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ε= εo εr
20
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:3 E
c+
SC! c!N +u I! (8 cm) , sA
$
E c+
S c 4& O!
εr = 2 εo=8.854×10-12 F/m : s` Q 2 = 5 × 10 −8 C , Q1 = 6 × 10 −5 C
FFFF
q1 q 2 5 × 10 −8 × 6 × 10 −5
F= = = 2.106 N
4πεr 2 4 × 3.14 × 2 × 8.854 × 10 −12 (8 × 10 −2 )2
6−1
'
IJ
21
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
22
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
0.2 µA = nA 3
0.03 mA = µA 4
FFFF
:+! , 1 KA = 1000 A X9 2−1 /! )*+ 1
200 KA = 200 * 1 KA = 200 * 1000 A = 200000 A
:+! , 1 A = 1000 mA X9 2−1 /! )*+ 2
0.5 A = 0.5 * 1 A = 0.5 * 1000 mA = 500 mA
,1 A = 1000000000 nA -.! , 1 µA = 0.000001 A X9 2−1 /! )*+ 3
:+!
0.2 µA = 0.2 * 0.000001 A = 0.2 * 0.000001 * 1000000000 nA = 200 nA
:+! , 1 A = 1000000 µA -.! , 1 mA = 0.001 A X9 w( /! )*+ 4
0.03 mA = 0.03 * 0.001 * 1000000 µA = 30 µA
:2 E
?NE? <+ <& M HD| 6 /(# 7T
K&9 "
SC $ ). 30 q
'
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Q
I=
t
30 C
I=
6 S
I = 5A
:3 E
?) "
SC 3U } ,9| 12 /(# 7T 3' 1.5 mA % 8. <
FFFF
Q = I * t = 1.5 * 10-3 * 12 = 18 * 10-3 C = 0.018 C
23
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:3'
NO
P Q ,- RS T U '
VH0 =
"9!dl PK+, e t= %9? ,"9!dl % xS+ `. 4^ % &`2
<, x
M ' (
HU+' <+ <! xS+ ' K&9 ]= 4^
UK <F |¥1 -M 7a3'! ,3+, <+ <! 7
! "9!dl x |¥ ^O! (
Hc+K&
c J
7−1
% W" '
8−1
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24
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d! ¢# E. vE, t ! ,r(# $ 8 <+ <!3 f3, 8+ ^1 8M!
– +(E − ©K1 − \ vC¨ 7a 4 "9!d= O' ¡<t c g&
.ª=HHH\0¨
%E ^1 g ,8 <+` `T $ [
^1 ! `T1 ^1 c P& ^ 8M!
X+9 4^'0 +`T E ¡< O<^ N| R! ,`K1 YF O<^
[ `T1
.`T1 %E ^1 $ `, ,)9! ,4<5 7
Y ¡<t c '& K Y
25
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
9−1
:• ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ
H10−1 7 cE M s. ,M+' %9 hEF1 7+ 8 <+ <!
Z(9
:<] 7^
H'<`Y! XM+1 fF1 −
H(Diods) A "
a −
10−1
26
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:3'E
3H`
−
`1 7#^ '' PA9 }| ,"Y 4 $ ` 7 o 7T
E`U . <
<39
? W- %`
,g'5 v`& o |¥' £
2 /6 ¬! Z(9 -! ,£
21
H12−1 7C fu M s. ,''5
:<] 7^
H "S1! ".S1! & 40O −
HO?! WE f −
27
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
13−1
:• ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ
! ,"(A
]= z $ 7&+
Y
u . "< $ 4<E EF
!? \
9
"X
C ¬! ,`3
w-M (`# °
¬ %9 / 8O<# O ]= ,9l },O ¯
+'
H8O<¨ <F1 $ )^& };+
1 Nn 8 <+ $ 9 "(A
Hª1 ! v`& K [O ' $ },X` - "<+ U $3'!
:,W #W! CB =89:
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dXAQ ^@
H"(A
`& ]= g^¥' 15mA ]= 10mA $ −
H«Y
+! v`& "(A o |¥' 50mA ]= 15mA $ −
H4 ]= g^¥' 50mA $ a. −
28
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:U <] W
H8
EK ~(
T¨ 40O?! v`& ±
9= [O
! EK ¯n? −
H1 81 < −
14−1
=89:
:f <:L
:3'
39i
%9 <H =89:
:f <:L g'h
29
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
(Volt) l
L
;9 /H Djk- Z[ 3`H ) 36!" 04
; HF
6F" c4F
F>
D(U) &
9 *
&
]!? K&
$ EO1
SC 7&
)[( 72C <& M 7T c+K&9 c J +!
P 8+ 4& 7a3' ². O J +' v "
SC 7&+
8! Hj#? K&
]=
H7T1 7#^ #§ ]= $ xS+ ]= "
SC w-M
:+ U(
%, $3'! ,RY 4 &'! ,U 0 ² X` 0'!
_
W
U=
Q
:
H(J) / UK 8M W
H(C) )
SC 8M Q
:1 E
? J M ,
SC $ (10C) 7&
UK $ (50J) ]=
X+ t=
FFFF
W
U=
Q
50J
U=
10C
U = 5V
:2 E
,7T j# K&9 ]= K&9 $ 3 C M<U .
S 7&
/ )[( 72C <& M
? 12 V g!,' c+K&
c J s`
FFFF
W = U * Q = 12 V * 3 C = 36 J
30
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
15−1
% W" :f
16−1
55" :f
31
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
32
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:1 E
4d /(# 2.5J g!,' . 4^ B K&9 ]= A K&9 $
S 7&
/!-E1 72C . t=
H`+,1 4<& 3U O! ,9| F9 M<U
[
FFFF
:8M `+,1 4<&
W 2.5
P= = = 5W
t 0.5
:2 E
,20V c J ,. !& /(# $ 70mA %+3U < 3' &`2 . 4^
? !&1 `+,1 4<& 3U s
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P = U × I = 20V × 70 mA = 1.4 W
/S+ 8+
UK "9!dl &Y c
<, /(# 8 <+ 3'
H"9!dl ' !& $ <+ <, 7T1 %|_ s t N,Y $3'! ,4< ]= 3;
DT U =89:
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3$B[ 3'Tk =>
U! , (Ω) X! 0 r 0'! ,)! D1? e
]= E,9 (Ohm) )!? 4 !&1 3U &
H (kΩ, mΩ) 7a q. "! )*+ ]= KA
33
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
4< O<^
LK
! ,!< K
! ρ 0 r 0'! Material
!&1 4^1 B9 −3
H+|
HT 0 r 0'! Temperature 4<5 O<^ −4
:¢' s. 7T1 !& 3U ' $3' 7
w-M $!
ρ.L
R=
A
:=
H Ω )!? &! Resistance !&1 8M :R
H Ωm d )!? &!
!&1 8M : ρ
Hm d1 &! Length /K 8M :L
H mm 2 P1 d1 &! Cross-section Area PK&1 , 8M :A
H "(T1
T `3
+,1 r ^
1
E ρ }U cE' 4−1 /!!
4−1 !
3'B
3H"
&
n86W
m,"
2
Ω × mm / m
0.028 Al )
?
0.21 Pb ®T
0.12 Fe '5
0.0175 Cu S
0.10 Ni 7
0.11 Pt c(E
0.0165 Ag AY
0.063 Zn +
1.1 Wm110 )!. 7
0.5 Wm50 +9+,9
0.43 Wm43 ),
21
34
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
: E
O<^
%+!& v, H5m 7T1 /! ,5mm % KU % g^ %
K& S
$ 7T
Ω.mm 2
0.0175 = 172 × 10 −8 Ω.mm 2
%+!& . t= , 20o C +3U 4<
m
FFFF
ρ.L
R= :^
1 )*+,9 !&1 3U ^l
A
A = π * r2 :4 , s
Hm d1 ? %U 4!! 4 KU F9 – r :=
2.5 mm K& F9 mm }` 5 PK&1 KU s!
π ×
2
35
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
`
!
Battery '<K
DC 3+, <F
AC ^^d <F
Motor x
Coil `
36
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
&
o
Dual On-Off Switch ~!^0 h+Y
(DPST)
Resistor !&
Capacitor a
Diac x'
Triac x'd
SIDAC x,
37
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
&
o
Transistor NPN
`T 8
| <+,'09
Transistor PNP
Speaker s
38
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
17−1
Hª HHH.
! '<K ' $3' :=89:p :! G −
H UK 4 ^= %+Yi!!
H)
? ! S
$ x(? :'TQ qY7- −W
H 4 <+` `2 <, x
M ' ,73S` 8 <+ /F'= +Yi!!
EF ' $3'! :F% −~
, UK `+,' g-
M! ,. !& !
Hª HHH . ,u ,'< UK / $ #§ 7 ]= UK /S+ % !
H%`F ! 735 72C }S+ %&' $ }+' :r L −^
,735 ]= <F $ <+ 3' 4 c K` ,( Switch h+Y1 '
.
&`21 4 −5 w-M − 4 L3,! ,&`2 '! <+ <, 73+' -!
HClosed Circuit
+Y1 4 4 L3,+ 8 h+Y1 /(# $ 4 «(+' e t=
Open Circuit
H8 <+` ' ¬! )
;9
:/'H
&:!- −w
39
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
@NòßëbÔ¾a@pbjq@‡äÇ@ïöbi‹èØÛa@ŠbînÛaë@‡è§a@µi@òÓýÈÛa ZÞëþa@åíŠànÛa
18−1
40
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
19−1
:• ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ
U( <+! c U(
g ,!&1 3U "E|
E,
«Y
<+! $ 7. ^^0'
( U ∝ I) :¢' s. 4 +m &'K v+! ,'^
41
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@N‡è§a@pbjq@‡äÇ@òßëbÔ¾aë@ŠbînÛa@µi@òÓýÈÛa ZïãbrÛa@åíŠànÛa
20−1
:• ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ
H ( U = 1.2 V) R| O <F −1
Hh+Y −2
Hd3+Y [O −3
Hd? [O −4
H4N2+ !& −5
:• ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ
H ( U = 1.2 V) R| O ]= 4 7T −1
H (4Ω, 6Ω, 12Ω) j#? ` 4 + }& o 4N2+1 !&1 Eu −2
Hd?! d3+Y $ 7. "U 7X, −3
:• ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ
I (A) R (Ω ) U (V) #$
0.1 10 1.2 1
0.2 6 1.2 2
0.3 4 1.2 3
42
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:• ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ
H21−1 7C fu M s. , "E|
!&1! <+ c U(
L
S
1 fu'
21−1
:• ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ
v+! ,, U( !&1! <+ c U(
g ,<+ 4^'[ ]= g^¥' !&1 3U ¯Y*9
1
(I ∝ ) :¢' s. 4 +m &'K
R
U
I= : g
R
:o 7FS9 2F w-M o 7'S+ O!
U
U=I.R R=
I
H(R) !&1 P -.! (I) <+ 4 P '^
E
(U) 8 v
+'!
43
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:=89:
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−v
I :0 % 0'!
:3'89:
3H" −1
R :0 % 0'!
:3'89:
H
vW; −5
H(W) " 4 &! P 0 r 0'!
P = V×I
H(I) <+! (V) $ 7. P '^ 4<& v
+!
:o 7FS9 U = I × R $ '
+!
P = I2 × R
H(R) !&1! (I 2 ) <+ P $ 7. P '^ 4<& v
+!
U
:o 7FS9 I = <+ $ '
+!
R
V2
P=
R
H(R) !&1 P ,!
(V ) P P '^
2
4<& v
+!
44
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ
:1 E
:(V) R ? 4 ]= ¢' /
³
1) 4000 mV 2) 50000 µV 3) 33 KV
FFFF
4000
1- 4000 mV = = 4V
1000
50000
2- 50000 µV = = 0.05 V
100000
3- 33 KV = 33 × 1000 = 33000 V
:2 E
O v, H I = 1.5 A w<& < vS,'! R = 6 Ω %+!& 8. O
H(U) 8
FFFF
U = I×R
U = 1.5 × 6
U = 9V
:3 E
45
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:4 E
vS,'! , U = 220 V w<& O o 73
' 8. [O
H I = 4000 mA w<& <
H(R) [ !& v,
FFFF
:A ]= mA $ <+ /
U 220 4000
R= = = 5Ω I = 4000 mA =
I 4 1000
I = 4A
:5 E
:v, H U = 0.22 KV %`2C O! vS,' 8.
I = 5000 mA <
46
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
22−1
%' " \:! _6
HC+ 0O o g+
Q
! #§ ]= [O $ /? `+ U
47
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
:w
) xXy
z{K 5 %' " \:! ,
",X1 7T }+' ! + vO! – v "<l 4p¥
k 8M! :WFi" kF
xS+' \ p¥1 &
| ",X1
, t=
9 Z H&` *+,1
E.! ",X1 Pu N2 v t ¬ t= H& <+! U
j#?
HSSF
[ '
YF PU Eu g [ 4'
1 h+Y1 -M )*+,' :3FH" 'F
EA ]= ~+! ,.S+ 0O O ¢|s+ ¯n? ^
+ d3+`1 [O H *+,
H"*+ 4
:8M ),U 4 ]= },& h+Y1 -M Z(9 :/'H
3'%B ' k r L
V \ }| jF& 3& <C'! ,RY −
HA NE ! NE ¢` g mA }| 3& % <C'! ,NE? −
HR \5 %= <C'! ,!&1 −
:|H
3
:8M! 23−1 7C ;9 ,< «'& |(| O' %9 Z(9!
H&1 -M ]= = ;
9 ( !& 3U «&9
g`
&1 M! :3FH" /'FH −
s. c3 O YF g ,<, ]= c3 $ E !&1 & "s,& Z
H};+
Nn %<
23−1
3H" }'H" |H
_6
<+! 3U 4U &1 -
3'! ,!&1 & 7Y M! : DC /'FH −
DC c+a
48
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
$ E' Da! 10 ]= YT $ E' /!? "s,& |(| o g+ &1 -M
M Z
H250 ]= YT $ E a ,50 ]= YT
HM.t , "s,&+ (DC) & %C'! : AC /'H −
24−1
H12 3& ]= NC' p¥1 j9! '^3 & g`
&1 ]= ;
9 v !&1 3U &9 8 −
:+ "5 v, h+Y1 Pu! MC9 −
sh
r L"
Pu! ]= h+Y1 NC' Rx100 Pu! ]= h+Y1 NC' g Rx1 Pu! ]= h+Y1 NC'
8+ 3& g Rx10000 M&9 8+ 3& g M&9 8+ 3&
3%'$
,10000 !· M&9 3U + ,100 !· !&1 3U + ,1 !·
3H"
,&9 8+ !&1 3U + ,&9 8+ !&1 )! 12 = 1×12 ,&9 8+
H)! 120000 = 10000×12 H)! 1200 = 100×12 [Ω]
49
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
$.? ]= & h+Y! DC ]= <+# h+Y xS9 v DC Ra &
V \ 8+
25−1
50
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
H 25 3& ]=
(2.5 V) Pu! h+Y1 = !
2.5 × 25
HR 1.25 = 8M 3U
50
&, 3& «Y9
«
&9 8+ 3,&+ <+# t=
K
+ s
HX+
«Y9
H 250 ]= YT $ 3,&+ o 4& t WO
51
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
$.? ]= & h+Y! AC ]= <+# h+Y xS9 v AC ^^d1 &
HA.C \!5 p¥1 &1 ]= ;
3U &9 }| ,V \ 8+
&K 8 4& &'
HRa 4U w
p 1
$.? ]= & h+Y! DC ]= <+# h+Y xS9 v DC Ra <+ &
mA \ 8+
26−1
52
µëþa@ñ†yìÛa
sh
r L"
100mA Pu! ]= h+Y1 NC' ,10mA Pu! ]= h+Y1 NC' ,1mA Pu! ]= h+Y1 NC'
]= YT $ 3,&+ 9d# t o 4pE
U - ]= YT $ 3,&+ 9d# t
]= NC' p¥1 X
10 H 10 ]= YT $ 3,&+ ]= NC' p¥1 X
10
3U R, w-M $! H5 3& 5 3& ]= NC' p¥1 X9! 3U R, w-M $! H5 3&
]= NC' h+Y1 ? &&5 <+ NE ¢` 5 = 8M <+ 3U t= ]= NC' h+Y1 ? &&5 <+
100 mA H> g^ 1 mA '
= 8M 3U t= 1 × ااءة
= 8M 3U t=
10
100 × ااءة
1× 5
10 8M 3U +
10
100 × 5
8M 3U + H> g^ NE ¢` 0.5 =
10
H> g^ NE ¢` 50 =
AC 55" '
/'$ −
$.? ]= & h+Y! AC ]= <+# h+Y xS9 v AC ^^d1 <+ &
p¥1 &1 ]= ;
$! ,&, &'K «Y
<+ 3U &9 }| mA \ 8+
HAC \!5
&K 4& &'!
HRa <+ 4U %p } 1
53
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27−1
*Q =%$
%' " \:! _6
54
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H^^d .
! 3+, +| U $3'! ::f U −W
:DC l9E
:f /'$ −
^1
7T }| $! ,DCV &
u! <+# v DC Ra &
º? «X1 \ /#^= }+' S ,",X1 /(# $ [ %` PU U
HCOM 0 4p¥1 S+Y ^? «X1 \ /#^=! VΩmA [ 4p¥1 S+Y
55
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:'
/'$ −1
:DC l9E
'
/'$ −
]= & <+# h+Y xS9 v NE ¢`1 ! !1 DC Ra <+ &
HDCA
u
4p¥1 S+Y ^? «X1! VΩmA [ 4p¥1 S+Y º? «X1 7T }+'!
HCOM 0
t `+» U!− ¦U S. NE 10 :fu1 [ 4 !t %U ^1 <+ . t=
10A 0 4p¥1 S+Y º? «X1 7T' −#§ ]= [O $
3'! ,4pE
C o 4& ;+ &
!
H<+ 4 v,S 4U 7A o
AC 55" '
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$.? ]= & h+Y! AC ]= <+# h+Y xS9 v AC ^^d1 <+ &
p¥1 &1 ]= ;
$! ,&, &'K «Y
<+ 3U &9 }| ,mA \ 8+
HAC \!5
56
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ZbèÜî–ìm@Ö‹ ë@bèmbЖaìßë@òîöbi‹èØÛa@Úýþa 3-1
(Electrical Wires)@Zòîöbi‹èØÛa@Úýþa@ 1-3-1
"'3+ ¶
}M $ q+
! . "(T
M<! ;9 ¤ _ 8M x(?
fF 72C+ %*+ H$. ]= Y`+*1 w<^F $ −$§! O 7C− 8 <+ 7&9
H"<, ! DE1 R9.
40O? ! 4ul
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<F1 c 8 <+` 7U9 # 7¤C_! 4N2T
+!& 4^ $ 4<E M
H735!
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)*+,! ,4NE.
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[ ^ $ a. ! &EK 4kK2_ )
1? ! S
$ En
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H©K1! +(E 7a `
57
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= s
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¤ _ $ +'!
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Y`W`& ^
+
¤ _ 7E. Ha 4! 0W`& ^
+
¤ _ 7E. Hb +3F_W`& ^
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¤ _ 7E. Hc
31−1
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5
6'p
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H7T3`
¤ _ )*+,1 \(2 9 o
F+ -M 3+
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¤ _ \(n 9 v,S "(E! x(? },&
!
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86
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(6ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﶈﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ.
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105
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2aO ~M j _E &0 # ] jj &0 # ;U −13
2#+D 4ST 0D 0 !"5 V −14
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111
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114
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115
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116
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A B C D%
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100
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R = 61 KΩ ± 5%
117
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: 9
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29
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D Y R 1
D 0 :& (P "/M ,e
R 2
D & 0D 0 V- R 1
D 0D 0
4
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2
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4
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118
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2
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−
PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + ....... + PN
V2
PT = IVS = I 2 . R T =
RT
119
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:H)
9
D )U >62−2< ;i /#D ! "
: uC8 ,¢ ~M R 3 , R 2 , R 1
2! ") )
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2
;e ~M " # −3
2) !0"
−4
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D −1
R T = R1 + R 2 + R 3
R T = 10 + 20 + 50 = 80 Ω
:I ! " 0D 0 −2
U T 160
I= = = 0.2 A
RT 80
:
;e ~M " # −3
62−2
U 1 = IR 1 = 0.2 × 10 = 2 V
U 2 = IR 2 = 0.2 × 20 = 4 V
U 3 = IR 3 = 0.2 × 50 = 10 V
:) !0"
−4
PT = I . V = 0.2 × 16 = 3.2 W
PR1 = IVR1 = 0.2 × 2 = 0.4
PR 2 = IVR 2 = 0.2 × 4 = 0.8
PR 3 = IVR 3 = 0.2 × 10 = 2
PT = PR1 + PR 2 + PR 3 = 0.4 + 0.8 + 2 = 3.2 W
120
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@NïÛaìnÛa@óÜÇ@pbßëbÔ¾a@Ýî–ìm ZåíŠànÛa@áa
:• ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ
2OS #&0" 9SC F −1
2\
!FG
] ¢ ~M 9
qSj ! " ;U −2
2 :C "7 ! " ;U −3
2! " 0 " \ −4
2\
;7C −5
2;U cS$
−4
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−5
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63−2
121
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
R 1
D { ~M " V −5
U R1 = .......................
R 2
D { ~M " V −6
U R 2 = .......................
R 3
D { ~M " V −7
U R 3 = .......................
2&@ 0"+ { ~M " V −8
U T = .......................
2! " 0D 0 V −9
I = .......................
2RE \ O7 R 3 = ........... , R 2 = ........... , R 1 = ........... 9
D V −10
R 3
D z{ & R 1
D z{ & " ~M ! ") )
D V −11
R T = .....................
R T uC8 −12
UT
RT = = .....................
IT
122
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123
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
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! ") (R T ) )
D aO ~M ;U 8 −
2! "
:M !0#M aO I )CD !0"
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2 U2
PT = IU S = I . R T =
RT
:1 H)
9
D )U
¬ >65−2< ;i /#D ! "
: uC8 ,aO ~M R 3 , R 2 , R 1
2>66−2< ;5 ,! ") )
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;e 0D 0 −2
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2>66−2< ;5 ,! " wJ wJ ;e !0"
−4
65−2
:III1
: R T )
D −1
1 1 1 1
= + +
R T R1 R 2 R 3
1 1 1 1
= + +
R T 10 20 50
1
= 0.1 + 0.05 + 0.02 = 0.17
66−2 RT
1
∴RT = = 5.9 Ω
0.17
124
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:
;e 0D 0 −2
U 16
I1 = = = 1.6 A
R 1 10
U 16
I2 = = = 0.8 A
R 2 20
U 16
I3 = = = 0.32 A
R 3 50
I t = I1 + I 2 + I 3 = 1.6 + 0.8 + 0.32 = 2.72 A
125
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:2 H)
: uC8 ,aO ~M R 2 , R 1 9
D )U >67−2< ;i /#D ! "
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;e 0D 0 −2
2! " ~M l# D " −3
67−2 2! " wJ wJ ;e !0"
−4
:III1
: R T )
D −1
1 1 1
= +
R T R1 R 2
R1 × R 2 4× 2 8
RT = = = = 1.33 Ω
R1 + R 2 4 + 2 6
:
;e 0D 0 −2
:! ") U " "G − v
U = I.R
U = 6 × 1.333 = 8 V
U 8
I1 = = = 2A
R1 4
U 8
I2 = = = 4A
R2 2
I t = I1 + I 2 = 2 + 4 = 6 A
:! " ~M l# D " −3
U = I . R = 6 × 1.333 = 8 V
126
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
@NðŒaìnÛa@óÜÇ@pbßëbÔ¾a@Ýî–ìm ZåíŠànÛa@áa
:• ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ
2OS #&0" 9SC F −1
2\
!FG
] aO ~M 9
qSj ! " ;U −2
2 :C "7 ! " ;U −3
2! " 0 " \ −4
2\
;7C −5
127
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
R 2
D 0D 0 V −6
I 2 = .......................
R 3
D 0D 0 V −7
I 3 = .......................
2! " 0D 0 V −8
I T = .......................
2! " 0D " V −9
U = .......................
2RE \ O7 R 3 = ........... , R 2 = ........... , R 1 = ........... 9
D V −10
9
D 9& " ~M \
O 4E z ;U& [H ! ") )
D V −11
29
D 9& ~M O7) j z
R T = .....................
2)
D uC8 −12
R T = .....................
128
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
v ;U e PJ ,;U w uC8 ^ ; YJ ! " 0 "
l# / `J &O
v ;U e PQ
,aO ~M ;U ! " " 0
" 0 l# /
2¢ ~M ;U ! "
129
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:1 H)
: R 3 ]
R 3 × R 456 24 × 16
R 3 // R 456 = =
R 3 + R 456 24 + 16
384
= = 9.6 Ω
40
)U
v •
R 1 J ! ") )
D uCH :j
v
: R 2 ] ¢ R 3 // 456 ]
R T = R 1 + R 3 // 456 + R 2 = 6 + 9.6 + 6 = 21.6 Ω
70−2
:! " 0D 0 −2
U 24
IT = = = 1.11 A
R T 21.6
:) !0"
−3
P = U . I = 24 × 1.111 = 26.664 W
130
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
Capacitors@ZpbÐrؾa@ 4-2
\ !"8 (C) F j:) F& ,/O !RJ " } JQ &F¦ ~M ;:
(PF) I 0J (nf) I 0J (µF) I 0J ?® FG
(F) F ` F& ,I 0- jD
2>71−2< ;i #J " jD F0
71−2
eH#
2)%
@ZpbÐrؾa@Êaìãc@ 1-4-2
:ﺃ( ﻣﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ
Paper Capacitor :• ﻣﻜﺜﻒ ﻭﺭﻗﻲ
2 9@@ "/M !*U 9$ 9-jD ?@1 ,4Oe ( *C !I ;:C 9-jD ?@
;:C 500V _Q ;+ IG ~M ;: *#e a0 8 ; 9 P 9-jD ?@ w
]/+
2I 0J# $ 60
% ' ~M $ u ,%0 9-j 0 I
Plastic Capacitor :• ﻣﻜﺜﻒ ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ
,g0 v" ($S# OM !I ^/ 0 9-jD ^e " 8 ueR
2/: yT0 :78 + 0 9-jD M 9-jD ?@ O
Mica Capacitor :• ﻣﻜﺜﻒ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎ
131
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:C 0 &« "/M ,6/E ` \: :e 4) ` " nM ueR&
4)HD uGD u
OM v "G
0
#{ ¢ ,6/E "Ce
& jD
v
`)U
," Y/ I #} 6".C& ,)e
C w E e
$ & w/ @
,uC ]#/D z uC `# uGD ]#/D z uGD `# ;U u7J ! "
jD @ M/U :& ,)& 8 `
V 2`):W ~M
"7 `)U "/M u
# /7M ;5 ~M :e !I ~M aW
0
#{ ^/ 6/E
0 8
nM ;T I @ ]& e
& O
# ~M aW uGD ) !"CebD
2"
;+ M: ;e ,>72−2< ;5 eH M: M: 22 E M: &
nF 8C j:) -
8CD ,j M:7D ;T I eHD M:7D 0" ,,#
,:& e
C j E ;T I eHD E "/M 2%
J E ;T "D
,:& ;
C ¢ ;
j:) - 8CD J ; eHD E T "/M
2OM !I^e n 1 9-jD ?@ 6".C&
72−2
`a.#
eH#
132
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
@ZÑrؾa@ÝàÇ@òÔí‹ ë@kî׋m@ 2-4-2
:ﺃ( ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻒ
,/ OM !I^ 8) ;+-& !I" JC ^/ )
" 8 jD ueR&
2>73−2< ;5 ," ;U z ;U& jD
;e
73−2
eH#
D9&
133
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
@ZÑrؾa@Íí‹Ðmë@åz’@ 3-4-2
:ﺃ( ﺷﺤﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻒ
>&0 < e 0"+ _Q jD ;U "/M
lJ"
"# 9Ro J /H5 ;G
>74−2< ;5
,(A) ` ;+D ) _Q &0 #) uC u
9Ro ]J" 6
9Ro ?@1 #C /Hi
:C& ,#G /H5 P B#+J (B) ) !IGD
74−2
v jD H5 Y& 8 9Ro lJ"
"/M (P 2
eH#
Q7
v
,Hi & &0 # " &C jD "G B#+&
!"D `/Hi jD -t ` I BJ jD H5 "
& ° `^ -t r:& a@ nD FT d5 d5 )&{
2`&t D &-
hx c/
:ﺏ( ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻒ
¢ ~M ;U& `/H5 ):M 6Q " jD /H5 &-
/
` ;U ()$
>75−2< ;5
]
(P "/M 2! " >&0 # < n 0"+ wF "
2
D `/H5 &- ~M jD ;:&
H5 Y& `J h/ 0 0"+: jD ;U "/M
75−2
eH#
f& 2&@ "G `# * ;e ] jD &-
@Zbèmbibyë@òîöbi‹èØÛa@òÈÛa@ 4-4-2
,(C) F 1 F& ,
/Hi FT ~M jD !0" d jD $ z
2(F) F ` F& ,C \ !"8 I 0-
2jD 8 (V) "G gJ Io OS (q) /Hi :e M !0#M d C z ^e
q آم
C=
V
134
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:1 H)
2jD F.D /Hi uC8 1000V ?"G 0"+ _Q ;U 1µF `$ j
Q
C= ⇒ Q = C . V = 1 × 10 −6 × 1000 = 10 −3 (C) 6e
V
:2 H)
42 × 10 −9 (C) jD 8 F.D /Hi J 600V ?"G 0"+ _Q ;U j
?jD $ ^J
Q 42 × 10 −9
C= = = 70 × 10 −12 (F) I 0J
V 600
135
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
ZpbÐrؾa@Ýî–ìm@Ö‹ @ 5-4-2
:ﺃ( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ
& ;U& ¢ ~M 9-jD ;U "/M
jD & j jD & " ] 4E jD
2>76−2< ;5 ,[j
S _Q " YC
/& ;U @
29-jD I"M uC8 (P U1 , U 2 , U 3 6C
76−2
F
.
G$ H#
& U = U1 + U 2 + U 3
Q
U= :
^
C
Q Q1 Q 2 Q 3
= + + ∴
C C1 C 2 C 3
29-jD ]¡ &C Q /Hi J 9-jD ]¡ !"i 0 e
Q = Q1 = Q 2 = Q 3
:ID B#+J
Q Q1 Q 2 Q 3
= + +
C C1 C 2 C 3
:& ~M ;+H/J Q ~M ID YC
¢ ~M 9-jD ;U ! " ) C hC8
1 1 1 1
2) C C [8 = + +
C T C1 C 2 C 3
77−2
F
.
G$ hH) &
136
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
j $ U
U
9-jD ?@1 ) C ¢ ~M 9-jD ;U "/M
2! "
1 1 1 1
= + + .......
C T C1 C 2 C 3
:1 H)
,¢ ~M >78−2< ;5 9-jD )U
2! " 9-j:) ) C uC8
78−2
:I1
:) C
1 1 1 1
= + +
C T C1 C 2 C 3
1 1 1 1
= + +
C 2 3 6
= 0.5 + 0.3333 + 0.16666 = 1µF
1
∴ = 1µF
1
137
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:2 H)
! I ¢ ~M )U 9-j 0
! " ~M l# D " >79−2< ;5 e
, C 2 = 0.1µF , C1 = 1µF 9-jD $ 220v
79−2 >I 0J&< C 4 = 0.2 µF , C 3 = 0.25 µF
2j { ~M " gJ uC8
:I1
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
C T C1 C 2 C 3 C 4
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
C 1 0.1 0.25 0.2
1
= 1 + 10 + 4 + 5 = 20
C
1
∴C = = 0.05 µF
20
:S Q /Hi : "G ∴
Q = C× U
29-jD ]¡ ~M &C /Hi J ¢ ! " ;U
^
2- " & 8 I 0J _Q I 0JD 4H j ;e ~M " hC8 ] C (@
Q 25 × 10 −6 Q 25 × 10 −6
U1 = = = 25 V U2 = = = 250 V
C1 1 × 10 −6 C2 0.1 × 10 −6
Q 25 × 10 −6 Q 25 × 10 −6
U3 = = = 100 V U4 = = = 125 V
C3 0.2 × 10 −6 C4 0.2 × 10 −6
138
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
80−2
J
.
G$ H#
&
" gJ `C- j ;e { ~M " gJ
"7 U = U1 = U 2 = U 3 (P 4ST
2! ")
v
,w- 9 0 w:7D &C 0 &
F7& 0
a
,!"i *} / 0
^
29-jD ?@1 9/Hi w:7D &C /Hi (@
Q = Q1 + Q 2 + Q 3
2aO ~M )U 9-j w:7D ) C !*TE ID
139
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
9$ w:7D &C 9-jD ! " ) C aO ~M 9-jD ;U "/M
: S aO ~M )U 9-j M:7D ) C uCW ,! " )UD 9-jD
C T = C1 + C 2 + C 3
:1 H)
>81−2< ;5 aO ~M SU
¤ L -j
~M ^$ e PQ ^1 ) C uC8
81−2
2 60 PF , 500 PF uR
:I1
:2 H)
>82−2< ;5 aO ~M )U
9-j 0
, C1 = 1µF >I 0J< 9-jD $ e
, C 3 = 2 × 10 −4 PF >I 0J< , C 2 = 400 nF >I 0J<
82−2
2! " )UD 9-j:) ) C uC8
:I1
C T = C1 + C 2 + C 3
C T = 1 + 04 + 0.02 = 1.42 µF
140
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
C 2 // C 3 = C 2 + C 3
C 1 × (C 2 + C 3 )
CT =
C 1 + (C 2 + C 3 )
83−2
H-A
D9#
.
141
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:H)
)U
¤ L >84−2< ;i /#D ! "
v S
9-jD $ e #e v U 9-jD
, C 3 = 2 µF , C 2 = 1µF , C1 = 2 µF
9-j:) ) C uC8 C 4 = 2 µF
2! "
84−2
:I1
142
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
Coils@ZpbÐܾa@ 5-2
u)
a"&"8 u)
u) 1 !*U
P 4FD \H/ )$ 9-)
v
z& A- o )D ) ,u)
C{/ v
,J u#C& )D 0 0 2&J
,(H) F 1 F& a/1 HD \ !"8 (L) F 1 F& ,HD
² @ [Z
F& 10 −12 = (PH) a/ 10 −6 = (µH) a/ 10 −3 = (mH) a/ ?® FG
2>85−2< ;5 F " ):)
85−2
eA#
2)%
@ZbèÜàÇ@c‡jßë@òîöbi‹èØÛa@pbÐܾa@Êaìãc@ 1-5-2
:ﺃ( ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ
Air cored coils :• ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ
143
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
,>88−2< ;5 9 7J "
9 7J / B-U ):) a"&"Z u)
&
^e ,*#e ² @ `j8 )D Y:+& ,Y/ I B ³ P a"&"Z u)
) 6".C&
I ,E z8 B-U 4^$ B-+ ]/+ ,,-./D 9 IIR 9H5 9-)D ?@ 6".C
e PQ
,:$ B-+ e PQ ´0
0
# B-+ 4F ,& " B-+
2>89−2< ;i ^e F a"&"Z u)
aP )D F& , gHC: 4FJL
0
89−2
88−2
J1
DAM
( eA) 2)%
J DA= ( eA)
k
8 DA= ( eA) k
8 DA= ( eA) 2)%
144
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
92−2
eA#
>
%.
%)
145
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:1 H)
2100 KHz II "/M 50 Hz II "/M 25 mH ` )D jZ )M-D uC8
:I1
v
,)D [Z ] &I{ v
0 II ] &I{ u$/ jZ )M-D
B,& lC 4jD 4ST
:J
D ;: )D e PJ ,6
D ¶/ 9-)D )M-D
U
I=
XL
146
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:2 H)
2 60 Hz ?II ,120 V `: "G 0"+: ;U ,): `
400 mH `j8 )
:& "G
2):) jZ )M-D −
2)D :& a@ 0 −h
:I1
:jZ )M-D −
X L = 2 πFL
= 2 × 3.14 × 60 × 400 × 10 −3 = 150.7 Ω
:)D :& a@ 0 −h
V 120
I= = = 0.796 A
X L 150.7
:3 H)
2):) jZ )M-D uC8 2 200 Hz ?II "G 0"+: ;U , 85 mH `j8 )
:I1
147
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
M: aC ) HD J IIR "G 0"+: >93−2< ;5 ¢ ~M 9-)D ;U "/M
:¢ ~M 9
D ;U ; Z ?@ ,9-)D ?@1 9HD
L = L1 + L 2 + L 3
! " "&F !IMQ Y ,¯{/D 47D FT ] C
9HD ?@1 !"-D
2l8 N
2! " 9-)D ~M )CD I w: aC& `J ! " "
VT = V1 + V2 + V3
93−2
F
.
G$ A#
&
:¢
4ST ¢ ~M )UD 9-):) ) HD uCW
L t = L1 + L 2 + L 3 + .......
:Q [8
2) HD = L t
2"8 )D = L1 , L 2 , ....
148
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:1 H)
¢ ~M ^)U Y 2 0.895 H j )D , 1.5 H 4E )D -) c/
2! ") ) HD uC8 2e ! I
:II1
:2 H)
) HD uC8 2 750 mH ` ) ] ¢ ~M , 450 mH ` ) ;U
¤ L
29-):)
:II1
:3 H)
)D ,1 H j )D , 0.5 H 4E )D ¢ ~M )U 9-) S
29-):) ) HD uC8 2 1.5 H [j
:II1
L t = L1 + L 2 + L 3
= 0.5 H + 1 H + 1.5 H = 3 H
149
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
) HD \ J ,IIR "G 0"+: >94−2< ;5 aO ~M 9-)D ;U "/M
:aO ~M 9
D ;U ; Z ?@ ,9-)D ?@1 9HD 9$ w: aC&
1 1 1 1
= + +
L t L1 L 2 L 3
94−2
J
.
G$ A#
&
:¢
4ST aO ~M )UD 9-):) ) HD uCW
1 1 1 1
= + + + .......
L t L1 L 2 L 3
:Q [8
2) HD = L t
2"8 )D = L1 , L 2 , ....
150
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:1 H)
2 0.6 H j )D , 0.3 H 4E )D ,aO ~M -) ;U
¤ L
29-):) ) HD uC8
:II1
1 1 1
= +
L t L1 L 2
1 1
= + = 3.333 + 1.666 =
0.3 H 0.6 H
1
∴ L t == = 0.2 H
4.999
:2 H)
)D 0.6 H j )D , 0.2 H 4E )D ,aO ~M )U
¤ L 9-) S
2) HD uC8 2 1.2 H [j
:II1
1 1 1 1
= + +
L t L1 L 2 L 3
1 1 1
= + + = 5 + 1.666 + 0.833 = 7.499
0.2 H 0.6 H 1.2 H
1
∴ L t == = 0.133 H
7.499
151
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:3 H)
m ) ] aO ~M , 3 H ` ) ;U
2 0.5 H -):) ) HD e , ¤ L
2j )D uC8
:II1
:j )D
1 1 1
= +
L t L1 L 2
1 1 1
= +
0.5 H L1 3 H
1
2= + 0.333
L1
1
= 2 − 0.333 = 1.667 H
L1
1
∴ L1 == = 0.599 H
1.667
152
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
96−2
95−2
7-A
>@@,.
2)
>
7#
97−2
7#
D9&
153
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
98−2
7#
-$
:¢
6".C 4H:) 9-) I"M
0
" hCZ
U 2 N 2 I1
= =
U1 N1 I 2
154
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
6".C ,>99−2< ;5 ¯{/ *} ;i ;I 48 )L 9HD w/ @ 9-)D
?@ 6".C ,M n
G0" F: [8 , I 9+ !FG
9HD ?@
_Q ;+& [8 ,9-)D C{/D !*#e :e hx u#C !0" 9H:e 9HD
v
1 u)
4HD F& , " )D / ¯{/D A- S v 0" aj )D
2>100−2< ;i ^e
100−2
99−2
>
j
DAM
7# 2)%
>
^ DA= l
155
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
103−2
;)3
7#
678
156
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
105−2
?
<= 7#
678
157
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:q 09 ?
<= '
,.B 7#
678 Q- 09
2>106−2< ;5 −! " ;U −1
"G 0"+ ] 4H:) " )D ;U −2
2 V1 = 220V e
V2 = ............... aj )D "G V −3
106−2
?
<= 7#
678
: G$ ' -M
V2 ?
<= ' <= "$ (
uAB `t 7#8
sc
158
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
@Zòîöbi‹èØÛa@pbèîÜí‹Ûa@ 6-2
@ZbèÜàÇ@c‡jßë@òîî bäÌßë‹èØÛa@HpbèîÜí‹ÛaI@pýy‹¾a@ 1-6-2
v
M e ` YH :& - M !0#M
Q _Q aIb& ,;8D ) :& a@ 0 l&{
1 F& ,;8D !IGD VS
h@ ze m V{/
107−2
#
2)% 2>107−2< ;5 F "
108−2
O#
159
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
;+& ,9
H)D !no ;i e -:e ;: ¯{/ ;8D "G& !0C
2T " `#e ;8D ;5 #& >109−2< ;5 , 30A _Q `):H& a@ 0
109−2
qP
v/9& %4
wT"a)
#
110−2
#
-$ /)
v "G
(DCV) v :C v "G Q J `)i ~M ;:& a@ ;8D ) _Q ;U "
v
0 " w 0 "
u& ,T¸ _Q ;8 -)3 " (P 0 "
& ,(ACV) v IIR
2;8D zS} ~M 9CSD
160
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
161
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
,C{/e 9S8 :_Q ):M
"# [8 M
/+ ,-)3 !"&"M w
9S8:)
2e RQ 9S8
Electromagnetic Relay :• ﻣﺮﺣﻼﺕ ﻛﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ
113−2
>'' ( )
:x)
`B yOa ) −
G0 ;i #& >114−2< ;5
2T " `#e ;8:)
114−2
x)
`B yOa )
162
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
116−2
>'' E/V z )
117−2
9 %= )
163
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
a@ h E I"M uC8 h E I"M [8 -/+ :J C{/ 9S8D w
:²d& w E ?@ Y
,;8D !IGD VS
I"M (@e ,;8D / &
(SPST)
A7.
D@M
( ) −
Single pole Single Throw
>"8 u < "8 w 0P & ;8D @
>118−2< ;5 !"8 VS
w 0@) "G&
118−2
2aI8
-:e ;:& ;8D @
AL
D@= )
(SPDT) h.A7.
D@M
( ) −
Single pole Double Throw
>"8 u < "8 w 0P & ;8D @
@ ;:& ,>119−2< ;5 VS)
2/ -:e ;8D
119−2
S.AL
D@= )
(DPST)
A7.
h/@M
( ) −
Double pole Single Throw
V-/ eH M 0P & ;8D @
2>120−2< ;5 ,!"8 VS
w 0P ;
120−2
AL h/@= )
164
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
,VS
w 0P ; , V-/ eH& M 0P & ;8D @
2>121−2< ;5
121−2
h.AL h/@= )
!0#M ;8D @ ,;8:) T " ueR IGD !no l&{ M 9S8D ?@ ;:
LED n, [M / l&{ M & ):M
"# !+ RQ ! I M
C{/ 9S8D IGD )D M v" ;:& a@ ,(Light Emitting Diode)
;8D 9CSD M v" (Photo electronic element) RQ p/M a
0$F
2Ro ;8:) G0 ;i T " ueR #& >122−2< ;5 ,¯{/
122−2
>{9 W;
| )
165
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
Zpýy‹¾a@ñ‹öa†@˜zÏ@ 2-6-2
@N˜zÐÛa@ñJèuc@âa‡ƒnMbi@pýy‹¾a@ñ‹öa†@˜zÏ ZåíŠànÛa@áa
:• ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ
2OS #&0" 9SC F −1
2;8D VS ´&0 yHJ −2
2;8D ;i ) yHJ −3
2;8:) &@ "G yHJ −4
123−2
166
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
124−2
v
(NC) #{
)D
/ yHJ −5
v #{ 8-D
/
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2>125−2< ;5
125−2
126−2
167
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
127−2
128−2
129−2
168
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
ñ‡yìÛa@áíìÔm
ð‹ÄäÛa@Šbjn‚üa@ZOüëc
169
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:9S8D VS
I"M −10
2
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2
$ −h
2
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2):M #{ uC8 )¦ −I
170
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:")
/B"#
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222222222222222222222 0+
1
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222222222222222222222 { _Q ;&W &0 # H5 ):M n/
Y& −
22222222222222 _Q 2222222222222 R J 9&0 #) J " !
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2n,) 222222222222222222222 I ,
D ]/+ −
v
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222222222222222222222 jD $ \ !"8 −
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P 4FD \H/ ()$ )D & −
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/Hi FT ~M jD !0" d jD $ zL −O
> < 2 X L F jZ )M-:) F&L −
> < 2&"&"8 48 z-) e ()$ M !0#M ;8D ) −
> < 2VS
4+- _Q ;8D ) M 0 w
aIb& −a
171
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#
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172
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
ïÜàÈÛa@Šbjn‚üa@ZObîãbq
@Nòîöbi‹è×@ñ‹öa†@À@òÐÜn¬@paŠbîni@pa‹è—ä¾a@Ýî–ìm ZÞëþa@‰bjnüa
173
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
@NïÛaìnÛa@óÜÇ@pbíŠbİjÛa@Ýî–ìm ZïãbrÛa@‰bjnüa
1.5V #+ −5
2on/off - −6
174
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
@NðŒaìnÛa@óÜÇ@pbíŠbİjÛa@Ýî–ìm ZsÛbrÛa@‰bjnüa
175
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
@NïÛaìnÛa@óÜÇ@pbßëbÔ¾a@Ýî–ìm ZÉiaŠÛa@‰bjnüa
2;U cS$
−4
20 " \ !FG
−5
2h0 −6
176
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
@NðŒaìnÛa@óÜÇ@pbßëbÔ¾a@Ýî–ìm Z ßb¨a@‰bjnüa
177
òîãbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
@N˜zÐÛa@ñJèuc@âa‡ƒnMbi@pýy‹¾a@ñ‹öa†@˜zÏ Z#…b%Ûa@‰bjnüa
178
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
ñ‡yìÛa
]íéŠé^ßÇÚæ†ãÓÖ
êñ^e†ãÓÖ]…^éjÖ]‚éÖçiцæ
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
ZÒa‡çþa •
ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ:
(1ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ.
ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ. 1-1
ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ. 2-1
(2ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ:
ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻩ. 1-2
ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﻩ. 2-2
179
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
181
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
; ,/ v cB 9" NH n,T ,+,2,PW" +#;C +,/ 9" +,2,PW" Dk _ # @
6b,PW G7 U5j
6b,PW m x2> m7 +5B +#;qC *Vh GHh t/ X 7 \; ;qC +5LB '5
d \2,PW" ),27 $#
:
!-!
CTA 51
6)- ]^ aYe b,PW" '5# :(electromagnet)
:(permanent magnet)
= 02T C,! $# ,X$2 +C! +,2,PW"
Cy +$- \2,PW" n,T
:
#
9
:(Magnetic stone)
−
62=> k 9 +5,1L _ 9h" # @ ,2 " a5,1L b,PW" (
:(Artificial Magnet)
−
d 2=> +$- D!-!k D2 D,F B b,PW (
,X9 ^ \h@ 51
6
4 ]W 9 +#P X " +,2,PW" CTq $# +$- \2,PW"
0 :23 0 7[ 6 +/!" 9" = 02T C,! $# +$- \2,PW"
d
b,PW" 1 X]k \2 _ ,)- b,PW" i!# a 9" )( # U
t/ !@ h 8; ,U , , t/ +#e" ;qC 8-1 i!# )-
, +,1 a( SH (Alnico) , ,X]w ^ )- b,PW" )3T _ ]1 ,C
, , +,1 a( (Alni) a , (Al , Ni , Cu , Fe) # @ pe ,
,=, ,, ,,= ,U t/ +#e" ;qC 8-1 n,T 6 (Al , Ni , Fe) # @
d
+#3 *K _ h ,SB 0 )-9 b,PW +/ _ ]w 666
w ck +,2,PW 9 AT q 6U, b[,h ,U,=] ,U, ,U,
6$2 9#9u _ 1 8-12 NH( `,C #1 U#[
d
6+C
" 4 02e r# +,/! \2,PW" ),27 $#
182
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
Q1−3O 4
%1−3$ !"#
&'(
:./ +,-
•
(Horseshoe Magnet)
Q2−3O 4
%2−3$ !"#
)* +,-
Q3−3O 4
%3−3$ !"#
01 2
183
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
184
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
6b,PW$
:53D E
FGHD
G;3 K, ,[ +C
" \2,PW" _ (S-S) ,(N-N) +,1L7 +vK" GLB n,T
6+,2,PW$ +,=w +, a( NH( Q7−3O 4 (S-N) +5" +,1L7 \; GLB
%7−3$ !"#
53D E
FGHD
8; # ,h k K4 Z T :1L7 Cy f 3= +,2,PW X9 X U5s ;
9 +#f _ 9h ,2,PW 1LB D ]1 b,PW / X1/ +,j X
+,1L7 Q,PW" KF 0LB X9/ D,/ .L#O KF _ ,PW" 0L7 V,$# 6
d Q#5O +,h +,2,PW
X KF 0L7 ,KF / nT1 0L7 GHI D= Y=
185
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
186
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
+7L" ( ,PW" 3" a5# H( ,:1" b,PW" L= <k D, ]F a +,2,PW"
6+,2,PW" [ G;3 cB v ,[ Y ,b,PW" +L,e"
'F $# ,[ a +7L" ( ,PW" 3"
,PW" 3" },% ,+,2,PW" c7
` 3" XB ,\(q i,{ _ b,PW"
'5 a b,PW" 'P G7 $#
%10−3$ !"#
K60 FGHL
6Q10−3O 4 ,+,2,PW" GLB
%11−3$ !"#
91 M9NO K60
d
]^ ,5B a[ ,}7[ r# $52 +$Y ¡Lk 0, +L ,PW" 3" / `5#
6,PW" 3" t/ q q Ak $# X9h
d
+[5$ .5 a +, \eL!" ),(C" ¢91" /7 ]w 8(
X4> I
:a( Z ,PW" 3" +,( x9 )[
187
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
t/ .[ QLO 5 ,Q!@O pC X T b,PW +¤,( t/ k ,PW
d
¡Lk +¤,( t/ ,PW" ,C PLk d +,5 +1,R 2C= *Vh )Y :,hhV :T
+,1
d +7
6Q12−3O 4 , /=
&'(
./ +,-
%12−3$ !"#
E
Q* R64S
d
_ w| 9 ,PW" 3" ¡Lk TA#
( aL5 a ,3" ¡Lk +L ¥C
6,PW 0LB t/ X7 ]vl N +L7= /
¡Lk +L ,PW" 3" 2 / `5#
£ s
3" = 4 Ak 9 e# +,Z
n,T ,b,PW" 4 = 02e ,PW"
%13−3$ !"#
,,PW" 0,r7 3" ah 2" w$#
E
&'0 E
5 R64S J
6Q13−3O 4
188
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
n51 .W 2 \; ¡Lk +L Q14−3O 4 !@ X T ,PW )# 8H
6Q15−3O 4 M 0L7 _ k ,KF 0L7
E
5 R64S VT
U E
5 R64S J
./ +,-
95 ,b,PW$ (N) KF 0L7 < a[ ,+7W +,Z ¡Lk a( 3" ¡Lk :+-W(
6KF
M 0L7 b,PW" k9 ]2 ,(S) M 0L7 / k [
189
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
%17−3$ !"#
%18−3$ !"# %S , N$ [ -# +6(
-YD E
5Z
}Wj XB 8; / z# ,+[w w 1! Q,PW" 3" ¡LkO ¦7 / −
d
[ X7 r# '5 ,Q19−3O 4 52" ( _ (Fp ) +,1=h (Pressure Force)
: \q3" +@ NH( _ 6QN , NO :mF :1LB : ? y ,(Repulsion Force)
d
'e n,T Q3" ¡Lk O 95 +7L$ '5 ,| +#2 X9r :1L7
6Q20−3O 4 ,51 r5 3 +#u ]2 ,+,KF GLB +h 3" ¡Lk
%19−3$ !"#
%20−3$ !"#
%N , N$ [ ^
_ +6(
2A 'L, ], L
,+,2,PW" \q3$ +u/ 9 +1 i!# 8H ,+,2,PW" > t/ v −
6QU,1O 8,A1 C pe # X9/
190
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
8$# Ak a ,X7 \]vl pK# N SH ,PW" 3" /$ _ −
.L ,3" *v +BL NH( H1 n,T ,Q+BLO WF :5 7 H t/ X 7
X! +,2,PW" `5 ,+=V \BP w| +,2,PW" \q3" # H( ,D,4A / +,=v
6QWF u3= t/ X 7O +BL 4 c T +/
V D V# ,,PW" .[ K4 0LB <¨ SH ,PW" 3" $2#
(vs) +,=v }C `# V $# Q21−3O 4 6(wb-weber) `# a( D T , (∅) S[
6(T-Tesla)
P-D ` ∅ – b" 5
R¨ (1wb) `# T X B )Y ,PW .[ +,eL2 +[w (1T) A2 T S2#
d
: S ,#9$/ d
BRk d
(1m 2 ) T d
5 d ( B +T2
R
1T = 1 wb = 1 vs
m2 m2
191
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
iLB +T2 _ (B) ,PW" .[ +[w G© (∅) ,PW" .[ +$,B t/ !@ $# n,T
: S (A) ,PW" 3"
∅ = B . A (wb)
∅ wb
B= 2 = T
A m
∅
A=
B
(m ) 2
:%1$ 5`
Dr,[ +[w , 5 (cm 2 ) D5L7 +T2 ,PW 0,r7 ,PW" .[ h
6 0.12 (T) ª1
!WWW/
:24O
A = 5 (cm 2 ) B = 0.12 (T)
:;614
∅ ( wb) = ?
:264c
(
Q ∅ = B . A wb = vs
m 2 . m2 )
∴ A = 5 (cm 2 ) = 5 . 10 −4 (m 2 )
: S
∅ = 0.12 vs . 5.10 −4 m 2 = 0.6 . 10 −4 ( vs)
m2
= 0.6 . 10 −4 ( wb)
192
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:%2$ 5`
wb
6,PW" D7[ 02T 61 2
,PW" Dr,[ +[w 25 (cm 2 ) D5L7 +T2
m
!WWW/
:24O
wb
B =1 2 A = 25 (cm 2 )
m
:;614
∅ =?
:264c
wb
Q ∅ = B . A 2 . m2
m
∴ A = 25 (cm 2 ) = 25 . 10 −4 (m 2 )
: S
wb
∅ = 1 2 . 25.10 − 4 (m 2 ) = 25.10 − 4 ( wb)
m
193
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
+,,A a5 ,, .L (µ ) +7L" #;C= +,2,PW" , Ak X9" = 9 e#
:a( X9K +7L" +#;C S ,;C=> +,B
µ = µo µr
: n,T
:a( D$,B Q (H / m) R¬S( a( D T ,PW" Uw '5# ¥C +7L" +#;C − µ a
µ o = 4 π .10 −7 (H / m)
:a( * ¥C D$,B X9" } a12 ;C 5 − µ r
µr =1
d
5$ r# '5# 8H ,X T +!k +#9 / +$,B S2# ck
X9 ¨ D
a 6ck
X9 ¨ [¦ 3 ,PW _ +C
" 9" ij / 6+#;C
3" k9 X9h" X9K (B) ,PW" .[ +[w : +12 t/ .L# , +=7" $=
R[ t/ (µ r ) +,12 +#;C ) * ¥C _ (B o ) ,PW" .[ +[w ,PW"
: S ,X F +#2 \q
B
µr =
Bo
+=7" p,7 t/ 8H !e= =g[ , (µ r = 1) * +,2,PW" +" =9 T ; p H( t/
r[
; ,PW" 3" X 4 / ,PW" 3$ X9" , (µ r = 500) a5 8; t/
+h9 t/ ,PW" .[ +[w t/ $5 a[ +v U2, ;qC (µ r ) +$,B 6X +-K2 *
(µ r = 1) $,B ! X@ +h9 C ;qC (µ r ) C
; ah }Wr t/ X@
X@ +h9 / ;qC n,T , (770 o C) / ;qC S +L7= i7 n,T S +L7= / T
d
:1" (µ r ) a12 ;C 5 +$,B 02T +C
" 9" UC 7[ $/ 6,PW ]^ 1!# NH(
6+,2,- \/$ ?Av _ Q1−3O h _
194
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
%1−3$ 5,-B
µ r 9( &
6 dL
µ r < 1 eIII µ r ≥ 1 eII µ r >>> 1 eI 3L
E4
7 E4
J E4
,F f14
0.99984 \V 1.00000037 *( 800 (2…4%C) (u # T
0.999970 .1-u 1.00002 , 4000 Q0.1% BO ;q[
0.999975 +r[ 1.00026 :A 8000 t/ S% \qk <
+
0.999984 1.00027 ,
0.999990 pe= 1.0026 ;q[ 100000 (Mumetal) ,,
0.999991 * 1.15 ;q[ 300000 (Permalloy) S
+,2,- \/$ ?Av _ UC ,PW" , ,B n,T 9" M TA#
:# K
:
,F 6
Ferromagnetic Materials
+,,A ,$2 U74 n,T
\o B 6 # T a5 QFerrum ][O
d
5,{ +B , U ;qC G3
+k +C! +,2,PW$ ;qC +7 ,+LW$
d X]1 +,2,PW" D, a5# H( 6+,¤j
6 h
%24−3$ !"# a12 (;C= 5 +/$3" NH( _ 9" i,$3[
,F 6 XB 99V ,[ , µ r >>> 1 T ]w `
w −Q24−3O 4− ,PW" 3" 2 +[w
d
+7 ; $/ a( ,, U ;qC
6X]W +,2,PW
195
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:
J 6
Parramagnetic Materials
a12 ;C 5 ,[ # a 9" a(
d
f TA# , T S2# A,B ` µ r ≥ 0
7[ ,PW" ,C i$ V t/ v
7 S ,Ak " / D[w
,1 t/ * , w X]1 +,2,PW"
%25−3$ !"#
d $/ ,w"
D14 +/$3" NH( _ 9" `5
J 6
d
6Q25−3O 4 ,,2,PW +
®
:
7 6
Diamagnetic Materials
n,T +¤#9 +,2,PW" , 9 a(
H( , T B µ r < 1 a12 ;C 5
d +,/ +,2,PW" 7 :1#
8; TA# , h
D1 ,PW" 3" 5j G
Ak
7 6 t/ 0(H ,+rC ,pe ,\V1 ,:h ,
6w" ,1
+u5 9" +/$ a( X T +/$ $j (III) +/$3" (II) +/$3" 9 ! / F
9" a( ( T `5 (I) +/$3" ,+,2,PW ]^ 9 `5 f S ,,PW" , +¤#9
6Q+,2,PW ]^ +,2,PWO :/$ $j 9" ! p H( t/ +,2,PW"
196
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
%27−3$ !"#
1g63 hYU
197
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
: D ii< -60 , * 5TS j kJ j"97 ^l m,
7 #V V" X e +$Y -9 +¤,( t/ " T ,PW" 3" 2 4
6Q28−3O 4 ," _ , N ( 9 $# ,, !7= X9#V [w
%28−3$ !"#
" JD E
5 (T
B 1! (B) .[ +[w a5# H( ,< e= X /1 V" X e - : \[2" X9#u
d
/ i
(B) +$,B 7 ; +[2" i i ,2/ 0 f S ," / ( 5 9u K
6+[2" +C/r
+BA5 −Q29−3O 4− , X F 9 ys (Magnetic intensity) (H) ,PW" 3" X 4 +$,B
6!7 X9#V +#9P
%29−3$ !"#
" JD E
5 +-# (T
198
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
5[ ," T " ,PW" 3" N Ak 9 e# " _ a- , N
D3,[ , GR7# / ,+/2 G7/ i 3" N # "
®
k9 S ⊕ / , 51#
,+/2 G7/ 9 b/ ,PW" 3" N , "
® <k S =e=
6Q30−3O 4
%30−3$ !"#
" JD >: E
5 >: (T
%31−3$ !"#
%32−3$ !"# 97a +-(
nop +-(
199
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
%33−3$ !"#
d1 .6"D E
5 >: -7-=
.L# )- b,PW$ ,PW" 3" DF# , D " $ ,PW" 3" TA# n,T
:n,T D5
6QS , NO GLB
6,PW" 3" ¡Lk \2
:a( Z ,X # / #V$ )- b,PW" / V,$# a- b,PW"[ 8; )^
6]w t/ N F DLW $#
6" , ]W ∅ ,PW" .[ +$,B ]W
200
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
,PW" 3$ P 4 8; o# ,Q34−3O 4 G; cB K, lF , e q
6:$ Q35−3O 4 P 4 w" ,:" T e"
%35−3$ !"#
%34−3$ !"#
q6
-#
;: K6(
,:" : [ cB *F=
8; S9, Q36−3O 4 :C :( _ , +T _
6Q37−3O 4 \A$ 52 }Wj 8H ,,PW" 3$ +,1=h }Wj cB 8; o#
T +,[ += $2" , , \/ # 0I +,$5 \7,1L _ D=g[ p H( t/
6+,,# c7 +7 i,L2
6+,- X- _
201
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
6 120 (mA ) X B , D,[ $# 2500 DC 9 / " .[ +, +$,B h :5`
!WWW/
N = 2500 I = 120 (mA ) :24O
θ =? :;614
:264c
I = 120 mA = 120 . 10 −3 A
= 0.12 A
θ=I N
θ = 0.12 . 2500
= 300 A
6 300A N 7 , D,[ $# ,X T +C S; " .[ +, +$,B o +$,7 NH(
202
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:5`
D,[ }" ,PW" 3" }k P ,3000 DC 9 / " ,PW" 3" X 4 02T
6 50 (mA ) D 4 , D,[ $# ,15 (cm)
!WWW/
:24O
I = 50 (mA) L m = 15 (cm) N = 3000
:;614
H =?
:264c
I = 50 . 10 −3 (A ) = 0.05 (A )
L m = 15 . 10 −2 (m) = 0.15 (m)
N I 0.05 . 3000 A
QH= = = 1000
Lm 0.15 m
∅ wb
B= 2
A m
A
B=µH
m
203
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:5`
A
n,T 180 ,PW" D X 4 ª1 a-( 0B S; " ,PW" .[ +[w 02T
m
Vs
6 1.25 . 10 −6 a( ¥C +#;C=
Am
!WWW/
:24O
A Vs
H = 180 µ o = 1.25 . 10 − 6
m Am
:;614
B =?
:264c
Q B = µ H = µo µr H
Vs A
∴ B = µ o H = 1.25 . 10 −6 . 180
Am m
Vs wb
B = 2.05 . 10 − 4 2 = 2 = T
m m
204
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
8#y cB v +,C, bC 6Q40−3O 4 :3" 95 +,T= " i[ (F) +,,=,
k9 j (L) ( (m) R" DP (N) DC 9 / _P t/ (F2 ، F1 ) +,,=,
8#e cB ? e[ ,Q41−3O 4 9 t/ +@ T " # n,e )Y ,PW
6" 9 D/ z# \A/C NH(
%40−3$ !"#
JL !9v w1i t "U" !O +6(
%41−3$ !"# ND E
5Z ?
r"LJ J6s t u6_6 JD1 !/ d1 .J,
ND E
5Z !S
d
X T +,2,PW [ X7 r# '5 a (F) +,,=," ]vl XB p7
d 8H $,B 02y QN-newten ,O
:+, +BA5 7[
F = B I L ( N)
: n,T
wb
6 2
,PW" ,C +[w −B
m
6(A) " " , X 4 −I
6(m) $ 5C L −L
d
_ ij ; Q9 d
O e a- , @ +@ T Q"O " # H(
6+,- \e" ,WF +, +#Y 1" ( ,)Y ,PW
205
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:+7x !
$% QO " +e" (F) X7 ]vl X9#u 3= F = B I L +, +BA5
Y
d
X9#u ,(B) ,C +[w X9#V d
)Y ,PW k9 Q O +@ T # n,e ,
d
6X7 NH( +$,B t/ v 5,{ a( (L) 5C L X9#u 8H (I) , X 4
:>:A !
3= F = B I L +, +BA5 (F) 9 N \; +,$ a( (F) +@ XB n,T
+95" _ ck \,$ ?Aw N b, }7[ 7" X9 +,$ ( (L) 5C L
Q42−3O 4 +vAw +, \3" } +BA/ x( TA# 6+3 \,$ a[ B , I , F
z$[ X /7 '5 a +,- \e$ z$[ X /7 +vAw \3" : }R +[5 $#
6Q43−3O 4 ,c«, ,
206
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:5`
d
k9 /j 25 (A ) , D,[ $# 40 (cm) DP t/ Xv" [ XB 02T
:;614
F =?
:264c
207
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:5`
( s ) +$Y +/« xe# 10 (cm) 5C DP _ n@ " M 7
10 cm
6A2 T +[w ; D7[ ,PW k9
!WWW/
:24O
L = 10 (cm) ( )
υ = 10 cm s B = 1 (T)
:;614
Uo = ?
:264c
2) υ = 10 . 10 −2 m( s ) = 0.1(m s )
3) U o = B L υ = 1 . 0.1 . 0.1 = 0.01 ( v)
208
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
%46−3$ !"#
2- 691 +-(
%45−3$ !"#
%M9 -1 z91 +-($
- 6D JD >: -7-=
Q* R64S Vl} ~Y 4 M9 - . tW %zW91* MW9 -W1 $ 2- 6W +-W( WL
O7 8g< >: . 5, %d1$ !g6 [ 3 / >: { nop F|7, ,- J %-ODL$
e- 6D %JD $ -@ >:
d
6Q47−3O 4 ,ck +,C, \ " X /B .,7y $# r#
– m>O ?Aw $, , i 5 : t/ a
3" N .7e Ak $# QL – +12
D, ]F# a +@ N ,+12 D, ]F a ,PW"
d
k9 xe" " " " , N Ke[ ,m>
%47−3$ !"#
d s , 3"
6L i1 D, F
2- 6$ M9 -1 z91 +-(
:N t/ B# " , M e . m . f N 1/q Hk 0I
6)Y" ,PW" 3" .[ −
63$ +12 Q"O " +T −
209
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
210
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
+,$/ _ +
2" +BL 9! \ " = 02e 99R" , , P ,! $# p
:Z :,2,- :/$
<=>
:{ J,- 0L, :%Alternators 26$ ;,D JD 2- 6 •
, DL )# T t/ +" + Sy n,T :(Single phase) J6W4 W7
d
+1 X]W 9h \ B \; \" NH( 1^ ,Q48−3O 4 +#9T h +h
U[ 220 ( h ,\, Q5÷1O :
B R ; },21 $5 V"
A
6:2 i#u Y=
%48−3$ !"#
7 6 -B kB6
211
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
P V# 82" avAw Y } P " 99R" , 7= h
,+,= J[ U qV= \7T U xA +2 Y=
® s /$ _ a( ,qV= 7T
220 ( v) P h n,T L +#9T Q\ O +$Y= +vAv ¹[ +,$5 +,T a[
+[5 a[ +,71" xA +vAw ,N 95 82 i 82 '5# −Q53−3O 4−
:# K \, 9M 02y , L 1 , L 2 , L 3 ¡L xAl
%52−3$ !"#
`1` − ∆ − ^J
%53−3$ !"#
U L = U ph
`1` − Y − ^J
I L = 3 I ph
I L = I ph
6L , h − I ph , U ph : n,T
U L = 3 U ph
6} , h − I L , U L
³
} _ U L = U ph = 220 v aww" } _ L h i 2 } h TA#
s
Q95O 9,@ 82 : # L h :T _ ,U[ U L = 380 ( } h a$3
d ]1 F D5 Y H( F= +,= H( U ph = 380 v ( }k S
n,T , h
6ck
2 } h X*j
2# L h
212
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:" (4 J •
T 99R" ,, Y +BL , i#u 7= + +,- +BL t/ 0L X9#V dY=
$# p H( t/ ,+,- +BP
% DT +,5,1L 9" ,C2# 2=>
:
+T" \,=> +BL 9! 02e 99R" , , 0, P )( ,!
- \ºF i,{ X9 3" 9!" )r :(Renewable energy) +-DW W(4 JW
:
5,1L ! 9 3 hRA +7 +BL \; ,
6\A7 .#P / (Solar energy) +,2$F +BL −
6(Wind energy) # +BP −
6(Geothermal energy) +,[h +BP −
6(Tidal energy) VM " +BP −
6(Water energy) +,- +BP −
Cs a 9!" i,{ $F :(Non Renewable energy) +-DW FW W(4 JW
d
:
\Le" = 02e ! 5,{ a( ,82
s
6+#
, \L −
6+#u^ , \L −
6V# \L −
6+#= , \L −
, \ w $2 , , 9! 99R" , , )# n,T :9D W JWL JW
b/ \AB $2 +#T #y -
.#P / (]^ \#L1 $2"
6+ ^ \q!q _ / F
2 ,(Converters)
213
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:%1$ 5`
d " M 99 G2T GL" 6X9 1500 +7,B _ # 99R ,
; " l K/
6+,2,PW GLB +5
!WWW/
:24O
n = 1500 (R.P.M) p=2
:;614
f =?
:264c
n p 1500 . 2
Qf = = = 50 (Hz)
60 60
214
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:%2$ 5`
6 50 (Hz) Dhk 99 8 DLB 9 / 9 +/° h
!WWW/
:24O
p=4 f = 50 (Hz)
:;614
n =?
:264c
60 f 60 . 50
Q n= = = 750 (P.R.M)
p 4
:%3$ 5`
D=9 +/° 50 (Hz) 99 ; Dhk h 99R , " GLB <u 9 / 02T
6+7,B X9 3000
!WWW/
:24O
f = 50 (Hz) n = 3000 (R.P.M )
:;614
p =?
:264c
60 f 60 . 50
p= = =1
n 3000
215
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
%54−3$ !"#
l -@ MY 3@ B6
%55−3$ !"#
l JD MY 3@ B6
216
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
d
+12 Q,O M m ]W# a +,- +#V / X1/ a( ,SV 99R =,T (ω) '5
6V
d 2π
ω=
t
=
t
[radian sec ond] : S
_ X9 _ $# SH $2" , 8; +$,B :fl (I) 99R" , +5C +$,7 '5s : O* 90 −
V# 6V bC X bC= _ $# K,T 99R" , 3# a X@ +,$ bC= z, :5 u
d
i" } Hh r# +5C +$,7 $2 ,XV,¶ +A/ 9 ]1 V +5C +$,7 X9/
6X¯1 , 3 +#95 p,7 XVh ,1 a a( +5C +$,7 −Q56−3O 4−
%56−3$ !"#
JD1 *1D 0
Im
I= = 0.707 I m (A)
2
Um
U= = 0.707 U m (V)
2
217
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
a +eF bC= X9 S _ 7# SH (I) $2" , a( :(Average value) 4Wi6D 9W0 −
:+, \BA5 99R" M 99R" , +L" +$,7 02y (i) 99R" , 7#
2 Im
I av = = 0.637 I m (A)
π
2 Um
U av = = 0.637 U m (V)
π
F 5$ +L" +$,7 +5C +$,7 : +12 '5 :(Form Factor) !"|W !WO −
:# K 02y , 3 , +#2 a( ,+r +#9 / F 5 +$,B (K f )
I 0.707 I m
Kf = = = 1.11
I av 0.637 I m
U 0.707 U m
Kf = = = 1.11
U av 0.637 U m
6b5 ( U av ) (I av ) ),B U$/ ; ( U) (I) :,5 (K f ) .#P / $# n,T
+$,7 : +12 :D=l (K a ) +$7 5 '5#s :(Peak "amplitude" Factor) W90 !WO −
\ T +#9 / +$7 5 +$,B , ( U) (I) +5C +$,7 , ( U m ) (I m ) $Y5
:# K 02y
Im
Ka = = 1.414
I
Um
Ka = = 1.414
U
:#
I m = 1.414 I (A)
U m = 1.414 U (V)
p,7 XVhl[ , 3 Q'h, O +HH ) .#P / }7[ $Y5 ),7 p7 :NT
3 $Y5 ),7 ,+5C ),7 }7[ +!! f Q,BO f, i,L2 q +#95
d +,Z \;
6\C" V/ 1k / Aw
218
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:%4$ 5`
:
2 +7 _ 10 (A) $Y5 D$,B ª1 , c° ; R]1 ,1# a +5C +$,7 a(
?XT
8H e a +5C X 7 7 ,10 (Ω) $,B
!WWW/
:24O
I m = 10 (A ) R = 10 (Ω)
:;614
Io = ? , Po = ?
:264c
1) Q I = 0.707 I m
∴ I = 0.707 . 10 = 7.07 (A)
2) Q P = I 2 . R
∴ P = (7.07) 2 . 10 = 500 ( w )
:%5$ 5`
?U[ 660 5C N h 99R , V/ D$e# 0I SH ·B M (
!WWW/
:24O
U = 660 ( v)
:;614
Umo = ?
:264c
U 660
Q Um = = = 935 ( v)
0.707 0.707
219
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
%57−3$ !"#
%59−3$ !"#
R ]6D= +J
JD , -@ 2D %58−3$ !"#
JD , -@ MY
, +h 7 M +h g[ ,Q60−3O 4 (X L ) +,r#e D7 t/ Sy X9 −
5C ),7 +,1" \3" 8H Q61−3O 4 , M \,e D,1 K (+90 o ) +#V
+#V +/« D,1 K ,+/2 G7/ b/ # N n,T ,Q62−3O 4 , 3
6\3" t/ (ω)
%60−3$ !"#
%62−3$ !"# %61−3$ !"#
XL ]6D= +J
JD , -@ 2D JD , -@ MY
220
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
U
IL = :+BA5 U , I , XL ),B 02y
XL
X L = ω L = 2 π f L (Ω)
, b5 (X L ) +,r#e +7" TA# (H) S p7# ´H n@ 5 −L
d
6Q63−3O 4 (f ) 99R (L) ´H n@ 5 i #9P 0
%63−3$ !"#
~/ !O, l XL (T
99R , 1, ! , (X c ) +#52 D5=¶ (C) D5 }7[ w t/ Sy X9 −
\h \,e D,1 K (−90 o ) +#V , +h / kl M +h g[ ,Q64−3O 4
N 1/ t/ Q66−3O 4 , M \3 , 8H Q65−3O 4 , M
6\3" t/ (ω) +#V +/« N D,1 K +/2 G7/ b/
U U
Ic = = = Uωc
Xc 1
ωc
221
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
1 1
69[," X9/ p7 ,w" +5 a( – C , X c = = (Ω) : n,T
ωc 2 πfc
I I
C= (µ F) , ∴ C= (µ F)
Xcω Uω
:%6$ 5`
+$,7 02T 6 220 ( v) +5C D$,B 50 (Hz) N99 3 55 (Ω) $,B +5[ +7 !
d
r# 02T 6+7" 'P t/ 3 $Y5 +$,7 8H ,+7" _ " , $Y5 +5C
6+2" X 7
!WWW/
:24O
R = 55 (Ω) U = 220 ( v) f = 50 (Hz)
:;614
Io = ? , I m o = ? , U m o = ? , Po = ?
:264c
U 220
1) Q I = = = 4 (A)
R 55
2) Q I m = 1.41 I = 1.41 . 4 = 5.64 (A)
4) Q P = U . I = 220 . 4 = 880 ( w )
222
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:+J-0 ~1`
+,w@ \A/C" 112 a +#L +Tu> +3,= X 7 \1 ?Av h 99R" , \9 _
:\BA5 Q68−3O 4 X 7 nw \1" NH( G2T $# ,+#52
P S=U . I
cos ϕ =
S
P = U . Ia
Q
sin ϕ = Q = U . Ir
S
%68−3$ !"#
+J-0 ~1`
: n,T
6 M , −U , I
65C 9 5C , −Ir , Ia
6 (KVA) (VA) X T p7 +#(Y X 7 a( −S
6 (KVAR ) (VAR ) X T p7 +,5[ 9 X 7 a( −Q
6 (Kw ) ( w ) X T p7 +5C X 7 a( −P
6+#L +Tu> +#u a( − ϕ
: n,T
6} h , Z −U , I
6X 7 5 cos ϕ
6?^w,[ nw .,1L \, 9M \7" \ww ) $# w"
223
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:%7$ 5`
02T , U = 220 ( v) , I = 15 (A) , cos ϕ = 0.8 99R" , $5# x +T t/ 9
®½
6 η = 0.85 xe$ +#C 5 +$,B U= ; P2 < X B 8H +#(Y X 7 +5C X 7
!WWW/
:24O
U = 220 ( v) I = 15 (A) cos ϕ = 0.8 η = 0.85
:;614
Po = ? , P2 o = ? , S o = ?
:264c
1) Q P = U I . cos ϕ = 220 . 15 . 0.8 = 2.64 (Kw )
2) Q P2 = P . η = 2.64 . 0.85 = 2.24 (Kw )
3) Q S = U . I = 220 . 15 = 3.3 (KVA)
:%8$ 5`
d 0e2# ,10 (Ω) +, D7 " 5C , X 7 5 ª1# )
/ 5 (A) D 4 ,
6 220 ( v) 3 D,
!WWW/
:24O
R = 10 (Ω) I = 5 (A) U = 220 ( v)
:;614
cos ϕ o = ? , Ia o = ?
:264c
1) Q P = I 2 . R = 5 2 . 10 = 250 ( w )
2) Q S = U . I = 250 . 5 = 1100 (VA)
P 250
3) Q cos ϕ = = = 0.227
S 110v
4) Q I a = I . cos ϕ = 5 . 0.227 = 1.13 (A)
224
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
%69−3$ !"#
jx 8 (DC) JD (T
225
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
Xc = ∞
1
G=0=
2 πfX c
π = RC = 0
1
f = = +[5 ]^ +,$
0
$2" , '5 ]^ 99R
93$1[ (X c = ∞) +#52 D5=¶ 8H ,+,u +Y@ S _ ]W# q T N _ S«# −
6+,- X _ , #° B# (C) X9 e" +52 w" e4
: n,T
1 Q
Xc = (Ω ) C= (F)
2πfc U
+,- +,$ eF# w" (C) +,- +52 9C '5# – F (Farad) +52 X T
6U[ Q1O h T 1
02 0L7
(+ . positive pole) 0h" 0L7 +,- X- _ ah N2 −
d
Qi1"O !" : :P : $j (→) )2 N i TAL (- . Negativ pole)
6(Load) $@
d PW dq # −
N 9 % :" T V" X e -9 +¤,( t/ Nq X F Uv ,2,
6\A" $j , N X F
4 3" -9
6N , 9! \ B 3T 7 +,C +#]1 X9 ),7 # −
d
D51# b5 X9 $Y/ +$,B
Q0O C ![ X CB +Y@ _ ,-3[ ]W# −
+,wT +,- pB X¯ z# ,\A" T ,PW" 3$ i#° a-3[ ]W
E@ N1=q 1 +#B 0L# 2=> XVh t/ $Y5 _ X]Lk
6# # F
226
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:JL * 9D JD
: ¨ −
6Q´H n@O +,r#e \v"
6Q+#52 +/C"O +5"
:_
2# −
6_j V/
+h@ 9 +,/ 93 7 +$Y=
6+,e \A" B +,$ +,/ \ 7 7 +$Y=
d
6° F L/ !C Q70−3O 4 ,=R +#K@ )e +$Y=
6Lk +A2 +#K@ ][ Kr #9," ^ i,{
\, 93 \ ,75 9 «# +2 +,,[R +,1L +,$5 \q3"
_ Q71−3O 4
q 9 T $r# K ¯1" !q / +V5
6+BA5 \; +,¤,1 \v" 5 'Y
%71−3$ !"#
%70−3$ !"#
*1D 2A ? 9D JD n-Di
9D JD n-Di
7C/, "YD 9NU ?
227
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
%73−3$ !"#
zD JD -6L
%72−3$ !"#
9D JL - 6D B,x +-,
228
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
%74−3$ !"#
9D JL - 6 ii< xB<
229
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:Z :, :$2B
+,2,PW" mLB +#HW n,T $2" , \ !
:1* 7m
D 9D JL 2- 6 •
/ !C ahk ! $2" , mLB +#HW )# a Q75−3O 4 \ " a(
d
*r/ X9h" ,T *r/ .#P / Hk,[s z" M , ,Aw \#L1 \ "
H(
2# ,ah $@ " }] +,h xA }" \KeC +L X-
6+$,7 Uv Q hO , ,
+h@ / \ "
%75−3$ !"#
1* 7m
D DC - 6
230
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
%77−3$ !"#
DC JD 9 J-
:6_ J-
$2" , +,- +BP
−a-r v − +,2$F +BL #y )# 9!" H( _
X¯1 a ,Q78−3O 4 (Photo voltaic cell) +,-j UC #A .#P /
6+,-,$, Vk \#L .#P /
%78−3$ !"#
6_ -B 7TS
231
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
%81−3$ !"#
9D JL %80−3$ !"# %79−3$ !"#
GTG l JL B6 GTG l JL - 6
:n, .6U(
(U) M X9#u +12= bC +, \7$ +$ +,- X9 _ (I) , X9#u : t/ #
: n,T (R) +7" C
=
U
I= (A)
R
U
U = R I ( v) R= (Ω)
I
232
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:+J-0
:+BA5 $2" , \9 _ X 7 02y
P=U I (w)
: n,T Q,O M i i =B 02T \7" _ Q+2"O X97C" X 7 0
U2
P= (w) P = I2 R (w)
R
:" !
|
S ( t ) ,WF u (P) X 7 X9#u i 0# 7 ( W ) 82" a- WF 99V#
:
:%1$ 5`
X9h 02T , 2.2 (Kw ) D B D% a,=, x
<% 2 (Kw ) D B a-
6a- "
!WWW/
:24O
P1 = 2.2 (Kw ) P2 = 2 (Kw )
:;614
η=?
:264c
P2
1) Q η = %
P1
2
∴η= = 0.91 = 91 %
2.2
233
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
,+,,=, ,BC +¤,( t/ X +,- + k9 X 7 _ 7[ ( (P1 − P2 ) : C :NT
6+,e= ,BC ,+#T ,BC
:%2$ 5`
d ,1800 ( w ) ( 7 $2 , ! +,- X B Hkl# $2 , x
H( X B l K/
, x X9h 02T[ , 746 ( w ) S2 a,=," !@ X B (Hp) U= ;g[ 2 (Hp) xe"
6$2"
!WWW/
:24O
P1 = 1800 ( w ) P2 = 2 (Hp) 1Hp = 746 ( w )
:;614
η=?
:264c
1) P2 = 2 . 746 = 1492 ( w )
P2
2) Q η = %
P1
1492
∴η= = 0.84 = 84 %
1800
234
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:%3$ 5`
¾
½ s
02T ,10 (A) / 110 ( v) :+, \5" +,- Xl[ $ + \C" +T t/ 0
a- i1$ lL , / Xl[ " + X 7 , 8H 02T ,7 Xl[ " X B
6 220 ( v)
!WWW/
:24O
I = 10 (A ) U = 110 ( v) U = 220 ( v)
:;614
:264c
:,e! , :dq •
U 220
1) Q I = = = 20 (A)
R 11
2) Q Pn 2 = U I = 220 . 20 = 4400 ( w ) = 4.4 (Kw )
Pn 2 4.4
= =4
Pn1 1.1
,: ` , 8H ,X9#V '5j Q4O a( :@ _ +2" X 7 : +12 n,T
d
, X9#u +# iPB \!$ +,$ µ ; ,Xl[ " xA Re KT
0I +,- XVh \q¿ +,$q +T t/ += " ),7 ,(Overload) -V $@
6T T Sl ,WF / (u /
/
235
òrÛbrÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:h6#F [U6(
\]W G2T _ :( :==B Q1824 −1887O '4] \ 'h ²" µ5 ij
8H +1" \ +¤[" +7" 9I _ ==7
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: S
I1 − I 2 − I 3 − I 4 + I 5 = 0
I 1 + I 5 − (I 2 + I 3 + I 4 ) = 0
:X 75 bC= +h \, $ S2 X 7/ _ +k \, $
I1 + I 5 = I 2 + I 3 + I 4
∑I=0
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236
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:%4$ 5`
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I ao = I da − I ab = 7 − 6 = 1 (A)
I bc = I ab + I ob = 6 + 2 = 8 (A )
I oc = I ao + I do − I ob = 1 + 4 − 2 = 3 (A)
I cd = I oc − I bc = 3 + 8 = 11 (A )
I cd = I do − I da = 4 + 7 = 11 (A)
237
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:h6#F" ` .6U0 •
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: S
∑E + ∑IR = 0
: n,T
6+,- +5[ c7 S`M $3" − ∑ E
6\7" t/ 9M ¡1 S`M $3" − ∑ I R
238
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%84−3$ !"#
6@ R63, O- K60 .6U( P34L
1) − I1 R 1 − E 2 − I 2 R 2 − I 3 R 3 + I 4 R 4 + E 1 = 0
2) − E 1 − I 4 R 4 + I 3 R 3 + I 2 R 2 + E 2 + I1 R 1 = 0
" , N t/ B q +#L1 (e.m.f E) +,- +5[ X7 X4 :95" TA#
s
q C _ " , N t/ B X _ +7 S t/ M _ ¡1 X4 g[ ,b5 ,,[
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239
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: 10 (Ω) +7" " ,
I 3 = I1 + I 2 (1)
− 10 I 3 + 20 − 5 I 2 = 0
: 3= 5 t/ +$27
− 2 I3 + 4 − I2 = 0
∴ I 2 = −2 I 3 + 4 (2)
5 I 1 − 10 + 10 I 3 = 0
: 3= 5 t/ +$27
I1 − 2 + 2 I 3 = 0
∴ I 1 = −2 I 3 + 2 (3)
240
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∴ I 3 = −2 I 3 + 2 − 2 I 3 + 4
6
∴ 5 I3 = 6 ⇒ I3 = = 1.2 (A )
5
I 2 = −2 . 1.2 + 4 = 1.6 (A)
I 1 = −2 . 1.2 + 2 = 0.4 (A )
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241
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I 3 = I1 + I 2 (1)
I 3 − 2 − 3 − 4 I1 = 0 ⇒ I 3 = 5 − 4 I1 (2)
− 6 I 2 + 3 − I3 + 2 = 0 ⇒ I3 = 5 − 6 I 2 (3)
2
5 − 6 I 2 = 5 − 4 I 2 ⇒ I 2 = I1 (4)
3
:Q1O , Q4O
2
I 3 = I1 + I1 ⇒ I 3 = 1.6 I1 (5)
3
242
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:Q2O , Q5O
1.6 I1 = 5 − 4 I1 ⇒ 5.6 I1 = 5
5
∴ I1 = = 0.89 (A )
5.6
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I 3 = 5 − 4 . 0.89 = 1.44 (A )
d
:Q4O _ I 1 / #5 r#
2
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3
:( 6 (Ω) +7" t/ M ¡1( #
∴ U = 0.59 . 6 = 3.54 ( v)
243
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ñ‡yìÛa@áíìÔm
244
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min −1 −7
wb −8
246
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275
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277
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W,0 7)5 ,,7s
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279
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55−4
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77
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285
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7? 7G 7h :W7 $7' -
N") $' (I D ) ,
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7
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294
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Cn _ C B `72−4] : n
Zi /
,7s k,7s
: @9 C
:X
`C1] O 77 _77' C77nD :077 -
77 ,c77 77,
q$77 +"77
5
C677 C77n²
Vc775 Z770
TZ0
>}= B
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77
Z77i /77
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72−4 TB<
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JFET
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5
TJ5 C_ CnD
TC
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T)_' J Cn "0I ,5 C
: ' CB' `R1] 5 -
T°15 ,s6
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295
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:MOSFET ﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ* ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﻟﺘﺮﺍﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍ
Enhancement type :RHQHA
15
•
= X<,
Bc > ,B? ªsI BH5 B
s C$7 MOSFET ,7s 7B `73−4] : 7n
=c @$ 5 ,Lf5 qB$ r5 ,`+n]
' X< Bc$ >,B
s >,X<G ? @$ Y$
^' G B< V<c
< ªs1 BH * ,X<
) q%5 X T45 XB G
^X
B<
<5 Lf5 qB$ >,X >,
5 :
, (Sio 2 ) > c7
c79I 7 7
TB? C$ ,s6
") 0¥ S ?5 TB
:X k,
B< C$
;=
73−4
RHQHA
15
MOSFET AEH
: R9
38:
/
,7s6
U^7 `74−4] : 7n 7B
T+X,
S$
X c791 Z7i
77X c779I ,77s Z51 77
: 7
7
: 7 @$7 ,B
7s C$7G e U^7X
74−4 TB? C$G e U^X X c9I ,s
RHQHA
15
MOSFET AEH
-$
296
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(
H5AEL
15
MOSFET AEH
: R9
38:
76−4
(
H5AEL
15
MOSFET AEH
-$
297
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:N 5G
' The Enhancement RHQHA
15
•
> ,5 , (VGS ) B
&' ,
= ? a $' S$
") *
' Lf5 qB7$ 7 75 >7
ªs1 BH d
5 e}= ,`I −77−4] : nTc91 BH @$ ZX 7,
C$7
5 B7
7 X7s
U
+A
^X
B<
ZM0 ~9 Uap
, ,B
&' B? 7,
= dB7H5 ,7s6
°
7
U
456
D ' C^ R
e b,$5 ,B
&' ,
Y
G q H 87s$, B
7s 4$F7n
7
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7
T,
^X B
&' B? ,
Y
>1 +X,
S$
") .s
G >}= T` −77−4] :
* B ) @9 . (VGS ) qB$5 Lf ? ;7= y7B< $7' Q7I +I
4B $'5T/
,
C$
G &'5 (VGS ) h G &' ,X /
,
C$
ZM0 7 (I D ) 7,
,
G c- .$X )5 ,B
7? 7G 7 7 (I D ) 7,
7G >}7= , (VGS ) 7h 7G
T8? B
? k,s
77−4
N 5G
' RHQHA
15
MOSFET AEH
:
W= ![
298
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(a) (b)
78−4
(
H5AEL
15
MOSFET AEH
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38:
299
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N
O P5@5 -
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+X,
S$
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:GI G $7' B7 dB7 (I D ) 7,
7G >}7= (VGS ) 7h 7G 4^ @79 Q7I Q$7 o7M5
T (VGS ) i
300
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H5AEL
15
{ zI I#8K
B
S]$ AEH
: N
`
5@5 •
Depletion MOSFET Characteristics
T`N] C$
+e *$,sa S$
MOSFET ,s6
J g0 4$F$ `81−4] : n B
oM5 TN C$
+e *$,sa S$
MOSFET ,s6
:F,
$F$ `82−4] : n 7B
: ,
5 ,G :GI C$
dFB
I B
&' yB7< 8?7 7h ^ @79 Q7I 47$F$ N"7)
TLf `L$,c]
U
¢ M
I U
B
c
C$
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D /
BH >}= B
&' B? U
7? $7BH e 7I
TLf `cF,] ,
5 ,G
301
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a Q1 , 4
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k,c T5
W ^, Q
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5 T`Integrated Circuits] , ~5
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sc! j$7X
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:,
*9 )5 ,d
= 4−3 U? Q=HI .<X Q1 .G 67, ^7? J,7- 7FY
.TK= d
= 1.5 ? =H .<X +"
@,
6, ^? X ,s6
T,s6
6, ^? ? >I &' Z ")5 ,C/
CG &' :WF$
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8? L<
7 -
U
TDrainq MW, 6,
8? L<
q MOSFET,s :, kG
L777HI :7779 777 777G -
"77) TTRXB77
} ,77s6
$F777
¡777Y +A777
,,77s6
&77' C77?
6, ^? .<X >I 8[5
T:77777
k77777' C77777G
T`83−4] : n
83−4
302
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4 * Z@X,7sa X~7
7¬ j$7X
7 UJT 7
+71 ,7s6
7Xu
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S > c
87G 7 `84−4] : 7n `UJT] 7
+71 ,7s6
> ,7
T`B1&B2] '
: ,
Q, * ,
5 q%5 , `N-type]
$ `B1] C'
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C'
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5 c5 ,~
C
:
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5 `B1]
TEmitter 'B
:,
F$
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D 4
* ,c6
V% `85−4] : n
T`I −85−4] : n ,B? C$G 5e UJT
+I ,s -
T` −85−4] : n ,B
s C$G 5e UJT
+I ,s -
84−4
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R0> AEH
: R9
38:
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s C$G 5e UJT
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85−4
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EMITTER
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5 `E] 'B
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D
RB1 T`B2] C'
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: , RB2 5
T`E] 'B
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I
U
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7 ` VBB ] ",7
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e &'5 ,` B1 ]
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e $' TUY7
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304
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IB5 ,:
,
R B1
VEB1 = × VBB
R B1 + R B2
R BB = R B1 + R B 2 :>I @5
R U
VEB1 = B1 × VBB :e
R BB
VEB1 = ηVBB
`Intrinsic stand off ratio]
1 4B
Bc7 c75 ,7h c7 Bc7 .7) `,7¥] η 7
T`0.8 5 0.5 ,G q5]
VE = VP ≥ VEB1 + VD
:> >I 8[ :X
,s6
IB .
QI +I
VD = Vγ = 0.7
:
,
X <X5 `Peak voltage value] C5"
< ? VP c5
VP = VEB1 + VD
Q VEB1 = ηVBB
∴ VP = ηVBB + VD
:
T:
,
8Bc .,
,
= .) VP
T`0.8 5 0.5 ]
1 4B
Bc .) η
T B1 C'
5 'B
h .) VEB1
T`> c
0.7 Volt ] PN
5 _' h .) VD
T`B1] 5 `B2] h W ) ` VBB ]
U 7I ^F$7
77 +77[5 ,7 U 7 'B77
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&' h $= 'B
C^ ,
5 ,:
,
UJT,7s6
q7= 7¢ T (I E ) 'B7
TB
s 5 g0 &' :WF5 ` R B1 ]
T (I E ) 'B
SY q h Y C)® &'
a
C/, 59 ` R B1 ] /nI QI oa
305
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89−4
V=9 J$AEL
N
`
P5@5
90−4
306
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51 #F
* T4B$
7 C 7B `91−4] : 7n
U 7
O 777 &777' $F777
777 >777
>777 5 ,Y77
+I 'B
.7~$ >7 ,7
5 T`VE=VC=0]
|,
> s +h +1 7,
5 c7 ' ^F$7
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7 X
(I E = 0) ,Y C 'B
X " )5 ,7#X
,7G
91−4 U
TM
+I ,s > a5
*5
I
0
`R] 5 _' F
`C] O IB 51 #F
7X
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e $',`VP] O _' $F
:W ,
U 7I ^F$7
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,
5 Tk5I `20] 7 (R B1 ) :7 7 ,:7
,
'B
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O 7 ³7Y
B? C^ 4, b,$ +"7
71 ` R 5 R B1 ] C/W7
777B5 , (R 2) $777' B
777s C^777 4,7775 (R1) $777'
O $' ¡Y,
5 F
− A TY, 4? Z nI `92−4] :
B2 C'
$' C/
4B −B .$
d
/ yH ' ""
* F,
7
B1 C'
$' C
J0 −C d9 e Q1 `R] /,
5 ? 7
5 , (RC) F7
92−4 U
>5
VBW7,s 7
>}7= 7? C/7
`R] 7G
;
/
C/B9 `R] d9 e 0I ? 75 ,`Turn-off] 47X<
*5
I
I ' 7 $7) >7 7
Q7}= ,7?
:Xi
L9
T:
,
IB 1
307
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
95−4 U
,s 77775 PUT 7 QB7
7I o7a
en
!9
R0>K
AEH
:
@
0 TB
c
B
308
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
en
!9
R0>K
T`96−4] : n
,68k 5 d7G e "",7
7m 7
309
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
@paŠìn9Iãa"Ûa@óÜÇ@òîÜàÇ@åíŠb¸
@NÚ"“¾a@sÇbjÛa@PØß@ñŠa†@õbäi ZÞëþa@åíŠànÛa
97−4
?:<
V=
0
310
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
T`98−4] : n VE 'B
? G T4
6 50mVP-P Cn :0
&' yB7H T5
T1kHz
T`99−4] : n VB C'
? G T6
98−4
V=
I)/ ab
'B
−C'
^F ? G 8c7 T7
TVE=VB+VBE GMX
99−4
I=G
I)/ ab
CH151 C$77
77ss51 :77
T8
TC
:0
J77 CH2 77
C$77
77p :77
T9
T`100−4] : n C
TJ Cn5 :0
Cn s T10
TJ Cn5 :0
Cn Sc G T11
:077
C77n 77 77<
;77= 8c77 T12
100−4 TJ Cn5
m-`
' OI
k ab
,77s6
_77 77h 8c779 8c77 T13
T:0
? J ? Bc ) +"
311
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
@NJFET@ïÜ–ìÛa@ÞbKa@Lqdm@Šìn9Iãa‹m@âa‡ƒn9bi@ñŠb’g@ÉİÔß@ñŠa†@õbäi ZïãbrÛa@åíŠànÛa
312
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
Tp/1kHz
CnD
`$7X
] X7 C7n :70I −6
104−4 <
Td
= 15/-15 .~77$
_'
C7777
7777h ª7777G ^7777? :7777
−7
T`105−4] : n
677=1 k,77s J77 C77n 77? 77G −8
105−4 T Vo = .................
313
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
CH151 C$
:
, F C7
J7777777 CH2 C$7777777
5 :07777777
T`106−4] : n
nn &' ) @9 :0
? : n 7s −10
106−4 TCnD s
:70
Cn 7 8c5 7G −11
1
Tf = = ..............
T
:0
? 8c5 G −12
T VP− P = .................
nn &' ) @9 J Cn : 7n 7s −13
7−4 'I/ TCnD s
e4A5
'I/ J77777
C77777n 8c77775 G −14
!EG
tG
!&#@
tG
1
Tfo = = ..............
J ? T
Vo = .................
J Cn ? 8c75 7G −15
:0
Cn C6= :0
Cn
T = ................. 1
fi =
T
= ..............
T VP − P = .................
J Cn C6= 1
fo = = .............. T`7−4] Z5h * ª
b~, :is −16
T = ................. T
314
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
@NJFET@ïÜ–ìÛa@ÞbKa@Lqdm@Šìn9Iãa‹m@âa‡ƒn9bi@ñŠb’g@PØß@ñŠa†@õbäi ZsÛbrÛa@åíŠànÛa
107−4
315
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:0
Cn 8c5 G −9
R1
R4 R2 1MEG
1kHz
40mV p-p
V 1MEG 500
T = ……………
1
T f i = = ..............
109−4 T
:0
? G −10
T VP−P = ...............
nn &' ) @9 J C7n : 7n 7s −11
TCnD s
J Cn 8c5 G −12
110−4 T = ……………
1
T f o = = ..............
T
Tª
b~, :is −13
Vi = ...............
Vo = ...............
VP −P = ...............
f i = ..............
f o = ..............
316
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
@NUJT@òÜ–ìÛa@ð†byc@Šìn9Iãa‹m@âa‡ƒn9bi@pb›jäÛa@‡Ûìß@ñŠa†@õbäi ZÉiaŠÛa@åíŠànÛa
!#
5G
R !9
R0>K
AEH
:
r@h
i,s ,
C'
&' `−] ^i
8
c
* V% 7) @79 ,7
' ,7G 75 >I
T`111−4] : n ,`I] <$
317
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
}
5G
R !9
R0>K
AEH
:
r@h
:S
:!#
77<G1 C'77 q77 c77
477< 779
,B
c
C$
+e
+71 ,7s6
318
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
113−4
319
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
ZpaŠìn9‹íbrÛa@@3M4
.~$ : (npnp)
QBn 4BH qI 896 .,
56
D q<
,7s
7~'
,7Y5 ,(Silicon controlled rectifier) k7 F c7
k75 (Shokley diode) 97n
T(Triac) 6
5 (Diac)
5 ,(Silicon controlled switch) k F c
@(Shokley diode)@ZïÜ×ì’@ïöbäq@@1M3M4
,(npnp)
QBn V~§ 4BH qI 8965 ,,s
SI I 97n .7~$ 7X
TN5 QB9 `115−4] : n B5 ,KB5 XW :r ,>=H Q
5
115−4
U
B? XW > F,KB5 XW Z
.1 h C :7
7
* QX7%5 ,7
X ' Q= .1 ,
:, N¶YH ,5 ,.1 ^Fa i LX G KB7
Bc7$
T(Holding current) :
,
,sa , LX
320
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
116−4
!/
!&
R AE-Q69 R9
38:
321
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
T`117−4] :
8c zX q
117−4
!#
!&
R AE-Q6
H + G,
J=& 38:
U
M9 q%5 8[ Q,
5 , a Q}= B
s U
KB7 7?5 B7? XW7 7? >79 e Q7I o7M
NI #s ,
") >}= Q1 ,s6
C'G * 7 57 $7' ,:7
,
q7%5 * ,7s6
U
V,Y Q2 C'G * ,
5 $' ,
5 ,Q2 ,s6
C'G q7 Z7
Q1 q7p &7' @7
,
5 Q1 C'G q Z
5 QcY ,s6
qp Q2 ' 7,
75 Q2 ,7s6
.SBnD F C/B9 '| >M,$ ,s6
>I oM " )5 ,Q1 ,s6
C'
CG +I Q' A e @= B `:W= 5I q7<G] ,X7%5 "70
+I ,,7Y :7' :7X ,7s
>I
F
¸ :W, ? _9I Q' yB< h > >I 8[5 TQ2 ,s6
* 7 7, ,7?0
U 7 '
:,77$ )$77'5 ,V,77Y
77i ,77s
N$77' V,77Y +"77
77h c77 ,77
5 ,(P2N1) c7
.C/B9 '| SBnD
>,s6
118−4
322
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:J456
W= {<Q {]& ,= <& AE-Q6
W= rs9$ xWQ'
}
_9I Q' yB< h > $' a +I ,s
a : }
@5 FQ I5=
TV,Y
?
}
−d
Y
GM' &' oM5 , +I a5 q<G
* >7 :#= }
@5 FQ I5=
:yH$ M /BI
.V,Y
? G , +I a Q
h ^ $' oM :+,G
!G,5 -
.,
* C^ q /B9 : h Y oM :!#
!'G
!G,5 -
:X
E <$ .)5 ,,s
* ,
)$' SBnD <$ .)5 :W
!G,5 -
T=
.
119−4
323
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
(a)
7H :c7c `120−4] : 7n
SI #X k,c <
N"7)5 (c) 7 (b)
T4,s
120−4
!/ I)/ !* %9#A& AE-Q6
Ib :
-> %9#A& IG
-
B
$' B >55
' C Kc $'
(K) $' 8
s5 (A) $' 8? ? /7=5
45677
D C77^ 8Bc77 C77! S77Y=
ICBO 8|,
7 7 7¢ 47iY
5
121−4
-.
%9#A& AE-Q6
Ib
324
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
C 456
D ' C^ 8Bc ¢ ,.? Q7=ME *
q%5 ZF,5 ,s
:Xl .,
QB7H 7
T`123−4] : n (ON) `G] :7
q7%5 (off)
q%5 ZF, , ,s
QG,c +"
7I
: aI &' (1.5 µ sec `7 567 (ON) (off)
325
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
326
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
X, ,s
:Xl < ,s
q +^,
&' >F O :7
, ,7s
7YH −
ZF,= (Ih) cD 7 :7GI 7G (IA) XW7 7 :$7 ,(K)5 (A) 7 97X 7h
T(off) q<G
,s
;= VB
I @9 ,s
·Y<$ Fn /E 9 ? C~ * ,s
k,7s −77)
U
T(Ih) cD '
! N") * (IAK) Ya ,YW
5c (K) 5 (A) h
327
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
328
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
329
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
133−4
330
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
@Z(SCS)@âìØUa@ïãìØîÜVÛa@Wbnоa@@3M3M4
B
B? m
W, C5 >, Q
5 ,,s
896
,Y ") QB
* @9 ,XW c XW B
B
c
m
W,
5 ,KB c KB7 7
&' B? B Kc, R
e5 ,,B
} ,Y :, F,
7 5 ,`134−4] : 7
B? B 5I ,KB &' B
s B$ /
,
, Q~YHD5 ,XW &' B
7s 7B 5I ,KB7
,
> ,Nx q<,c +"
,
* ,s
' O,¨ ,Y "7)5 ,XW7 7 &7'
T
X
YHD '| ,s
' ^,5 ,,s
* k,c :GI ) Q
134−4
ZÚbí‡Ûa@@4M3M4
)5 ,(A2)
L<
5 (A1) Z51 L<
r >M@, >=H Q
,,s
~' j$7' 7I
U
9n .~$ ?5^ ·= 5 ,c9X, )l * ,
5 Vc7 N7la .7~$ f7$' 7' CB7'
T`135−4] :
* @9 ,9X,
&'5 +^,
&'
135−4
331
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
,.1 a ? G ^5i, G Q' h C^ yH ' )la 7 +I * 7
:7
$F$ `136−4] :
B5 ,8
s 05 8? rI , +?
>I 9"
h 5
T
~W0
136−4
U
:X,c B
E5 ,""9 ~
:X,c5 ,50V 5 * 7Y$ 7? &7' 7
:7X
U
IB ",
W 8? OW$
* ,9 U
k,c "" `137−4] :
7B T67
7G 4
³Y= ,
8? .1 a ? Q' h ;= :W , B? B< F7
O 7
B<
5 O Fc 8
c
OW$
*5 ,B? B : n &' R3 55
ZM0 Q,$F7n
ZM0 Q,$Fn ³Y= ,
8
c
.1 a ? Q' h ;7= :W7 7, c79X
T6
B
c
5 B? B$
k,c5 ,B
s B : n &' R3 55
137−4
332
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
ZÚbí"Ûa@@5M3M4
·= 5 ,c9X, )l ,
5 F, Nla .~$ LH1 .M ,Y ' CB' 6
,s
KB Z
Z51 ,s
XW >I +I ,9X,
5 +^,
&'
,s
U r, d
5
B ,X v u 7G5 ,Z51 ,7s
KB7 Z7
7
,7s
XW75 , 7
> +"
,s
: , Bs$ G B /= $'5 ,6
w= C7
`138−4] : 7
U
TB
s 5I B? G B$ 6
G , ,Q<B Bc$
B? NXW
138−4
B? B
Cn > 5 ,T1 L<
Bc7$
B
7s T2 L7<
C7n >7 :V6
%W5
•
TT1 L<
Bc$
Bc$
B
s B
Cn > 5 ,T1 L<
Bc$
B
s T2 L<
Cn > :+&
-
%W5
•
TT1 L<
333
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:< * R
e c[5 B
CnD T2 L<
C7n >7 $7' @71 N"7) 8c7I5
> ,
q
*
5 ,B? B
5 ,B? T2 Cn >7 7 ,Z51 q7
* Z51
* 6
k,c T6
~W0 $F$ `139−4] :
B5 ,B
s B
Cn5 B
s T2 Cn
* G 5^ 6
5 ,
5^ / yH ' R
e5 ,:7!
$7 ~7
C7
F,7
$ C
F,
QB< 5 T8
c
OW7$
* 7G 75^5 ",7
W7 8?7 OW7$
T)/E5 ,49F '©5 C! ?5 CD F,
9 ;~
Z
139−4
:?Q:
Ib
0 •
U
4 W5 ,)l * ,
Q1 5$, ,
k,c .,
4B<,
Bs$ 6
7X
G .,B
,s
C >I .$X ")5 ,T2 L<
Cn q B
? Cn Q7, 7F k7
k,c G C `140−4] :
B5 ,5$, ",
W Cn q $, > B
s5 B?
T
140−4
334
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
F F
O IB5 ,B? T2 L<
7B<G >7 ",7
W7 8?7 OW7$
*5
8? a ? +5c G F
O ,c5 ,b <$
Bc$
B? a <$
B<G >
*5 ,6
G &' :X B? B : n &' B
C * '| Q,$Fn ¡Y , )$7'5 ,7
U
Bc$
B
s a <$
? > 5 F
O IB5 ,B
s T2 L<
7B<G >7 8
c7
OW7$
'| Q,$Fn ¡Y , )$'5 ,
8
c
a ? +5c G F
* ,c5 ,b <$
@F
k,c .,
4
J,-5 T6
G &' :7X 7B : 7n &7' B7
C *
T677
q77 +^,77
&77' B77s$ 77 C :77
y77H 77' R77
e5 ,77h /77 Z77X
TB
5 J5 :0
4n `141−4] :
B5
141−4
335
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
paŠìn9‹íbrÛa@@óÜÇ@òîÜàÇ@åíŠb¸
@NŠìn9‹íbrÛa@âa‡ƒn9bi@òuìß@Ñ—ã@‡îyìm@ñ‹öa†@õbäi ZÞëþa@åíŠànÛa
336
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:VY q% −2
S1 (ON)
S2 (ON)
S3 (off)
142−4 S4 (off)
S5 (off)
off +^& AE-Q6
IsAE& {/ fg I>$ -4
0
T`143−4] : n
S6 `1] q%5
B$
4? CnD s <7s 7s −3
TBW C% oa5 J i
U
3 CY
* s
k,s # 8c −4
Vrms=0.5 Vpeak (volt)
VD.C = 0.318 Vpeak (volt)
(Vrms )2
143−4 P= watt.
R
ON +^& AE-Q6
IsAE& {/ fg I>$ -4
0
VD.C 77G 77 ,ON q77% S5 ,77Y q77% −5
T(S5 = off)
337
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
U
TBW C%
Mic `8] C<
338
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
146−4
VD.C G 7 (ON) q7% S5 ,7Y q7% −18
Vrms
' α Z& !b
P5@5
:9 * (C2) *H &' 6=1 <7s
Vpeak
VR1 5
/
339
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
@N‹ànVß@Šbîm@òÇ‹Vi@áØ¥@ñŠa† ZïãbrÛa@åíŠànÛa
Bread Board 1 T:
−2
TIC106 1 T,s −3
330Ω, 50Ω, 1KΩ, 510Ω 4 T, 5 −4
2N2646 1 T
+I ,s −5
0.47µF / 25V 1 TO −6
12 − 0 − 12 / 220V 1 TZ{ −7
340
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
147−4
341
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
@NWbj—ß@ñŠbãg@ñ‡“i@áØ¥@ñŠa† ZsÛbrÛa@åíŠànÛa
1 T:
−1
BTA12 1 T −2
7.5KΩ / 2 w 1 T45 −3
250KΩ / 1w 1 T45 −4
0.1µF / 400V, 1µF / 100V, 50µF / 400V 1 TO −5
DB3 2 T −6
OW$
* B
s B5 :0
Q? 8? OW$
* B? B$ QG +A 7¢ 67
7
CD Cn * F,
C
R
e5 C2 ,C3 Y k,s C
N") *5 T:0
Q? 8
c
G5 Q,Xs &' ,X ^ d C/, 5 ZM0 C2 O F ª7 : 7
d
>1 6
G * §B 5
Q
> 5 R3 5 ZM0 7 C3 O 7 F7 7 ,75
G5 T6
5
:
0
5 &' Q,X7s =7%D ,7X :7G ¡7Y,
.7$
T
LHI &' h ;= / l$
4,
@F
Vn9 C1 O O%I
342
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
148−4
343
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
Integrated circuit@ZòÜßbØn¾a@paŠa‡Ûa@@4M4
.)5 ,° >
4$,c7
* ,7 47
47®
4w >1 zX *5 – 4' 56
C ' CB'
,
C/W7
4X7s5 4755 47~$
5 4,7s6
'u ' a c 4e > c
m§ &' X7µ :W7,5
!9A
0 F,
5 ,+X
F<s &' ,7 C7
7G qB7<5 TL7
L<
&' Z
+7X
V<c7
&7' ,7 5I <$7 7 =7HI
T`149−4] :
oa ,`1] G
ZòÜßbØn¾a@paŠa‡Ûa@Êaìãc@@1M4M4
:c~ cG , 4
c
5$, (switching) :B 4 ' CB' :(Digital ICs) !Wb-
!9A
I
−I
*5 <$ 4
* k,c5 T`0] <$
!5 ,`1] 7<$ 7
! :7,<$ 7,
!
4Mic775 4H<$77
5 4B77
G77
,77 477
:775 TG77
4B77s!
TC9"
4GG5 5 4hX5 4X
5
J0 Cn < , 4
b,$ k' Q? :(Linear ICs) !,`
!9A
I
−
,4X
4@5 ,C
4@ ::5 T:0 &' B< :0
Cn q B7s$,
T",
455 4W
4@5 >Y,
5
C?I * k,c5 ,h 4@#$5
ZòÜßbØn¾a@ñŠa‡Ûa@bíaIß@@2M4M4
: @95 ,WY$ 56
D q<
, $'
,
$
, 4
,
Ti
−I
T,Y9 Y −
T1 *
X
,'© −J
344
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
TkF
4M
55 ? Ms1 k,s
G5 9I −
5X C
:0 j$X
>I +I ,? ?I yH ' a GG7
Z7
7 a −77)
U
T~9
TG CG R,c −5
ZòîàÓ‹Ûa@òÜßbØn¾a@paŠa‡Ûa@pýöbÇ@@3M4M4
U
)I 5 ,)$ * ,c j$X
S &' @,' 4M~' C' G
, 4
c7$
:.) 4M~X
N")
(Resistor-Transistor Logic) RTL !94= −
150−4
RTL !94= 8= !&
&
C
> ,,s6
–.~$
y<$7 .7$X
,,7777s5 47777~$ 777 > ,7777 ,777
TDTL 77~' ª77sI .77) (NAND) 77 _77,X5
T`151−4] : n
151−4
DTL !94= O
I !S 6& NAND !&
&
345
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
152−4
TTL !94= O
I !S 6& NAND !&
&
153−4
ECL !94= Z9OIW& (NOR, OR) !&
&
346
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
ZTTL@òÜöbÇ@òîàÓ‹Ûa@òÜßbØn¾a@paŠa‡Ûa@@4M4M4
5 ,'$W
5 i,
, 4
q$W * ,c 4M~X
nI TTL ~' _,X
:.) rI TTL ~' :sMs 9I
(74xx) !9#9E
(54xx) !9#9E
U 9 Q7 c7s .7)
(−55C o − 125C o ) qs5I + % :X $
(74xx) cs /
4$c
* TTL ~' &' C/ 9 4$c- 4IH G5 T cX
4,7sM
VW7 .7= R
"7
U
'= 4M~' ^=I ¢ (54xx) 5 (74xx) ,cc
W0 C/01
347
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
T:0
9X J0 &' B
N") :WF5 (NOT) ' y<
T`154−4] : n 9X
^ -
T`10−4] Z5? 9X
B
! Z5? -
T`155−4] : n 9' B9 :X , C -
10−4 'I/
8
!&
!GG.
'I/
X A
154−4 1 0
8
!&
& 0 1
155−4
(SN7404) 8= !&
&
TTL !94=
:
,
X B
' /BX,
5
χ=A
:>
B
J0 : χ
B
:0 : A
ª X B
J0 : A
348
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:>
TB
:0 : B, A
TB
J0 : χ
T`156−4] : n OR ^ -
156−4 T`11−4] Z5? OR B
! Z5? -
8
!&
& T`157−4] : n OR B9 :X , C -
11−4 'I/
OR !&
!GG.
'I/
X B A
0 0 0
1 1 0
1 0 1 157−4
1 1 1 TTL !94= OR !&
8 W$ !9A
0
349
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
350
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
351
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
Flip Flops@ZHpb bİäÛaI@pbiýÔÛa@@5M4M4
oY 5I C9"
C , .,
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0
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^ )m $X $^ C6Y
X
yc
q%
&' 9 CW ,X M
! q%
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169−4
RS c G
H
D flip-flop :D c G −c
Q Q D CLK
/, a
+I 0
171−4 170−7
0 1 1 1
D c G
H 1 0 0 1 D c G
%&
352
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
JK flip-flop :JK c G −m
, .) .,
5 4M
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77
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5I 0¥ > 4X V X[ X :
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T0¥ : n 4X : n /
353
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
T`177−4] : n
177−4
& b +& R PIPO B# %&
354
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
Counters@Zpa†a‡ÈÛa@@7M4M4
¾ ¯ » k X :
4M
'p , 4 .7)
0
4B$
X
T(Clock) 4B$
:0
M
J0 B$
"0
4M
5 ,K= MG Z5I &7' (CLK) 'c7
7B :07 7=
TBc +"
Synchronous counters :{5
H$
0
I= −
TYW
Ua
5 B :9 Z0 q `1] 4X
N") J0 :
355
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
Encoders@Zpa‹Ð“¾a@@8M4M4
T+' ½s 5I BCD 5I .~$ J0 ~
4nD :F, k , 4 .)
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7
47nD :7- :6
J0 &' `0101] .~$
X
# Lc= VY
* Z :Bs &' `5] G &7' K7
TY
178−4
$2
!> x !0G
;
Qd
J45S m-O jk R= O0
Decoder@ZIîß"Ûa@ÙÏ@@9M4M4
J0 BCD 7
5I .~$
'1 :F, k I +I ,Y :' ' ' , 4 .)
T`0−15] +' ½s 5I `0−7] @ 5I `0−9] +'
356
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
Multiplexers@Z(Mux)@pbÈàKa@10M4M4
TC5 J0 C$G5 4$
:05 :0
4$G 'p &' +,- , 4 .)
T{ >$' 5e `<0 'p 5I] 5 K0 &' C$G :9 +,-
C$G >$X
:0 &' ? >$X
y< $' .,
:0
47 :$7 (Mux) q7i k7
TJ
Demultiplexers@ZpbÇŒì¾a@11M4M4
: c5 U 4Xi :' ' ' , 4 .)
¿ u ,x
T<0 @
K0 4'^ −I
T<0 CX
K0 4'^ −
U ' ,c
K0 4'^ −J
T<0
T?5 X1 K0 4'^ −
TS^ S 6
RY , 4
% 4
N") J$5
179−4
TTL !94= (SN74150)
I
357
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
Comparators@ZpbãŠbÔ¾a@12M4M4
T J£ I &' i,$
J05 ~$ 0 k , 4 .)
TXc
4_ 4 * ,s :Yu "
,<s,5 Y$
Z(CMOS)@òîàÓ‹Ûa@òÜßbØn¾a@paŠa‡Ûa@13M4M4
,a Xs5 dFB
I ! R
e "$5 ,k1968 k' (RCA) 9§ :BG ~X
N") < I
c91 +e Zi /
4,s &' ~$ * ,X .7)5 (TTL) 7~' ,7 47
7
:.) (CMOS) ~' 4 )I 5 , c
m
Y * (NMOS) 5 (PMOS) Q'$ X
U :
9M,s −
T~
C
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Tbi
X
,'$ −
T(3V-18V) 56 ~
h qs5 q :X −
U
T c
m
* (TTL) 4 :GI @i "0
5 ,q$W,
$I s −
358
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
180−4
9W
n H
359
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
,_
IN(-) L<
)/B CnD :07 7 `182−4] : 7n 97X
_7 K7
: @9 `/B ,
] 5I _ 8c9 8cm5
Rf
G=
R:
:>
T_ 8c9 :G
Tc X
",
5 :Rf
T:0
5 :R
T0
CnD H ' ? CnD H > 5
181−4
nW8 W$ !9A
0
182−4
8
n
%&
360
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
,_
IN(+) L<
)/B CnD :0 `183−4] : n 9X
/E _ K
: @9 _ 8c9 8cm5
Rf
G = 1+
R:
:>
T_ 8c9 :G
Tc X
",
5 :Rf
T:0
5 :R
T0
CnD H Y$ ? CnD H > 5
183−4
8
n
%&
361
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
ñ‡yìÛa@áíìÔm
ð‹ÄäÛa@Šbjn‚üa@Zbüëc
:]Q o = !@@g
!&/;
D=
I
v-.
D= -4
0 +^ :1a
:/ ZM0 Q F,
, 4M
NBnI j$' f$' ) Zi /
,s −1
T.~
Zi −I
T$F
4M −
T,
5 h −J
TzY
−
:>I &' Z R
e >}= JFET ,s6
.<$
* :0
s s $' −2
TN S C$
−I
TP S C$
−
TB<
+I ,s6
−J
TB<
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−
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' G JFET * X
h C^ $' −3
T a −I
−
TZ'
T,s6
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TLf dB −
:ID N$' +"
h ) Vp ;$,0a ? −4
T a −I
T −
T: −J
TdB −
362
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
363
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:L<
9X
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Cn :0 −10
T_
IN (+) −I
T_
IN (-) −
T_
+VCC −J
T_
-VCC −
:&' #$
J ? #$, k (MC7915) < , C
−11
+15V −I
-12V −
+12V −J
-15V −
:5e f$'UJT
+I ,s −12
T4BH M −I
T4BH qI −
T,BH −J
TC5 BH −
:5e f$'PUT
+I ,s −13
T4BH M −I
T4BH qI −
T,BH −J
TC5 BH −
:
C'
5 'B
5 > ,:
,
* UJT 777
> $' −14
TC/B9 −I
T<s, −
TY$ −J
TYW
+5c −
364
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:'B
> Cut-off region q<
<$ * −15
U
TI U F ^F$
^ U −I
TY$ 5 e −
U
Tc ' U
^F ^F$ −J
TYW
+5c 5 −
365
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:]Q ph !|C`
× ! =' ,!@@g
! = +^ :3a
Z@X,sa X~
¬ j$X
UJT
+1 ,s6
Xu −1
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4 *
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1 4B
Bc c Bc .) `,¥] η −2
4,s6
N"¬5 ,C/
ki
UJT7
1 4,s6
q$W −3
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` ] T,s
QBn 4BH qI 5e ^? ) PUT b_
+1 ,s6
− −4
4 * Z@X,sa X~
¬ j$X
UJT
+1 ,s6
Xu −5
` ] T4B$
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> , −6
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G −7
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G X IAK X
c −9
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^ @9 Q}= ,s
5§ y- $' −10
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q ,
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4Y
Y$ 0À Q
B,s 8[ ,s
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K= 1800 0 6 C~ * :!
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366
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
>9
@9 ,s
ZF, 8? ,c i ,s
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` ] T+,'
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S$
MOSFET ,s * −15
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TB
&' B? U
? yBH e :X *$,sa S$
MOSFET ,s −16
` ] TB
5 Lf 5 B
h ) VGS −17
` ] TLf qB$ ,
) ID −18
` ] TK >5 , 4
* ,c /E :0 LHI 8[ −19
` ] TFET 4,s y<$ &' ,X TTL ~' −20
` ] T , 4
q$W * kh C ' > c
C :Y −21
` ] U
TY$ U
0 > $'
' (NOT) B
J0 > −22
1 4X
_
2 OR
3 XOR
4 LED
367
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
: !=WB
x { @g
PW#
c !=WB
x @g
AEH
:
H tb +^ :5a
c !=WB
!=WB
JFET
Zi /
,7s `TTTTTTTTT]
−1 TB? C$G 5e
IRF9510 −7
368
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
:)5 8 !@@g !W#A 3A8 tS ,K )@^$ JA I) I>$ 0 1 v-$ :6a
AC 330
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−1
220v
D1
AC
220V 330 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 2
220/6V
D2
D1
BRIDGE
+
10TO1
R2
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 3
10V 5k
-
L1
Power supply L2
3-phase
L3
R330 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 4
L1
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 5
Power supply
L2
3-phase
L3 R330
369
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
+B7777
8777796
2 ` ]
PUT ,s6
+B7777
8777796
4 ` ]
UJT ,s6
370
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
{WE
c !=WB
x 184−4 ( t)#
{k <Q R\
UH
tb 3A8
:9a
:qQ o !=WB
x
c !=W !=W tb
H-
9,g
H-
9,g
tE
t)#
q<
<$ ` ]
B
c
5 <$ ` ]
SBnD <$ ` ]
< ` ]
S
< ` ]
184−4
371
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
ïÜàÈÛa@Šbjn‚üa@Zbîãbq
@N‡è§a@áîÄäm@ñŠa†@Éß@ð‹İäÔÛa@‡yì¾a@ñŠa†@õbäi ZÞëþa@‰bjnüa
185−4
372
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
@NÚ"“¾a@sÇbjÛa@ñŠa†@õbäi ZïãbrÛa@‰bjnüa
TJ5 :0
Cn c5 ªG −3
TVP-P J5 :0
? c5 ªG −4
TGI ,
8c95 GV h 8c9 c −5
TJ5 :0
Cn s −6
186−4
373
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
@NJFET@ïÜ–ìÛa@ÞbKa@Lqdm@âa‡ƒn9bi@ñŠb’g@PØß@ñŠa†@õbäi ZsÛbrÛa@‰bjnüa
187
374
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
@NUJT@âa‡ƒn9bi@ê‹İäÓ@‡yìß@pbuìß@Šìİi@áØ¥@ñ‹öa† ZÉiaŠÛa@‰bjnüa
C1 = 1µf/50V O −3
D1 , D2 , D3 , D4 500mA/50V s 4~$ −4
TCnD s ^? 6=I ªG ^? 0.5mm:
MsI X l
−6
188−4
375
òÈiaŠÛa@ñ†yìÛa
@NòÜ–ìÛa@ð†byc@Šìn9Iãa‹m@âa‡ƒn9bi@pb›jäÛa@‡Ûìß@ñŠa†@õbäi Zßb¨a@‰bjnüa
189−4
376
pbzÜİ—¾a@òàöbÓ
377
Series >
Parallel Resistor Connection
0/ ? @AB5 C.
Series Resistor Connection >0/ ? @AB5 C.
Coils Connection @D-5 C.
Parallel Coils Connection
0/ ? @D-5 C.
Siers Coils Connection >0/ ? @D-5 C.
Generation ,/
Current
Holding current <E
Constant F#7
Thyristors 01%7
Phase control Thyristor &/# *+ 01%7
Reverse conducting Thyirstor C. 01%7
Light activated silicon GH/# I 01%7
Gate turnoff Thyirstor GD E ## A( 01%7
Fasts witching Thyristor CJK/ L%M 01%7
FET controlled Thyristors MOSFET 012N# OP 01%7
Diode ;!7
Hot carrier diode Q CQ ;!7
Varactor diode 0RD/ ;!7
Tunnel diode BD!/ ;!S/
Junction Diode -./ ;!7
Zener diode !%
;!7
Shockley diode TRU ;!7
Molecule G2
378
Voltage ,
Transient # /
Induction $
Thermal
Calculation '
Ring B-
Over voltage protector ,V D %W
Cell -X
Characteristic YX
Rotor ;
Permanent *;
Circuit
Motive L=
Cycle A
Diac <%
Atom (
Peak A(
Atomic (
Connection Z#
Wind [%
Conduction angle
ϑ C.0/ %A
Time
Negative \/1
Negative charge ]/1 !U
379
Intersity ,U
Work C"U
Solar JU
Photo ;^
Energy
Phase
Apparent _`
Effect _`
Non Renewable ,:0 6a
Active 9K=
Vr.m.s /K= 0/=
Flux b=
Base ,
Power ,
Pole \&
Safety & vocational Rules d/A c ,
Force
Value J
Peak voltage value JB/ , J
Cathode 7R
Deusity =SR
Efficiency GDR
Electricity G#R
Direct e]
Principle ,]
380
Renewable ,:0
Factor f:0
Alternating N
Delta S-S
Field 9g
Shunt h2g
Collector LJg
Motor <P
Iron cored Transformers ,%,Q \-B/ @iP
Air cored Transformers ;j \-B/ @iP
Electric Transformers ;#/ @i5
Electromagnetic Relay !"A/ @d5
Compound \R
Sunbber ,%k
Source ,k
Coefficient CK
Magnet l !"
Magnetic !"
Magnetism !"
Converter 6"
Reactive CD
Contactors
@d5 [0D5
Transfer resistor CN/ OAB
Resistors @AmmB5
Thermistor %Q AB5
381
Photo resistor ;H/ AB5
Variable Resistor 6"05 AB5
Negative resistance ]/1 AB
UJT ratings -./ 012 @,B
D.C chopper J0 L&B
Digital multitester nac ,K0 IB
Mica Capacitor 5 oS
Plastic Capacitor 01d# oS
Ceramic Capacitor p61 oS
Electrolytic Capacitor ;JR oS
Variable Capacitor 6"0 oS
Paper Capacitor A oS
Capacitors @mmDS5
Coil o-
Iron cored coil ,%,Q \-B/ A( o-5
Ferrite cored coil F%D/ \-B/ A( o-
Coils @mmmD-5
Air cored coils ;j \-B/ @( @D-5
Emitter characteristic curve $]/ YX q!!
Fuses @k!5
Saturation Region L]r0/ B&!
Cut-off Region
CkD/ L&B/ B&!
Active Region &r!/ B&!5
Alternator #!
Positive \
382
Silicon control rectifier s-/ *0/ ,
Conductor C.
Generator ,/
Star J:
Intrinsic stand off ratio -.c @]S/ ]
System Ot
Theorem %t
Peak point JB/ &B
N-type \/1
P-type \
Junction -.A
Hand ,%
Left %
Right uJ%
383
Š†b—¾aë@Éua‹¾a@òàöbÓ
384
– :
4 ;: – oK5 J |O ,~0]1 2m%= |O ,Am / rm |O ,s}-m5 /m. |O −12
xO2002 – 1,5 3_!5 – JUj c -J5 –
:2<
xO1984 −%1 −r −]0 – :2/2 – !05 % ,JP |O −13
xO1985 −%1 −r −]0 −=7
%> − :2/2 −!05 % ,JP −14
xO1980 – :]!0/ ]0 – 4
# $ – ,JP JP −15
−@A6# −KV \/ −?
4@ A
2 B C(
D'4 /$4E −C% t −16
xO1991 −~!]/
,6mm# mm# Amm/ ,]mm |I,!mm5 mm,A Kmm – *%mm/ ,]mm ,mmJP ,]mm |I,!mm5 −17
@,/ --1 – @ #
@ FG /
/ 67
' / #7 – zm5 !m |I,!m5A
x*-K0/A #N/
A – ~c ~} – O1985|m_1405 – Ac K]&/ – -05 ]%,0/
67
' / #7 – ,!V ~- |I,!5 ,A K – Ykm/ Odm |I,!m5 −18
– O1995|mmm_1416 – mmS/ K]mm&/ – -0mm5 mm!5 mm]%,0/ @,mm/ -mm-1 – 8
x*-K0/A #N/
A – ~c – ~}
xO1988 – !]-/ %z5 ,/ –
/$45 – u ,1 A= |I,! −19
−9dj ]0 – S/ K]m&/ –
HIJ2( %
– Fm#7 om1% ,%2m% |I,!m −20
xz – /:D/
– 6mm& 'mmBK% *_mm# |I,!mm5 ,K=mmU 0mm ,mmW |I,!mm5 {mm – mm2!%_ −21
x#K/ z %{ – _B/ – O_c ] – K
L %> –
/$45
/
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– *-mm1 *mm1 umm |I,!mm5 ,mm omm1% A |I,!mm5 {mm – mm2!%_ −22
x#K/ z %{ – _B/ – O_c ] – M %> –
/$45
/
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0mmR Kmm – C}mm1 '_mm/ ,]mm ,mmJP |I,!mm 0mmR {mm – *%_2mmd# *mm--%A −23
|m_1400 K] – G#/ \0R Jg – %
4N O
– ,/ D&/ ,W |I,!m
x#K/ z %{ – _B/ – *-K0/A #N/
/ tDP L]&/ B – O1980
385
: ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ:ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ
1- Elektrotechnik westermann 1991 Heinrich Hübscher Jürgen Klaue
Werner Pflüger Siegfried Appelt.
2- Fachkunde Elektrotechnic Professor Dr. Günter Springer 1990
EUROPA – FACHBUCHRIHE.
3- Jacob Milkman ,Christos C. Halkies, INTEGRATED ELECTRONICS,
London, McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY , 1971
4- JOHN E. UFFENBECK INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS
(Devices AND Circuits ),U.S.A Prentice-Hall,Inc,Engllewood,Cliffs,1982
5- cdd.gotevot.edu.sa
6- users.pandora.be
7- www.arabelect.net
8- www.discovercircuits.com
9- www.electronickits.com
10- www.electronics-lab.com
11- www.hobby-elec.org
12- www.hobbyprojects.com
13- www.national.com
14- www.nawatt.com
15- www.web-ee.com
386
387