5 QcY ,s6
qp Q2 ' 7,
75 Q2 ,7s6

.SBnD F C/B9 '| >M,$ ,s6
>I oM " )5 ,Q1 ,s6
C'

CG +I Q' A e @= B `:W= 5I q7<G] ,X7%5 "70 +I ,,7Y :7' :7X ,7s
>I
F
¸ :W, ? _9I Q' yB< h > >I 8[5 TQ2 ,s6
* 7 7, ,7?0
U 7 '
:,77$ )$77'5 ,V,77Y
77i ,77s
N$77' V,77Y +"77
77h c77 ,77
5 ,(P2N1) c7
.C/B9 '| SBnD
>,s6

118−4
322
:J456 W= {<Q {]& ,= <& AE-Q6 W= rs9$ xWQ'
}
_9I Q' yB< h > $' a +I ,s
a : }
@5 FQ I5=
TV,Y
?
}
−d
Y
GM' &' oM5 , +I a5 q<G
* >7 :#= }
@5 FQ I5=
:yH$ M /BI
.V,Y
? G , +I a Q h ^ $' oM :+,G !G,5 -
.,
* C^ q /B9 : h Y oM :!# !'G !G,5 -
/ 9 * s C'5 ,SBnD 5 q<

C'
1 <$ N") * :X
< > >I a
.K$ K q?
:X
E <$ .)5 ,,s
* ,
)$' SBnD <$ .)5 :W !G,5 -
T=
.
119−4
&' yB< h 5I ,

")5 ,Q1 * ,
5 $' ¸a V,Y a 5 ,q<
X%5 * > ,7s
>
Q
? LX5]
X
N") c5 T.?0 W ¦ >I 87[ ,7s6
C7'G
,
5 ,V,Y
i F,
+A ¢ ,(Gate)B
&' yB< +"
5 `,s
V,= 8Bc +"
h
.Q^ 5I Q
323
:‫• ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﻗﺪﺡ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻳﺮﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬

:!/ !QI)/ !*5& IG -
$' 8
s5 1 $' 8? ? /= $7'
Bc B
$' B? ? B5 7

P–Gate ,s
I L9 G 5 7

G
(a)
7H :c7c `120−4] : 7n
SI #X k,c <
N"7)5 (c) 7 (b)
T4,s

120−4
!/ I)/ !* %9#A& AE-Q6 Ib : -> %9#A& IG -
B
$' B >55
' C Kc $'
(K) $' 8
s5 (A) $' 8? ? /7=5
45677
D C77^ 8Bc77 C77! S77Y=
ICBO 8|,
7 7 7¢ 47iY
5
T`121−4] : n ,QG 8Bc ¢ J2
121−4
-. %9#A& AE-Q6 Ib
:dv/dt /2 JK I) A& IG -

Xs / R
e 8Bc G B >55 (K) KB5 (A) XW ·?Y .1 7h /7 $7'
*
/,

,,s
G5 K A 7,
7 Q$75 ,J3–J2–J1 ZW7a 7 7
T,s
O +A
C h
324
:(K) ' (A) Z& = I)/ %9#A& IG -

7' 77? Kc77,
^77Fa (K) 5 (A) =77<
77 Z7
,77s
4Y77 8c77F VBO ^5i,77 .771
TB
$' G B Kc >55 k,c
Q' 8,
.Y J2 ?! .B? &7' 7X
7h >
77
77 X
^77Fa 77
* 77
77?! Q7 1
,7?! 77 77 75 (ICBO) 77 X
77,
8|7
, :! 5 G 8c F (IAK) 5
122−4 T`122−4] : n ,s
4Y 5
(VAK) = I)/ %9#A& IG
:AE-Q6 \h D= U* %9#A& IG -

,77s
S77 8c77 $77X C77 77% Kc77 $77'
Vc,
J3–J2–J1ZWa yH$ O Q7=5 .~7

??^ C"= ZM0 0
896
eY$

C 456
D ' C^ 8Bc ¢ ,.? Q7=ME *
q%5 ZF,5 ,s
:Xl .,
QB7H 7
T`123−4] : n (ON) `G] :7 q7%5 (off)
q%5 ZF, , ,s
QG,c +"

7I
: aI &' (1.5 µ sec `7 567 (ON) (off)
123−4 IG = 2mA ~ 4mA ' Q

XnD k^M
B

AE-Q6 \h D= U^ %9#A& IG
325
:‫• ﻃﺮﻕ ﺇﻃﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻳﺮﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﺪﺣﻪ‬

* B I * 4,s
qµ :9 7

,`Rc 7] (Th) 7 _79I JAK 7H :7 5
:
,
;<
} NYH
77:5$77, 7 C77~ * 8977 ,77s
77YH −I
YW
7G :W7 5$7, 7Bh ?7 >I L57X
,8
s5 8? YW ¬ >I5 C
C5
*
&' :X Q}= 7 .7~$ 9 Lf7, ,7s
>15
? Z 5 i5 ,K= B? ? OW 7
ZF,775 ,,77s
¦e 77YH 77m YW77

C Q
Xn , >I `YH] q7<G 7
,7s

124−4 : 4a! `124−4] : n B5T0I
00: A !GQ-,& AE-Q6 U2Ck
.)5 ,S2 ,Y &' K7
:B7G ,7s
7
-a
TC~
*
:BG ,s

I S2 ,Y &' K
X ,s
G 7
-b
TQG OW$ BW C% R
e
S2 ,Y &7' K7
q7= 7X ,7s
7YH -c
TBW YH5 C~
OG5
(a) (b) C~ * +5 ,Y 89 7< ,7s
7YH −
125−4
,Y V,= iB= ,s
q ,
&' ,c
A A2 !GQ-,& AE-Q6 U2Ck
G : 5 IAK >1 ,s
·Y<$ (off) +5

T`125−4] : n YW

5I +577 ,77Y 8977 77< ,77s
77YH −J
T,s
q +^,
&' : 56

126−4 ZF,
,s
·7Y<$ (ON) ,7Y y7E 7i
+ R A A2 !GQ-,& AE-Q6 U2Ck ,77Y * 77
,77s
77 Q77= 77 77,
c77
AE-Q6 T`126−4] : n
326
X, ,s
:Xl < ,s
q +^,
&' >F O :7 , ,7s
7YH −
ZF,= (Ih) cD 7 :7GI 7G (IA) XW7 7 :$7 ,(K)5 (A) 7 97X 7h
T(off) q<G
,s

;= VB I @9 ,s
·Y<$ Fn /E 9 ? C~ * ,s
k,7s −77)
U
T(Ih) cD '
! N") * (IAK) Ya ,YW
5c (K) 5 (A) h
:‫• ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻳﺮﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬

:AE-Q6 IsAE& {/ fg I>$ -4 0
:' IB5 t -
k,s ? OW C~ `127−4] : n B
k,s ? OW C Bn .)5 ,,7s

<s F,7 C7
N"7) >I a ,+7,'a 7

TSCR1 ,s

Q' .H§ =, a :X a SCR1 ,7s
> 7
TQG 5I
,A B? 4? LW7I Z7 5 7) Z51 7

127−4 ,s
$' *9 7G 7 Z70 7
7
5
AE-Q6 IsAE& {/ fg I>$ -4 0 ,5 ,A 7
B7? 4?7 7B<G Y$7 SCR1
TD1
5 R1 5 yH ' R
e
' ,5 ,~
C
:, ,
S1 ,Y ;ME 7X
_'5 SCR1 ,s
ZM70 7 ?7 OW7 7
:`128−4] : n * $B < LP1 :!
l$
5 F <$
$' IP..P 0
,
Q? : 7n Ì]
TVAC ZX= ?
&' C)#
5 IL ,
? B7? LW71 : 7n `]
,s
G l$
5 LP1 `BW] :! *H
5 ZM0 C LW1 7Y <7s SCR1
t1 C677Y
SCR1 ,77s
77 D1 77
5 R1
128−4
TY =α :WY
5^ G > )$'5
!/` ' !9O I A /
T,
? B
c
LW1 L" ,5
327
IsAE& J,E' \O]W& !98 !/ I>$ -4 0

:AE-Q6
:' IB5 t -
"0 9 ? 7 C `129−4] : 7n 7B
? C Bn .)5 ,,s
k,s .<s5
77 F,77 C77~
N"77) >I a ,.77~$
k,77s 779
> 77777 ,SCR2 5 SCR1 ,77777s
<77777s
G =, a >MX a ,s

,@, $' L9
P2 5 R1 5 P1 : > " .7<0 <7s R7
e ,75
129−4 TR2 5
IsAE& J,E' \O]W& !98 {/ I>$ -4 0 : ,75 ,:7! C :,7 S1 ,7Y ;M7E $7X=
AE-Q6 ,C
* ,
+| )$'5 ,:! ZF
Com 8<G
`130−4] : n * $B 47< 7,
7' ,75
: @95
$' IP.P 0
,
Q?7 Ì −130−4] : 7n 7B Ì]
T12V- ZX= ? l$
5 C <$

A ? B? LW1 ` −130−4] : 7n 7B `]
G l$
5 `BW] :! *H &' C)#
5 7,
ZM0 C5 LW1 Y <7s SCR1 ,7s

Tt1 C6Y
SCR1 D1
5 R1 5
B ? B? LW71 `J −130−4] : 7n 7B `J]
G l$
5 `BW] :! *H &' C)#
5 7,
ZM0 C5 LW71 7Y <7s SR2 ,7s

Tt2 C6Y
SCR2 D2
5 R2 5
,
4? B? LW1 ` −130−4] : n B `]
130−4
l$
5 `BW] :! *H &7' B q7 A 7 9
!/` ' !9O I A /
&77' t2 5 t1 4677Y
* SCR2 5 SCR1 ,77s
77G
T,

328
IsAE& CK !S S !/ fg I>$ -4 0

:AE-Q6
:' IB5 t -
:' Y$ k 4,s 7M 7 C7
8967
4B
<s 7 F,7
,7 7,' 47 7M

L779 77G 77 77=, a :77X a .77)5 77¬ X,77

T`131−4] : n ,(IG) )$'
? :9 IC 5 IB 5 IA <
M ,
4? :07
131−4 TSCR3 5 SCR2 5 SCR1 ,
&'5 ,s
!,E & CK !S S {/ fg I> -4 0 LW771 Z770 $77' ,77
&77'5 4,77s
77
AE-Q6
G =5 4,s
:9 I $' ,
B7?
$' B? LW1 Z0
$
46Y
7Y * L79
5 ,SCR3 SCR2 SCR1 4,7s

47
`BW77] :77! *77H &77' B77? LW771 77# 77
:`132−4] : n * $B 477777? Z77777 nI5
C 770
77<
77M 77,
4?77 : 77n Ì]
Ti
z=0 ,s S Z{ _' ,

&' C)#
5 ,
C7 B7? LW71 : 7n `]
LW771 L"77 : 77
* 77B,5 ,IL :77! *77H
T,
4? B
c

132−4
!/` ' !9O I A /
329
:‫• ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻳﺮﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬

F= X%5 &' ^h q% R
e5 ,6, ^7? <7s ,7s
L7HI 7- 7
LHI : :B, k ,,s
LHI =H :9 7 ^7h L7HI :7 7 ,.7~$

Ua 8? ^h LH > = Y$ CG &' :WF >I ,s
LHI q FY
^?
&' yB<$ a <
N")5 ,XW = .B, L<
I ,KB q Ua 8
c
L<
5 ,B
q
U C/ KB 5 > ,4,7s
:79
* G KB5 B
5 :X[ ¢ ;?
5I LH1 F,
4Y ,9 k,s a KB 7 B7
7- 8XW7 ,7
5 ,7)la
TB
LH x ,s
X$W 49
zX i5 T,s
ª g ^h k,s
,)la KB5 XW Y$ 5 > ,fG C ZF, ,s
O $'5
U
' 5 > F ,7Y C 5I

! N") : *5 ,)la M9 * KB5 XW ?
U
@9 ~9 C~ * QX% ,s
B,0 , R
"
5 ;a kI <X ,s
>9 e - a
e}= ,,s
G B /= , (SW1) ,Y ;ME $X= ,,s
B,0a `133−4] : 7
*
U
,Y &' K
>5 º BW >}= fG
* ,s
>9 e I TBW7 º7 @7s >79
T(SW2)
133−4
330
@Z(SCS)@âìØUa@ïãìØîÜVÛa@WbnÐ¾a@@3M3M4
B
B? m
W, C5 >, Q

5 ,,s
896
,Y ") QB
* @9 ,XW c XW B
B
c
m
W,
5 ,KB c KB7 7
&' B? B Kc, R
e5 ,,B
} ,Y :, F,
7 5 ,`134−4] : 7

B? B 5I ,KB &' B
s B$ /,
, Q~YHD5 ,XW &' B
7s 7B 5I ,KB7
,
> ,Nx q<,c +"
,
* ,s
' O,¨ ,Y "7)5 ,XW7 7 &7'
T
X
YHD '| ,s
' ^,5 ,,s
* k,c :GI ) Q

134−4
ZÚbí‡Ûa@@4M3M4
)5 ,(A2)
L<
5 (A1) Z51 L<
r >M@, >=H Q
,,s
~' j$7' 7I
U
9n .~$ ?5^ ·= 5 ,c9X, )l * ,
5 Vc7 N7la .7~$ f7$' 7' CB7'
T`135−4] :
* @9 ,9X,
&'5 +^,
&'

135−4
331
,.1 a ? G ^5i, G Q' h C^ yH ' )la 7 +I * 7
:7
$F$ `136−4] :
B5 ,8
s 05 8? rI , +?
>I 9"
h 5
T
~W0
136−4
U
:X,c B
E5 ,""9 ~
:X,c5 ,50V 5 * 7Y$ 7? &7' 7
:7X
U
IB ",
W 8? OW$
* ,9 U
k,c "" `137−4] :
7B T67
7G 4
³Y= ,
8? .1 a ? Q' h ;= :W , B? B< F7
O 7
B<
5 O Fc 8
c
OW$
*5 ,B? B : n &' R3 55
ZM0 Q,$F7n

ZM0 Q,$Fn ³Y= ,
8
c
.1 a ? Q' h ;7= :W7 7, c79X
T6

B
c
5 B? B$
k,c5 ,B
s B : n &' R3 55
137−4
332
ZÚbí"Ûa@@5M3M4
·= 5 ,c9X, )l ,
5 F, Nla .~$ LH1 .M ,Y ' CB' 6

,s
KB Z Z51 ,s
XW >I +I ,9X,
5 +^,
&'
,s
U r, d 5
B ,X v u 7G5 ,Z51 ,7s
KB7 Z7 7
,7s
XW75 , 7

> +"
,s
: , Bs$ G B /= $'5 ,6
w= C7
`138−4] : 7

U
TB
s 5I B? G B$ 6
G , ,Q<B Bc$
B? NXW
138−4
} ?Q: IG _p !& I/Q'

:qQ p8 Ju' ,!& k' T2 ,T1 ?Q: v -C ; $
B? B
Cn > 5 ,T1 L7<
Bc7$
B7? T2 L7<
C7n >7 :'K %W5 •
TT1 L<
Bc$

Bc$
B
s B
Cn > 5 ,T1 L<
Bc$
B? T2 L<
Cn > :z6 %W5 •
TT1 L<
B? B
Cn > 5 ,T1 L<
Bc7$
B
7s T2 L7<
C7n >7 :V6 %W5 •
TT1 L<
Bc$

Bc$
B
s B
Cn > 5 ,T1 L<
Bc$
B
s T2 L<
Cn > :+& - %W5 •
TT1 L<
333
:< * R
e c[5 B
CnD T2 L<
C7n >7 $7' @71 N"7) 8c7I5
> ,

q
*
5 ,B? B
5 ,B? T2 Cn >7 7 ,Z51 q7
* Z51
* 6
k,c T6
~W0 $F$ `139−4] :
B5 ,B
s B
Cn5 B
s T2 Cn
* G 5^ 6
5 ,
5^ / yH ' R
e5 ,:7!
$7 ~7
C7
F,7

$ C
F,
QB< 5 T8
c
OW7$
* 7G 75^5 ",7
W7 8?7 OW7$

T)/E5 ,49F '©5 C! ?5 CD F,
9 ;~
Z
139−4
:?Q: Ib 0 •
U
4 W5 ,)l * ,
Q1 5$, ,
k,c .,
4B<,
Bs$ 6
7X
G .,B
,s
C >I .$X ")5 ,T2 L<
Cn q B
? Cn Q7, 7F k7

k,c G C `140−4] :
B5 ,5$, ",
W Cn q $, > B
s5 B?
T

140−4
334
F F
O IB5 ,B? T2 L<
7B<G >7 ",7
W7 8?7 OW7$
*5
8? a ? +5c G F
O ,c5 ,b <$
Bc$
B? a <$
B<G >
*5 ,6
G &' :X B? B : n &' B
C * '| Q,$Fn ¡Y , )$7'5 ,7
U
Bc$
B
s a <$
? > 5 F
O IB5 ,B
s T2 L<
7B<G >7 8
c7
OW7$

'| Q,$Fn ¡Y , )$'5 ,
8
c
a ? +5c G F
* ,c5 ,b <$
@F

k,c .,
4
J,-5 T6
G &' :7X 7B : 7n &7' B7
C *
T677
q77 +^,77
&77' B77s$ 77 C :77 y77H 77' R77
e5 ,77h /77 Z77X
TB
5 J5 :0
4n `141−4] :
B5
141−4
335
paŠìn9‹íbrÛa@@óÜÇ@òîÜàÇ@åíŠb¸
@NŠìn9‹íbrÛa@âa‡ƒn9bi@òuìß@Ñ—ã@‡îyìm@ñ‹öa†@õbäi ZÞëþa@åíŠànÛa
:‫• ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ( ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺭﺏ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ‬

TK< 8c ,s
k,s ? OW C~ j$' ,¨ −1
T,s
k,s ? OW C~ .$B −2
T`0 – 180o ] 5 `0 – 90o ] ,
C~ ? B$
4? < F, −3
T:!
C
8cm5 ,`Vn6
] X$,
C~ : −4
TCnD s5 6=1 ^? k,s C~
4/, −5

::5 C~
j$'
(220V / 12V) (50Hz) (1A) `T1] J0 <0 z=0 Z{ −1
SPDT S6 SPST (S5 , S4 , S1 , S3 , S2) Y,£ VY −2
C1 0.1 µf /50V,C2 470/35V 6c

5I ~9 Y,£ 4Y −3
4.7 K ΩR3 10 KΩ (R1 , R2) ¼ W , 9 45 −4
VR1 = 500K Ω N5 C/, 5 −5
1N 400l +,' −6
12v / 0.5w / BW −7
TIC 116D ,s −8
TX l

−9
1mm , 0.5mm < : MsI −10
Digital Multitester 4s

X, ^? 5I .G 6=I ^? −11
800Vp.p Sc5 4MHz Cn s ^? −12
336

!@Â E- !W8. _G5 ' ,`
» −1
* @9 X i,

&7' C7~
7
T`142−4] : n +"Y$,
K<
:VY q% −2
S1 (ON)
S2 (ON)
S3 (off)
142−4 S4 (off)
S5 (off)
off +^& AE-Q6 IsAE& {/ fg I>$ -4 0
T`143−4] : n
S6 `1] q%5
B$
4? CnD s <7s 7s −3
TBW C% oa5 J i
U
3 CY
* s
k,s # 8c −4
Vrms=0.5 Vpeak (volt)
VD.C = 0.318 Vpeak (volt)
(Vrms )2
143−4 P= watt.
R
ON +^& AE-Q6 IsAE& {/ fg I>$ -4 0
VD.C 77G 77 ,ON q77% S5 ,77Y q77% −5
T(C2) *H &'5 6=1 ^? <s

ϑ 5777
5 α 5777
777G 777 :i777s −6
,Y q >I &' BW *H &' 4?
T(S5 = off)
337
!@Â E- !W8. _G5 ' ,`

:VY q% −7
S1 (ON)
S2 (off)
S3(ON)
S4(off)
S5(off)
T`144−4] : n
TS6 `2] q%5
B$
4? CnD 7s <7s 7s −8
:is ,BW7 *7H &7' J7 7i
:4a! * BW C% &' R,#M

144−4
VR1 = 0 Ω
D= -,#9 AE-Q6 IsAE& !/ fg I>$ -4 0 VR1 = 250KΩ
0−90o Ib
VR1 = 500K Ω
77s 77nn &77' 77 α /770,
775^ 77G −9
TCnD
GMX
$F$ k,7s Vrms 7G 8c7 −10
T`144−4] : n Vrms Vpeak ,α
* :!
`P] C
G 8c7 −11
VR1 C/, 75 7
/7 7
:79
U
TBW C%
Mic `8] C<
VD.C G 7 (ON) q7% S5 ,7Y q7% −12
* (C2) *H &' 6=1 ^7? k,7s

TVR1 5
/
:9
338
!@Â E- !W8. _G5 ' ,`

S1 (ON) VY q% −13
S2 (off)
S3 (off)
S4 (ON)
S5 (off)
T`145−4] : n
S6 `2] q%5
B$
4? CnD s <s 7s −14
:is ,BW *H &7' J7 7i
:4a! * BW C% &' R,#M

145−4 VR1 = 0 Ω
D= -,#9 AE-Q6 IsAE& {/ fg I>$ -4 0 VR1 = 250K Ω
VR1 = 500K Ω
0−180o Ib
s 7nn &7' 7 α /70,
75^ 7G −15
TCnD
Vrms
Vpeak
GMX
$F$ k,7s Vrms 7G 8c7 −16
T`146−4] : n Vrms Vpeak ,α
* :!
(P) C
G 8c7 −17
VR1 C/, 75 7
/7 7
:79
U
TBW C% Mic `14] C<
146−4
VD.C G 7 (ON) q7% S5 ,7Y q7% −18
Vrms
' α Z& !b P5@5
:9 * (C2) *H &' 6=1 <7s
Vpeak
VR1 5
/
339
@N‹ànVß@Šbîm@òÇ‹Vi@áØ¥@ñŠa† ZïãbrÛa@åíŠànÛa

T,c { '| - C 8
<
89 −1
TF '| 8
<
F, −2

2
!W 0K )
12V 1 T`Cs 4c { : ] ,c { −1
Bread Board 1 T:
−2
TIC106 1 T,s −3
330Ω, 50Ω, 1KΩ, 510Ω 4 T, 5 −4
2N2646 1 T
+I ,s −5
0.47µF / 25V 1 TO −6
12 − 0 − 12 / 220V 1 TZ{ −7
250KΩ 1 TC/, 5 −8

T: MsI −9
3A 1 T4~$ C<$G −10
1N4007 2 T.~$ −11
340
:‫• ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

$ C
* F,
yH 7'5 ,c7 7{ '|7 7 - C `147−4] : 7
7B
¼GI5 '© I F :' '© - , C/, 5 G KB% yH ' R7
e5 7F
T'©
147−4

T`147−4] :
* $B C
: −1
T4M ,
=9 9 −2
TF :X , C/, 5 5
¸ F :X e ,C
:n −3
,F LHI &' h ;=5 F * ,
G5 ,Y$ 47'© &7' :W7F,
75 5
¸ −4
:`9−4] Z5h * R
e :is5
9−4 'I/
!2$- 5 != 4 != 3 != 2 != !*2s5 1 !=
V I) -h
I A
V × I IG
&'5 T,
+X
F5 '|
.=1 F > F 7,
5 '|7
7 7GMX
7s −5
Th ;=5 '|
GMX
s :
Y
341
@NWbj—ß@ñŠbãg@ñ‡“i@áØ¥@ñŠa† ZsÛbrÛa@åíŠànÛa

TBW C C - C 8
<
89 −1
TCD C 8
<
F, −2

2
!W 0K )
1 T:
−1
BTA12 1 T −2
7.5KΩ / 2 w 1 T45 −3
250KΩ / 1w 1 T45 −4
0.1µF / 400V, 1µF / 100V, 50µF / 400V 1 TO −5
DB3 2 T −6
:‫• ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

:F

$ C
F,
IB &' `148−4] :
* $B CD C F,7
C :7X
k^M

F,
,
C ZM0 R
e ,5 ,6
k
57 F,7
y7H 7'

ZM0 O $Fn ¡Y , ,
a +? 1 5c
O 7 F7
OW$
* B
s B5 :0
Q? 8? OW$
* B? B$ QG +A 7¢ 67
7
CD Cn * F,
C
R
e5 C2 ,C3 Y k,s C
N") *5 T:0
Q? 8
c

G5 Q,Xs &' ,X ^ d C/, 5 ZM0 C2 O F ª7 : 7
d
>1 6
G * §B 5
Q
> 5 R3 5 ZM0 7 C3 O 7 F7 7 ,75
G5 T6
5
:
0
5 &' Q,X7s =7%D ,7X :7G ¡7Y,
.7$

T
LHI &' h ;= / l$
4,
@F
Vn9 C1 O O%I
342
148−4

TTkF
<s `148−4] :
* $B C
: −1
T8s$ + Bu &' 6
f$' dB −2
TC
* qY i
NB,a q T4M ,
=9 9 −3
TC% 91 q%
* BW ºu , C/, 5 /E5 C
:n −4
T6
LHI &' h ;=5 =H &' h ;=5 B
* 5 G :is5 G −5
T`5] G C< 'I5 <s, BW
CD Cn Q= > q%5 5 G /E −6
U Y$ CD Cn Q= > q%5 5 /E −7
T`5] G C< 'I5 ?
Tc
M
4a! * ,
G &' oM e −8
TB
LHI &' h ;=5 6
LHI &' h ;= GMX
−9
343
Integrated circuit@ZòÜßbØn¾a@paŠa‡Ûa@@4M4
.)5 ,° >
4$,c7
* ,7 47
47®
4w >1 zX *5 – 4' 56
C ' CB'
,
C/W7
4X7s5 4755 47~$
5 4,7s6

'u ' a c 4e > c
m§ &' X7µ :W7,5
149−4 5I R,sMB

LME :70 m7
N"7) q$W7 TX7 7 B

!9A 0 F,
5 ,+X
F<s &' ,7 C7
7G qB7<5 TL7
L<
&' Z
+7X
V<c7
&7' ,7 5I <$7 7 =7HI
T`149−4] :
oa ,`1] G
ZòÜßbØn¾a@paŠa‡Ûa@Êaìãc@@1M4M4
:c~ cG , 4
c
5$, (switching) :B 4 ' CB' :(Digital ICs) !Wb- !9A I −I
*5 <$ 4
* k,c5 T`0] <$
!5 ,`1] 7<$ 7
! :7,<$ 7,
!
4Mic775 4H<$77
5 4B77
G77
,77 477
:775 TG77
4B77s!
TC9"
4GG5 5 4hX5 4X
5
J0 Cn < , 4
b,$ k' Q? :(Linear ICs) !,` !9A I −
,4X
4@5 ,C
4@ ::5 T:0 &' B< :0
Cn q B7s$,
T",
455 4W
4@5 >Y,
5
C?I * k,c5 ,h 4@#$5
ZòÜßbØn¾a@ñŠa‡Ûa@bíaIß@@2M4M4
: @95 ,WY$ 56
D q<
, $'
,
$
, 4
,
Ti −I
T,Y9 Y −
T1 *
X
,'© −J
344
TkF
4M 55 ? Ms1 k,s
G5 9I −

5X C
:0 j$X
>I +I ,? ?I yH ' a GG7
Z7
7 a −77)
U
T~9
TG CG R,c −5
ZòîàÓ‹Ûa@òÜßbØn¾a@paŠa‡Ûa@pýöbÇ@@3M4M4
U
)I 5 ,)$ * ,c j$X
S &' @,' 4M~' C' G
, 4
c7$
:.) 4M~X
N")
(Resistor-Transistor Logic) RTL !94= −
> 77 ,,77s6

– 775 y<$77 .77$X5
T,77s5 4775 77 > ,77 ,77 C77

T`150−4] : n
150−4
RTL !94= 8= !& &
(Diode-Transistor Logic) DTL !94= −c
C
> ,,s6
–.~$
y<$7 .7$X
,,7777s5 47777~$ 777 > ,7777 ,777
TDTL 77~' ª77sI .77) (NAND) 77 _77,X5
T`151−4] : n
151−4
DTL !94= O I !S 6& NAND !& &
345
(Transistor -Transistor Logic) TTL !94= −m
47777,s77 7 >77 ,7 ,7 C7

> 7 ,,7s6
–,7s6
y<$7 .7$X
T4~$
5 45 =%D (PNP, NPN) 77777'7$
T`152−4] : n TTTL ~' :0 M NAND
152−4
TTL !94= O I !S 6& NAND !& &
(Emitter -Coupled Logic) ECL !94= −0
`153−4] : n TECL ~' NOR 5 OR ., K ,'B7

75 4,7s y<$7 .7$X
T
' '© 8<, .,
4
* k,c5
153−4
ECL !94= Z9OIW& (NOR, OR) !& &
346
(Metal -Oxide Semiconductors) MOS !94= −u
/ 4,s > , , 4

> 7X c791 e :7 QB7n y<$7 .7$X
:.)5 '= 4M~' c$5 ,X c91 +e Zi
ZTTL@òÜöbÇ@òîàÓ‹Ûa@òÜßbØn¾a@paŠa‡Ûa@@4M4M4
5 ,'$W
5 i,
, 4
q$W * ,c 4M~X
nI TTL ~' _,X
:.) rI TTL ~' :sMs 9I
(74xx) !9#9E
,s G5 ,k1964 $s (Texas Instrument) 9§ :BG cc

N"7) q$W7 7 7G
U
+77! 77 77% :77X 771 i,77
5 '$W77
(MSI) 5 (SSI) 477
* /77 9
T (0C o − 70C o )
(54xx) !9#9E
U 9 Q7 c7s .7)
(−55C o − 125C o ) qs5I + % :X $
(74xx) cs /
4$c
* TTL ~' &' C/ 9 4$c- 4IH G5 T cX
4,7sM
VW7 .7= R
"7
U
'= 4M~' ^=I ¢ (54xx) 5 (74xx) ,cc
W0 C/01
:(TTL) ‫• ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬

/
ªsI5 56
D #1 * ,c G
, 4
)I <$ 4B
_,X
F K= 5 J0 ¬5 ,:0 'p 5I 5 :0 ¬ ~5 .)5 ,CX 56
D 7#1 7
T#F
N") * 0
' _X #! +I * ?0
>
+,m +"
5 <$ 4B
:' y= .,
Z5h (Truth table) ! Z5? _7,X
TZ@, :
: J
5 ,F :0
4a qµ &'
347
:.) <$ 4B

N") )I5
Inverter gate :8 !& & −
T:0

9X J0 &' B
N") :WF5 (NOT) ' y<
T`154−4] : n 9X
^ -
T`10−4] Z5? 9X
B
! Z5? -
T`155−4] : n 9' B9 :X , C -
10−4 'I/
8 !& !GG. 'I/
X A
154−4 1 0
8 !& & 0 1
155−4
(SN7404) 8= !& &
TTL !94=
:
,

X B
' /BX,
5
χ=A
:>
B
J0 : χ
B
:0 : A
ª X B
J0 : A
OR gate :OR !& & −c

U
> $' `1] <$
! * +I
' ?0 > ` 9I 5I] 0 &' B
N"7) +,7-
T`1] +5c @9 5I 0
I
:
,

X OR B
' _X5
u
χ=A+B
348
:>
TB
:0 : B, A
TB
J0 : χ
T`156−4] : n OR ^ -
156−4 T`11−4] Z5? OR B
! Z5? -
8 !& & T`157−4] : n OR B9 :X , C -
11−4 'I/
OR !& !GG. 'I/
X B A
0 0 0
1 1 0
1 0 1 157−4
1 1 1 TTL !94= OR !& 8 W$ !9A 0
AND gate :AND !& & −m

U
$' "`1] <$
! * +I "
' ?0 > ` 9I 5I] 70 &7' B7
N"7) +,7-
T`1] +5c B
:0 qµ >
:
,

X AND B
' _X
χ = A⋅B
:>
TB
:0 : B, A
TB
J0 : χ
T`158−4] : n AND ^ -
T`12−4] Z5? AND B
! Z5? -
T`159−4] : n AND B9 :X , C -
12−4 'I/
AND !& !GG. 'I/
X B A
0 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1 159−4
158−4 1 1 1 TTL !94= AND !& 8 W$ !9A 0
AND !& &
349
NOR gate :NOR !& & −0

B
0 > $' `1] +5c B
J0 > OR :' ' NOR :7X
T`0] >5c
:
,

X NOR ' _X
χ =A+B
T`160−4] : n NOR ^ -
T`13−4] Z5? NOR B
! Z5? -
T`161−4] : n NOR B9 :X , C -
13−4 'I/
NOR !& !GG. 'I/
X B A
1 0 0
0 1 0
160−4 0 0 1 161−4
0 1 1
NOR !& & TTL !94=NOR !& 8 W$ !9A 0
NAND gate :NAND !& & −u

0 > $' `0] +5c B
J0 > AND :' 7 ' NAND 7 :7'
T`1] >5c B

:
,

X NAND ' _Xu
χ = A⋅B
T`162−4] : n NAND ^ -
T`14−4] Z5? NAND B
! Z5? -
T`163−4] : n NAND B9 :X , C -
14−4 'I/
NAND !& !GG. 'I/
X B A
1 0 0
1 1 0
162−4 1 0 1 163−4
0 1 1
NAND !& & TTL !94=NAND !& 8 W$ !9A 0
350
XOR gate : XOR !& & −'

TK= 0
Q, $' `0] +5c B
J0 > ` 9I 5I] 0 &' B
N") +,-
:
X B
N") ' _X5
χ =A⊕B
T`164−4] : n XOR ^ -
T`15−4] Z5? XOR B
! Z5? -
T`165−4] : n XOR B9 :X , C -
15−4 'I/
XOR !& !GG. 'I/
X B A
0 0 0
1 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 1 165−4
164−4
TTL !94=XOR !& 8 W$ !9A 0
XOR !& &
XNOR gate :XNOR !& & −

0
Q, $' `1] +5c B
J0 > R
"
XOR :' ' ) B
N") :'
TK=
:
X B
N") ' _X5
χ =A⊕B
T`166−4] : n XNOR ^ -
T`16−4] Z5? XNOR B
! Z5? -
T`167−4] : n XNOR B9 :X , C -
16−4 'I/
XNOR !& !GG. 'I/
X B A
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 1 1
166−4 167−4
XNOR !& & TTL !94=XNOR !& 8 W$ !9A 0
351
Flip Flops@ZHpb bİäÛaI@pbiýÔÛa@@5M4M4
oY 5I C9"
C , .,
56
D ~5
ss1 $B
_,X .7,
,7 47
.7)
TM
0
(Clock) B$
^ )m $X $^ C6Y
X
yc
q%
&' 9 CW ,X M
! q%
>I &7' ½7sI : 7 47M
:7X5
TM
:‫• ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻼﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬

:$ SI C' 4M
c$
RS flip-flop :Rs c G −
168−4
RS c b %& (NOR) ., 5I (NAND) .7, :7 $7'
TRs ½s1 M

&' :WF $}= `168−4] : n
T`169−4] : n (Rs) M
−
169−4
RS c G H
D flip-flop :D c G −c
(S) 5 (R) 0

+5c .,
5 (Rs) MG * 4® .,
&' 8,
S$
")
U
:0
c9X (D) M
Z51 :0
VB I "5 ,{ /E = J > .,
5 `1] <$
!
T`170−4] : n (D) M

K

T`171−4] : n (D) M
−
T`17−4] Z5? D M
! Z5? −
17−4 'I/
D c G9 !GG. 'I/
Q Q D CLK
/, a
+I 0
171−4 170−7
0 1 1 1
D c G H 1 0 0 1 D c G %&
352
JK flip-flop :JK c G −m
Q$ y,5 ,4M

)I M
"7) _7,X
U
:< 91 4M
SI
T`172−4] : n JK M
K −
T`173−4] : n JK M
−
172−4
JK c G %&
, .) .,
5 4M
0I SI ?
477MG5 (T) 477MG $775 JK M77
77
173−4 `q,777

−/c777
] 4777MG 5I (Master-slave)
JK c G H TB? $
G 5e D 4MG5
(Shift registers)@ZòyaŒ⁄a@pývVß@@6M4M4
5I 0¥ > 4X V X[ X :
4MG ,7 4 .7)
T0¥ : n 4X : n /
:‫• ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﺠﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﻭﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬

4Mic SI )I 5 ,$ tG H 5I 4B
- H 8c ^D 4Mic c7
:.) ^D
Serial In Serial Out :(SISO) #9#A m-` ' #9#A OI B# −
,7 5I :c7c, : 7 47B
:07
:cc, : JP5 ,Z51 M
:0
(bit) 0 Z5I > F /701 M7
J70
^D N") -5 ,JP (bit) Z5I .) :0
174−4
T0
4B$
B :9 q
& b +& R SISO B# %&
SISO :ic77 ,77
D 477MG q77I K77
T`174−4] : n
353
Serial In Parallel Out :(SIPO) R A m-` ' #9#A OI B# −c
:ic ") * :cc, : 7 47B

:07
J77£ 77 J77P5 ,Z51 M77
:077 77
T4M

175−4
SIPO :ic77 ,77
D 477MG q77I K77
& b +& R SIPO B# %&
T`175−4] : n
Parallel In Serial Out :(PISO) A m-` ' R A OI B# −m
:077 77 :ic77 "77) * 477B

:077
JP5 ,47M
`:7F,
:07] ^,7
,,
J£ 01 C
47X
c77 :770 477B
Z770 &77' <c775
T:F,
<c 5I (Load Control)
176−4
PISO :ic77 ,77
477MG q77I K77
& b +& R PISO B# %&
T`176−4] : n
Parallel In Parallel Out :(PIPO) R A m-` ' R A OI B# −0
:077 77 :ic77 "77) * 477B

:077
JP5 ,4M
`:F,
:0] ^,
T4M
^, J
PIPO :ic77 ,77
477MG q77I K77
T`177−4] : n
177−4
& b +& R PIPO B# %&
354
Counters@Zpa†a‡ÈÛa@@7M4M4
¾ ¯ » k X :
4M
'p , 4 .7)
0
4B$
X
T(Clock) 4B$
:0
:‫• ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬

: @9 J S 5I Y®
5I ,
4X
c
:Ju x HA V> x 0 I −
Asynchronous counters :{5 H$ 0 I= −
M
J0 B$
"0 4M
5 ,K= MG Z5I &7' (CLK) 'c7
7B :07 7=
TBc +"

Synchronous counters :{5 H$ 0 I= −
T5 dG5 * 4M

qµ &' (CLK) 'c
B :0 =
:Ju !2 V> x 0 I −c

Up Counters :!QI=g$ 0 I= −
TB :9 Z0 q `1] 4X

N") J0
Down Counters :!5$ 0 I= −
TYW
Ua 5 B :9 Z0 q `1] 4X
N") J0 :
:Ju ms 1 V> x 0 I −m

Binary Counters .~$ ' -
BCD Counters BCD ' -
Octal Counters @ ' -
355
Encoders@Zpa‹Ð“¾a@@8M4M4
T+' ½s 5I BCD 5I .~$ J0 ~
4nD :F, k , 4 .)
$'5 ,`178−4] : n ,.~$ J0 `+' :0] VY
7
47nD :7- :6
J0 &' `0101] .~$
X
# Lc= VY
* Z :Bs &' `5] G &7' K7

TY
178−4
$2 !> x !0G ; Qd
J45S m-O jk R= O0
Decoder@ZIîß"Ûa@ÙÏ@@9M4M4
J0 BCD 7
5I .~$
'1 :F, k I +I ,Y :' ' ' , 4 .)
T`0−15] +' ½s 5I `0−7] @ 5I `0−9] +'
:‫• ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻔﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﻭﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬

Demultiplexers Decoder 4'^ S 6
4 Y −I
Display Decoders Drivers G

X
45 4M −
: )5 c .,

5
T(Common Cathode) 6 `9] KB G ' C5 4M −
T(Common Anode) 6 Ì] XW G ' C5 4M −
356
Multiplexers@Z(Mux)@pbÈàKa@10M4M4
TC5 J0 C$G5 4$
:05 :0
4$G 'p &' +,- , 4 .)
T{ >$' 5e `<0 'p 5I] 5 K0 &' C$G :9 +,-
C$G >$X
:0 &' ? >$X
y< $' .,
:0
47 :$7 (Mux) q7i k7
TJ
:‫ﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬‫• ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍ‬

: 4Xi
, 4
c
T5 K <0 @ 4Xp −I
T5 K K0 `16] 4Xp −
TC5 C$
4$G `4] 4Xp −J
Demultiplexers@ZpbÇŒì¾a@11M4M4
: c5 U 4Xi :' ' ' , 4 .)
¿ u ,x
T<0 @
K0 4'^ −I
T<0 CX
K0 4'^ −
U ' ,c
K0 4'^ −J
T<0
T?5 X1 K0 4'^ −
TS^ S 6
RY , 4
% 4
N") J$5
179−4
TTL !94= (SN74150) I
357
Comparators@ZpbãŠbÔ¾a@12M4M4
T J£ I &' i,$
J05 ~$ 0 k , 4 .)
:(MOS) ‫• ﳑﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

T:GI q$W 4' &' J,- -
U
5X , C
:0 j$X
-
Te
C5 C >I .$X 1 <$ 4
* ) C7 N"7)5 ,7
' :70 7X¢ f7$X
-
T+^,

@, 4 C' CG q<,c
T:GI CG R,c -
U
T c
m
&' (TTL) ~' j$X
_9I ' : -
T:GI 0 4M J,- -
:(MOS) ‫• ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

U
C?15 B
: G
C?1 * −s 9e @9− (MOS) , 47
k,c7
U
qW5 4c
* ,c R W05 ,"D5 F,
7#I * ,c7 C7?15 7B<

U
46
* .) 'n (MOS) , 4
4,s 9I >I CnD l5 ,"D C7?I5
TXc
4_ 4 * ,s :Yu "
,<s,5 Y$
Z(CMOS)@òîàÓ‹Ûa@òÜßbØn¾a@paŠa‡Ûa@13M4M4
,a Xs5 dFB I ! R
e "$5 ,k1968 k' (RCA) 9§ :BG ~X
N") < I
c91 +e Zi / 4,s &' ~$ * ,X .7)5 (TTL) 7~' ,7 47
7
:.) (CMOS) ~' 4 )I 5 , c
m
Y * (NMOS) 5 (PMOS) Q'$ X
U :
9M,s −
T~
C
?
Tbi

X
,'$ −
T(3V-18V) 56 ~
h qs5 q :X −
U
T c
m
* (TTL) 4 :GI @i "05 ,q$W,
$I s −
358
:(CMOS) ‫• ﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬

:.)5 C/n :sMs CX (CMOS) ~' ,
T(40XXB) cs 4< ?e$
(40XX) cs −
TTTL ~' * (74XX) cc
< LH15 Y®
4e (74CXX) cs −
T(74CXX) cc
4Y ¬5 ,'|

' (74HCXX) cs −
U
:0 q C§B Ku I +I ,TTL ~' 4 q ~9 < .)5 (74HCTXX) c7s −
TTTL 4 J£5
T(54CXX) 5 (45XX) .,cs −
Linear Integrated circuit@Zòîİ©a@òÜßbØn¾a@paŠa‡Ûa@14M4M4

* / Q :0
Cn * / +I >I +I ,C,c ~9 4n q :X, .,
4
.)
:4
N") )I 5 J Cn
Operation amplifier :(op-amp) ‫• ﻣﻜﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
TCnD /B ,
4_ N") k,c
T`180−4] : n 9W n H
:Ju 9W n c,b
T_
9X
:0
:IN `−] −
T_
9X
/E :0
:IN `+] −
T_
8? h :+Vcc −
T_
8
c
h :-Vcc −
T_ J0 :Vo −
180−4
9W n H
359
`181−4] : n :‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﱪ‬

ZW! q<,c .,
C
* W
C
/B * ,c 47X
4_7 O,7P
:r5 0
CnD /B ,
,< (Op-amp) K < H *5 ,(W) 4
s '
Inverting Amplifier :8 n •
,_
IN(-) L<
)/B CnD :07 7 `182−4] : 7n 97X
_7 K7
: @9 `/B ,
] 5I _ 8c9 8cm5
Rf
G=
R:
:>
T_ 8c9 :G
Tc X
",
5 :Rf
T:0
5 :R
T0
CnD H ' ? CnD H > 5
181−4
nW8 W$ !9A 0
182−4
8 n %&
360
Non Inverting Amplifier :8 n •
,_
IN(+) L<
)/B CnD :0 `183−4] : n 9X
/E _ K
: @9 _ 8c9 8cm5
Rf
G = 1+
R:
:>
T_ 8c9 :G
Tc X
",
5 :Rf
T:0
5 :R
T0
CnD H Y$ ? CnD H > 5
183−4
8 n %&
361
ð‹ÄäÛa@Šbjn‚üa@Zbüëc
:]Q o = !@@g !&/; D= I v-. D= -4 0 +^ :1a
:/ ZM0 Q F,
, 4M NBnI j$' f$' ) Zi / ,s −1
T.~
Zi −I
T$F
4M −
T,
5 h −J
TzY
−
:>I &' Z R
e >}= JFET ,s6
.<$
* :0
s s $' −2
TN S C$
−I
TP S C$
−
TB<
+I ,s6
−J
TB<
.~$ ,s6
−
:Q}=
' G JFET * X
h C^ $' −3
T a −I
−
TZ'
T,s6
$ −J
TLf dB −
:ID N$' +"
h ) Vp ;$,0a ? −4
T a −I
T −
T: −J
TdB −
362
:'i j$' kh5 > c

−5
Tc −I
Tsc
−
TX
−J
T

−
:C! 4?
Uw M > c
> −6
Tw ? `20-25] X
−I
T`YW
d-] Y$ −
T? `60−40] <s, −J
Tw ? 60 &'I
X
−
:$Fn 8c 456
8c, .,
CB
−7
TB
s −I
TB? −
T`$Fn >5]
X, −J
T$Fn +I 8c, a −
:.~$
X
·= `6] +X
X
−8
1001 −I
1010 −
0110 −J
1100 −
' y< .,
5 TTL 4
'7Y
7~X
.7) (74LSXX) c7s ,7 47
−9
:TTL :~'
TC
:G −I
TC
:G . n −
T'|

' −J
T. n −
363
:L<
9X
_ * (Vi) :0
Cn :0 −10
T_
IN (+) −I
T_
IN (-) −
T_
+VCC −J
T_
-VCC −
:&' #$
J ? #$, k (MC7915) < , C
−11
+15V −I
-12V −
+12V −J
-15V −
:5e f$'UJT
+I ,s −12
T4BH M −I
T4BH qI −
T,BH −J
TC5 BH −
:5e f$'PUT
+I ,s −13
T4BH M −I
T4BH qI −
T,BH −J
TC5 BH −
:
C'
5 'B
5 > ,: ,

* UJT 777
> $' −14
TC/B9 −I
T<s, −
TY$ −J
TYW
+5c −
364
:'B
> Cut-off region q<
<$ * −15
U
TI U F ^F$
^ U −I
TY$ 5 e −
U
Tc ' U
^F ^F$ −J
TYW
+5c 5 −
:!@@g ' !W9& !$~ -2 W8 :2a

TA= ,
TTTTTTTTTTTTTT j$' 4M q$Wu −1
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT C"
N") c ,45_
' +5c 456
D ' C"
> $' −2
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT :
<$ ' N S5 PS : , $' −3
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT 5 XW .~$
−4
C$
+e ,s6

* TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTQ7
M0 7 :07 +"7
7
L7H 7) qB7$ −5
TB?
77 77B

$F77
4M77 Q77
M0 77 J77P +"77
77
L77H 77) Lf77 −6
TID
Q
+"
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT R
"
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT I 4,s ' CB' .) FET Zi / 4,s −7
456
D $F
4M 7 75 S7 &7' ,7X FET Z7i /7 4,7s −8
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT 5I
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT .) $F
4M5 ,N C$
+e JFET
Zi / ,s −9
U
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT ^F$ 'B
> UJT ,s6
q<
<$ * −10
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT ,s6
) −11
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT UJT ,s6
#X
C! ? ZX −12
TTTTTTTTTTT G 4e UJT
+I ,s6

C'
5 51 C'
5 −13
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT B
e ,s
QB PUT b_
+1 ,s6
* −14
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT 5 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT :9 yH ' ,
:,$ 8<
.~$ ,s −15
365
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT 5I TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT m§ ,s6

q$W −16
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT 5 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT 5 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT .) yH$ M ,s6
> , −17
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT 5 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT r BJT 4,s6
>ssI >' ? −18
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT 4$Fn ' CB' ) 4iY
−19
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT 4$Fn ' CB' ) 456
D −20
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT .) ssI ,s6
−21
:]Q ph !|C` × ! =' ,!@@g ! = +^ :3a
Z@X,sa X~
¬ j$X
UJT
+1 ,s6
Xu −1
` ] T/B ,
4 *
` ] T 1 4B
Bc c Bc .) `,¥] η −2
4,s6
N"¬5 ,C/ ki UJT7
1 4,s6
q$W −3
` ] TLHI XI
` ] T,s
QBn 4BH qI 5e ^? ) PUT b_
+1 ,s6
− −4
4 * Z@X,sa X~
¬ j$X
UJT
+1 ,s6
Xu −5
` ] T4B$

` ] T(G) – (K) – (A) LHI M ¬ PNPN 4BH XI ,s
> , −6
` ] TVBO ? ' VAK ? C ,s
G −7
` ] TC%D Cn : Q~% S ,s a −8
` ] TIh Rc , ,s
G X IAK X c −9
` ] TA,K < h :G B
^ @9 Q}= ,s
5§ y- $' −10
` ] ,s
q ,
&' : :! 5 G NB,a +5¤
−11
` ] TG :GI 5I $Y
4Y Y$ 0À Q
B,s 8[ ,s
O X −12
K= 1800 0 6 C~ * :!
C
F,
−13
` ] T,s +- C~ 0
?
366
>9
@9 ,s
ZF, 8? ,c i ,s
" $' −14
` ] T+,'
` ] TqB$5 Lf C$G ? a +X,
S$
MOSFET ,s * −15
` ] U
TB
&' B? U
? yBH e :X *$,sa S$
MOSFET ,s −16
` ] TB
5 Lf 5 B
h ) VGS −17
` ] TLf qB$ ,
) ID −18
` ] TK >5 , 4
* ,c /E :0 LHI 8[ −19
` ] TFET 4,s y<$ &' ,X TTL ~' −20
` ] T , 4
q$W * kh C ' > c
C :Y −21
` ] U
TY$ U
0 > $'
' (NOT) B
J0 > −22
:c !=WB ( @g {WE !=WB x H- tb 3A8 :4a

!=WB c !=WB
H- tb H- H- tb H- tE
1 4X
_
2 OR
3 XOR
4 LED
367
: !=WB x { @g PW# c !=WB x @g AEH : H tb +^ :5a
c !=WB !=WB
JFET
Zi / ,7s `TTTTTTTTT]
−1 TB? C$G 5e
MOSFET Z77i /77 ,77s `TTTTTTTTT]

−2 TB? C$G 5e *$,sa S$


PMESFET −3
TB? C$G 5e +X,
S$

JFET
Zi / ,7s `TTTTTTTTT]
2N3796
−4
TB
s C$G 5e
PMOS −5
TB
s C$G 5e *$,sa S$

2N3796 −6
TB
s C$G 5e +X,
S$

IRF9510 −7
368
:)5 8 !@@g !W#A 3A8 tS ,K )@^$ JA I) I>$ 0 1 v-$ :6a
AC 330
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−1
220v
D1
AC
220V 330 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 2
220/6V
D2
+6 Volt Power Supply
D1
BRIDGE
+
10TO1
R2
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 3
10V 5k
-
L1
Power supply L2
3-phase
L3
R330 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 4
L1
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 5
Power supply
L2
3-phase
L3 R330
369
:!@@g ' !W9& !$~ -2 W8 :7a

T^,
J05 Z, :0 5e ^ :ic ) TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT −1
PISO − SPO −J PIPO − SISO −I
T(TTL) 4 ,c .,

C
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT ~9 CG CMOS 4 R,c −2
7
5c −J :GI − 9I −I
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT >M0
> $' :0
6
8W$, JK M
k −3
J=K=1 − J=0,K=1 −J J=1,K=0 − J=K=0 −I
< , 4

SI S TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT .) −4
4X
− 4Y −J 6
4 Y − W
C
4_ −I
: !=WB x { @g PW# c !=WB x < tb 3A8 :8a

c !=W tb !=W
!&/;
H- 9,g < H- 9,g tE
1 UJT ,s ` ]
+B7777
8777796

2 ` ]
PUT ,s6
3 PUT ,s ` ]
+B7777
8777796

4 ` ]
UJT ,s6
370
{WE c !=WB x 184−4 ( t)# {k <Q R\ UH tb 3A8 :9a
:qQ o !=WB x
c !=W !=W tb
H- 9,g H- 9,g tE t)#
q<
<$ ` ]
B
c
5 <$ ` ]
SBnD <$ ` ]

< ` ]
S
< ` ]
184−4
371
ïÜàÈÛa@Šbjn‚üa@Zbîãbq
@N‡è§a@áîÄäm@ñŠa†@Éß@ð‹İäÔÛa@‡yì¾a@ñŠa†@õbäi ZÞëþa@‰bjnüa

T6=I ^? −5 T ss5I ^? −1
1N4007/AA118 77s 77
477~$ −6 TAC/DC d
= 30 0 CG
−2
T¬X 5I
T: MsI −7 TKs
* NY ªG ^? −3
Tk5I 330 : 5 −8 TKs
* NY DC ? ªG ^? −4

T`185−4] :
8c C
: −1
TJ5 :0
Cn c5 ªG −2
TVP-P J5 :0
? c5 ªG −3
TJ5 :0
Cn s −4
:‫• ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ ﻟﻼﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
185−4
372
@NÚ"“¾a@sÇbjÛa@ñŠa†@õbäi ZïãbrÛa@‰bjnüa

T(100µF,470µF) 4Y −6 T6=I ^? −1
T: MsI −7 TElectronic multimeter k' ªG ^? −2
T$G 5e ss5I ^? −8 Tfrequency generator Cn
−3
TAC/DC ? 30 0 CG
−9 TQ
X 5I BC550,s −4
T(100 Ω,150 Ω,3.3 Ω,10k Ω)1/2 watt 45 −5

T`186−4] :
8c C
$ −1
VBE , VCE , VBC , VB , VE , VC C,c h ªG −2
TJ5 :0
Cn c5 ªG −3
TVP-P J5 :0
? c5 ªG −4
TGI ,
8c95 GV h 8c9 c −5
TJ5 :0
Cn s −6
186−4
373
@NJFET@ïÜ–ìÛa@ÞbKa@Lqdm@âa‡ƒn9bi@ñŠb’g@PØß@ñŠa†@õbäi ZsÛbrÛa@‰bjnüa

T>$ ' 0.1µF O −6 T6=I ^? −1
MΩ,500Ω,2.5kΩ,10 45 −7 T: MsI −2
T>,$ ' 1MΩ 5 T ss5I ^? −3
TCn
^? −8 TAC/DC d
= 30 0 " W −4
2N4393 ,s −5

TJFET k,s Cn _ C j$' F= −1
T`187−4] : n JFET k,s Cn _ C $ −2
T`4n – ?] C
4/, ªG −3
Tª
b~, :ic −4
187
374
@NUJT@âa‡ƒn9bi@ê‹İäÓ@‡yìß@pbuìß@Šìİi@áØ¥@ñ‹öa† ZÉiaŠÛa@‰bjnüa

R1 = 470Ω1w / R3 / R4 = 1KΩ1w / R5 = 270Ω2w , 9 45 −1
R2 = 470Ω1w `6$] C/, 5 −2
C1 = 1µf/50V O −3
D1 , D2 , D3 , D4 500mA/50V s 4~$ −4
C 106 B1 ,s 2N 2646 G UJT

+I ,s −5
TCnD s ^? 6=I ªG ^? 0.5mm: MsI X l
−6

T`188−4] :
* @9 K< * F% C~
$ −1
T`4n , ? , 4] C~
4/, ªG −2
:‫• ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ‬
188−4
375
@NòÜ–ìÛa@ð†byc@Šìn9Iãa‹m@âa‡ƒn9bi@pb›jäÛa@‡Ûìß@ñŠa†@õbäi Zßbä@‰bjnüa

T6=I ^? −1
TQ
X 5I 2N2646,s −2
T: MsI −3
T$G 5e ss5I ^? −4
TAC/DC d
= 30 0 CG
−5
T`10k Ω, 100K Ω, 47 Ω) 1/2 watt 45 −6
T10k Ω C/, 5 −7
T`10nF]16 volt O −8

TUJT
+1 ,s6
F= −1
T`189−4] : n ,UJT
+I ,s k,s 4B$

C $ −2
T45 ? C
4/, ªG −3
TJ5 :0
Cn s5 ªG −4
:‫• ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ‬
189−4
376
pbzÜİ—¾a@òàöbÓ

Single
Devices

Max Temperature
Safety
Anode
Amplitude
Forward bias

Reverse bias

Paramagnetic !"#
Emitter $#
Battery %&#
Gate ##
Attraction '()
Control *+
Power control , *+
Unijunction Transistor -./ 012
The programmable PUT 345 -./ 012
Field effect transistor(FET) 9:5 678 012
Bipolar junction transistor(BJT) -./ ;!7 012
Frequency
Triac <%
Repulsion =!
Parallel

377

Series >
Parallel Resistor Connection
0/ ? @AB5 C.
Series Resistor Connection >0/ ? @AB5 C.
Coils Connection @D-5 C.
Parallel Coils Connection
0/ ? @D-5 C.
Siers Coils Connection >0/ ? @D-5 C.
Generation ,/
Current
Holding current <E
Constant F#7
Thyristors 01%7
Phase control Thyristor &/# *+ 01%7
Reverse conducting Thyirstor C. 01%7
Light activated silicon GH/# I 01%7
Gate turnoff Thyirstor GD E ## A( 01%7
Fasts witching Thyristor CJK/ L%M 01%7
FET controlled Thyristors MOSFET 012N# OP 01%7
Diode ;!7
Hot carrier diode Q CQ ;!7
Varactor diode 0RD/ ;!7
Tunnel diode BD!/ ;!S/
Junction Diode -./ ;!7
Zener diode !%
;!7
Shockley diode TRU ;!7
Molecule G2
378

Voltage ,
Transient # /
Induction $
Thermal
Calculation '
Ring B-
Over voltage protector ,V D %W
Cell -X
Characteristic YX
Rotor ;
Permanent *;
Circuit
Motive L=
Cycle A
Diac <%
Atom (
Peak A(
Atomic (
Connection Z#
Wind [%
Conduction angle ϑ C.0/ %A
Phase delay angle α &/ 6X8 %A
Time
Negative \/1
Negative charge ]/1 !U
379

Intersity ,U
Work C"U
Solar JU
Photo ;^
Energy
Phase
Apparent _`
Effect _`
Non Renewable ,:0 6a
Active 9K=
Vr.m.s /K= 0/=
Flux b=
Base ,
Power ,
Pole \&
Safety & vocational Rules d/A c ,
Force
Value J
Peak voltage value JB/ , J
Cathode 7R
Deusity =SR
Efficiency GDR
Electricity G#R
Direct e]
Principle ,]
380

Renewable ,:0
Factor f:0
Alternating N
Delta S-S
Field 9g
Shunt h2g
Collector LJg
Motor <P
Iron cored Transformers ,%,Q \-B/ @iP
Air cored Transformers ;j \-B/ @iP
Electric Transformers ;#/ @i5
Electromagnetic Relay !"A/ @d5
Compound \R
Sunbber ,%k
Source ,k
Coefficient CK
Magnet l !"
Magnetic !"
Magnetism !"
Converter 6"
Reactive CD
Contactors @d5 [0D5
Transfer resistor CN/ OAB
Resistors @AmmB5
Thermistor %Q AB5
381

Photo resistor ;H/ AB5
Variable Resistor 6"05 AB5
Negative resistance ]/1 AB
UJT ratings -./ 012 @,B
D.C chopper J0 L&B
Digital multitester nac ,K0 IB
Mica Capacitor 5 oS
Plastic Capacitor 01d# oS
Ceramic Capacitor p61 oS
Electrolytic Capacitor ;JR oS
Variable Capacitor 6"0 oS
Paper Capacitor A oS
Capacitors @mmDS5
Coil o-
Iron cored coil ,%,Q \-B/ A( o-5
Ferrite cored coil F%D/ \-B/ A( o-
Coils @mmmD-5
Air cored coils ;j \-B/ @( @D-5
Emitter characteristic curve $]/ YX q!!
Fuses @k!5
Saturation Region L]r0/ B&!
Cut-off Region CkD/ L&B/ B&!
Active Region &r!/ B&!5
Alternator #!
Positive \
382

Silicon control rectifier s-/ *0/ ,
Conductor C.
Generator ,/
Star J:
Intrinsic stand off ratio -.c @]S/ ]
System Ot
Theorem %t
Peak point JB/ &B
N-type \/1
P-type \
Junction -.A
Hand ,%
Left %
Right uJ%
383
Š†b—¾aë@Éua‹¾a@òàöbÓ
:‫ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬: ‫ﺃﻭﻻﹰ‬

-J5 – !5 \%,0/A !D/ *-K0-/ K/ m1w5 – ! −1
x%K/ #K/
x;#/ @B]&0/ ,X y @AN/E −2
xz – /:D/ – 9dj ]0 – "# $ % &'( – J= u −3
− )* −,/ ~ K −qD&k } |O { −C_ ,m-D!%A −2m0%A_ 9Am# −4
xO1997 −O-K/A !-/ KU −Ac K]&/
– % , - . − *-K0/A #N/
A ,/ ,J0K5 !k/ SK]/ l%,m m_A G4mX −5
xO1982|1981 – GK!. – !D/ %S/ 1,5
−3_!5 −*-K0/A #N/
A −123 ! / /0 −@A6# −m;}E @,m −6
xO1991 −%]/ /A
– 14|53 :'xY – K/ G}E ,K – % – *1 ,W ,mW um {m – CmD- x −7
x/&% – #A6= – A, ]&/ – ~!]/ – @A6#
– C.5 K – /$45 67 '8 – JK!/ Dt | ,mX ,mJP mR
,mJP | −8
xO1981
D/ −Ac K]&/ − $ −\%a *_#|O ,l ~&-1 ,mB/ m%
| −9
xO1991 −~c −~} −L%
0/A !-/
0mmR Kmm – 9%6mma Nmm \mm]/ |I,!mm {mm – 2mm!! xmmm_ x@ – 0mm# x x −10
1,5A KV \0-/ 2R5
V – 8 /$45 92 – mB ,mW 6m |I,!m
x#K/ z %{ – _B/ – O1983|82 J-K0/ C;1/A
– ! – ,5 ,JP |O ,!% q1 |O ,TB/ A= ,JP |O ,,JP %,m/ e |O −11
xO1985 – 1,5 \0/A @]&5 %%, – %/ #K/ %JV
384
– : 4 ;: – oK5 J |O ,~0]1 2m%= |O ,Am / rm |O ,s}-m5 /m. |O −12
xO2002 – 1,5 3_!5 – JUj c -J5 – :2<
xO1984 −%1 −r −]0 – :2/2 – !05 % ,JP |O −13
xO1985 −%1 −r −]0 −=7 %> − :2/2 −!05 % ,JP −14
xO1980 – :]!0/ ]0 – 4 # $ – ,JP JP −15
−@A6# −KV \/ −? 4@ A 2 B C( D'4 /$4E −C% t −16
xO1991 −~!]/
,6mm# mm# Amm/ ,]mm |I,!mm5 mm,A Kmm – *%mm/ ,]mm ,mmJP ,]mm |I,!mm5 −17
@,/ --1 – @ # @ FG / / 67 ' / #7 – zm5 !m |I,!m5A
x*-K0/A #N/
A – ~c ~} – O1985|m_1405 – Ac K]&/ – -05 ]%,0/
67 ' / #7 – ,!V ~- |I,!5 ,A K – Ykm/ Odm |I,!m5 −18
– O1995|mmm_1416 – mmS/ K]mm&/ – -0mm5 mm!5 mm]%,0/ @,mm/ -mm-1 – 8
x*-K0/A #N/
A – ~c – ~}
xO1988 – !]-/ %z5 ,/ – /$45 – u ,1 A= |I,! −19
−9dj ]0 – S/ K]m&/ – HIJ2( % – Fm#7 om1% ,%2m% |I,!m −20
xz – /:D/
– 6mm& 'mmBK% *_mm# |I,!mm5 ,K=mmU 0mm ,mmW |I,!mm5 {mm – mm2!%_ −21
x#K/ z %{ – _B/ – O_c ] – K L %> – /$45 / /0
– *-mm1 *mm1 umm |I,!mm5 ,mm omm1% A |I,!mm5 {mm – mm2!%_ −22
x#K/ z %{ – _B/ – O_c ] – M %> – /$45 / /0
0mmR Kmm – C}mm1 '_mm/ ,]mm ,mmJP |I,!mm 0mmR {mm – *%_2mmd# *mm--%A −23
|m_1400 K] – G#/ \0R Jg – % 4N O – ,/ D&/ ,W |I,!m
x#K/ z %{ – _B/ – *-K0/A #N/
/ tDP L]&/ B – O1980
385
:‫ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ‬:‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ‬
1- Elektrotechnik westermann 1991 Heinrich Hübscher Jürgen Klaue
Werner Pflüger Siegfried Appelt.
2- Fachkunde Elektrotechnic Professor Dr. Günter Springer 1990
EUROPA – FACHBUCHRIHE.
3- Jacob Milkman ,Christos C. Halkies, INTEGRATED ELECTRONICS,
London, McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY , 1971
4- JOHN E. UFFENBECK INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS
(Devices AND Circuits ),U.S.A Prentice-Hall,Inc,Engllewood,Cliffs,1982
5- cdd.gotevot.edu.sa
6- users.pandora.be
7- www.arabelect.net
8- www.discovercircuits.com
9- www.electronickits.com
10- www.electronics-lab.com
11- www.hobby-elec.org
12- www.hobbyprojects.com
13- www.national.com
14- www.nawatt.com
15- www.web-ee.com
386
387

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أساسيات الكهرباء والالكترونيات

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‫لتحميل المزيد من الكتب والمراجع باللغة العربية‬

‫موقع عالم الهندسة الكهربية‬

‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ‬

‫‪249‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

ITU 8E  ? ;M_

"TFU! V' W-X9 $'Y1  Z 

1−1 7C cE1 :

H3−1 7C cE :/0

H"9!q ^ g!,' "9!dl ^ :304

:‫• ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

HV'! 4N2F J< PKU W-

:‫ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻭﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ‬

H^& ! SE,1 "E %

, 1.6 * 10-19 C g!,  !d:  

8.854 × 10 −12  F / m d ^<  g!,! ` s, : εo :

H1 = zY ! r E,

Z‘bîÔÛa@pa‡yëë@òîöbí îÐÛa@pbîàØÛa 2-1-1

:‫• ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬

:+ }& /

:‫• ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬

Alternating Current :55" '

:‫ﺏ( ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬

:=> ?- 3XYX Z[ =89:

Semiconductors :3T" *6 5" •

Conductors :3T" 5" •

:‫ﺝ( ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬

:‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬

12−1  11−1 

:‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬

Electric Voltage :‫ﺩ( ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬

' $ s`T+ t! s 1 fK j+, c J ^ 

:‫• ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ‬

:‫• ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ‬

:I  $ c,< c 9 O'

:AC 55" :f (

Electric Power :‫( ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬K‫ﻫ‬

   9 4< U ]= r! . 4< U `2C 

:‫• ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

&! ^  $[  (B) K&

Electric Resistance :‫ﻭ( ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

:‫• ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬

:‫• ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬

:‫• ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﻫﻲ‬

HL 0 % 0'! Length 7T1 / −1

3.14 g!,! ,+| 3U – π

(Electric Symbols) :‫ﺩ( ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

Wire )5 ©&9

`F+ Nn ©&9 ! x(

Fuse 3T − [

Transformer 8. /

Center tap transformer F+

Heater 8. *

Push Button nu h+Y

2-way Switch Y=! 72C h+Y

SPDT $'<, h+Y

DPDT $'<,3 ~!^0 h+Y

Relay %`'< − 3.

(Rheostat) c K 4N2+ !&

(Potentiometer) \ |(a 4N2+ !&

Variable Capacitor N2+ a

Trimmer Capacitor U^ Eu a

Diode ^'^ − 8

Photodiode A` 7E&+, 8

ITU 8E ? ;M_

"TFU! V' W-X9 $'Y1 Z

1−1 7C cE1 :

H3−1 7C cE :/0

H"9!q ^ g!,' "9!dl ^ :304

HV'! 4N2F J< PKU W-

H^& ! SE,1 "E %

, 1.6 * 10-19 C g!, !d:

8.854 × 10 −12 F / m d ^< g!,! ` s, : εo :

H1 = zY ! r E,

:+ }& /

Alternating Current :55" '

:=> ?- 3XYX Z[ =89:

Semiconductors :3T" *6 5" •

Conductors :3T" 5" •

12−1 11−1

' $ s`T+ t! s 1 fK j+, c J ^

:I $ c,< c9 O'

:AC 55" :f (

9 4<U ]= r! . 4<U `2C

&! ^ $[ (B) K&

HL 0 % 0'! Length 7T1 / −1

3.14 g!,! ,+| 3U – π

Wire )5 ©&9

`F+ Nn ©&9 ! x(

Fuse 3T − [

Transformer 8. /

Center tap transformer F+

Heater 8. *

Push Button nu h+Y

2-way Switch Y=! 72C h+Y

SPDT $'<, h+Y

DPDT $'<,3 ~!^0 h+Y

Relay %`'< − 3.

(Rheostat) c K 4N2+ !&

(Potentiometer) \ |(a 4N2+ !&

Variable Capacitor N2+ a

Trimmer Capacitor U^ Eu a

Diode ^'^ − 8

Photodiode A` 7E&+, 8

thyristor – SCR <+'a

Varactor or Tuningor Varicap Diode g 8

Transistor, Field-Effect, P-Channel /X1 N| <+,'09

Phototransistor 8u <+,'09

Amplifier 4< q

AC Power Supply ^^d '-2 <F

LDR u !&

Thermistor '< !&

Voltmeter d3+ O &

Ammeter d < &

Ohmmeter d! !& &

Oscilloscope W,`! [O

H 0 4 % 0'! ,d3+Y [X 8 &' −

H 0 4 % 0'! ,d? [X 8 <+ &' −

H!&1! <+! c U( +

H18−1 7C %Su' s. :‫• ﳐﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬

H20−1 7C %Su' s. :‫• ﳐﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬

H(V) RY 4 (U) 8 &'!

H(A) NE? 4 (I) <+ 4 &!

H(Ω) )!? 4 (R) !&1 &!

:75 &, c9& "U( EK

¤ R = 3 Ω M<& !& o g+ . 4^

H(G) `T1 −2 H(R) Y !& −1

:25−1 7C s. NC' p¥1 ¯Y

D.C. \!5 p¥1 &1 ]= ;

:+ "5 v, h+Y1 Pu! MC9

3,& O' %9= (2.5 V) Pu! ]= h+Y1 NC'

r L" sh :f ~P 3%'$

(10 V) Pu! ]= h+Y1 NC'

p¥1 X9 H10 ]= YT $ 3,&+ o

(50 V) Pu! ]= h+Y1 NC'

p¥1 X9 H50 ]= YT $ 3,&+ o

(250 V) Pu! ]= h+Y1 NC'

X9 H250 ]= YT $ 3,&+ o

AC 55" :f /'$ −

:26−1 7C s. NC' p¥1 ¯Y

D.C. \!5 p¥1 &1 ]= ;

:+ "5 v, h+Y1 Pu! $' j9

:8M ),U 4 ]= },& M! :Rk

& j <+# h+Y '