I R R I G A TI O N PR A CTI CE A ND

E N G I N E ER I N G

V OL U M E II I

I RR I G A T I O N S T R U C T U R E S A ND
D I S T RI B U T I O N S Y S T E M
 IRR I G A TI O N P RA C T I C E
E N G I N EE R I N G

T H R E E VOL U M ES

B . A . E T C H EVE RR Y
H EA D O F THE E PA R T M E NT O IRRIG A TIO N
D F

U N I ER I T Y
V S C A I F OR N I A
O F L

— US E O F I RRI GA TI O N W AT ER AND
I R I GA TI O N P R A CTI C E
R

2 1 3 pa ges , 6 X 9, 1 03 i llus tr ati o ns

VO L . I I C O N V E Y AN C E
— O F W AT E R
3 64 pa ges , 6 X 9, over 1 00 i llus trat io ns .

VO L .
—
I I I I RRI GA TI O N ST RU C T URE S
4 38 pa ges , 6 X 9 , o ver 2 00 i llu s tr a ti o n s .
I RRI G A T I O N PR A CT I CE
E N G I NE E R I N G

V O L UME I I I

I RRI G A T I O N S T R U CT U R E S
AND

D I S T RI B U T I O N S Y S T E M

B . A . E T C H E VE R R Y
H E AD O F THE D E PAR T M E NT O IRRIG A TIO N
F

U N I ER S I T Y
V O F C A L I F OR N I A

FI RS T E D ITI O N
S E C O ND I M P RESS I O N

Mc GR AW H ILL-
B O O K CO M PA N Y, I N C .

23 9
‘
WEST 39TH S T REE T . NEW YO RK

LO N DO N : H ILL P U B L I S H I N G CO .
, 1 m) .

6 8 8 B O U VE R I E S T E C
: .
, . .

1 9 1 6
 CO P Y R I G HT 1 9 1 6
, ,
BY TH E
M C G R AW H L L BOO K C
- I O M A N Y, I NC.

T H E H A PL I P R E S S Y O R K PA
 PR E FA C E
Vo lume s I I and III are essent i ally dev o ted t o a presentat i o n o f
‘

the fundamental pr i n ci ples and pr o blems o f irrigati o n engi neering .

Wh ile the auth o r has endeav o red t o meet specially the needs o f
teachers and students i n technical sch o o ls co nsiderable d es crip ,

t i ve inf o rmati o n and c o st data have been added fo r the purp o se

o f mak i ng these v o lumes m o re valuable t o the engineers engaged

i n the c o nstructi o n and o perat i o n o f i rrigati o n systems For u s e .

as text b o o ks in class r o o m w o rk s o me o f the descri ptive material

- -
,

and detailed i nfo rmati o n may be c o nsidered o nly briefly and

l
mo r e emphasis lai d o n the fundamental pr i n ci ples and on the
pr o blems O f ec o n o mi c c o n s tructi o n .

T h e preparati o n o f these t wo v o lumes results i n part fr o m the

devel o pment o f a c o urse in Irr i gati o n engineeri ng presented at
the Uni vers i ty o f C alifo rnia It i s based o n an acquaintance
.

w ith a large number o f i rri gat i o n systems l o cated i n m o st o f ,

the S tates O f the western part o f the Un i ted S tates and i n western
C anada o bta i ned thr o ugh many Opp o rtunities fo r exam i nati o n
,

o f the s e pr o j e c ts and thr o ugh c o nnect i o n w i th a number o f them .

T h e writer has n o t c o nfined h i mself t o h i s o wn exper i en c e and

Observat i o ns but has discussed the pr i nc i ples o f i rri gati o n
,

engineer i ng pre s ented i n this w o rk w i th a number o f successful

engi neers wh o have had mu ch experi ence i n the c o nstructi o n
,

and Operat i o n o f irrigat i o n systems He has als o availed hi mself

.

n ot o nly o f c o ntemp o rary l i terature perta i n i ng t o A mer i can

Irri gat i o n engineer i ng but has c o nsulted a large c o llect i o n o f

,

f o reign publicati o ns m o stly fr o m I n dia E gy pt S pai n and

, , ,

F ran ce. While there i s still co nsiderable di fference o f Op i n i o n

am o ng engineers regarding s o me O f the pri nciples o f de s ign O f
i rr i gat i o n w o rks i t i s believed that the Opin i o ns and principles
,

presented are i n acc o rdance w ith c o rrect the ory and g o o d practice
as dem o n s trated by careful Observati o n .

T h is treati s e o n i rr i gati o n engineering as presented i n Vo lume s

,

I I and I I I i s largely c o nfined t o canals and o ther w o rks which

,
.

pertain t o the usual types o f i rrigati o n systems N O attempt .

h as been made t o d i s cuss the subj ect o f dams used fo r the de

v elO p men t of st o rage and o f high mas o nry dams used for the
,
vi PREF A C E

divers i o n o f water E xcellent b o o ks o n dams made i t un n e ce s

.

sary and unde s irable t o i nclude a brief presentat i o n Of th i s

subj ect O n the o ther hand much space h a s been dev o ted t o a
.
,

rather co mplet e c o ns i derat i o n O f lo w dams used fo r diversi o n

we irs .

T h e d i vi s i o n O f th i s w o rk i n t wo v o lumes has been made

p rimar ily t o av o i d an excess i vely bulky b o o k i n o n e v o lume .

T h e d i vi s i o n h as had t o be made m o re o r less arb itrarily Vo lume .

II o n T h e C o nveyance o f Water begi ns w i th three chapters

, ,

whi ch perta in t o i rrigati o n engi neer ing as a wh o le and Vo lume ,

III o n I rri gati o n S tructures and D i stri but io n S ystem c o nta i n s

, ,

c hapter s which are cl o s ely related t o the c o nveyance O f water .

T h es e t wo v o lumes are n o t entirely separate fr o m Vo l I o n .

Irri gat i o n Pract i ce which has been pres ented a s an i ntr o duct o ry
,

v o lume and t o which reference i s made i n Vo lumes I I and III

,
.

T h e auth o r wishes t o ackn o wledge hi s i ndebtedne s s t o th os e

w h o have aided him i n the c o llecti o n o f the large am o unt O f data
a n d i nf o rmati o n used i n the preparat i o n O f this w o rk and t o the

large number o f publi cati o ns fr o m whi ch much valuable i nf o rma

t io n has been Obtained S pec i al ackn o wledgment is made t o the
.

e n gi neers and managers O f i rr i gati o n pr o j ects wh o have s o ,

will i ngly made i t p o ssible fo r the wr i ter t o examine the s e pr o j ects

un der the m o st fav o rable c o ndit i o ns and wh o have ki ndly
,

furnished a large number o f drawings and ph o t o graphs O f which ,

many have been selected fo r the illustrati o ns O f this w o rk T h e .

a cqua in tance wi th the s e en gineer s and managers h as been a

s o urce O f much satisfacti o n and enc o uragement and the relati o n s ,

a n d i nterchange Of Opin i o ns with them have resulted i n a large

me as ure in whatever may be the meri ts O f th i s w o rk T O the .

United S tates Reclamat i o n S ervice thanks are espec i ally g i ven .

T h e tabulated references presented at the end o f each chapter

wi ll serve i n many cas es as spec i fi c ackn o wledgment for the us e
o f published art i cles .

T he auth o r w i ll appreciate any suggesti o ns fo r betterments and

will be greatly o bli ged t o any reader wh o will info rm h i m o f any
erro rs wh i ch may have bee n o verl o o ked .

B A ET C H EV E RR Y. .

B E R K E L E Y C IIi R N I
.

'
, AL O A,

A u gus t, 1 9 1 5 .
 V O L U ME I I I

CO N T E NT S
P GE
A

P RE F A C E
L I ST OF P LA T ES

I R R I G A T I O N S T RU C T UR E S A N D
D I S T R I B U T I O N S YS T E M

C H A PT E R I
D IVERS I O N W O R K S
—
Ge n e ral c o n s id e rat io n s P art s Of d iv e rs io n wo rk s —B o is e pro j e c t
d ive rs i o n wo rk s B i o s e e —
R iv r I daho N o rt h Plat t e pro j ec t d ive r
, ,

i w rk s N r th P la tt Riv r Wy m i g N bra ka — S al t Riv r

s on o ,
o e e , o n -
e s e

pr j ct G ra i t e R f d iv r i w rk A ri z a T ru ck C ar
o e ,
n — ee e s on o s ,
on ee s on

pr j t d iv r i w rk
o ec T r u ck
e s on R iv r N evad a — He adw rk Of
o s on ee e , o s

Y ak ima Su y i d e pr j c t Wa hi g t nn s o e , s n on .

D I VE RS I O N W E I RS
P iti os d h i gh t f d iv r i
o n an w i r— Le gt h Of d iv r i w i r
e o e s on e n e s on e

Lo a t i c f d iv r i
on o
—
w i r G ral harac t r d typ Of w i r
e s on e en e c e an es e

l at i — C d it i
oc on s fav rab l e t a g o d S it e f he adw rk
on on s o o o or o s

Cla f d ive r i
s s es w ir
O s on e s .

D ES I GN D IVERS I O N W E I S
OF R .

Th r t i al c reo e s ct ic Of a gravity ma ry c c r t w i r
os s e on s on or on e e e on

an i mp rv i u f u at ie d — Upwar d pr u r d u t i fil t ra t i
o s o n on es s e e o n on o r

e o on
—
p rc la t i u d r t h wei r wall Th r t i al c r
n e c t i f a grav
e eo e c os s s e on o

i t y ma ry c r te w i r and f l
s on o r con r k w ir a p rvi u
e e o oos e oc e s on e o s

f u d ati
o n — Typ Of w i r u d i I d i a D i g Of l id ma ry
on
— es e s se n n es n so s on

or c c r t w i r p i u f u d a ti — F r a t i g t h w i r
on e e e on '
e rv o s o n on o ce s c n on e e

—Hyd r t a t ic u pl if t pr u r — P at h Of p rc la t i — L g t h Of
os es s e e o on en

path Of p rc lat i — Thick e o d w i gh t Of fl on

— L g t h Of n es s an e o or en

fl r d u t ff wall — Riprap t i f riv r b d pr t t i

oo an c -
O s ex en s o n or e -
e o ec on .

D ES I GN O D IV ERS I O N W E I RS O H L OOSE R O C K FI LL I ND I AN T Y P E
F F T E -
.

L ag u a d ive rs io we i r o n C o l o ra d o R iv r Yu ma pr j t A ri z
n n a e ,
o ec ,
on

C al if r i a o n .

D Y NA MI C F OR C ES P RO D U C E D Y F L O W O W A T ER O V ER WE I RS AND B F

TH E I R E FF E C T O N T H E D ES I GN W E I RS OF

F l w o f wat r v r w i r c r t s — O g
o e o hap d d w t r am fa
e e es ee- s e o ns e ce

R ll w y d w t r am fa c — S t pp d d w t r am fa — D w
o er a o ns e e e e o ns e ce o n

t re am fl
s apr t r i t i mpac t d d t r y v lb i ty Of fall
oor or on o es s an es o e c

Wa t r cu hi t r c iv fall i g wat r— Riprap pav i g l i i g

e s on o e e e n e ,
n or n n

t o t e t o —
pr c s t r am b ed I mpac t f i t r e t up t r am fac o ce , e es ,
e c .
,
on s e e

Of wei r .
viii C ON TEN TS

D ES C R I P TI O N DIV ERS I O N W E I RS
OF

S a d gravel c o bbl t e l s e ro ck
n , ,
a d br h w r LOg weirs
u i s —
es on ,
oo n s e

C rib w i rs —C rib s p illway d ar

e K ee ch lu s Lak e Y ak ima pr o j c t n on e , e ,

Was hi gt — T mp rary c rib d iv rs io wei r o n F athe r R iv r

n on e o e n e e ,

C alif —C rib we i r o B ar R ive r U t ah—W o d e fram e pe wei rs

n e o n o n

—
,

W i r K rn Ri v r C alif C c r
e on e e te a d ma ry w i r W i r o n
s oe e ,
s — on n n e

Y ak ima Rive r Was hi g t —Wei r o n N o rth Pla tt e Rive r N eh n on

W i r O u B o is e Ri ve r Id aho —We i r o Rio G ra d e R ive r New

, , .

e n n

M xic o—W i r S al t Rive r A ri z o a—C apay wei r o C ache

, ,

e e on ,
n n

,
— .
—
C ree k C al if Burra wei r I d ia Rei fo rce c r w i r C o
d o e t s — ,
n n nc e e r

e n a
—
b e t t d iv rs io d m Sh h e Rive r Wyo Th ree Mile F alls d ive r
, os on ,
.

i
s on w e i r U ma t illa R
,
i v r O re — Eas t P ark f ed c a al d ive rs ion e , . e n

we i r O rla d pro j c t C al if O pe a d c llap s ibl w i rs M o o re

,
n — e e e —
,
n n o

wei r o C a he C r ek C al if — Dive rs i we i r o f La s Ve gas I rri ga t ion

n c e ,
on

,
—
pro j ec t N ew M e ico Dive rs io n w i r o M urr umb id gee Rive r
x e n ,

N w S u th Wal es Aus t ral i a —Divers io w ei r o f P rewi tt Re s e r

e o , n

v i r pr j c t C l o rad o — Dive rs i o n wei r o f C ro cke r Hufi man s ys te m

o o e , o -
'

on e —
M rced Rive r C alif Referen ces fo r Chap t e r I , . .

C H A PT E R II
S C OUR I NG S LU I C E S I S H L ADD ERS L O G W A Y S F
Purp s e — Ne ces s i ty fo r ; m e tho d o f o p e rat io n a d e ffi cien cy—De
, .
,

o n

s i gn o f s c ou r in g s l uic es — —
Po s i t io P art s o f s couri g s lui ces n n
— c —
C apaci ty O f s o u ri g s l uices S luice w ay cha e ls Pie rs gat e s an d
n nn

Ope ra ti g pla t fo rm — E xamples —Scou ri g s l uic es o f G ra i te Ree f

, ,

n n n

d ive rs i o wo rks o S al t Rive r A ri z a—S c ou ri g s luices o f

n ,
n ,
on n

Yuma pro j ec t d ive rs io wo rk s o C o l o rad o Rive r A ri z a C ali n , n ,

on -

fo rn ia —S c u ri g s luice s O f Mu rrumb id gee d ive rs i o n wo r ks New

o n ,

o u —
S h Wal s Aus t ral ia Sc o ut in g s lui ces O f Corbe tt d ivers io n
t e ,

w rk s Shos ho n e Rive r Wyo

o , ,
.

F I S H L ADD E RS
LO G W A Y S
Refe re ces fo Ch ap te r I I
n r .

C H A PTE R I II
MA I N H E ADGA T E S O R R E G U LA T O R R C ANA L S Y S TE M FO

O bj c t e d l c at i —
an D ig o —
Of r g ula t r Ge e ral type s f on es n e o n o
— —
re gula t rs E xampl s f ov rp u r type E xampl Of un d e r h t
o e O e o es s o

type — C mpa ri o f pr pe rt i s f ove rp u r

o s d u d r h t t ype s
n o o e o o an n e s o

Re la t ive l v a ti o f c a al wa t r u rfac wei r c r s t b ed o f c a al

e e ns o n e s e, e , n ,

t po d s ill f ga te Ope i gs fl oo r o s ill Of s c u ri g luic s — H i gh t

an o n n ,
r o n s e e

d wid th o f ga te o p e i g s —De s i g
an f c o mp e t part s of r gula t r n n n o on n e o .

G A TE LIFTI NG D EVI C ES
-

e—R
.

I Le v r clas s f ga te l if ti g dev iC
. e ack a n
o d p in i o— Ra ck ad - n n n

p i i wi th m ul tipl g ars Whee l d a le W i dlas s

n on — h is t
e e an x n or o

clas s f ga te lif ti g devic —Th re ad ed gate s te m

,

Il I l i d pla nc ne ne O - n e

an d o pe ra t i g whee l —Th re ad ed ga te s te m mai

.

n ge ared w hee l an d ,
n ,
 C ON TE N T S ix
PA G E
w orm— II I Pulley clas s o f ga te l ift in g d evice— I V C o mb in ed
.
-
.

f e d e —
clas s o ga t l ift i g vice C o mpari s on f l if ti g d evice s n d
-
n o n a
—
all owable wo rk in g o p e ratin g fo rce Refe ren ces fo r Chapt e r III .

C H A PTE R I V
C ANA L S P ILLW A Y S E S C A PE S AND W A S T E W A Y S
,

Eff c t f d iv r i
e o f c a al fl w v r p i llway o t h r ugh
e s on o capn o o e s r o es e

on t h v l ci t y
e d wa t e r d p t h i t h e c a al
e o an e n n .

C ANA L S P I LL W A Y S
e es s
—
N c i ty C apacity f p illway Typ s f s p illways —O e fi w
— o s e O v r o

S p i ll w ay
— Ac i
t f v rfl
e w —
p illway E xampl Of v rfl w p ill
on o o o S es o e o s

ways Si ph — —
p i llway Hyd ra ul ic c mput a t i s
on s d s i ph ic
s o on an on
—
act io D e i g Of iph part Gib wil iph
n s — n Swi t z rla d
s on s s s on , e n

Siph ic p illway o f T
on s s s ee P ower C o —Si ph S p i llway o
en n e . on n

S u R ive r pr o j c t M
n t a a — Aut o ma t ic s p i llway ga t es
e , on n .

ES CAP E S
N ce ity d loc a ti — C apaci ty f e c ap — A t
e ss an on ddes ig Of O s e c lo n a n n

an e c ap e — Ex ampl es Of e s c ap —R e fe r e c e s fo r Ch ap t e r I V
s e n .

C H A PT ER V
S AND G ATE S -
S AND BO ES X

N eces s it y— Typ es o f s truc tures — S an d t rap typ e o f s t ru ctu re -

S a d t rap a d es c ap e gat es o t h e Am ity C a al C o l o rad o

n n n n ,

S a d t rap s luiceway o Le a s burg C a al R io G ra d e pr j ec t New

n - n n ,
n o ,

M exi o — S a d t rap o n Naches P we r C a al Wa s hi g t on

c n o n , n

S e tt l i g ba s i t yp e o f s t ructu re — Umat illa s a d gat es a d was te

n n n n

w a y O re g n
,
— Se t t l i g bas i s l uiceway a d s a d ga te o n Lower
o n n, n n

n
—
Yell ows t o e pro j ect M o n tan a N o rth D ak o t a C o mb i a t ion n

s e t tl i g s a d b o x a d s a d t rap t yp e —S a n d b o x of t h e H em et La n d
, ,

n n n n -

Wat e r CO —Refe ren ces fo r Chap ter V

. .

C H A PT E R V I
C ROSS I N GS W ITH D R AI NA G E C H ANN E L S
Obj c t f d typ
e —
O I t rc p t i g cha
an l d d iv r i w rk
es n e e n nne an e s on o s

Flum t c ar y i rri gat i wa t r v r t h d rai ag cha l

es o r on e o e e n e nne

I v r t d iph t c arry i rrigat i wa t r u d r d rai ag ha l

n e e S on s o on e n e n e c nne s
— C ulv r t h r t i v t d i ph
e or s f c arryi g d rai ag wat r
o n er e S on s or n n e e

u d r i rri gat i c a al — O
n e h ut fl u m f c arryi g d rai
on n s v erc es or es or n n

ag wa r v r i rri ga t i
et e o—
c a al L v l c r i g t l t t h d rai ag
e on n s e e os s n s o e e n e

wa t r i t h c a al d i m c a t h r gh t he can al C ompara
e n e n
—
an n so e s es ou

t iv m ri t s f t h e d i ff r t t yp s Of cr
e e o i gs e en e os s n .

C H A PTE R V II
D RO P S AND C H U T ES I N C ANAL S
L o c at i Of d ro p s a d e co o m c h ig
on ht f d r p P — ri ciples Of
n n I e o o s n
—
d es ig n E ff e c t o f d r p o ve l o ci ty o f fl o w o t h e u p s t re am s i d e o f
o n n
x C ON TE N TS
P G
—
A E

th dr p e U e f a c t rac te d l gt h
o f cs t f d o—
r p U Of a on en o res o o se
—
s e es
—
rai d c r t U f a t h d br a t wall Eff c t Of f r f impac t se o no c e e s e o ce o

pr d uc d by t h wa t r fall t t h f t Of t h d r p— Fl r d
o e e e -
a e oo e o oo an

wa t r cu hi —
e B ffl wal l
s d t on
—
gra i g Er iv e c t f ddi a e s an n s os e e o e es

an d i rr gular c u rr t pr duc d t t h
e ut l t t t h d r p fl r en s o e a e o e o e o oo or

wa te r cu hi — D t ail f d r p d pri ci pl Of t ructu ral d i g

s o ns e s o o s an n es s es n
—C t ra te d c r t plai c c r te d r p
on c mai c a al f M d t
es n on e o on n n o o es o

I rrigat i d i t ri t C al if r i a Ad j u t abl rai d c r t d r p mai

on — s c , o n s e se es o on n

c a al f M d t I rri ga t i d i t ri t D r p wit h b fli wall

n O
— o es o on s c o a e ,

C ma ch C a al A rka a Vall y Sugar B t d I i gat d L d

o n e n ,
ns s e ee an rr e an

C O .
—
C l rad S mall tch d r p
, o o Hu t l y pr j c t M t a a
o no o on n e o e , on n
—N t ch d r p N t h Plat t pr j c t N bra ka Wy m i g — N t h
o o s ,
or e o e ,
e s -
o n o c

d p ro th M ra C a al B i pr j t Id ah — N tch d r p f
on e o n o se o ec o o o or

U S I d i a R clama t i S rvic —
, ,

. . n S mall r i f r d c c r t d r p
n e on e e e n o ce on e e o s

on C arl t lat ral Am ri a B t Sugar C C l rad W d

on e — ,
e c n ee O .
, o o o oo en

t a d ard d r p f
s n la t ral B i pr j t I d ah typ N 2
o or e s on o se o ec , o, e o .

W d dr p oo F arg w a t way B i
en o pr j c t Id ah — W d
on o s e , o se o e , o oo en

dr p o C ri C a al U t ah S gar C U t ah
on o nn e n ,
u O .
,
.

C H UTE S O R R A PI D S
Fl w f wa t r
o chut f rm d by c a al fl um —Fl w Of wat r i
o e In es o e n or e o e n

chut f rm d by a l d es o duit pi p — F rm f dui t f

e c os e co n or e o s o con s or

chut — F rm Of i l t t r uc t r
es fo chut — F rm f ut l t t u
s n e s u e or es o o o e s r c

tu r — R f r e c f Ch ap t r VII
e e en es or e .

C H A PT E R VIII

D I S T R IB U TI O N S Y S TE M
P art s O f d is t ribut ion ys te m Rela t i O f main c a al to la te ral s
— s on n

an d d is t ri bu t ari e s d t o d ra i ag e ch a l s Ge e ral typ es O f

— an n nne n

d is t rib u t io s ys t e m s fo la d wi th s m o th u i fo rm s l o p e s — Imp o r
n r n o n

t a ce o
n f d —
is t ribut ari s Na tural cha l s fo t h e co veya ce f i rri
e nn e r n n o

ga t ion w a t e r
— —
Was te a d d rai ag e cha els D et a ils f l o ca t i o f n n nn o on

d is t ribut i n y t e m — D s i g o f c a al c r o s s s e c t i o s fo d is t i b u
o s s e n n n r r

t i o s ys t m — Cl s ifi c t io Of t h e i rri gabl e are a

n e a s d it s s ub d i v i s i o
a n an n

i fa rm un i t s
n — —
N e t are a t o b e i rri ga te d Si z e o f farm u i t s d n an

plan o f s ub divis io — M etho d s o f o p e rat io n s o f d is t ribut i o s ys t e m

n n

as a ff e c t in g t h e re q ui re d c arryi g c apa ci t ie s : c o t i u o us fl o w r o t a n n n ,

t io n flo w d e l ive ry o d e ma d,
— P ri ciples Of m tho d s o f o pe ra t io
n n n e n
— M e th d s o f p ra t io us e d i pract ice — Se l c t i
o o e b e twe n n e on en

O pe ra ti o by c o ti uous flo w d r tat i o — C arryi g c apacity o f

n n n an o n n

d is t ri b ut i o s ys t e m — —
Ge e ral c o s id e ra t i s C apaci ty o f d iv e r
n n n on

s io c a al C apaci ty o f ma i c a al—C apacity Of mai lat e ral s

n — n n n n

C apaci ty o f d is t ribut aries —Sugges ted values of c arryin g c apaci t ies

b as e d prac t i e
on c .

C H A PT E R I X
C HE C K G AT E S
P ri ci pl n es of d es i g Of ch ck ga t —FlaSh b d ch ck gat e
n e es o ar e on
 C ON TE N TS xi
PA GE
P aw C a al Of A rk a a V all y Sugar B t d I rriga t d La d
n ee n ns s e ee an e n

C O C l ra
. d —
,
Ti mb r v rp u r fl h b
o o d h k ga t
o f S a ra e o e o as oar c ec e o c

m e t V all y I rrigat i C mpa y C al if r i a— Fla hb ard h c k

n o e on o n , o n s o c e

gat B i pr j c t I d ah — U d r h t rad i al h k gat f t h

e on o se o e , o n e s o c ec e o e

Y l Wa r t
o o d Pwr C C al if r i a C mb i d u d r h t ra d i al
e — an o e O .
, o n o ne n e s o

ch k gat e d d r p
ec lat ral Of U iv r i ty F arm C al if r i a
an o on e n e s , o n

Aut mat ic u d e r h t rad ial gat u d t h a al f t h e T u rl ck

o n s o e se on e c n s o o

I rriga i Sys e m C al if r i a R f r c f Chap t r I X

t t — on , o n e e en es or e .

C H A PTE R X
L A TE R A L H E AD G A T ES AND D E L IVER Y G A T ES
Obj c t f d t yp — O p typ f lat ral h ad gat s t ruct ur
e o an es en e o e e e e

Ge ral f rm d part — U d r h t d v rp u r gat — Hyd rau l i

ne o an s n e s o an o e o es c

co mput at i — P it i Of t ru c tur Di m i Of ga t Op i g
— on s os on s e en s on s e en n s

an d ga t — P r v i i t pr e ves t u d rm i i g wa hi g ar u d
o s on s o
‘
en n e n n or s n o n

t h t u ct u r
e — E ampl Of Op ch a l typ f h ad gat
s r e x es en nn e e o e e

Cu lv rt typ e Of lat ral h a d ga t

e e e e .

C H A PTE R XI
R O AD AND R A I L RO AD CROSS I NG S W ITH C ANAL S C U LV ER T S I N VERT E D , ,

S I P H O N S AND BR I DG ES
G ral d c rip t i
en e d t yp — S l c t i o Of t yp Of t ru t u r
es on an es e e n e s c e

C lv rt
u d i v t d ip h
e s —anAd ap t ab il i ty f k i d f p ip
n er e S on s o n s o e

C mparat iv c t f culv rt p ip — E ampl f p ip c lv t

o e os o e es x es o e u er s

E ampl
x f p ip i v rt d iph c lv t B c lv r t
es o
— e d n e e s on u er s ox u e s an

arch d cu lv t E ample — f b c lv rt Typ Of bri d g

er s — x es o ox u e s es es

W d oo t r i g r br i
end g — E ampl Of m u l t ipl pa w d
s n e es x es e s n oo en

t ri g r hi ghw ay bri d g
s n e — R i f r d c r t brid g — D ig es e n o ce on c e e es es n

f c lv t
o d br i d g — L a d — P ri i pl
u er s an Of d i g f culv rt es o s nc es es n o e s

an d h rt pa s lab brid g
o — Pip S —
lv rt R c t a gu lar b
n s ul es e cu e s e n ox c
—
v t Flat lab f h t pan brid g
er s s or s or s es .

C H A PTE R X II
S P E C I A L T Y PE S OF D I S T R I B UTI O N S Y S T E M 8 : W OO D E N FL U M E W OO D E N ,

PIPE AND ,
CE M E N T P I P E DI ST R IB U TI O N S Y ST E M S
Sp ci al c d it i
e fav rabl f t h on y t m W d flum
— on s o e or es e s s e s oo en e

sy t m s Pi p y t m — Typ s f p i p d i t rib u t i
s— e e yt m
s s e s e o e s on s s e s

R lat iv c t f w d flum
e ed p i p d i t r ib u t i
os o yt m oo en e an e s on s s e s

High pre u r p ip y t m L w pr u r s y t m C d i t i
- — ss e — e s s e o -
es s e s e on on s

fav rabl e f it u — P art s Of l w pr u r y t m d pri ci pl

o or s se o -
es s e s s e an n es

Of d e ig — A c ri t l w pr ur y t m — D liv ry d
s n c es s o es o o -
es s e s s e s e e an
’
m i r s i ch v rfl w b x u d by t h Kaml p F ruit la d C
ne n o e o o se e oo s n s O .
,

—
i Bri t i h C l u mb i a D l iv ry ’
n d mi r
s i h ove rflow b o f
o e e an ne s nc ox

A z u a I rri gatio C S uth r C al if r i a

s n O .
, o e n o n .

C H A PT E R X III
ME A SU R I N G D EV I C ES
xii CO N TE N TS

PA G E
Nec ess i ty fo r m e as u rem en t o f w a te r — Lo c a t i onso n an i r ri ga t i o n

y
s s te m wh e re m e as u re m e t o
n f w a t e r i s n e e s s ary—c Typ es Of m e as
u rin g d evices —C n d i tio s c o t ro ll i g t h u s e Of d i ff ere t d e vices
o n n n e n

Ra t i g s t at io n a d rat i g fl ume — M e tho d Of i s t alla t i — Wei rs

n n n n on

Type s o f we i rs — M e thod Of i s t alla t in d u s e— W i r di me

o n an e n

s io ns an d re q ui re m e ts
n o f i s t alla t i o
n fo r accu ra t e re s ul ts
n

F o rm ul ae an d t abl es fo m e as u re m e t o f fl w o f wat e r o v e r we i rs
r n o

T abl es o —
f wei r d is charg e O ific s ga t e Op e i g s a d s h o r t t ub es
r e ,
n n n
— Free d is ch arg e o p e i gs — Mi e r ’
n n ns i ch m e a s u re m e t
n — S p ecial
n
’
t yp es o f m i e r i ch b o xe s — S u bm e rg e d o ri fi ces
n s n d ga t e Op e i g s
an n n

—Subm e g ed s ho r t tub e d e live ry gat — Sp e i al d evices — Ke edy

r e c nn

gauge out le t — Ven tu ri m e t e r—Do t h id ge m et e r— G ran t Michell

r

m e t r he Hi ll m e t e r Ha n a s e lf regi s t e ri g m e ter G aug es

e — T — n -
n —
a d au t o ma t ic re g is t e rs — Re fe r e c e s f
n n Chap t e r X III
or .

I ND EX
 LI S T O F PL A T E S
PL A T E I
Fig . A .
— Dive rs i o n
w o rk s . B i P r j t I daho
o se o ec ,
.

Fi g . B — D iv r i
. w e s on o rk s . S u ys id e P r o j ec t Wa h
nn , s .

Fi g . C — D iv r i
. w e s on o rk s . T ru c k C ar P r j e t Nev
ee s on o c , .

Fi g . D — D ive r i
. w s on o rk s . T ru ck e e C ar s o P r o j t N n ec ,
ev

P LA T E I I
h Yll w t
— A b rII s h d am
.

F ig . A . R iv r ( Bull 2 4 9 on t e e o s on e e . .
,

O ffi c Of E p t S t 1 9 1 2 U S D p t A gr )
e x . a .
, ,
. . e . .

F ig B. I rrigat i i v t igat i
.
-
R pai ri g bru h d r ck d m on n es on s . e n s an o a .

Y ll w t
e o Riv r M t ( A ual R p t O ffi Of E p t S t
s on e e , on . nn e or ce x . a .
,

Ju 30 1 902 U S D p t Agr )
ne , , . . e . .

F ig C.
— C bbl . d bru h d m C a h C r k ar Rum y C alif
o e an s a on c e ee ne se , .

Fig D — S mall c
. . ti c rib d iv r i w i r d fi h ladd r on n u o us e s on e an s e .

Kaml p s F r it la d I rriga t i
oo PwrC B C u n s on o e O .
,
. .

P LA T E III
F g
i . A — S t o rag
Sy t m B Cs
.

e
v rfl w c rib d Whit Vally I rrigat i
.
e

.
o e o a m . e e on

F ig B. C t i u u c rib p illway d m Cl lu m Riv r Y aki ma

.
-
on n o s S a on ea e .

P r j c t Wa h Sh wi g ll w y d ck i g r m v d t o mak
o e , s . o n ro er a e n e o e e

er pai r af t r failu r Of apr

s e e on .

F ig C —W d
. .fram p w i r F r Riv r ar M ad ra C al if
oo en e o en e on es n o e ne e ,
.

F ig D. M o r c llap ibl d iv r i w i r C ach C r k C alif

.
-
o e o s e e s on e on e ee , .

P LA T E I V
Fig A — C apay d ive r s i
. . w rk o C ach C r k C al if Vi w h w on o s n e ee , . e s o s

bru h r v t m t w ighed d ow wit h c c r t e b l ck s Y l

s e e en e n on e o . o o

Wa t r P w r C C al if
e o e O .
, .

Fig B —Fla t d c k Amb u typ f r i f rc d c c re t e d i r i

‘

. . e rs e n e o e n o e on ve s o n

w i r N il I rri gat i P r j ct ar F t M rga C o l o

e . e on o e , ne . o n, .

Fig C —C llap ibl d iv r i w ir Murrumb id gee Riv r N w '

. . o s e e s on e on e ,
e

S u th Wal Au t ral i a
o es ,
s .

Fig D .
S am Fig C wi th -
t r am fl w d e as hutt r d w .
,
no s e o an on e s e o n .

P LA T E V
Fig A — S a
.

wat rw ay part ly Op
e
.

m
P l I V Fig C adDwit h hut t r rai d t l av
e as .
, s . n ,
s e s se o e e

en .

Fig B —C o llap ibl d iv r i w i r f P r wit t R rv i r P r j c ts e e s on e o e es e o o e

. .
,

C l o o .

P L ATE V I
Fig A — L if t i g m c ha i m f
. . l i ga t Of L ag a D iv r i
n e n s or S u ce es un e s on

W rk s C al if r i a d f Yuma P r j ct A ri z
o . o n en o o e ,

Fi g B — Sc u ri g l u i
. . d M u rru m b i d g e Di e
o n W rk New s c es a n e v rs I o n o s ,

S u th Wal Au t ral i a
o es , s .
xiv LI S T OF PLA TE S
F AC I N G PA CO

P LA TE VII 1 20
Fig . A He ad gat e
— Of We t Sid e C a al
s n . Walk r Rive r Re e rva t i
e s on ,

Ne v .

F ig . B .
—
Di v e rs io n
wei r a d head w rks t o t w ma i c a al O n o o n n s . n

C ar Riv r T ruck C a rs P r j ec t N
s on e . ee on o , ev .

Fi g C —. Head ga t a t d iv e rs io wo rk s Of Prewi t t Re rv i r P r j c t
. es n se o o e ,

C l o o .

Fig D — He ad ga t
. .d d iv r i o w rk s La s Vegas P r o j ec t N M
es a n e s n o .
, .

P L A T E V I II
F ig A.
— E c ap rad ial ga t s
. sma i a al f Twi Fall N rt h
e e on n c n O n s o

Sid I r ri ga ti Sy te m I daho
e on s

Fi g B —
, .

. S am e c ap gat
. Fig A whe ep Dive rs i
s d m e es as .
,
n o en . on a

o n S ak e Riv r i t h backgr u d
n e n e o n .

Fig C — D w t re am S id
. . f p illway wit h w od
o ns d i ch arg e duc t e o s o en s .

Si pho ni c p illway of T enn es s ee P owe r CO T

s (E g Re .
,
e nn . n . c .
,

M ay 1 6 ,

Fig D — U p t re am vi ew o f i ph i
. . pi llway h wi g c r ed
s s on c s , s o n s ee n

Ope ni g s Si phonic p illway f T

n . ss e P w r CO T s o enne e o e .
,
e nn .

( E g R e c M ay
n . .
,

PL A T E I X
Fig A —S a d t rap
. . d wa t e g t n th Am i tyCa al Th e an s a es on e n .

A rka a Vall ey Sugar B e t I rrigat ed L a d CO C l

ns s e n .
, o o .

Fi g B.
— S and gate s an d was teway s t ruc ture U mat illa P r j ec t
. . o ,

O re
—S an d
.

Fi g C. . b ox o n n ew wat e r upply i t ak pip e li e o f s n e n Den ve r

Un i o n Wa t e r CO De n v r C l e

—S a
.
, , o o .

Fig D nd b ox w w a t r upply i t ak p i p l in e Of De n ve r
‘
. . o n ne e s n e e

Un io n Wat e r CO .
, De n ve r C l o , o .

P L AT E X
Fig . A — In le
t o f Dry
. Sh ep C r k culv r t
e ee e on In t e rs t at e C a al n .

N o r th Pla t te P ro j ec t Neb , .

F ig B. Ou t le t f D y Shee p C reek culv e r t o n I t e rs t a t e C a al

.
-
o r n n .

No rth P la t te Pr o j ec t Neb
F ig C —S t o rm w a t e r c o c re t e flu m e
, .

. . e c h u t e G ag e C a al C alif n ov r n , .

F ig . D — Le ve l cro s s i g a d w as t way Uma t illa P ro j e c t O re n n e .

,
.

PLA TE X I
Fig A —
. S e r e s fd r p
. C ma che Ca al hard pa f rma ti o
I o o s on o n n In n o n .

A rkans as Vall y Sugar Beet I rriga ted L a d s C C o l o e n O .

,
.

Fig B — Se ri
. . Of d r ps C o ma che C a al l ki g d ow s t re am
es o on n n oo n n .

A rk a s as Vall y Sugar B e t I rriga t ed L a d s C C o l

n e e n O .
, o .

Fig C —
. S mall wo d e d ro p T ruck ee C ars o P r j ec t Nev
. o n . n o ,
.

Fig D .
— Re in fo rced co n c rete d ro p O ak ley P ro j ec t I daho
. .
, .

P L A T E X II
F ig A —
. R e i n f rc d
. re t e t hed d r p T wi n Fall s S alm
o e conc no c o .
,
on

Rive r La d Wa t e r C I daho n O .
,
.

F ig B —S am as Pla t e X II Fig A
. . e , . .

Fig C — Fif t ee
. . n d o n e h alf f o t pla i c o c r te d ro p M od es to
n a -
o n n e .

I rriga ti n D is t ric t C al i f
o , .

Fig D —
. Rein fo r e d o n c ret e d ro p M o d es to I rri gat io n Dis t rict Cal
. c c .
,
.
 L I S T OF PLA TE S xv

F A I N G PA GE
C

P LA T E X III 2 46
Fi g A —
. D ro p wi th baffl wall C ma ch C a al A rka a V all y
. e . o n e n ,
ns s e

S ugar B t I rrigat d La d C C l ee e n O .
, o o .

F ig B .
— D r p wi th baffl wall ( m
. o ab v ) e sa e as o e .

F ig C .
— N t h d r p u d by U S I d i a R clamat i S rvi
. o c o se . . n n e on e ce .

Fig D — N t h d r p
. . t h e M ra C a al
o c B i P r j t I daho
o on o n . o se o ec , .

P L AT E X I V
F ig A .
—I l t d Of chu t wi t h fl h b
. n e d r g u la ti
en Uma ti lla e as oar e on .

P r j ct O o e ,
re .

i
F g .B —S tilli g ba i t ut l t d Of chu t Uma tilla P r j ct O
. n s n a o e en e . o e ,
re .

F ig C .
— I l t t mall p ip hu t
. n e Uma t illa P r j t O
o s e c e . o ec ,
re .

F ig D — O u t l t t p ip chut with s h t m t al cu rv d baffl

.

. . e o e e ee e e e .

T ruck C ar P r j ct N v
ee s on o e ,
e .

P LA T E X V
Fig A —
. C mb ind u d r h t rad ial h k ga t
. o e d l w ndr p e s o c ec e an o o .

U iv r i ty F arm C al
n e s ,
.

F ig B .
— Au t mat ic u d rs h t rad ial check ga t Turl ck I rri
. o n e o e .
'

g ti
a D i t r ic t C al if
on s ,
.

P LA TE X V I
Fi g A .
— B ifu r a t i w rk
. mai c a al d lat ral Of Twi F all
c on o s on n n an e n s

S alm Riv r L and Wa t r C I daho

on e e O .
, .

F i g B — L a t ral h a d ga t
. . TWin F all S alm
e Riv r L a d Wat r
e e . s on e n e

C I daho
O .
, .

Fi g C . D iv r i . ga t s d d r o p s f s mall la te ral Umat illa

-
e s on e an or s .

Pr j t O o ec ,
re .

Fig D .
— T a i t o r h k ga t
. d p i p d l iv ry ga t u e d by Twi
n c ec e an e e e e s n

F all S alm s Riv r L a d Wat r C Idaho on e n e O .

, .

P LA T E X VI I
Fig A .
— B u lv r t f
. rai lr a d C mg Umat illa P r j c t O
ox c e or o ro s s . o e ,
re .

Fig B —W d
. s t ri g r br i d g
. oo T ru k en C ar P r j ct Ne n e e . c ee s on o e , v

P LAT E X VI I I .

Fi g A — d m i r S i ch v rfl w b f t ak u t fr m
’
. D l iv ry e e an ne n o e o ox or eo o

p ip li u d r o pr ur A zu a I rrigat i o C O S outhe r
e ne n e n es s e .
~
s n . n

C al if r i a o n .

F ig B —C ip p l t t i we i r b ar d i t all e d o s mall d it h
. . o e o ns n c .

Fig C —C ip p l tt i w i r wi th ut l t wi g
. . o e d fl r e o e n s an oo .

Fig D —R c t a g u lar w i r wi t h
. . e d t ra c t i
n s e en con on .

P LAT E X I X
.
—
F I G A Cip p l tt i w i r b t m ea u r d i harg Of p u mp i g pla t
. o e e ox o s e sc e n n .

Fig B . C ip p l tt i w i r i c
.
-
r t l i e d s c t i o Of la t ral D avi
o e e n o n c e e- n e n e . s

an d W b r C a al Sy t m U t ah
e e n s e , .

P LAT E XX
’
Fig A . S mall m i r i ch b ox with v rfl w p illway
.
-
ne s n o e o s .

F I G B Thi rt y c d foo t Ve tu ri m t r i s t alled o la t ral S al t

. .
-
s e on n e e n n e

R i v r P r j c t A ri z
e o e , .

Fi g C — I t all i g 1 5
. . ft V t u ri m t r
ns n la t ral Of I mp e ri al
s ec . . en e e on e

Wa t r C N 1 I mp ri al C alif
e O .
, O . . e , .

Fig D — D wn s t r e am V i w f 39 i ch G ra t Mich ll m t r Mil du ra

. . o e o -
n n e e e , ,

Au t rali as .
 I R RI GA TI ON S TR U C T UR E S

by the i nstallat i o n o f a p o wer h o use at the headgates t o generate -

p o wer fo r u s e in c o nstructi o n o f a large st o rage dam the A rr o wr o ck ,

d a m l o cated farther upstream

, .

N o rth Platte Pro j e ct Dive r s io n W ork s (N o r th Pla tt e Rive r ,

—
Wyo min g N e b ra s ka ) T h e general plan is sh o wn i n Fig 1
-
. . .

T h e d iver s i o n weir i s o f the O gee type ( see Fig 1 2 B ) and raises .

the river water level t o divert i t i nt o t wo canals : the Interstate

C anal which h a s a capacity Of
, sec o nd feet and the Fo rt -
,

L aramie C anal which remains fo r fut u re c o nstructi o n

, T he .

canal headgate s are at right angles t o the weir and thr o ugh the

'

O O ut -o fl W ll
a

L e n gt h of W ei r 300 t
'

R9l e gu a t i n g

S l uice
’
G at e s e x e
'

2 SI

To p E a rt h of Da m E l e v . 4292 O d in ar y H W i gh at e r E l e v. 4284

n g lo me r ate

Bo c k
S ec t I on A -A

FI G . l .
— G e n e ral pl an of iv r i
d e s on dam N rth Plat t Riv r d h a d
on o e e an e

w rk o s fo r In t e rs t a t e C a al
n . N rt h Plat t e P r j t Neb Wyo
o o ec , .
- .

a d j acent end o f the we ir in fro nt o f each s e t o f canal gates , ,

t wo sc o uring sluices 6 X 6 feet are pr o v i ded ,

J ust bel o w the ,
.

headgates o f the Inters tate C anal an o verp o ur spillway permits

the o verfl o w o f excess water adm i tted int o the canal A n earth .

embankment extends o ut fro m the Laram i e end O f the d i versi o n

we i r t o cl o se the fl o o d waterway o f the ri ver channel T he .

Inters tate C anal headgates are sh o wn and de s cri bed in the d is

c us s i o n o n headgates .

S a lt Ri ve r Pro j e ct G ran i te R e e f Div e r s io n W o rk s ( Ari z o n a )

,
.

T he general lay o ut is S h o wn i n Fig 2 T he characteri st i c . .

 P L A TE I .

FI G . A — D ive rs io n
. w rk s
o . B o i s e P ro j ec t Id aho
,
.

FI G . B —D. iv r s i
e on w rk
o s . S u y id P r j
nn s e o e ct , Wa h s .

( F a ci n g p a ge 2 )
PL A TE I .
 DI VER S I ON WO RK S 3

features are the pr o vi s i o n o f a slu i ceway Of large capacity at each

end Of the weir i n fr o nt Of the canal headgates A brief de .

scripti o n Of the general lay o ut is given i n the d i s cussi o n Of the

design and Operati o n Of the sc o uri ng sluices presented further .

Truck e e Ca r s o n Pr o j e ct D iv e r s i on W o rk s on Tru ck e e Rive r

-

( N e v a d a ) — T h e d i.vers i o n w o rks c o nsist o f an Open divers i o n

weir w i th the canal headgates o r regulat o r at right angles ( Plate

I Fi gs C and D ) T h e diversi o n weir is 1 5 5 feet l o ng and i s
,
. .

divi ded by 1 5 p i ers 5 feet thick p laced 1 0 feet o n centers int o

, , ,

1 6 gate Openings ( Fig T h e piers rest o n a c o ncrete f o un

.

dati o n 8 feet thick and 3 0 feet wi d e reinf o rced with 60 p o und rails ,
-
,

E ] e v 1 290
.

Fcr ebay Elev 1 30 2

O ut cr o p of B ed- B oc k

C an a l E l e v . 1 31 0

FI G . 2 -
G e n e ral layou t O f G ran it e R e ef d iv r i
e s on w rk
o s
Am S C E D
. .

( Tr a n s . . oc . . .
, ec .
,

space d 5 feet o n centers i n b o th directi o n s S heet steel \

.
,

piling 1 2 feet l o ng was driven 2 feet fr o m the up s tream face Of t h e

f o undat i o n fl o o r fo r a distance Of 1 85 feet T hese piles extend .

well in the bed Of the stream which is c o mp o sed o f gravel ,

b o ulders and sand Beyo nd the c o ncrete f o undati o n a paving.

O f large st o nes extends 3 0 feet d o wn s tream ; the thickness o f the

pavi ng is 5 feet at the upper end and 2 feet at the l o wer end .

Th e piers are wall s 1 5 feet high 6 feet 3 i nches W i de at the t o p ,

1 8 feet wide at the b o tt o m and 5 feet thick T hese walls ,

.

are n o t reinf o rced and are de s igned as gravity walls O n t o p

,
.

Of these piers are s maller piers o n whic h rest the Operat i ng plat
fo rm T h e Operating platf o rm i s arched and reinfo rced w ith
.

I beams well anch o red t o the p i er t o resist the upward pressure

-

when f o rc i ng t he gates cl osed .

I RRI GA TI ON S TR U C T U RE S
 DI V ER S I ON WO RK S 5

The gates fo r each Openi ng c o n s ist Of a s e t Of d o uble secti o nal

c a s t ir o n gates each 5 feet high and a set Of fl a s h b o a r d s fo r the
-
, ,

upper 5 feet When the l o wer gate is raised 4 % feet it catches

.

the sec o nd ca s t — ir o n gate and b o th are rai s ed t o gether T he .

t o tal height Of Opening with gate s fully rai s ed is ab o ut 1 5 feet .

T h e advantage Of having the gate i n secti o n s is that it d o es n o t

require as large a lifting f o rce t o rai s e them a s if they were in o n e
piece T O reduce fricti o n all bearing s urfaces are machine faced
. .

T h e lifting stand is Of ca s t ir o n with bevel gearing Operate d - -

by a han d s crew T h e headgate s c o nsist Of nine gate Openings

.

5 feet wide T h e p o s ts between are 7 feet center t o center and

.

2 feet thick Fo r s luicing the s ilt and sand past the headgate s
.
,

the sill o f the headgate s is ma d e 3 % feet ab o ve the fl o o r Of

the weir T h e c o ncrete fl o o r h a s an average thickness o f 2 feet
. .

T h e hea d gates d i ffer fr o m the weir in that in s tead o f piers Of

plain c o ncrete the p o sts are made o f c o ncrete reinfo rced with
built u p steel gir d ers which all o w o f much lighter c o nstructi o n
-
.

T h e p o st s are de s igned as beams such that ab o ut t w o thirds Of ,

-

the water pre s sure is tran s mitted t o the fl o o r and ab o ut o n e

third t o the Operating platf o rm which is reinf o rced with a ,

built u p s teel girder t o re s i s t thi s pre s s ure T h e gates are

-
.

similar t o th o s e Of the weir e x cept that there are o nly t w o ,

fl a s hb o a r d s in s tead Of five a n d the t o tal height Of the gates is ,

1 1 feet 4 inche s .

Bey o nd the hea d gate is an o verfl o w S pillway with it s c re s t 1 3 ,

feet ab o ve the b o tt o m o f the canal intended t o d i s p o s e Of exce s s ,

water a d mitted in the canal .

T h e t o tal c o s t Of these headw o rks was

.
d i s tributed
ab o ut as f o l lo w s :
Cm t
e en barr l t,
e s a

E ava t i
xc on .

C rt
on c e e , c u b i yard c s

Sh t p il i g
ee n

G a t g id
es , ta d tu es s n s ,
e c . .

Riprap
T mp rary fl u m
e o e

S t l g i rd r l u mb r p u dd li g
ee e s ,
e ,
n

On the O p p o s I t e S ide o f the river fr o m the canal headgates the

ri ver bank is lo w a n d the land surface 1 s belo w the fl o o d plane .
6 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T URE S

T his part o f the fl o o d waterway i s cl o sed with an earth embank

ment which co nnects with the weir abutment .

T hi s type o f Open diversi o n we ir with permanent p i ers fo rmi ng ,

narro w o pe ni ngs i s n o t well adapted t o streams which duri ng

,

fl o o d fl o w carry large fl o at i ng material and o n th i s pr o j ect an ,

unusual fl o o d which carried d o wn w i th i t trees and large fl o ating

,

material re s ulted i n the Obstru ct i o n o f the Openings and

,

pr o duced co ns i derable damage S ince then the d i versi o n we ir .

h as been m o dified by rem o ving s o me Of the i ntermediate p i ers

in o rder t o form w i d er Openi ngs t o be better prepared fo r such
floo ds .

H e a d wo rk s o f Yakima S un n ys id e Pr o j e ct Wa s hin gto n -

,

( Plate I Fig B ) T h e d i versio n we i r i s a cl o s ed weir O f the O gee

, . .
-

type T h e headgates are separated fro m the we ir by the gate

.

’
tender s h o use A b o ut 2 5 feet away fro m the gate tender s
.
’

h o use i s a s co uring sl ui ce 6 feet wi de wh i ch is t oo small and n o t ,

pla ced near en o ugh t o the headgates t o be e ff ective T he .

stream h o wever c arries l i ttle silt S O that the Openi ng may have
, , ,

been pr o vided t o fa ci li tate co nstru ct i o n o r fo r the passage o f

l o gs ( Fig .

T h e we i r i s 5 00 feet l o ng and rests o n r o c k ( Fig 1 2A ) T h e . .

wi dth o f the weir fr o m the upstream face t o the end o f apr o n is

2 0 feet T h e height o f the cre s t ab o ve the apr o n i s 7 % feet
. .

In the deeper p o rt i o ns o f the stream where the cres t i s m o re

than 7 % feet ab o ve the bed Of the ri ver the apr o n is c o ntinued ,

w i th a s eri es O f steps 1 f o o t 6 i nches w i de and 1 fo o t high ,

.

C ut O ff walls 2 feet W ide extend 1 f oo t i nt o s o li d r o ck at the

-

upstream t o e Of the we ir and at the l o wer end Of the apro n .

T h e cre s t o f the weir is 6 % feet ab o ve the si ll o f the hea d gates ,

which as s ures that depth O f water at the gates when the water
j ust o verfl o ws o ver the we ir .

T h e headgate structure is 4 3 feet 6 inches wi de and 1 9 feet

6 inches high T h e t o p O f the Operating platfo rm is at the same
.

height a s the t o p O f the earth embankment bey o nd the end O f

the divers i o n weir T h e headgate c o nsi s ts O f s ix gate Openings
.

6 feet high and 6 feet wide s eparated by buttress wall s 1 8 i nche s ,

thick B etween the buttre s s walls ab o ve the gate Opening are

.

panel walls 8% in ches thick reinfo rced with inch square bars .

T h e Operating platfo rm i s 8 i nches thick and i s re i nf o rced with

-
i nch steel square bars placed 6 inches o n center ,
i nches
fr o m the b ott o m O f slab T h e gate s are vert ical cast iro n gates
.
-
8 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T URE S

w i th i nch gate s tems T hey s li d e in metal gr o o ves placed

-
.

i n the buttres s wall s and are li fted b y mean s Of cast i r o n lifting -

stands with bevele d gear Operate d by hand .

B el o w the ca s t i r o n gate s is an o ther s e t Of w o o d en gate s Of

-

the T aint o r t y pe which are radial gate s hinged 6 feet ab o ve

,

the fl o o r and 9 feet fr o m the o ut s ide face o f the panel wall .

T he s e gates are emergency gate s t o be used when neces s a ry

t o cl o s e the gates rapidly b u t w o uld very seld o m be used
, .

T h e dam w a s bui lt Of rubble c o ncrete c o mp o sed Of large st o ne s ,

which c o ul d be handled by o n e man i nc o rp o rated in the c o ncrete

,
.

T h e pro p o rti o n used w a s 4 3 per cent rubble st o ne and 57 per .

cent c o ncrete E ighteen hun d red and nine cubic yard s o f

. .

rubble c o ncrete were put in the dam at an average c o st Of

per cubic yard excluding engineering a n d admini s trat i o n
,
.

F o r the headgates 4 9 3 yards o f C ,

o ncrete were p u t in fo r the

f o undati o n s and wing s at an ave rage c o s t o f and 3 8 yards

fo r the buttre s s wall s panel wall s and platf o rm at an average
,

c o s t Of inclu d ing reinf o rcement T h e cas t iro n gate s .

-

cos t i n place Th e c o ncrete w o rk fo r the headw o rk s

.

c o st nearl y E xcavati o n fo r abutment s and dam build ,

i n g Of dyke widen i ng o f river channel excavating mai n canal

, , ,

etc br o ught up the t o tal c o s t o f the headw o rks to

.
,

i ncluding admin i s trati o n .

DIVE RS I O N WE IRS

Po s iti on an d H e igh t of D ive r s i on

W e ir T h e weir is generally .
-

placed at right angle s t o the directi o n O f fl o w A s kew weir h as .

a ten d ency t o cau s e current s parallel t o the weir axi s which o n ,

s o ft f o un d ati o n may re s ult di s astro usly A skew weir sh o uld .

o nly be use d o n fi r m f o undati o n .

T h e main Obj ect o f a diver s i o n we i r is t o ra ise the water level

i n the river t o d ivert the de s ired fl o w i n the canal thro ugh the
hea d gate s T h e required height Of weir t o pr o duce this must be
.

determined fro m a c o n s i d erati o n O f the s tream fl o w during the

peri o d O f lo w fl o w O n many irrigati o n s y s tems during part O f
.

the i rri gat i o n se as o n at lea s t the stream flo w may be o nly ab o ut

sufficient o r les s than the desired flo w i n the canal s o that there ,

w ill be li ttle o r n o s urplus water p o ur i ng o ver the cre s t o f the dam .

It is necessary that the cre s t Of the weir o r the mi ni mum lo w

water level o ver the weir be bui l t o r rai s ed t o a minimum eleva
 DI VER SI ON WO RK S 9

t i o n ab o ve the full supply water level in the canal by a d i fference

equal t o the head neces s ary t o give the de s ired vel o city thro ugh
the headgate Openings T hi s head will u s uall y be small fo r
.
,

i t is generally m o re ec o n o mical t o u s e a s mall vel o city and large

gate Opening s than it w o uld be t o increase the height Of the
diversi o n dam in o rder t o Obtain a higher vel o city and c o rre
spo ndingly smaller gate Openings When the entire stream fl o w
.

h as t o be d iverted thr o ugh the headgates a crest elevati o n 6 ,

i nches ab o ve full s upply water level in the canal wi ll usually

,

be sufficient C o nsidering the fl o w thro ugh the gate Openi ngs

.

as submerged a n d with a c o effi cient Of discharge o f the dis

charge per square f o o t o f gate Open i ng fo r a 6 inch head i s -

Q C A V 2
‘

gh X 1 X V X cubic feet per

sec o nd .

T h e elevati o n Of the crest Of the d i versi o n dam is determined

fr o m the elevati o n Of the full s upply water level in the canal a s
stated ab o ve and the height Of the weir at any p o int is deter
,

mi ned fr o m the height Of the water s urface in the canal ab o ve

the stream bed When the canal is l o cated al o ng the side hill
.

o r bank Of the river the grade Of the canal b eing flatter than
,

that Of the river it i s p o ss i ble t o c o nt i nue the canal upstream

,

t o a p o int where the water level i n the canal w o uld be l o wer

than the elevati o n Of the mini mum lo w water level in the stream ,

i n which case it may n o t be necessary t o c o nstruct a diversi o n

weir T his h o wever is o nly feasible when the minimum stream
.
, ,

fl o w is c o n s iderably larger than th e de s ired fl o w i n the canal ,

and is n o t the usual ca s e B el o w this p o int o f i nter s ecti o n o f

.

the canal line with the stream there may be several p o ints in
the river channel which Offer fav o rable c o nditi o n s fo r the co n
structi o n Of a divers i o n weir ; the ch o ice will then be between a
c o mparatively high weir and sh o rter d i versi o n line with a co m
p a r a t i v ely lo w weir and l o nger d i versi o n line T h e ch o ice
.

S h o ul d be based o n a c o n s i d erati o n o f t o tal c o st Of o perati o n

,

and maintenance c o st o f extra seepage l o sses i n the l o nge r

,

line etc
, .

O n s o me pr o j ects an ec o n o mic pr o blem Of a little di fferent

c haracter o ccurs where the stream fl o w is t o be diverted fr o m
,

the river after it emerges fr o m the hi ll s int o the valley land o r

thr o ugh benches T h e river ma y have cut a m o derately d eep
.

c hannel S O that it s b e d at the s elected p o int Of diversi o n is c o n

s i d e r a b ly bel o w the surface Of the bench o r valley land To.

10 I R RI GA TI ON S TR U C T URE S

divert the water the ch o i ce may then be between a lo w divers i o n

dam wi th a canal i n deep cut and a higher d i versi o n dam w ith a
c anal wh o se bed w ill be nearer the gr o und sur face Fo r the
.

deeper canal the a vailable fall o n the canal li ne thro ugh the ,

be nch o r valley must give sufficient excess grade t o be able to

,

start the canal in deep cut at the headgates and graduall y bri ng
it o ut t o an o rdinary cu t and fi ll secti o n T h e m o st ec o n o mi c
.

s o luti o n require s a c o st c o mpari s o n by balancing the i ncreased

c o st o f canal excavati o n Obtained with the d e eper canal against

the i ncreased c o st o f a higher diver s i o n weir .

A n addit i o nal c o n s i derati o n o f great i mp o rtance i n d et er mi n

,

i n g the height and character Of the diver s i o n we ir when i t i s

t o be c o n s tructed o n the valley p o rti o n o f the stream i s i ts e ff e cts
,

o n the lands ab o ve it T h e weir especiall y during fl o o d fl o w may

.
, ,

pro duce a ri s e in the n o rmal water level which will make the
,

river o verfl o w it s banks i n s o me ca s es fl o o ding c o nsi d erable

,

valuable land s o n the up s tream side o r causing a tendency fo r t he

river t o a c qu ire a new channel thr o ugh s o me depre s s i o n o r i nt o
an O ld channel o r ar o und o n e end o f the d i versi o n we ir T his i s
,
.

prevented by tra i n i ng o r pr o tecti o n w o rks such as levees t o co n

fine the river i n it s channel ; o r by c o nt inuing the diver s i o n dam
pr o per at o n e o r each end with an earth embankment o n the axi s
o f dam O f s u fli c ie n t he i ght t o be s afe again s t o vert o pping and

extending o ut unt il it tapers i nt o the land surface sl o ping t o war d

the stream channel It may als o require an Open weir with co l
.

lapsible c re s t t o all o w the fl OO d fl o w t o pa s s o n w i th the lea s t

Obst ructi o n .

Le n gth o f Dive rs i o n W e ir —T h e length O f the we i r will also

.

a ffect the height t o which the water will be backe d u p o n the u p

stream s ide Fo r s o me Of the c o nditi o ns indicated ab o ve the
.

weir site will Often permit a selecti o n o f the weir length within a
certain range It may be de s irable t o u s e a l o ng we ir and de
.

crea s e the length O f the embankment which extend s int o the s ide
hill o r it may be preferable t o c o n fine the weir t o a sh o rter length
, ,

increasing th e len gth Of the embankm ent Where s everal weir

.

site s are available a larger selecti o n in w e ir le n gt h may be p o s s ible .

A s h o rt weir wi ll have t o be designed s tr o nger o n acc o unt Of the

greater depth o f water and the greater s trength requ ired t o re s i s t
greater dynami c f o rce s O n the o ther hand where a stream h a s
.
,

a sl o w vel o city and carrie s c o n s iderable s and o r silt it is preferable

,

t o restr i ct the we i r length t o a s sh o rt a length a s fea s ible in o rder

 DI VE R S I ON WO RK S 11

to Obta i n a h i gher vel o city and prevent the d ep o s iti o n o f silt

which i n s o me ca s es may f o rm i s lan d s ab o ve the weir causing co n ,

s i d e ra b le tr o uble by diverting the channel o f the river away fr o m

headgates AS a rule it i s preferable t o u s e the we i r site gi ving

.

the sh o rtest we i r Where the o verfl o w o f valuable land may

.

o c c ur the extent o f fl o o ded lands sh o uld be carefully c o nsidered ;

,

this may require a study o f the backwater curve acc o rding t o ,

the principles and c o mputati o ns given i n the stan d ard b oo ks o n

H ydraulics .

Lo ca ti o n o f D ive r s i o n W e ir — T hese c o nsiderat i o ns sh o w that

.

the l o cati o n o f the weir will be determined fr o m the p o siti o n o f

the canal and fr o m a c o mparis o n Of the c o ndit i o n s at certain
p o int s o n the river which are fav o rable t o the c o n s truct i o n Of
the headw o rks and upper part Of the diversi o n canal .

T h e l o cati o n may be made by three meth o ds :

Fi r s t — B y maps Obtained fr o m t o p o graphic surveys o f the
entire c o untry using when available the t o p o graphic maps o f the
,

United S tates G e o l o gical S urvey T his will usually permit

.

o nly an appr o ximate l o cati o n b u t may g i ve the bas i s fo r the

,

l o cati o n by the o ther t wo meth o ds .

S econ d —B y leveling fr o m the highest p o int o f the land t o be

.

i rrigated all o wi ng the pr o per canal grade and c o ntinu i ng the

,

level line until i t inter s ect s the stream o r u p t o a selected p o i nt ,

o f d i versi o n T O av o id Obstacles and permit m o re fav o rable canal

.

c o nstructi o n the canal line may be m o ved u p o n higher benches

,

o r extra grade i ntr oduced wh i ch will be taken u p by the u s e Of

falls o r chutes .

Thi r d — sB y selecting s u i table divers i o n p o ints o n the r i ver ,

which are kn o wn t o be at an elevati o n suffic i ently high t o

c o mmand all the land t o be irrigate d and runni ng fr o m this p o int ,

the level lines and l o cati o n lines d o wn t o the highest p o int o f the
area t o be irr i gated all o wing the pr o per grade and intr o ducing
,

falls o r chutes t o u s e the exce s sive grades at p o ints which will be

fav o rable t o ec o n o mic canal l o cati o n .

G e n e r a l Ch a ra cter a n d Typ e s o f Weir Lo cati o n s — T h e lo ca

ti o n Of a weir site will be at o n e Of the f o ll o wing p o ints o n t he
stream : ( 1 ) J uncti o n o f plain and f o o thill s (2 ) In plain .

o r valley (.3 ) I n the hill s .

1 When the weir is l o cated o n the stream where it emerges

.

fro m the hills at the j uncti o n Of the valley land with the f o o t
,

hills the f o ll o wing c o nditi o ns are generally enc o untered : The

,
12 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T URE S

s ub s urface o f the stream channel will usually be sat i sfact o ry for

g o o d fo undati o ns a s it generally c o nsists O f c o arse s ands gravel ,

and b o ulder s wh i ch in s o me cases o verlay bedr o ck at a m o derate

,

depth T h e surface t o p o graphy al o ng the line o f the diversio n

.

c anal wi ll be fairly sm o o th the s o il firm and few i f any deep

,

drainage channels w ill have t o be cr o ssed T hese co n di t i o ns are .

fav o rable t o an inexpen s i ve d i versi o n canal .

2 When the weir site i s o n the valley p o rt i o n o f t he stream

.
,

the subsurface o f the s tream channel is usually gravel sand o r clay ,

and unless a clay strata o r i mpervi o us bed can be rea c hed by

sheet p i ling o r a cut o ff wall there will be m o re o r less u n d erfl o w
-
,

under the dam T h e surface t o p o graphy i s usually sm o o th and

.

fairly level and the stream h a s a flat grade T hese c o ndit i o ns .

are fav o rable t o a sh o rt and i nexpen s ive li ne and t o a lo w b ut

l o ng divers i o n weir T h e di s advantages are : (a ) that the stream
.

may n o t have sufficient fall t o permit an eas y di ver s i o n ; ( b)

that there is danger o f submerging land ab o ve the weir and o f
the stream cutt i ng a new channel ; ( 0 ) o n stream s wi th wide sandy
beds i s lands tend t o f o rm ab o ve the weir and ma y cause ero sive
,

current s parallel t o the weir axi s T hese e ff ects are largely .

prevented by u s ing either an Open weir o r a cl o sed we ir wi th

rem o vable crest .

3 When the we ir s i te i s i n the h ills the subsurfa ce o f the

.

s tream channel i s s o lid r o ck o r b o ulders T h e surface t o p o graphy .

is ro ugh the s l o pe s o f the s i de hills are steep and the grade o f

, ,

the r i ver large T he s e c o nditi o ns frequently require a str o n g

.

we ir i n a narro w g o rge and difficult and expensive c o n s tructi o n

o f h eadw o rk s and diver s i o n line with frequent c r o ss drai nage
,

w o rks fl u mes S iph o ns c ulverts e t c

, , , ,
.

Co n d iti o n s F avor a b le t o a G o o d S it e fo r H e a d wo rk s .

When s everal s i tes are available the be s t o n e is that which sa t is

fies the m o s t o f the fo ll o wing requ ir ement s :
1 Where there is r o o m fo r the c o nstruct i o n o f c anal head
.

gates and diversi o n li ne with o ut the necessity o f ex pensive

c o n s truct i o n such a s tunnel w o rk retaining wall secti o ns deep
, ,

c u t r o ck excavati o n etc
, , .

2 Where the canal headgate s can be placed at right angle s

.

t o the we ir s o as t o maintain a clear channel in fr o nt o f the gates .

3 N ear suitable building material

. .

4 Where g o o d f o undat io n and permanent bank s can be

.

Obtained .
 D I V ER SI ON WO RK S 13

5 .
Where impervi o u s stratum is at o r near the surface o f
stream bed .

6 Where the grade o f the stream is steep en o ugh s o tha t

.
.

with a lo w we i r the canal and stream shall be near the same

level o nl y fo r a sh o rt di s tance .

7 Where an expensive high dam will n o t be needed t o d i vert

.

the water It may h o wever be cheaper t o use a high dam than

.
, ,

t o u s e a l o nger diver s i o n line .

8 Where the c o n s tructi o n o f the weir will n o t cause fl o o ding

.

o f valuable lands ab o ve o r ten d t o change the stream channel .

9 Where the vel o cit y in the s tream shall be preferably le s s

.

than the vel o city in the canal t o prevent s ilt dep o sits in the,

canal s .

1 0 Where the stream channel i s straight with unif o rm

.

velo city a n d regular cr o s s secti o n If o n curved channel when .

,

the vel o city o f stream is s mall the headgate sh o uld be placed ,

o n the o utside o r c o ncave s ide Of the channel ; when the vel o city

is great and e s pecially with s o ft banks the headgate sh o uld be

, ,

placed o n the ins i de o r c o nvex side o f the curve where it will be ,

safe fr o m er o s i o n T his requirement is m o re imp o rtant fo r site s

.

where n o diversi o n weir i s nece s s ary .

CL A SSE S OF DIVE R S I O N WEI RS

D ivers i o n weir s bel o ng t o t wo general classes : cl o sed weirs
and o pen weirs :
Clos ed wei r s are u s ually c o mparative ly lo w dam s built as
c o mplete o b s tructi o ns acr o s s the river s o that the entire stream
fl o w pa s ses o ver them T o this cla s s bel o ng : B ru s h and c o bble
.

weirs lo g weirs pile weirs crib weirs : either c o ntinu o us o r built

, , ,

up o f separate crib s s o li d c o ncrete o r ma s o nry gravity type weir s

, ,

l o o s e r o ck weir s o f the t y pe u s ed in India and framed we i rs o f ,

w o o d steel o r reinfo rced c o ncrete

, .

O p en wei r s are built acr o ss the river t o pr o duce the leas t

'

Ob s tructi o n t o the fl o w Th e s tream channel i s u s ually d i vided

.

int o a number o f o penings o r bay s separated by piers c o lumns , , ,

o r framed buttre s se s o f w o o d steel o r c o ncrete supp o rting at ‘

, , ,
,

the t o p the Operat i ng platfo rm Th e o penings are cl o sed and .

regulated by h o riz o ntal fl a s h b pa r d s fo r the si mple s t type o r by ,

lift gates Of w o o d o r steel and in s o me cases c o llap s i ble gates

,
.

T h e diversi o n weir may have t o be designed t o gi ve an ent i rely

14 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T U R E S

un o bstructed c hannel such as when c o ns i derable large fl o at ing

,

material i s carri ed dur i ng fl o o d time i n which case c o llapsible ,

o r rem o vable gates are used and the piers and platf o rm may

be ent i rely o mi tted o r may be made in secti o n s either l oo se

o r h i nged s o that they ca n be rem o ved o r c o llapsed w i th the
,

gates duri ng fl o o d fl o w .

T h e selecti o n Of the type o f we i r will depend o n the character

o f stream fl o w the e ff ect o f the weir o n the fl o o ding o f lan ds
,

ab o ve the character o f the f o undati o n the permanency desi red

, ,

and am o unt o f m o ney available and the availability o f the ,

mater i al o f c o nstructi o n A n o pen we i r i s t o be used i n preference

.

t o a cl o sed o n e where the Obstructi o n f o rmed by a clo sed weir

w o uld ra i se the fl o o d he i ght o f the water level t o such a he i ght
as t o cause the fl o o d i ng o f valuable agricultural land ; o r w o uld
res ult i n the f o rmat i o n o f sand o r gravel islands o n the u p
stream s i de O f the we ir C l o sed weirs are self acting d o n o t
.
-
,

req ui re the o perati o n o f gate s and w ill per mi t the passage

,

o f i ce trees and o ther fl o ating material

,
.

DE S I G N OF DIVE RS I O N WE IRS
T he des i gn o f d i vers i o n we irs will depend o n the type o f
we ir and the l o cal co nd itio ns but there are static and dynam i c
,

f o r ces c o mm o n t o all types o f we i rs and general pr i nciples o f,

des i gn may be stated wh i ch are appl i cable t o any type o f we ir .

T hese pr i nciples will be derived fr o m a c o nsiderat i o n O f the stati c

and dynami c f o rces a cti ng o n a s ol i d o verfl o w d i versi o n dam
b ui lt a c r o ss the river
Fi r s t fo r we i rs bui lt o n i mperv i o u s f o undati o n s such as bed
, ,

r o ck n o t fi s s ure d o r i mpervi o us cla y s

,
.

S econ d fo r we irs o n pervi o us f o undati o n s o f s i lt s and o r

, ,

gravel .

T h e f o r ces acting o n we irs built o n impervi o u s f o undati o ns

include the f o ll o wing s tatic f o rce s and dynam i c f o rces .

T h e static f o rces are :

1 T h e n o rmal water pre s sure o n the up s tream face
. .

2 T h e n o rmal water pre s s ure o n the d o wn s tream face due

.

t o the back water .

3 T h e weight o f the water s upp o rte d by the cre s t

. .

T h e dynami c f o rce s are :

1 Th e er o s i ve o r sc o uring f o rce o n the d o wnstream side Of
.
 I RR I GA T I ON S TR U C T URE S

FI G . 5.
— Th e o r et ic al pro fil e of d i v rs i
e on wei rs .
 DI VER S I ON WO RK S 17

upstream end o f the m i ddle th i rd When there i s full hydr o .

stati c pressure u p t o the crest o f the dam the resultant must

fall n o t farther o ut than the d o wnstream end o f the middle third ;
this c o nd i ti o n determ i nes the base Wi dth wh i ch i s o bta i ned as ,

fo ll o ws ( Fig 5A ) .

A ssume a linea l f o o t o f dam

L et P t o tal full hydr o static pressure .

H height Of dam .

d density o f c o ncrete o r mas o nry .

w weight o f a cubic f o o t o f water .

B base width .

W weight o f dam secti o n .

wH 2
BH
P and W
2 2

s
X
H EP
I C,w X
2 3 2
Fr o m which
H
x/Zz

U sing p o unds and 1 5 0 p o un d s fo r the re s pective weights

o f a cub i c f o o t o f water and o f c o ncrete the den s ity is and ,

the base width is B O 6 SH . .

T his relati o n pr o duces a minimum i ntens i ty o f pressure a t

the upstream t o e o f the base o f z er o and a maximum intensit y .

o f pressure o n the base at the d o wnstream t o e o f the dam equal

2W
to — which is tw i ce the average intensity of pressure on the
T3
f o undat i o n It fulfill s the s ec o nd c o nd i ti o n giving a fact o r o f
.
,

safety against it Of t wo T o meet the third requirement the

.
,

c o e ffic i ent o f fricti o n mu s t be at least equal t o T he co

efficient Of fricti o n o f a ma s o nry weir o n a med i um sm o o th
r o ck fo undati o n will be ab o ut equal t o o r greater than the ab o ve
value A d d iti o nal strength against sliding is pr o duced by the
.

b o nd between the weir and the r o ck f o undat i o n by leaving the

p la n e o f c o ntact r o ugh and by f o rming it int o steps o r by cutting
'

anch o r trenches T h e c o efficient Of fricti o n when the weir is

.

built o n a clay sand o r gravel f o undati o n will be le s s than the

requ i red value given ab o ve T h e required additi o nal strength
.

agai n s t sli d ing i s o btained b y anch o rage t o cut o ff wall s o r ,

piles and by the resistance t o frict i o n Obtained fr o m the fl o o r

, ,

2
18 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T U RE S

which fo r s o ft fo undat i o ns is necessary and is bui lt as part o f

the weir .

T he des i gn o f the the o retical pr o file o f an o verfl o w mas o nry

weir t o resist the static f o rces requires the c o nsiderati o n o f the
f o ll o wing hydr o s tat i c pressures : ( l) T h e n o rmal water pressure
o n the upstream face ( 2 ) T h e n o rmal water pressure o n the
.

d o wnstream face (3 ) T h e weight o f the water o n the crest o f

.

the dam T hese pres s ures mu s t with the weight o f the we ir

.
,

wall give a re s ultant pressure which will fall within the mi ddle
,

third T hese fo rces are in d icate d o n the acc o mpanying p ro

.

file ( Fig 5 B ) C o n s ider a lineal f o o t o f weir wall and let

. .

b width o f cre s t o f weir .

B width o f base Of we ir .

H height Of we ir .

D depth o f o verfl o w .

h head du e t o vel o c i ty Of appr o ach .

D1 depth Of backwater o r tail water -

.

P1 n o rmal water pressure o n the upstream face .

P2 n o rmal water pressure o n the d o wnstream face .

W1 we i ght o f water o n we ir crest .

W2 weight o f we ir wall .

d density o f c o ncrete o r mas o nry .

T heappr o ximate d i men s i o ns o f the weir wall may be deter

mi ned by assuming it as a simple tri angular pr o file extending
t o the water surface it s height being equal t o H
,
D h T he .

D h
crest wi dth at the depth D h is then 6 ,
and the base
V3
H + D+ h
width is B
x/Ii
The crest w i d th thus Obtai ned i s smaller than is generally
u s ed in practice A greater wi d th i s necessary t o give it ad d ed
.

strength again s t the d y namic f o rces such as the i mpact o f i ce and ,

fl o ating material W G B ligh a retired executive engineer

. . .
,

o f India rec o mmends the f o ll o w i ng f o rmula fo r the crest w i dth

,

b x/ii VD .

T hesed imensi o ns are o nly appro xi mate and the pro file mus t
be checked by c o mputati o n either analytically o r graphically
and m o dified if neces s ary T h e c o rrect cr o s s secti o n is Obtaine d
.

when the maximum resultant pre s sur e falls j ust at the d o wn

s tream end o f the middle third T h e value o f the resultant .
 DI VE R S I ON WO RK S 19

pressure w i ll vary with the relative elevati o ns o f the water

surfaces o n the upstream and d o wnstream s i d es o f the weir
wall c o rresp o nding t o the variati o ns i n stream fl o w
,
.

T h e depth o f water ab o ve the we i r crest is Obtained by o n e o f

the standard f o rmula fo r fl o w Of water o ver we i rs Franc i s .

f o rmul ae are generally used .

Q C l H ”
fo r n o end c o ntracti o
, ns n o submergence and n o
vel o city o f appr o ach .

9é ”
Q C l [ ( H h ) h ] f o r n o end c o ntracti o n n o, s ub

mergence and with vel o city o f appr o ach .

%
Q Cl (N H ) fo r n o end c o ntra cti o n and with submergence .

In these f o rmulae
Q discharge o ver weir f o r length o f weir crest equal t o l .

C c o efficient varying with the fo rm o f the weir crest .

H head o n crest Of weir .

h vel o city head

N a c o e ffi c i ent wh i ch d epends o n the pr o p o rt io nal s u b
mergence .

Value s o f C and N are g i ven and referred t o m o re i n deta i l

i n the discussi o n o f fl o w o ver we i rs .

T h e elevati o n o f the backwater o r d o wnstream water level

will be o btained fr o m the depth o f water in the river channel ,

c o rre s p o nding t o the v o lume o f water carried by the f o rmula fo r

,

fl o w o f water i n channels : Q A C x/Fs wher e A area o f

’
water cr o ss secti o n r ,
hydrauli c radius 3 ,
grade O f r i ver ,

C
’
c o efficient o btained by K utter s fo rmula F o r a br o ad .

channel the value o f r w ill be nearly equal t o the depth o f water

, ,

and with the weir base o n the same grade as the bed O f the r i v er ,

D 1 r ( appr o ximately ) .

T h e dam sh o uld be designed fo r the m o st severe c o ndi ti o ns .

T h is will n o t necessarily be either when the water level o n the

up s tream side is level with the cre s t with n o o verp o ur and there
,

f o re n o backwater o r when there i s maximum fl o o d fl o w with

,

greate s t depth o f water o n the upstream and d o wnstream side .

T h e design sh o uld be c o n s idered fo r o ther c o nditi o n s as well a s

these c o n d iti o ns by u s ing fo r each stage o f fl o w the c o rresp o n d ing
,

upstream and d o wnstream elevati o ns o f the water surfaces .

Where the d o wn s tream water level may rise ab o ve the cre s t o f

the dam s o as t o submerge it the m o st severe c o nditi o n will
,

o ccur when the weir i s near the p o int o f submergence .

20 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T URE S

U pwar d Pr e s s ur e D u e t o In fi ltr ati o n o r Pe r c ola tion un d e r th e

—
W e ir W all When a wei r i s bui lt o n fi s s ur e d r o ck o r
. a s o lid on

f o undati o n i n such a w ay that the c o ntact between the base o f

the dam and the f o undati o n is n o t perfect and allo w s perc o lati o n
under the dam the water if n o t rem o ved by drainage pr o duce s
, , ,

an U plift pre s sure o n the base which must be c o n s idered in the

,

de s ign o f the cr o ss sect i o n Th e inten s ity o f t hi s upward pre s

.

sure will vary with the distance the water h a s t o perc o late and
will therefo re depend o n the t o tal perime t er o f c o ntact betwee n
the ba s e o f the dam and the fo un d ati o n including the cut o ff ,
-

trenches T h e i nten s ity o f pressure s at the entrance and at the

.

o ut let o f the path o f perc o lati o n between the t w o surfaces are

'

equal respectively t o the depth o f water at the upstream and

d o wnstream t o e o f the weir Th e t o tal uplift pres s ure wi ll vary
.

with the stages o f fl o w ; the values Obtained fo r di ff erent c o nditi o ns

O f fl o w must be c o n s idered with the c o rre s p o nding stati c pres

sures O n the up s tream and d o wn s tream faces and o n the cre s t o f

the dam i n o rder t o o btain the m o st severe c o nditio ns o n whi ch
,

the desi gn must be based .

In o rder t o prevent o r decrease the uplift pre s sure the base ,

may be drained b y placing a line Of drains under the ba s e parallel

,

t o and near the up s tream t o e and dischargi ng the c o llected water

by cr o s s drains ( F ig 1 2B ) Th e maximum uplift pressure will
. .

then c o rre s p o nd t o the maxi mum level o f the backwater .

Th e o r e ti ca l Cr o s s S e ct i on o f a G r a vi ty M a s o nr y or Co n cr e t e
W e ir an d of Lo o s e R o ck W e ir s o n a Pe rvi o u s Fo un d at io n T h e — .

de s ign and c o n s tructi o n o f d i ver s i o n we irs o n perv i o u s f o undati o n s

h as u s ually been largely based o n the design Of exi s ting structure s
o f the s ame type and under s i milar c o nditi o n s m o dified a cc o rding ,

t o t h e j udgment and exper ience o f the engineer u s ing m o re o r ,

less empirical r u le s In a text b o o k o n the Practica l D e s ign o f

.
-

Irri gati o n W o rks the auth o r W G B ligh a retired executive

, ,
. .
,

engi neer o f the Indi an Publi c W o rk D epartment h as ev o lve d ,

principle s o f de s ign fo r such w o rk s ba s ed largely o n the dime h ,

s i o n s o f s tructures i n India and o n experiment s o n the pas s age o f

,

water thr o ugh sand by Lieut C o l J C li bb o r n o f R o o rkee .

- . .
,

India .

Typ es of Wei rs Us ed i n I n dia — T h e di ver s i o n we irs bui lt in

.

In d ia o n pervi o u s f o undati o n s are o f three type s : ( 1 ) T h o se

which c o nsist e s s entiall y o f a weir wall o f gravity s ect i o n u s ual ly ,

trapez o idal and o f a s t r o ng fl o o r o r apr o n o n which the water

,
 D I VE R S I ON WO RK S 21

falls ( Fi gs 5 0 5 D 5E ) ( 2 ) T h ose wh i ch c o ns i st o f a ra i sed sill

.
, ,
.

acr o ss the r i ver with an upstream impervi o u s fl o o r usually Of ,

mas o nry extend i ng fr o m the s tream bed and sl o ping u p t o the

,

crest o f the sill a n d a d o wnstream impervi o us fl o o r o f mas o nry

,

sl o ping d o wn fr o m the crest o f the s i ll t o the stream bed and co n

t in u e d with riprap o r paving T h e cre s t Of the wall is Often .

equipped with c o llapsibl e gates o r shutters ( Fi g ( )

3 T h o se .

whic h have a flat triangular pr o file Si milar t o the sec o nd class but ,

built o f l o o se r o ck fills between l o ngitudinal rectangular cr o ss , ,

wall s parallel with the axi s o f the dam o n e o f which i s placed o n ,

the crest li ne and f o rms the crest In th i s type the upstream .

face o f the r o ck fills sl o pes u p fr o m the stream bed t o the crest o n a

Slo pe o f usually 1 o n 3 o r 1 o n 4 and the d o wnstream o r r o lle r way
, ,

face sl o pes d o wn fr o m the crest t o the stream bed o n a sl o pe o f

fr o m 1 o n 1 0 t o 1 o n 1 5 depend ing o n the character O f the stream
, ,

S h e etPl i e
Bl oc k s

FI G . 6 — . Jamra o We i r In , d ia .

bed . T h e L aguna we i r o n the Yuma Pr o j e ct C al i f o rn i a A r i z o na ,

-

( Fi g described farther i s o f th i s type d i ff ering fr o m the , ,

I n dian we i r type i n that the walls are extended d o wn belo w the

,

stream bed and sheet pili ng i s used belo w the crest wall In .

I ndia the walls extend o nly d o wn t o the stream bed T his class .

o f weir d i ffers fr o m the first and sec o nd class i n that the b o dy o f

the weir i s pervio us and t h erefo re n o t subj ect t o hydr o stat i c

uplift pressure T h e first type Of we i r o ften m o dified by
.
,

shaping the d o wnstream face o f the weir t o an O gee f o rm as ,

des cribed farther is that m o st c o mm o nly used i n t h e U n i ted

,

S tates fo r s o lid mas o nry o r c o ncrete we i rs F o r this reas o n the .

pr i nciples o f de s ign stated bel o w have been appli ed specially t o

this type alth o ugh they are equally appl i cable t o the sec o nd
,

type and i n part t o the thi rd type .

D e s ign o f S o li d M a s o n ry o r Co n cr e t e W e i r o n Pe rvi ou s
Fo u n d a t io n —T h e we i r will c o nsist o f the superstructure o r weir
.

wall acr o ss the river the d o wnstream i mpervi o us fl o o r o r apr o n

, ,

with an extensi o n Of riprap o r paving o n the stream bed and ,

usually a cu t o ff wall o r sheet p i li ng at the upstream t oe o f the

-
22 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T URE S

weir wall and o n e at the d o wn s tream end o f the fl o o r ( Fig 5E ) . .

In s o me cases an upstream fl o o r i s u s ed in a d ditio n t o the u p

s tream cut o ff wall o r as a sub s titute fo r it
-
, .

Fo r ce s A ctin g o n th e W e ir .
— T h e f o rces i nclude i n additi o n
,

t o th o se a cting o n a weir built o n an i mperv i o us f o und at i o n the ,

hydr o stat i c up lift pre s s ure and the u n d e r fl o w transp o rtive o r

e r o s i ve p o wer . T h e weir wall ab o ve the fl o o r may be c o ns i dered
as bu ilt o n the i mpervi o us fl o o r and is then des i gned i n the
same manner as if bui lt o n an impervi o us f o undati o n ac c o rdi ng
t o the pr i nciples presented ab o ve .T h e design o f the o ther
parts O f the we i r is determined by the hydro stat i c upli ft and
the u n d er flo w er o s i ve f o rce wh i ch depends o n the vel o c i ty Of
the undercur rent and i s pr o p o rti o nal t o the di ff erence i n water
levels o n the upstream and d o wnstream s i des and i nversely
pr o p o rt i o nal t o the length o f the path o f perc o lat i o n T he .

i mp o rtant pr i n ci ples Of design O f we i rs o n perv i o us f o undati o ns

are :
Fi rs t — T h e path o f per c o lati o n under the we ir must be made
large en o ugh t o O ffer sufficient re s istance t o the u n d er flo w t o
prevent the underm ining o f the stru cture by a t o o high u n d e r flo w
vel o c ity
.

S eco n d — The fl o o r must be designed o f s uffi cient thickne s s

t o res i st the uplift pressure .

H yd r o stati c Uplif t Pre s s ur e.

— T h e hy d r o static uplift pressure
acting o n the under s i de o f the w a r base o r fl o o r will depend o n
the elevati o ns o f the water surface s o n the upstream a n d d o wn
stream Si des o f the we i r When the water level o n the d o wn
.

stream s i de i s h i gher than the surface O f the fl o o r s o as t o s u b

,

merge it then the uplift pressure i s partly balanced by the

,

we i ght o f water o n the fl o o r ( Fig 5 C) Th e resultant unbalanced

. .

U pward water pres s ure will therefo re be maximum when the

d i fference in elevati o n between the water s u r faces is maxi mum .

T his w i ll usually be Obtained when the stream fl o w i s m i ni mum

o r when the water level o n the up s tream Si de is level w i th the

c rest o f the we ir and when the stream bel o w is e i ther dry o r when

the d o wnstream water level i s j u s t level with the fl o o r A n .

increase in flo w will pr o duce a depth o f o verp o ur o ver the dam

and a r i s e i n the b a c kwa t e r le v el O n streams w i th sandy
_
.

channel s the grade i s flat and the vel o city is lo w F o r these

,
.

c o nditi o ns the c o mputati o ns w ill usually S h o w that the depth

o f o verp o ur w i ll be smaller than the c o rresp o nd i ng rise in the

24 I RR I GA T I ON S TR U C T URE S

or w a sh i ng away o f the materi al under the fl o o r T h e necessary .

length o f enfo rced perc o lati o n h a s been determined largely fro m

Ob s ervat io n o f exi sting structures and fro m failure s d u e t o the
u n d er fl o w M r Bl i gh rec o mmends the fo ll o w ing relat i o n
. .

1 C X H

where l length of path Of enf o rced per co lati o n i n feet .

H head o f water in feet repre s ented by the maximum

d ifference i n elevati o n o f the water levels o n the U p
stream and d o wnstream s ide Of the weir .

C c o efficient depending o n the C haracter O f the material

O f the s tream bed .

C 1 8 fo r river bed s o f li ght s ilt and sand a s the N ile .

C 1 5 fo r fine micace o u s sand such as i n the C o l o rad o R iver .

C 1 2 fo r c o arse grained sand

-
.

C 9 fo r gravel and sand .

C —
6 4 fo r b o ulders gravel and sand mixed .
,

Thi ckn e s s W e i gh t o f Flo o r

and o f the U pl ift— T h e in t e n s 1 t
.
y
pressur e at any p o int is as stated ab o ve dependent o n the
, ,

relat ive elevati o n o f the water surfaces o n the U pstream and

d o wnstream sides o f the we i r and o n the p o sit i o n o f the p o int
,

c o nsidered o n the path o f perc o lati o n When the fl o o r is s u b .

merged the uplift pressure is partly balanced by the weight O f

water o n the fl o o r at that p o int and the resultant represented
by the d i fference is the upward pressur e wh i ch t h e fl oo r must
re s ist T his resistance may be Obt ai ned
.

Fi rs t — B y c o nne ct i ng t h e fl oo r t o anch o r piles o r o ther fo rm

o f anch o rage .

S eco n d — B y maki ng the fl o o r suffic iently thick t o give a weight

in excess o f the U pward pressure .

T h e inlet and the o utlet t o the path Of perc o lat i o n are usually
at the stream bed and the c o rresp o nding pres s ure heads at
,

the i nlet and o utlet are the depths O f water ab o ve the stream
bed measured respectively o n the U pstream and d o wnstream
sides o f the we i r T h e inten s ity o f U plift pressure at any p o int
.

o n the underside o f the fl o o r i s best Obtained by a graphical

s tudy o f the weir c r o ss secti o n and hydrauli c pressures T he .

hydrauli c grade line must be drawn and the distance measured ,

fro m the hydraulic grade line t o the unders i de o f the fl o o r at

the p o int co ns i dered gives the uplift pressure head Th e hy .
 DI VE R SI ON WO RK S 25

drauli o grade li ne i s br o ken and dro pped at vert i cal cut o ff walls -

a distance equal t o the l o ss i n head pr o duced by this part o f

the path o f perc o lati o n and between c u t o ff walls o r o ther
,
-

pr o j ecti o ns bel o w the fl o o r i t will have a unifo rm sl o pe unless

the material o f the stream bed al o ng the path o f perc o lat i o n
changes o r the base o f the fl o o r fo rms m o re than o n e c o ntinu o us
plane T o o btain the intensity o f pressure at any p o int fo r the
.

general case ( F igs 5 C 5D 5E )

.
, ,
.

Let R I pressure head at the i nlet t o the path o f per

c o lati o n equal t o the depth o f water o n the U p
,

stream side o f the weir .

H2 pressure head at the o utlet t o the path o f per

c o lati o n equal t o the depth o f tail wa ter ab o ve the
,
-

d o wnstream end o f the fl oo r .

1 t o tal length Of the path o f perc o lati o n .

ll length Of path Of perc o l at i o n t o the p o int co ns i dered .

h H 1 H 2 t o tal dr o p i n hydraulic grade line o r

l o ss i n pressure head o r i n uplift pressure i n the
distance I .

dr o p in hydrau li c grade line o r l o ss i n pressure

head co rresp o nding t o the length Of the path Of
perc o lati o n d o wn t o the p o int c o n s idered .

hl pressure head at p o int c o nsidered measured fr o m ,

the hydraulic grade l i ne .

intens i ty o f U plift pressure at the p o int c o ns i dered

i n p o unds per square f o o t .

depth o f water ab o ve fl o o r at p o int c o ns i dered .

resultant i ntens i ty o f upward pres s ure at th e p o int

c o nsidered t o be balanced by the we i ght O f the fl o o r

i n p o und s per square fo o t .

wI wei ght o f a cubi c f o o t o f water i n p o unds .

wz weight o f a cub i c f o o t o f fl o o r mater i al i n p o unds .

t thi ckness Of the fl o o r i n feet .

In determining the requ i red thickness o f the fl o o r the co n ,

d it io n s giving maximum value fo r must be c o n s idered A s .

previ o usly stated these c o nditi o ns are when there is maxi mum
,
26 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T U RE S

di ff er en ce i n elevati o n of t h e wate r surfaces whi ch wi ll us u ally ,

be when the water level o n the upstream side o f the weir is level
wi th the crest o f the we ir and the water level o n the d o wn stre a m
S ide i s mi n i mum o r level wi th the l o wer end o f the fl oo r F o r .

these co ndi ti o ns gi vi ng maxi mum resultant U pward pressure

and wi th a level fl o o r su rfa ce h will be zer o and i f the special
, z ,

value o f h l i s den o ted by h then p h wl , r .

Where the fl oo r i s de s i gned t o re s ist upwar d pressure by

an c h o rage the fl o o r is d ivi ded by the anch o rage int o panels w hi ch
,

must be de s igned as fl o o r s labs again s t the bendi ng stresse s p r o

d u ce d by the U pward pressures determined as explai ned ab o ve .

Where the fl o o r h as n o anch o rage and bendi ng strength such as ,

when bu i lt o f ma s o nry o r plai n co ncrete n o t anch o red the

'

weight al o ne prevents the U plift T o gi ve ample safety the .

,

thi ckness O f the fl oo r may then be made greater than that r e

4 hr w j'

quired fo r exact balance Th e thi ckness is then t .

: w2
.

3
Le n gth Of Flo o r Wa ll s
an d Cut t o tal length o f the
-
OE — Th e

path o f per co lati o n i s o btained as previ o usly stat ed T his .

length is divi ded u p betw een the d o wn s tream fl o o r the cut o ff ,

-

walls and in s o me case s an upstream fl o o r T h e d o wnstream

,
.

fl o o r may be made o f such length that i t wi ll co mprise a large

part O f the path o f perc o lati o n but i t mu s t n o t be made t o o sh o rt
, ,

fo r o n e Of the ma i n o bj ects o f the fl o o r is t o pr o tect the stream

bed against the i mpact Of the falli ng water F o r thi s purp o se a .

length o f fl o o r measured fr o m the d o wnstream t o e o f the we ir

,

wall Of 3 o r 4 t i mes the height o f the weir cre s t ab o ve the

,

fl o o r is suffi cient M r B ligh rec o mmends the fo ll o wing em

. .

p ir i ca l equati o n fo r the length o f apr o n o r fl o o r measured fr o m

the d o wnstream t o e o f the we i r wall :

where C c o effic i ent u s ed t o d etermine the length o f the path

O f perc o lati o n .

height o f we i r cre s t ab o ve the fl o o r o r apro n .

K n o wi ng the length Of the fl o o r this value subtracted fr o m ,

the t o tal path o f p erc o lati o n give s the length t o be di vided b e

tween the cut o ff wall s o r t o be given t o an upstream fl o o r
- .

Ripra p Ext e n s io n for Rive r b e d Pr o t ectio n

'

— T h e i mpervi o us
- .

fl o o r is co nt in ued d o wnstream w i t h r i prap o r pavin g Th e .

 DI VE R S I ON WO RK S 27

length o f th i s r i prap must depend o n the character o f the stream

bed the height o f fall and the v o lume Of water carried T h e
, .

t o tal length o f fl o o r and riprap i s stated i n the f o rm o f an em

p i r i c a l equati o n given by M r B ligh .

L = 1 0C

Where L t o tal length o f fl o o r and r i prap o r paving .

Hb the height o f the we i r crest ab o ve lo w water level o n

the d o wnstream side o f the weir wall .

q maximum fl o o d disc harge i n cubic feet per sec o nd

per lineal f o o t o f we i r cr es t .

C path o f perc o lati o n c o efficient ( page

Th e length of riprap or pavi ng al o ne will be ‘

L, L La VH b L,

Th e thickness of l o o se r i prap sh o uld be n ot le s s than 2 feet .

DES I G N OF DIVE RS I O N WEIRS O F TH E LO O SE R O CK FILL

-

I N DI A N TYP E

T his type O f weir previ o usly descr i bed i s illustrated by the

, ,

O khla weir ( F ig 7 ) o n the J umna R iver India and the L aguna

.
, ,

FI G . 7 .
—O khla wei r Ju m a Riv r I d i a
, n e ,
n .

wei r ( Fig 8) acr o ss the C o l o rad o River ( —

A r i z o na C al i f o rnia
.
) .

T h i s type Of we i r has a flat tr i angular pr o file bu i lt Of l o o se r o ck ,

fills separated l o ngitudinally by rectangular vertical walls o r c o re

walls parallel with the axis Of the weir T h e ma i n wall i s placed .

o n the ax i s o f t h e crest Of the weir O n the upstream s i de o f the

.

main c rest wall t he l o o se r o ck fill l p e s fr o m the crest d o wn t o the

s tream bed o n a sl o pe rang i ng usually fr o m 2 t o 1 t o 4 t o 1 ; on ,

the d o wnstream s i de the r o ck fill h a s a flat sl o pe usually fr o m ,

1 2 t o l t o 2 0 t o 1 and is divided by o n e o r m o re walls parallel

, ,

with the crest wall T h e divisi o n walls are usually 4 t o 6 feet

.

thick ; their ba s es rest o n the stream bed o r may extend a S h o rt

di s tance bel o w the stream bed T h e walls are spaced fro m 3 0 .
28 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T UR E S

t o 45 feet apart which g i ves a dr o p i n elevat i o n i n the crest o f

,

the walls fr o m o n e wall t o the next d o wnstream o n e o f 2 t o 3 feet .

T he pr i n ci ples o f design are n o t as defi ni te as fo r the type o f

Indian we ir which has a s o l i d i mpervi o us fl oo r T he r o ck fi ll
, .

o n the U pstream s i de w i ll i n t ime bec o me m o re o r less impermeable

by the dep o siti o n in the p o re s pace o f s ilt and sand c arried by

, ,

the water and wi ll then f o rm an upstream apr o n which will in

,

c rease the res i stan c e t o perc o lat i o n thr o ugh i t an d will add t o the

length o f the path o f perc o lat i o n T he d o wnstream r o ck flll

.

will be co me le s s permeable by the s ilt and sand dep o sited by the

river water and als o by s o me o f the finer material o f the stream
,

bed washed u p by the upward current o f the u n d e r fl o w water .

A s the i mpermeabi lity o f the upstream r o c k fill cann o t be de

pended upo n the length o f the d o wnstream r o ck fill i s usually
,

made suffic i ent t o g i ve the required path o f perc o lat i o n as w ith ,

the we i rs bui lt with an i mpervi o us fl o o r T his length w i ll there

.
,

f o re b e C X H where C i s th e co e ffi cient previ o usly g i ven ranging

, ,

fro m 4 t o 1 8 depending o n the material o f the stream bed and

, ,

H i s the max i mum di ff erence i n elevati o n o f the water levels o n

the U pstream and d o wnstream sides Of the weir Often equal t o the ,

height o f the weir crest ab o ve the s tream bed .

T h e U pli ft pres s ure c o nsidered i n the des i gn o f i mpermeable

fl o o r is n o t a fact o r i n the des i gn o f the r o ckfi ll type ; the act i o n
which must be c o nsidered is the u n d e rfl o w current which o cc u rs ,

by the water pas s ing fr o m o n e basin under the bas e o f the d iv i d

i n g wall int o the next l o wer basin T h e water level in each bas i n
.

will rise t o the crest o f the d o wnstream wall Of the ba s i n s o that

the u n d erflo w c urrent i s pr o d uced by the di ff erence in adj acent
water levels T h e vel o city o f this current is dependent o n this
.

d i ff erence i n water levels and o n the re s istance O ff ered by the

path o f perc o lati o n which extends d o wn thro ugh the r o ck fill
,

o f the upper bas i n then under the ba s e o f the d i v i ding wall and
,

u p thr o ugh the r o ck fill o f the adj acent basin M r B ligh i n

. .

h is critici s m o f the L aguna we ir states that the sheet pi ling fo rm

i n g the extensi o n bel o w the base o f the cre s t wall appears u n
necessary a s h e b elieves i t is s ufficient t o have the ba s e o f the
,

walls built d irectly o n the bed o f the channel a s in the case o f the
O khla weir with n o extensi o n int o the stream bed
,
B u t the .

writer bel ieve s that alth o ugh it may n o t be nece s sary the sheet ,

pil i ng o r extensi o n is de s irable fo r it increa s es the path o f per

,

c o lati o n aro und the mai n crest wall fr o m the upstream s i de into
 DI VE R SI ON WO RK S 29

the first o r upper basin a n d pr o d uce s a d d iti o nal s afety at a rela

t i v e ly sma ll c o s t
.

T o c o nf o rm with the prin c iple s o f u n d e r fl o w previ o u s ly stated ,

it w o uld seem that the path o f perc o lati o n fr o m o n e basin int o

an o ther sh o uld be suffi ciently l o ng t o pr o duce a resi s tance which
will prevent a vel o city o f such magnitude that s o me Of the ma
t er i a l Of the stream bed be wa s hed u p int o the r o ck fill and p r o
duce settlement T h e resistance t o fl o w i n the l o o se r o ck fill
.

i s small at lea s t when fir s t c o n s tructed bef o re finer material

, ,

s uch as sand and silt h a s been d ep o sited in the v o ids ; theref o re

,

the resi s tance must be largely O btaine d fr o m that part o f the

path of perc o lati o n i n the sand ar o und the base o f the wall T o .

i ncrease this path it is desirable t o extend the base o f the wall bel o w
stream bed N eglecting the re s i s tance t o fl o w O ffered by the
.

r o ck fill the path o f perc o lati o n i n the stream channel ar o und the
,

base o f the wall need n o t exceed CH where C is the c o e fficient

1

previ o u s ly gi ven fo r di fferent clas s es o f materi al and H 1 is the

di fference in elevati o n between water levels o n b o th sides o f the
wall If this path Of perc o lati o n is n o t Of sufficient length there
.
,

will be a gradual adj u s tment o f the material in the stream bed ,

with m o re o r le s s settlement In s o me o f the Older weirs bu ilt

.

in India the usefulne s s o f m o re than o n e cr o s s wall al o ng the axi s

o f the crest w a s n o t realized s o that the u s e o f a single cr o ss wall
,

pr o duced an exce s s ive vel o city ar o und the bas e Of the cr o s s wall
whi ch wa s hed u p c o n s i derable ma ter i al fr o m the stream bed a n d
all o wed at the sam e time settlement o f the l o o se r o ck unt i l a
natural mixture o f sand and r o ck o ff ering s ufli cie n t resistance t o
the fl o w was o btained A fter settlement the l o o s e r o ck fill wa s
.

br o ught u p t o i ts required height by ad d iti o nal material .

T o pr o tect the d o wnstream l o o se r o ck fill against the high

vel o city the mp i ng face is paved with larger r o ck ; this p aving
,

o r riprap S h o uld extend bey o n d the t o e o f the sl o pe t o pr o tect

the stream bed d o wn t o a p o int where the vel o city will be de

c rease d t o its n o r mal value .T h e t o tal length fr o m t h e crest o f
the weir t o the end Of this pr o tecti o n i s Obtained by the same
f o rmula as previ o u s ly given fo r weir s with imper vi o us fl o o rs .

Lagun a D iversi o n We ir o n Co lo ra d o Ri ver Yuma Pr o j e ct (Ar i

,

z o n a C a lif o rn i a )— ( F igs 8 and 9 —T his we i r i s built o n the l o wer

-
.
)
part Of the C o l o rad o R iver where the river bed is san d y material
d o wn t o a great depth T h e stream fl o w i s subj ect t o great varia
.

ti o ns ranging fr o m a lo w water fl o w o f
, to sec o nd feet -
30 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T URE S

up to a maximum fl o o d fl o w o f ab o ut sec o n d feet ( 1 90 9 -

and T h e water carr i es large quantities Of s ilt T h e m o st .

fav o rable s i te fo r the c o nstruct io n o f the weir was ab o ut 1 2 m ile s

ab o ve Yuma where the wi dth o f the fl o o d flo w channel between
,
-
,

the gran i te o ut cr o ppings whi c h f o rm the banks o f the r i ver is , ,

nearly 1 mi le A b o ve thi s p o int the grade o f the stream bed

.
,

i s ab o ut 1 fo o t per mile and the s tream channel is c o ntinu o usly

,

c hang i ng i t s bank s T o best meet the co nditi o ns the type o f

.
,

wei r selected wa s the Indi an type o f r o ck fi ll we i r used succe s s -

,

fully in Ind i a and E gypt T h e we i r i s feet l o ng and ra ises

.
,

the water level o f the ri ver ab o ut 1 0 feet t o d i vert water i nt o a

m a i n can al o f sec o nd feet c apac i ty o n the west bank o f the -

ri ver in C alifo rni a and i nt o a smaller canal o n the east bank O f

the river in A riz o na ( Fig O n e o f the m o s t intere s ting fea.

C u rr e n t B re a k ers

Hl
o es

W . L .

’
S h es t l '
6
”
—50 5 - , I

FI G . 8.
— La g u a w ir
n e .

tures o f the d ivers i o n w o rks is the ty p e o f s luicewa y channel and

o f c anal headgates at each end o f the we i r des i gned spec i ally ,

t o carry the minimum am o unt o f sed iment i n the canal s ; thes e

parts o f the d i vers i o n w o rks are des cr i bed i n the d i s c uss i o n o f
s co uring s lu i ces .

T h e di vers i o n we i r i s f o rmed o f thre e parallel walls acr os s

the river w i th r o ck fi ll i ng between these walls and against the
,

U pstream fac e o f the cre s t wall a c o ncrete pavement 1 8 inches ,

thi ck o n the r o c k fill between cr o ss walls and an apr o n o f large ,

derrick size r o ck extending fo r 50 feet d o wnstream fr o m the t o e

-

wall T h e space between the crest wall and the m i ddle wall i s
.

5 7 feet and between the middle wall and t o e wall 93 feet

,
The .

base o f the cr o s s walls re s ts o n the s tream bed and at the b a se ,

o f the cres t wa ll a cut o ff wall o f w o o den s heet pili ng 6 inches

-

thick extends fr o m 1 2 t o 2 0 feet in the stream bed Th e height .

O f the crest wall ab o ve the stream bed is 1 9 feet near the deepest

part o f the main chann el and decrea s e s t o ward the end .

T h e c o ncrete pavement is built in slabs ab o ut 1 0 f eet wide

an d 1 5 feet l o n g with o pen j o ints t o relieve upward press ure
,
.

Th e d o wn s tream apr o n is 7 feet thick with its U pper surface

32 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T URE S

feature o f the c o nstruct i o n and the great d ifficulti es wh i ch h ad

t o be o verc o me t o c o mplete the weir i n t h e spr in g o f 1 9 09 ,

i nv o lving the cl o sure o f the deepest part O f the stream left o pe n ,

till the end are well described by E D Vi n cent i n an article

, . .

given in the list o f references .

DYN A M I C F O RCE S PR O D U CE D BY F L OW O F W A TE R O VE R WE IRS

A N D T H E I R E FFE C T O N TH E D E S I G N O F WEIRS

Th e f o ll o wing dynamic f o rces are Obtained

F i rs t — A n er o sive o r sc o uring f o rce o n the d o wn s tream s ide
o f the cre s t re s ulting fr o m the h igh vel o city o r the imp a ct or ,
I

b o th o f the water p o uring o ver the crest

, .

S econ d — T h e f o rce o f i mpact o f fl o ating ice trees e t c on .

, , ,

the upstream face o f the we ir .

T h e first f o rce wi ll act o n the d o wn s tream face o f the

dam and als o o n the stream bed bel o w T o re s i s t i t the fo l
.
,

l o wi ng types of c o nstructi o n have been u s ed either singly o r in ,

c o mb i nati o n :

1 A n O gee s hape fo r the d o wnstream face o f the weir t o

.

prevent i mpact .

2 A flat r o lle r w a y o r sl o p i ng d o wnstream face o f the weir

3 A series o f steps f o r the d o wnstrea mface o f the we ir
. .

. .

4 A str o ng apr o n which wi ll resi st the impact and de s tr o y

. .

the vel o city .

5 A water cushi o n in which the water fall s

. .

6 A n apr o n o f riprap pavi ng o r li ning bu ilt as an exten s i o n

.
, ,

bey o nd the d o wn s tream end o f the weir t o pr o tect the stream

bed .

T h e first t w o f o rms o f c o n s tructi o n prevent impact but d o n o t

de s tr o y the vel o city .

T o determ ine the prin ciple s o f de s ign Of these d ifferent f o rm s

o f c o n s tructi o n ,
it is imp o rtant t o first c o nsider the principle s
o f fl o w o f water o ver weirs .

Flo w o f Wa t e r o ver We ir Cre s t s — T h e water di s charged

.

o ver a we ir crest takes the path o f a falling b o dy m o v ing with

an initial h o riz o ntal vel o city T his curve which i s a parab o la

.
, ,

h as the f o ll o wing equati o n :

where
 DI VER SI ON WO RK S 33

v i n i tial h or i z o ntal vel o city Of the o v e r p o u r wa t e r at the .

weir crest .

2 o rdinate c o rre s p o nding t o ab s cis s ae a: b o th measure d

I
I

<

fr o m the o rigin o f the curve o f falling water .

To determine the vel o city it is nece s s ar y t o kn o w the

discharge and the exact water cr o ss secti o n (A ) directly at
the weir crest ; when the s e are kn o wn 0 A A s the d i s charge ,

Q and the length Of weir crest are kn o wn fo r the case c o nsidered ,

the o nly remaining fact o r t o be kn o wn i s the depth o f water

at the weir crest Th e depth o f water Obtained with the weir
.

fo rm ula as generally used is the d iff erence in elevati o n between

, ,

the weir crest and the water level meas ured at a p o int s o me
di s tance upstream fr o m the weir cre s t bef o re the water level ,

begins t o dr o p Fr o m this p o int d o wn the water level dr o p s

.

o n a c urve s o that the depth o f water o n the cre s t ( D ) is c o n

,

s i d er a b ly less than the head o f water ( H )used i n the we ir f o rmul a

e .

T h e weir f o rmul ae m o st generally used are the f o ll o wing :

’
E ast Ind i an engineers f o rmula :
Ié
Q CL H where C 0 05 3 5 H
.

T hi sf o rmula pr o vide s no c o r recti o n fo r vel o cit y of appr o ach .

B azin f o rmula :
H 2

Q 1 0 55
(P
T his f o rmula c o nsider s vel o city of appr o ach .

F rancis f o rmula

Q CL H I’( no vel o cit y

appr o ach ) of .

Q CL K H h) §é %
h ] ( with vel o city o f appr o ach ) .

In the f o rmul ae the f o ll o wing n o tati o n h a s been used

P height o f weir in feet ( used in ’
Bazin s f
o rmula o nly ) .

H measured head in feet o r diff erence in elevati o n

between weir crest and water level at a p o int s u ffi ,

Cie nt ly far upstream t o av o id the su rface curve A .

distance fr o m the weir cre s t t o the p o int o f measure

ment equal t o 2 % ti mes the height o f the cre s t Of the
we ir ab o ve the b o tt o m o f the ch a nnel i s rec o mmended
by B o ileau .

h head i n feet c o rre s p o nding t o vel o city o f appr o ach .

3
34 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T U RE S

L length of we ir crest i n feet .

C c o efficient o f discharge .

Wh en the water level o n the d o wnstream s i de i s ab o ve the

c rest o f the we i r the weir is submerged F o r these c o ndit i o ns
, .

’
C lemens H ershel s f o rmula fo r a thin edge o r sharp edge we i r i s :
%
Q L (N H )

Where N i s a c o efficient wh i ch depends o n the pr o p o rt io nal sub

mergence a few values Of which are a s f o ll o w s :
,

R ti
a f bm
o o s u e r g e n ce
i t 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Vl
n p er ce n 99
a u esf N O l 00 5 0 9 8 5 0 9 5 9 0 89 2 0 7 87 0 7 0 3 0 5 7 4

p
Ty i c a l
ei r Wre s t C B az i n
'
s Mod e l of C u r ve d
f o r wh i czh Co fi i i e t
F o r um la i s l e r ve g gg C res t Da m

z Wir
Ba i n e s
P file U pp d U d
F ll
ro of e r an n er
f
V
S ur S
ace o f h ee t of a i ng
W at e r
A pp h W
fo r I la ry i n g nc i n e.
t i on s of
A d B z
ro a c to ei r
Cre s t , i n g to
'
c co r a in s
E xp e rim en t s
FI GJ OD

FI G . 1 0D .

T hi s fo rmula may be appli ed t o br o ad crested we i rs by s ub

s t it ut i n g fo r the co effic i ent special values depending o n the
shape o f the crest such a s are given bel o w fo r free d i scharge
,

co effic i ents If the fo rmula be c o rrected fo r vel o city o f appr o ach

.

i t may be wri tten a s a m o d i fied fo rm o f Franc i s f o rmula

96 % as
Q CL N KH h) h ]

Franci s f o rmula is the o n e m o st generally u s ed i n t he Un ted

i

S tates In this fo rmu la the value o f the c o effic i ent whi ch

. ,
 DI VE R S I ON WO RK S 35

depends o n the f o rm o f we i r crest and depth Of water varies ,

fr o m ab o ut to and mo stly between and T he

foll o wing fo rmula has been deduced by the U S G e o l o gi cal . .

S urvey fo r the c o effic i ent fo r weirs o f O gee secti o n wi th 2 o r 3 ,

feet crest rad ius and upstream l p e s 3 t o feet br o ad ( Fig .

1 OA) ( Page
. 1 3 1 Water S upply and
,
Irrigati o n Paper N o 2 0 0 .
,

U S G e o l o gi cal S urvey )
. . .

C O 1 6 (S
.

h o ri z o nt al r un B
Where S batter rati o o f the sl o pe
vert i cal ri se b ,

M easurements o f discharge by the U S G e o l o gical S urvey o ver . .

an actual O gee dam ( A u s tin dam T exas ) ( Fi g 1 0B ) gave the , .

f o ll o wing re s ults :
C OE FFI C I E N T S FOR T EX A S ,
DA M
D d pth te a A v er a g e v a lu e Of
cr e s t C

Wi th the ab o ve f o rmul ae and values o f di s charge co e fii cie n t ,

the value o f H is o bta ined fo r any c o rresp o nding di s charge Th e .

value o f D ( depth o f water d i rectly o n crest o f weir ) i s requi red t o

find the vel o c i ty at the crest w h i c h deter mi ne s the equat io n Of
the parab o la Th e value o f D as Obtained by the measurements
.

o n the A ust i n dam expressed i n percentage o f the depth H

, ,

ranges fr o m fo r small depths o f water t o fo r the

larger depth o f water M easurements o n curved crests o f dams
.

o f s i milar f o rm made by B azin o n small m o dels 0 ) g i ve

( g
F i 1 0 .

the f o ll o wi ng results fo r o n e o f the m o st co mparable m o dels

H ea d , H De t ph o n c r es t, D

On ther m o dels Of c urved crests the results Obta i ned by Bazin

'

o , ,

are Very nearly the same (A nnales des Po nts et C hau s sees Vo l ,
.

II 1 898 page 1 5 1
, , O ther measurements o f pr o files o f
36 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T URE S

the sheet o f fal li ng water are rep o rted o n pages 1 1 1 1 1 2 o f the ,

U S G e o l o gi c al S urvey Water S upply Paper N o 2 0 0

. . O n flat . .

crests weirs , and feet wi de and fo r maximum heads Of

water o f and 9
feet respectivel y the rati o Of 7 where ,
“

11
D i s measure d at the center Of the crest wa s fo r b o th weir s
, ,

and where D is mea s ured at the d o wn s tream edge o f the crest ,

the rat io was and re s pectively F o r a fl at crest dam.

-

feet wi de ( Cleggs dam , N o rth C aro lina ) E lw o o d M o rris

Obtained fo r a head o f feet the rati o
A s i t i s i mp o rtant in o rder t o prevent a vacuum under the
,

sheet o f fall ing wat er t o determine the pr o file o f th i s sheet o f

,

water fo r maxi mum fl o w c o nditi o n when the curve is the fl a tt e s t

, , ,

i t wi ll be best t o a s sume that the depth o f water o n the crest o f

an O gee dam pro perly curved will be 6 5 per cent O f the head H . .

F r o m the equat i o ns gi ven ab o ve we then have fo r the vel o city

,

at the crest
Q CL H 9é

A 65
L H
EU

or appr o xi matel y ,

2
y 35
0 112

Th i s
equat io n for the parab o li c curve is based o n the average
vel o c ity Of the water cr o ss s ecti o n at the crest o f the weir .

As sumi ng that the thread o f mean vel o c i ty is 91 0 bel o w the surface ,

the o rigi n o f the curve will be at a p o int directly ab o ve the crest

at a height equal t o 94 0 o f the depth o f water at the crest This .

c urve when pl o tted w ill represent the thread o f mean vel o city
, ,

o f the fa lling s heet o f water T h e U pper s urface curve and under

.
-

sur face curve which fo rm the b o undary o f the water s heet will
be o btained by finding the thickn e s s o f the sheet at any p o int a n d
pl o tting the p o ints o f the upper surface and un d er s urface curve
- -
,

at right angle s t o the mean vel o city curve at d i s tance s equal t o ,

and 91 0 respectively o f the thicknes s o f the s heet ( Fig

, ,
.

T h e t h i ckne s s o f the s heet at any p o int i s f o und fr o m the dis

c harge per li neal f o o t Of crest divi ded by the vel o city at that

p o i nt which is the resultant of t h e co nstant i nitial h o riz o nt al

 D I VE R SI ON WO RK S 37

vel o ci ty and o f the vertical vel o c i ty due t o gravi ty ( equal t o

V 2gy where y
‘

,
vert i cal d i stance bel o w o r i gin ) .

O g e e s h ap e d D o wn s tr eam F a c e
-
Th e Obj ect o f fo rmi ng the .
-

d o wnstream fa ce o f an o verfl o w dam o r weir t o an O gee shape is

t o prevent the i mpact o f the falling water o n the stream bed o r
fl o o r T h e U pper part o f the face fr o m t h e crest d o wn t o a cer
.
,

tain p o int is f o rmed t o fit appr o ximately the curve Of the under

,

fa c e o f the falling water ; bel o w this p o int th e face is c o ntinued

usually with a tangent co nnecting t o a reverse c urve which ,

c hanges gradually the directi o n o f flo w s o as t o discharge the

water at the b o tt o m fall in a h o r i z o ntal direct i o n parallel t o the
stream bed In o rder t o prevent the p o ss i b i li ty Of the f o rmati o n
.

Up s t r eam W at e r L e vel

Q
i
: 1 2000 S e c . F t .

L en gt h W C ei r re s t n
'
gg
’
?
s 200 l

We i r O o e fli c i e n t u i

lW
n

Tai at e r L e ve l

FI G . 11 .

of a va c uum between the sheet o f water and the face o f the

da rn i t is safer t o flatten the pr o file o f the dam s o that the
,

d o wnstream face will extend well i nt o the sheet o f fa lling water .

T h e the o retical trapez o id a l pr o file will first be determ i ned and

the d o wnstream f a ce i s then m o dified t o an O gee curve ( Fig .

Where the vertical up s tream face o f the weir f o rms a right

angle with the cre s t there is full c o ntracti o n o f the under surfac e
,
’
o f the sheet o f water wh i c h causes acc o rding t o B az i n s e xp eri
, ,

ments a maxi mum ri s e i n the surface equal t o ab o ut

, o f the

head o f water at a d istance o f ab o ut M o f the head ( Fig 1 OD ) . .

T his c o ntracti o n is nearly eliminated by making a battered

appr o ach t o the cre s t Of the weir Of 1 vertical t o 4 h o r i z o ntal .
38 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T URE S

To el i mi nate th i s c o ntract i o n wh i ch wi ll c ause a va cuum i t is

, ,

desirable t o shape the crest o f the dam with such a batte red S IO pe
between the U pstream vert i cal face o f the dam and the summit
o f the weir crest o r t o use a suitable c urve wh i ch will fit th i s co n
,

tracti o n T h e pro files o f the U pper and under s urface o f a sheet

'

Of fal ling water pass ing o ver a sharp edge c rest fo r a vertical
, ,

fa c e and als o fo r d o wnstream i nclinat i o ns Of 2 h o r izo n t al t o 1 '

vertical and 4 h o riz o ntal t o 1 vert i cal as Obtained by Bazin

, ,

are sh o wn i n the acc o mpanying diagram ( Fig 1 0D ) . .

T h e s hap i ng o f the d o wnstream face o f the weir t o an O gee

face w ill change t o a small extent the magnitude and p o sit i o n o f
the re s u ltant weight o f the wei r secti o n w h i ch i t i s des i rable
,

t o c o n s i der in a final stud y o f the stabi li ty o f the struct u re .

T h e weight Of the s heet o f water o n the O gee face bel o w the

crest and ab o ve the tail water wi ll be c o mparatively small ; i t
-

will add t o the stability and ma y be neglected in the des i gn

. .

T o facilitate the c o n s tructi o n Of the d o wnstream face a ,

c i r c ular arc i s generally used t o fit the curve o f falling water

and is co ntinued by a mping tangent t o the curve which p ro

duces the deflecti o n T h e pr o per selecti o n o f the radius o f the
.

l o wer curve will depend largely o n the j u d gment o f the engineer .

A study o f a number o f O gee pr o files o f diversi o n weirs 1 0 t o

30 feet i n height S h o w the f o ll o w ing appr o ximate relat i o ns :
Fi rs t — R adius o f up s tream curve at cre s t o f weir of

the height O f the diversi o n weir o r battered 1 f o o t vertically t o 4

,

feet h o riz o ntally .

S eco n d — R ad i u s o f d o wnstream curve at cre s t o f weir made t o

fit curve o f falling water and depen d ent o n the depth o f o ver
p o ur water .

Thi r d — R adiu s O f l o wer deflecti o n curve to o f the

height o f diversi o n weir .

T h e u s e o f O gee face s h as been quite c o mm o nly ad o pted fo r

s o lid ma s o nry and c o ncrete diversi o n we irs bu ilt fo r irriga ,

ti o n sy s tems and hydr o electric p o wer devel o pment pr o j ects

i n the U n i ted S tates ( Fig T h e res ult o f an O gee face i s
.

the eliminat i o n o f impact but the water i s di s charged at the

,

f o o t o f the O gee with a high vel o city which with stream channels ,

f o rmed o f s o ft material requ ires the pr o tecti o n o f the stream

,

bed fo r c o n s i d erable di s tance d o wns tream A cc o rdi ng t o a .

n umber O f auth o rities o n engineeri ng practice in India the us e ,

O f O gee falls in India h as been aband o ned and replaced by direc t

40 I RR I GA T I ON S TR U C T URE S

made r o ugh t o O ff er greater re s i stance again s t the accelerated

fl o w d o wn the sl o pe T hi s f o rm o f c o n s tructi o n h as been
.

largely limi ted t o diversi o n weirs o f the l o o se r o ck t y pe as built

i n India an example o f which i s f o und i n the U ni ted S ta t es in
,

the L aguna we ir o n the C o l o rad o R iver T h e crude r o ck or .

.

c o bble lo w diver s i o n we irs bu ilt o n s o me we s tern streams are

s o metimes f o rmed with a flat mping d o wn s tream face s o me

what si milar t o the r o ller w a y o f the Indian weir t y pe and in ,

s o me cas es the weir is given m o re permanenc y agai n s t fl oo d

fl o w s by c o vering the l o o s e r o ck fill wi th a layer O f r o ck laid i n
c ement m o rtar T h e o nl y o ther example Of r olle r wa y faces is
f o und o n a few timber dams i n which cas e the mp e i s steeper
.

than that given ab o ve T h e r o lle r wa y face is Open t o the same

.

Obj ecti o n a s the O gee face but t o a less extent because the sc o ur
,

i n g vel o city Obtained at the f o o t o f the r o lle r w a y i s n o t as great

as with the O gee .

S t e pp e d Do wn s tr e a m F a c e — T his f o rm o f d o wnstream face

is intended t o de s tr o y the impact f o r ce by divi d ing the t o t al fall
i nt o a number o f smaller falls and t o prevent a hi gh vel o c i ty at
the f oo t o f the last step T O be e ffe cti ve the s teps mus t be mad e
.

sufficiently l o ng t o re ce i ve the shee t o f falli ng water i ns i de o f

the upstream half o f the step ; o therwi s e the e ffect O f the steps
i n destr o ying the i mpact wi ll be greatly dimini s hed espec i ally ,

d uring heavy fl o o ds T hi s f o rm i s a d o pted with s o me f o rm o f

.

cri b wei rs b u t is expensive in am o unt o f mater i al and h as little

,

o r n o advantage s o ver a direct fall o n a heavy fl o o r .

D o wn s tr e am Flo o r o r Apr o n t o R e s i s t Impa ct an d D e s troy

Ve lo city o f F all — . T his part o f a d i versi o n weir i s u s ed t o pr o tect
the stream bed when there is a direct fall fr o m the crest o f the
weir and al s o a s an exten s i o n t o the t o e Of an O gee fall
,
.

When the fo undati o n i s impervi o u s har d s o lid r o ck the fl o o r , , ,

may n o t be nece s s ar y O n s o fter impervi o u s r o ck such as

.
,

stratified r o ck c o ngl o merate r o ck and shale s a sh o rt fl o o r at

, ,

least is nece s s ary T h e fl o o r length mu s t be at least suffic i ent

.

t o receive the fal ling water well with in the up s tream half o f
the fl o o r ; this di s tance is Obtained by c o n s idering the equati o n o f
the curve o f falli ng water b u t s h o uld n o t be le s s than 2 o r
,

3 times the height o f fall F o r an O gee face ab o ut the same

.

length o f fl o o r s h o uld be used T h e fl o o r is usually made o f .

c o ncrete ma s o nry framed timber o r timber cribs fi lled with

, , ,

r o ck A c o ncrete fl o o r sh o uld n o t be less than l fo o t thi ck fo r

'

.
 D I V ER S I ON WO RK S 41

lo w falls and preferably 2 feet thick fo r falls ab o ve 2 0 feet in

,

height Th e fl o o r may have t o be extended with riprap o r

.

paving .

When the fo undat i o n i s pervi o us o r s o ft mater i al such as ,

fi s s ur e d r o ck sand gravel the fl o o r is a m o re imp o rtant part o f

, , ,

the weir Th e length and thickness o f t h e fl o o r depend o n the

.

c haracter o f the material the height Of the weir the v o lume o f

, ,

water pa s sing o ver the weir and the U pward hydr o static pre s s ure
un d er the fl o o r and is determined by the principles previ o usly
,

c o n s idered in the design o f weirs o n perv io us f o undati o ns .

—
Water Cushi o n t o R e c e ive Fa ll ing W at e r Th e Obj ect Of a .

water cushi o n is t o pr o tect the fl o o r o r stream bed against the

i mpa ct o f the falling water and t o destr o y the vel o city a s much
as p o ssible T h e water cushi o n may be f o rmed as a basin with
.

its fl o o r depressed bel o w the surface Of the stream bed by an

am o unt equal t o the desired depth o f the water cush i o n o r may ,

be fo rmed ab o ve the stream bed by making the fl o o r at the same

level as the stream bed and us i ng a sec o ndary we i r wall at the
d o wnstream end o f the cushi o n o f suffi ci ent height t o give the ,

desired depth o f water ab o v e the stream bed T h e first meth o d .

requires excavati o n and fl o o r c o nstructi o n be lo w the stream bed

where the gr o und water may increase the d iffi culties o f co n
struct i o n and the c o st T h e sec o nd meth o d pr o duces a m i n o r
.

fall at the sec o ndary weir Wall wh i ch may requ i re greater p ro ,

t e ct i o n o f the stream bed bel o w .

Th e length and depth o f the water c ush i o n may be determ i ne d

fr o m co ns i derati o ns simi lar t o th o se given in the discus s i o n o f
falls o r dr o p s o n canals Th e thickne s s o f the fl o o r o f the water
.

c ush i o n where n o uplift pres s ure is e ffect ive if o f c o ncrete is

, , ,

co mm o nly made equal t o ab o ut hi o o f the height but n o t less ,

than 1 fo o t .

Water cush i o ns are n ot o ften used fo r d i versi o n we i rs ; the u s e

o f a str o ng fl o o r with o ut water cush i o n i s usually depended o n .

Ripr a p Pa vi ng o r Lin ing t o Pr o te ct S tr e a m B e d —O n l oo s e .

,

f o undati o ns o f sand s ilt o r gravel the water i n passing fr o m the

, ,

smo o th surface Of the fl o o r t o the surface Of the stream bed h a s

a tendency t o wash away the material at the end o f the fl o o r ,

which may undermine this end o f the fl o o r and endanger the .

structure To prevent this the fl o o r is c o ntinued w i th riprap

.
, ,

paving o r lining fo r c o n s iderable d i s tance d o wnstream T h e .

length and thickne s s o f this r i prap i s c o ns i dered i n the des i gn o f

we irs bui lt o n pervio us f o undat i o n .
42 I R RI GA TI ON S TR U C T U RE S

Impact of Ice , Tr e e s , Etc t m F ac e of W eir To.

, on Up s r ea .
-

facilitate the passing o f i ce trees and o ther fl o ating d ébris t h e

crest Of the weir o n the upstream s ide is c urved o r built o n a mpe
, ,

o f 2 t o 4 h o r i z o ntal t o 1 vert i c al .

D E SCRI PTI O N OF DIVERS I O N WEIRS

S an d , G r a v e l , Co b b l e s ton e , Lo o s e R o ck an d B rus h W e ir s
Plate II igs A B C — t s class are i ncluded the rude
( ,
F .
, , ) I n hi . c

t y pes extens i vely used in the early stages o f devel o pment o f

many o f the o lder systems and still used t o s o me extent where
i rrigati o n pract i ce i s crude o r where the capital i s limi ted .

T h e b o dy o f the weir w h i ch i s seld o m o ver 1 0 feet i n height i s

, ,

built wi th the material taken fr o m the s tream channel whi ch is

usually sand gravel o r c o bblest o nes Th e mo st c o mmo n fo rm
, ,
.

i s a c o mb inati o n Of this ma ter i al wi th sage brush wi ll o w o r c o tt o n ,

w o o d branche s T h e b rush serves t o pr o tect the materi al fr o m

.

being washed away by the c urrent and the heavy mater i al is

necessary t o o bstruct the fl o w and h o ld the brush d o wn .

Th e meth o d o f co nstru ct i o n i s well i llustrated by the meth o d

u s ed by the Yo l o Water Po wer C O fo r the di versi o n o f .

water fr o m C ache Creek Calif o rnia until 1 9 1 2 when a permanent

, ,

co n crete dam wa s built T h e diversi o n dam renewed each year

.
,

after the danger o f winter fl o o ds wa s passed wa s bu ilt o f mats o f ,

wi ll o w branches weighted d o wn wi th l o o se gravel and sacks filled

,

w ith sand and gravel Th e will o w branche s were first tied i nt o

.

bundles wi th galvan i zed i r o n wire and each mat ab o ut 1 6 feet , ,

square a n d 3 t o 4 feet thick wa s t hen f o rmed by as s embli ng ,

the s e bundles tying and weaving them t o gether with w ire T h e

,
.

mats were fl o ated d o wn by the current held in p o s iti o n by r o pes ,

and we i ghted d o wn with la y ers o f gravel and s and ab o ut 1 f o o t

t hi ck In this manner t wo t o three tiers o f mats were placed t o
.

bring the dam t o the required height .

A di fferent f o rm O f c o nstructi o n c o n s i s ts i n dr i vi ng p o s ts i n
the stream bed t o which the brus h is tied with wires o r cables
,
.

T h e dam may c o ns i st o f t wo parallel bru s h walls with a filli ng o f ,

r o ck gravel o r sand in between ; the brush walls be i ng f o rmed by

drivi ng t wo parallel li nes o f p o sts and by t y ing o r i nterlac i ng
brus h t o each li ne .

A m o re crude f o rm o f dam c o mm o nly u s ed i s fo rmed Of layers

, ,

o f l o o se brush o r branche s placed with the butt end d o wn s tream

,
 PL A TE II .

FI G A —
A bru h d
s a m on th e Y ll we o s Rive r ( Bu ll
t on e 24 9 O ffi c e of E xpt
S De p t Agr )
. . .
. .

St a .
,
1 91 2 U , . . . .

F I G B — I rrigat i i v t igat i
onR pa i ri g bru h
n es on s e n s an d r k
oc dam Y ll w te o s on e

Riv r M t ( An ual R p rt O ffi c f Exp t S t Ju S D p t Agr )

.
. . .

e on n e o e o a ne 30 , 1 9 02 , U e .

p 42 )
. . .
. . .
,

(F i ac ng a ge
 P L A TE I I .

FI G . C .
-
C bbl e
o an d br us h d am on C ache C r k ee ne ar Ru ms ey C alif
,
.

FI G . D — . S mall c i uo us c rib d ivers i w ir d fis h la dd r

on t n on e an e . Kamlo o p s
F ruit la d I rri ga t i
n s onP w rC B C
o e O .
,
. .
 DI V ER S I ON WO RK S 43

and weighted d o wn with c o bbles o r gravel ; thi s i s illus trated by

the c o bble and brush weir f ormerly used at an o ther p o int o f
diver s i o n o n C ache Creek Calif o rnia ( Plate II Fig C ) and o n e
, , .
,

o n the Yell o wst o ne R iver M o ntana ( Plate II

, F ig s A a n d B )
, . .

T h e placing Of the butt end d o wnstream fav o rs the dep o siti o n

o f the silt and sand o n the U p s tream side in the bru s h a n d ,

between t h e c o bble s ; which is necessary t o make the dam m o re

i mpervi o us .

T hi s cla s s o f weir is n o t permanent and where the winter fl o o d s

are heavy even with the best c o nstructi o n annual repairs o r
, ,

t o tal replacement are nece s s ary It n o t infrequently o ccurs that

.

unexpected late fl o o d s will wash o ut a dam recently replaced o r

repaired A well c o n s tructed weir o f bru s h a n d c o bbles o r o n a
.
-

c o bble o r co arse gravel f o undati o n may wi th s tand the s c o uring

e ffect o f a m o derate depth o f water o ver it with little damage ,

but a weir built Of sma ller material and with o ut bru s h i f s ub ,

merged will pro babl y be entirely de s tr o y ed

, .

When the b o dy Of the weir is built Of c o bbles o r r o ck and o n

a fo undati o n o f s maller material the u n de r fl o w thr o ugh the per
,

v i o u s stream bed wi ll have a tendency t o wa s h o u t the finer

material as explained i n the the o ry o f the design o f diver s i o n

,

weirs Of the l o o se r o ck fi ll Indian type and there will be a gradual

-
,

sinking o f the c o bbles o r r o ck i n the stream bed Th e c o ntinued .

additi o n Of new material t o build up the weir will impr o ve its

strength but it will n o t bec o me stable and safe until su fficient
,

material has been added t o gi ve i t pr o p o rt i o ns c o mparable with

th o se o f the l o o se r o ck fill In d ian type and o nly pr o vided the r o ck
-
,

b o ulder s or c o bbles are sufficiently large t o resist the trans

,

p o rting and er o s i ve p o wer o f the fl o o d water .

T h e yearly c o s t o f renewal and maintenance Of thi s type Of

d iversi o n weir will usua lly make it m o re ec o n o mi cal t o co nstruct
a mo re sub s tantial and permanent s tructure .

Lo g Weir s ( Fi g .
—T his type o f we i r i s su i table where
timber is cheap and fo r heights Of dam n o t greater than 1 0 t o
1 5 feet. I t s use i s largely limi te d t o certain pr o j ects in the
N o rthwest where the p o int o f diversi o n i s i n the upper part o f
,

the stream w i th timbered waters he d and where the d i fficulties

, ,

Of tran s p o rtati o n preclude the ec o n o mi c c o nstructi o n Of any

o ther type o f weir T h e weir is built o f layers o f l o g s place d s ide
.
,

by s i de with butt en d s d o wn s tream Th e weir cr o ss secti o n is

, .

triangular ; the U p s tream face l p e s at the rate Of ab o ut 1 fo o t

44 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T URE S

vert i cally fo r 3 feet h o r i z o ntally fr o m the stream bed up t o th e

crest and the d o wnstream face fo rmed by the butt ends i s nearly
,

vertical T he b o tt o m la y ers o f l o gs ext end d o wnstream t o fo rm

.

an apro n fo r the pr o tect i o n Of the s tream bed against the sc o uring

w h i ch w o uld re s ult fr o m the i mpact o f the falling water and
fro m the i rregular c urrent s Th e length Of this apr o n me a sured
.

fr o m the t o e o f the d o wnstream face sh o uld be fro m 3 t o 6 times

the he i ght o f fall depending o n the character Of the stream bed
, .

L o gs 1 0 t o 2 0 i nche s i n diameter are u s ed the larger l o g s are ,

placed i n the b o tt o m Th e d o wn s tream la y er o f the apr o n is

.

first laid o n the stream bed ; the next layers Of the apr o n o verlap
i n turn the U p s tream p o rti o n o f the la y er underneath f o rmi ng
, ,

step s 1 0 t o 1 5 feet wi d e Th e triangular p o rti o n Of the dam i s

.

then built U p i n layer s filli ng the space s between with branche s

, ,

bru s h st o ne and earth To s ecure greater s t i ff ne s s cr o ss b inders

, , .
,

FI G 13 — Sk et ch s h o wi n g man n e r o f pla cin g l o g s in a t yp ical lo g d a m

( B u ll 2 4 4 Offic e Of E xp e r S t a U S D e p t f Agri )
. . .

.
, . . o .
,
. . .

3 to 4 i nches in diameter are placed near the butt end o f the l o gs ,

t o wh i ch they are c o nnected wi th tree nails o r sp i kes After .

the t o p la y er i s placed several cr o ss binders are secured t o the

,

l o gs and the surface is br o ught t o a un i fo rm sl o pe wi th a fi lli ng

o f earth and r o ck .

Cri b W e ir s ( Plate II Fig D and Plate II I F i gs A and B )

,
.
,
. .

D ams built o f lo g cr i bs filled with r o ck were exten s ively used

i n the early devel o pment Of placer mine s in C alifo rnia T hese .

dams usually built i n the h i gh m o untains were u s ed fo r the

, ,

st o rage o f water required fo r hydraulic mini ng and where thi s ,

meth o d o f mining had t o be aban d o ne d o n acc o unt o f S tate law s

the water h a s been c o nve y ed t o valley lands fo r i rrigati o n .

T hi s t y pe o f dam o r weir i s als o u s ed quite extensively fo r the

purp o s e o f st o rage and divers i o n in the N o rthwest They can .

be c o n s tructed in runni ng water m o re ea s ily than c o ncrete o r

ma s o nry dam s and fo r thi s rea s o n have been u s ed in a number
,

o f c aS e S fo r temp o rary structures in the diversi o n o f water t o

 PL A T E 1 11 .

FI G . C.
— W o o d en fram e o p e wei r
n F r es n o Riv e r ne ar M ad ra C al if
e ,
.

FI G . D — M o o re
. co llap s ibl e d ive r i
s on w ir
e on C a h C r k C al if
c e ee ,
.
 DI VER SI ON WO RK S 45

permit the c o n s tructi o n Of m o re imp o rtant c o ncrete dam s o r

weirs .

Th e weir c o nsi s ts either o f crib w o rk built c o ntinu o us ly o r o f ,

separate cribs b o lted o r tied t o gether with cables in r o ws o r s eries .

Th e c o mpartments o r pens f o rmed by the l o gs are usually fille d

wi th r oc ks c o bbles o r gravel This material gives t o the dam
, ,
.

the necessary stability against fl o ating o verturning and s li d ing

, ,

and the crib w o rk c o nfines and h o lds t o gether the heavy material ,

pr o tecting it fr o m the er o s ive and tran s p o rting p o wer o f the

current Th e U p s tream face o f the weir is Often vertical A
mping face will increase the stability becau s e o f the d o wnward
. .

c o mp o nent o f the water pres s ure o n that face and a sl o pe may ,

be gi ven which will give a d o wnward pressure sufficient t o make

the weir stable with o ut the filling o f heavy material ; this has
been d o ne i n a few cases where the depth o f water in the channel
is small as c o mpared with the height Of the weir s o that the ,

bu o yancy o f the submerged timber did n o t decre ase the stability

bel o w a safe value In which cases the weir h a s u s ually a tri
angular pr o file with a mping U pstream face and a vertical
.

d o wn s tream face .

T h e upper part o f a r o ck crib weir may be sl o ped up t o the

crest t o facilitate the pa s sage o f fl o ating ice .

Th e d esign o f the f o rm o f the weir will als o depend largely o n

the character Of t h e f o undati o n and o n the v o lume Of stream
flo w . T h e f o undati o n o r stream b e d mu s t usually be pr o tected
fr o m the er o s i o n and i mpact o f the falling water Fo r this .

the d o wn s tream face o f the dam may be l p e d o r may be

vert i cal with a direct fall o n the f o un d ati o n o r pr o tecting apr o n ,

o r it may be s tepped t o break the fall . A mping r o lle r wa y face

i s m o re difficult t o c o nstruct and will n o t destr o y the vel o city
as well as a d irect fall o r a stepped fall and the e ro s i ve fo rce o f
,

the higher vel o city is a d i s advantage where the stream bed

c o n s ists o f l o o s e or s o ft material ; o n the o ther hand where the

stream carrie s much ice the i mpact Of the i ce is less destructive

,

with the r o ller way face .

Th e m o st c o mm o n types o f crib weirs are

Fi r s t — T h e r o lle r wa y o r s l o ping d o wnstream face type wh i ch
has a triangular pr o file the up s trea m face being vertical o r nearly
,

vertical T hi s t y pe is i llustrated by that u s ed fo r a temp o rary

.

st o rage dam o n K e e ch e lus L ake Washingt o n ( Fi g

,
.

S eco nd — T h e stepped d o wnstream face type f o rmed by the

46 I RR I GA T I ON S TR U C T URE S

s eries o f s tepped c o mpartment s illu s trated by the temp o rary

,

di ver s i o n d a m o n the F eather R iver in C ali f o rni a ( F ig .

Thi r d — S l o ping up s tream face with a direct fall o r s teep

d o wn s tream face a s used fo r the di vers i o n dam o f the B ear R iver
C anal U tah ( F ig
,
.

In the r o ller wa y type a c o mparatively flat l pe is des irable .

Where the s tream bed bel o w is n o t s o li d r o ck a s l o pe n o t steeper

,

than 4 feet h o riz o ntally t o 1 fo o t vertically is preferable .

In the steppe d d o wn s tream face the step s mu s t be suffic i ently

wide t o receive the s heet o f falling water well i n s ide o f the o uter
‘

edge ; a width equal t o at lea s t 3 times the height o f the step and
preferably m o re fo r the l o wer s teps is c o mm o nly u s ed in practice .

T h e w i dth sh o uld a ls o be dependent o n the v o lume o f water and

-
,

a co nsiderati o n o f the principle s o f flo w o ver wei r cre s ts presented

i n preceding pages i ndicate that the width must be greater than
Obtained fr o m the pr o p o rti o ns stated ab o ve when the depth o f
,

water o ver the crest i s greater than ab o ut 4 time s the height o f

‘

fall o r step S afe d imen s i o ns w o uld be Obtained by using the

.

f o ll o w ing pr o p o rti o n s : Us e a mi n i mum width o f step o f 1 0 feet ;

fo r depths o f water o ver the crest n o t greater than 4 t i me s the
hei ght o f fall u s e a pr o p o rti o n O f width t o height o f step o f 3 ;
and fo r depths o f water o ver the crest between 4 t o 6 time s the
hei ght o f fall u s e a pr o p o rti o n o f 4 F o r the l o wer step u s e a p ro
.

po rt i o n o f 6 . T he s e dimensi o ns wi ll i n s Ur e that the water

stri kes the steps well within the o uter edge o f the step .

Crib we ir s t o be built e co n o mi cally requ ire cheap t imber

and r o ck o r gravel ; this is u s uall y Obta ined i n the uppe part r

O f the water s hed Of a s tream where the stream bed i s r o c k o r

c o bbles Where the bed is hard c o mpact ro ck i t may n o t be

.
,

nece s s ary t o u s e a pr o tective apr o n but where the bed is s o fter

,

material an apr o n must be pro vided ; thi s is f o rmed by extendi ng

the l o wer p o rti o n o f the cribs a s afe d i s tance be y o nd the er o s i ve
e ff ect O n a ro c k f o undati o n and where the running water may
.

be c o ntr o lled s o as t o permit it the l o wer timber s o f the c ribs

,

ma y be s ecured t o the r o ck with 1 inch anch o r b o lts s paced

-

6 t o 8 feet apart set in cement m o rtar o r trenches may be dug

, ,

i n the r o ck bed t o receive the l o wer timbers T o o btain a .

water tight c o nnecti o n with the impervi o us r o ck the j uncti o n

-
,

al o ng the ups tream t o e is u s ually made by extending t h e timber

t o e in a s hallo w trench which is then filled with c o ncrete
,
.
 D I VER SI ON WO RK S 47

On l o o se f o undat i o ns o f c o bbles o r gravels it is des i rable t o

ex cavate the area Of the river bed o n which the weir i s t o be
,

built t o a d epth o f at least 4 t o 6 feet bel o w the natural s ur

,

face and extend this excavati o n t o the l o wer edge o f the apro n
, ,

i n o rder t o permi t the c o nstruc t i o n o f a r o ck fille d crib apr o n

-

4 t o 6 feet thick T o give the weir a d diti o nal anch o rage i n

.

the f o undati o n the first r o w o f c o mpartments f o rmed by the

,

c ribw o rk at the upstream t o e o f the weir and al s o the last r o w

o f c o mpartments at the d o wn s tream e n d o f the apr o n may

extend at lea s t 6 t o 8 feet deeper in the stream bed Where an .

“

i mpervi o us stratum may be reached at a m o derate depth 2 0 ,

feet o r le s s the u n d e r fl o w i s i ntercepted by driving al o ng the U p

,

stream t o e steel o r w o o den s heet piling Where an i mpervi o us

.

stratum cann o t be reached the principles o f u n d er fl o w as

, ,

presented in preceding page s o n the principles Of d e s ign o f weirs

o n pervi o us f o un d ati o ns sh o uld be c o nsidered In the s e prin
,
.

c i p le s are al s o presented the requirements o f a cut o ff wall at -

the d o wn s tream t o e o f the apr o n t o prevent undermining by

backwash and o f a riprap o r paving pr o tecti o n fo r the stream
bed extending bey o nd the end o f the apr o n .

T h e cribw o rk i s made either o f r o und hewn o r sawed timbers

,
.

When made Of r o und o r hewn timbers l o gs 1 0 t o 2 0 inche s in

,

diameter are used When ma d e o f sawed timbers 1 0 t o 1 2—

.
,
i nch
t i mber i s u s ed T h e c o mpartments are usually square and
.

f o rmed by spacing the timber s fr o m 6 t o 1 2 feet apart .

In c o ntinu o us cribs the timber s running al o ng the axi s o f the

dam are t h e s t r in ge r s E ach stringer is carried c o ntinu o u s ly
. .

acr o ss the stream and is built o f timber s j o ined at the end s .

E ither a butt j o int with a b o lted s plice o n o n e side o r a b o lted

lap— s pliced j o int may be u s ed T h e cr o s s pieces o r ties and the
.

stringers are place d alternately in c o ur s e s When l o gs are .

used n o tches are ma d e at the inter s ecti o ns ; these are n o t nec

,

essar y fo r s awn timber Th e timber s are secured t o gether by

.

t o Zé inch drift b o lts

-
T h e c o mpart ments f o rmed by the crib
.

w o rk are Often fille d with r o ck o r c o bbles o f such size that can be

handled by o n e man alth o ugh larger quarried r o ck put in place
,

by a derrick may be u s e d ; gravel and small c o bbles are al s o

desirable material ; finer gravel o r sand may be used but i s mo re ,

liable t o be disturbed o r wa s hed o ut thr o ugh the cracks in the

decking .

T h e cribs when filled are c o vered with a decking Th e u p .

48 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T URE S

s tream face must be water tight ; fo r thi s a d o uble layer O f 2 o r

-
,

3 X 1 2 i nch lumber is c o mmo nly used and in s o me cases a

-
,

la y er o f r o o fing material in between has been used TO increase .

the i mpermeability an earth facing is placed against the up

stream face mping o n a 2 t o 1 s l o pe t o the crest o f the d a m
,

, .

T h e decki ng fo r the d o wnstream face o r fo r the surface o f the

s teps i s made o f o n e thickness o f heavi er lumber 4 t 8 i nches
; o

thi ckn ess is c o mm o nly u s ed .

C ri b weirs b u ilt o f separate c o mpartments are n o t as c o mm o nly

u s ed as c o ntinu o us cribs T hey are u s ed t o advantage when it
.

i s necessar y t o build the weir in running water Th e s eparate .

cribs o r c o mpartments are made with b o tt o m timbers la i d

cl o s e t o gether t o h o ld the r o ck o r material used t o s in k them .

T h e cribs are fl o ated a n d place d in p o s iti o n they are then filled ,

o nly su fficiently t o make them s ink ; this o b s tru c ts the fl o w less

than if the y were entirely filled and facilitate s c o n s tructi o n i n

the running water T he separate cribs are placed in r o w s and
.

steps are f o rmed by t wo o r mo re r o w s adj acent t o each o ther and

the cri bs are then secured t o gether with cables When c o n .

structed in running water the cribs in s inking increase the ,

cur rent under them ; thi s washes o ut s o me o f the surface O f

the s tream bed d o wn t o a depth where a c o mparative ly fir m
f o undati o n i s Obta ined When the cribs are t o re s t o n a r o ck
.

f o undati o n the b o tt o m o f the crib s may be fitted t o the s urface

,

o f the f o undat i o n by taki ng s o unding s and bui l d ing the cribs

acc o rdingly When the cribs are all in place the filling and
.

dec king is c o mpleted .

Cri b S pillway D am on K e e ch e lu s La k e Yakima Pr o j e c t , ,

Wa s hi n gton ( Fi g — . Thi s dam wa s built fo r a temp o rary

st o rage o verfl o w dam o n K ee c h elus L ake at the hea d water s o f
the Yaki ma Ri ver in the C ascade M o untains Wa s hingt o n Th e ,
.

length o f the dam with the earth embankment e xten s i o ns o n

b o th s i d es is ab o ut 2 56 feet and between the crib abutments is
,

ab o ut 1 90 feet T he f o un d ati o n is gravelly with s o me b o ulders

.
,

and at the s i te wa s cleared and stripped o f l o o se material t o a

depth o f ab o ut 2 feet Th e maxi mum height is ab o ut 1 4 feet
.
.

T h e cribw o rk c o n s i s ts o f l o gs n o t le s s than 1 0 i nche s in diamete r

at the s mall end n o tched at the inters ecti o ns t o a vertical thick
,

ne s s Of 8 inche s secured t o each o ther with l i nch dr ift b o lt s 1 6

,
-

i nches l o ng dr i ven i n h o les

,
inch smaller T h e c o mpart .

ments a r e ab o ut 8 feet square and were filled with gravel and

 DI VE R S I ON WO RK S 49

r o ck except at the apr o ns where the filling wa s made entirely

,

with r o ck o f wh i ch 7 5 per cent had t o be at lea s t % 0 o f a cubi c

,
.

f o o t Th e sheathing o n the upstream vertical face wa s ma d e o f

.

t wo thickne s ses Of HQ X 1 2 — inch plank laid vertically with lap ,

j o ints and extending d o wn i nt o a cut O ff trench 4 feet d eep refilled -

,

with selected material T h e r o ller w a y and apr o n were c o vered .

i —
w th 6 i nch hewed timbers with inch Open j o int s a n d secured -
,

t o the l o gs with X 1 3 inch d rift b o lt s A clay and gravel -

.

embankment built against the U p s tream sheathing with a ,

s l o pe o f 2 t o 1 i ncreases the path o f perc o lati o n under the

,

N
3
'
C our s e s 6 o_ _

13
4 x 12 Pl

Cla y 83 G r av e l

l d l
T o b e Re fi lle d wi t h
S e e ct e Ma t eri a
Di . x 12 Pl k an s B en t s 80
'
en t e r s , b oth W ays .

C ri b k
wo r of L o gs .

P t Pl ar an, d
A j ac e n t t o O n e A b u t men t

F I G 1 4 — C ri b D m
. . a . La k e K e e ch e lu s . Yak i ma P r j o e ct , Wa h s .

s tructure and i s de s irable fo r a weir built as in this ca s e o n

, , ,

pervi o us material .

O n an o ther dam o f practically the same d imen s i o ns the ,

C le a lu m dam ( Plate I I I Fi g B ) the fl o o ring and s o me o f the , .

,

upper l o gs o f the apr o n separated and fl o ated up indicating that ,

this part Of the dam had n o t s u fli cie n t strength o r weight T hi s .

may have been d ue t o defects in c o n s tructi o n s uch as making ,

the h o les fo r the dr ift b o lts larger than specified in o rder t o ,

facilitate the d riving o f the b o lts To Obtain greater weight a .

,

l o wer s e t Of l o gs sh o uld be p lace d s u fficiently cl o s e t o gether t o

h o ld the r o ck o n them a n d the d ecking a n d lo gs carefu l l y se
50 I RR I GA TI ON S T R U C T U RE S

cured t o make the entire cr i bw o rk h o ld t o gether A sugge s ted .

alternative w o uld c o n s ist i n f o rming the d o wn s tream cut o ff -

anch o r cribs at the f o o t o f the r o lle r w a y instea d o f at the d o wn

stream end o f the apr o n and maki ng the apr o n a l o o se fl o ating
one .

T e mpor a ry Cri b D ive rs io n W e ir o n F e a th e r Ri ver , C a lif ( F i g . .

— T his we i r w as built by the G reat Western Po wer C O o n .

,

the N o rth F o rk
Of the Feather R iver prece d ing the c o n s tructi o n ,

o f a larger permanent diver s i o n dam T h e crib weir has an

upstream mp e o f 2 t o 1 a level cre s t
.

feet wide and a stepped , ,

d o wnstream face o f three s tep s each 1 6 feet wi d e T h e crest o f ,

.

k '

Pl k k
T wo Th i c n e s s e s of 3
B
l dW
F ac e
l D k
an on ac of
D a m an d S pi E l 897 25

A ll
o ng ec El F oo at e r 0
05 00
e
ot h e
n e s s o f e Pi an k
'
e ckIn g to be one Th i c k
Cro s s S
-
ec t io n
E l 887 75
. .

E l 87 1
.

Pl an

FI G . 1 5 — De t
. ai l s of te mp rary t i mb e r
o dam on a he r Riv r C al if
Fe t e ,
.

( E g Contr O c t
n . .
,
. 1 6,

the weir i s 1 6 % feet ab o ve the fl o o r o f the l o wer step and pr o vis i o n ,

w as made t o raise the cre s t with 8 feet o f fl a s hb o a r d s T he we ir .

i s 2 80 feet l o ng built o n s o lid r o ck at each end and o n b o ulders

, ,

and hardpan in the center T imber sheet piling w a s d riven al o ng .

the t o e O f the up s tream face T h e b o dy o f the weir i s built o f .

1 2 X 1 2 i nch square timbers b o lted t o gether with A inch d r ift

- 7
,
-

b o lt s 2 6 i nches l o ng T h e deck Of the U p s tream face is made Of

, .

t w o layers Of 3 inch lumber ; the cre s t and the fl o o r o f the steps

-

are planked with o n e la y er o f 6 inch lumber -

.

D uring the fir s t winter the weir with s t o o d a fl o o d fl o w o f

sec o nd feet pr o ducing a depth o f water o n the cre s t o f
-
,

ab o ut 22 feet T his fl o w w a s ab o ut o f the maxim u m expected

.
52 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T UR E S

the t i mber al o ne c o st i ng S o me o f the t i mbers

have r o tted and had t o be replaced a s early as 1 902 I n 1 90 7 it .

wa s deemed desirable t o relieve the pre s s ure o n the we i r duri ng

fl o o d fl o ws by rem o ving the upper 5 feet o f the crest and r e
placing th i s p o rti o n with c o llapsible gates O f the type described
farther .

W me O pe n W e ir P —
o o d e n Fr a s ( late I I I F i g C ) T his type
,
. .

o f weir has been e x tensively used i n the S a n J o aqu i n V alley ,

C alif o rnia fo r the d iver s i o n o f water fr o m s o me o f the m o st im

,

p o rtant rivers T hey have usually been built o n the l o wer

.

p o rti o n o f the stream where the s tream bed i s sand o r small

,

gravel and where an Open type o f we i r w a s necessary t o o ffer

,

li t tle o bstruct i o n t o the fl o o d fl o w and prevent the o verfl o w o f

lands ab o ve T he s e l o cati o ns requ i re a c o mp aratively lo w we ir
.
,

the he i ghts which have been u s ed being u s ually under 1 0 feet .

T h e we i r i s f o rmed e s s entially o f a w o o den fl o o r anch o red

usually by sheet piles and anch o r piles t o the stream bed and
o f a framew o rk built o n thi s fl o o r c o n s i s ting Of bents
,
spaced ,

usually fr o m 6 t o 8 feet apart framed t o gether by l o ngitudinal

,

p ieces i nclu d ing als o the o perating platf o rm T he waterway is

, .

thus div ided i nt o panel s o r bay s and the flo w thr o ugh them i s
,

regulated by h o riz o ntal fl a s h b o ar d s placed in the gr o o ves f o rmed

,

o n the up s tream edge o f each bent T h e fl as h b o a r d s are inserted

.

i n o r rem o ved fr o m the gr o o ves f ro m the Operat i ng platfo rm .

O n acc o unt O f the super s tructure this type o f weir is n o t suitable

,

o n streams wh i ch carry large fl o ating material .

T h e lo w fir s t c o st is the chief a d vantage and i s imp o rtant i n

c o n s idering m o re expensive types o f we ir T h e larger part o f the
.

c o s t is in the substructure a n d this part is practically permanent

, ,

a s it i s u s ual ly kept c o n s tantly wet by the u n d e r fl o w and the

water dammed u p T h e s uper s tructure w ill need o cca s i o nal

.

renewals o r may be damage d by unu s ual fl o ating material b ut

, ,

the c o s t O f renewal s o r repairs will be c o mparatively s mall .

T h e de s ign o f these weir s has been bas e d largely o n practical

result s and varie s c o n s iderably with the experi ence and j udgment
O f the engineers w h o have planned them In s o me ca s es it is
.

apparent that j u s t criticism s may be ma d e a n d that b y a p p lyin g, ,

the pr i nciples pre s ented by M r B ligh o n the de s ign Of we irs o n

.

pervi o us fo undati o n s many impro vements c o uld be made .

T h e stability o f the s uper s tructure again s t o verturn i ng depe nds

largely o n the d o wnward c o mp o nent o f the water pres s ure o n the
 DI VER S I ON WO RK S 53

S l o p i ng face f o rmed by the fl a s h b o a r d s ; the mp e given t o this

face varies fr o m ab o ut 1 vert i cal o n 1 h o riz o ntal t o 2 vertical o n 1
h o riz o ntal T h e flatter sl o pe gives greater stability b u t is n o t
.
,

s o fav o rable t o the Operati o n o f fl a s h b o a r d s T h e m o st i mp o r .

tant part o f the design is the c o nnecti o n and anch o rage Of the
substructure w i th the sandy s tream bed It i s neces s ary t o .

make the path o f perc o lati o n ar o und cu t o ff walls and under -

the fl o o r Of sufficient length and the fl o o r mu s t be anch o red t o ,

re s i s t the upward pre s s ure and fl o tati o n .

F i —
We ir on K e rn R iver Ca l if ( g 1 7 ) T hi s weir u s ed o n the .
, .

K ern R i ver fo r the diversi o n o f the Bear d sley canal i s 2 0 4 feet

'

S h e et Pl
i in g
A n ch or
. Pi le s 3 X 12 I 16

El e v a t io n

FI G . 17 .
— Ke r n r iv r w i r
e e . B eard l y C a al K r
s e n ,
e n CO .
, C al if .

l o ng between abutments T h e de s ign sh o ws f o ur sheet piling

.

cut O ff walls which with the fl o o r give a path Of perc o lati o n o f

-

ab o ut 1 80 feet ; th i s i s apparently larger than i s required by

’
B ligh s the o ry T h e sec o nd and third r o w o f sheet piling c o uld
.

have been o m i tted w i th o ut making the structure un s afe T h e .

large path o f perc o lati o n is h o wever advantage o u s in decrea s ing

, ,

the am o unt o f u n d e r fl o w which i s de s irable where the supply is

,

limited T h e Upward pre s s ure o n the fl o o r is re s i s ted by the

.

anch o rage pr o v i ded by the s heet piling and anch o r pi les T he .

54 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T URE S

2 i nch
-
fl oor i s
na i led t o the stri ngers parallel w i th the ax is o f the ,

we ir spaced ab o ut 3 feet apart and the st ri ngers are secured to

, ,

the t o p o f the anch o r piles and sheet piling The anch o r piles .

i n the upstream f o ur r o ws are spaced 1 2 feet apart in the r o w ; i n

the succeed i ng d o wnstream r o ws the anch o r piles are alternately
6 feet and 1 2 feet apart T h e upward pre s sure o n the p o r
.

t i o n o f the fl o o r up s tream fr o m the up s tream t oe o f the bents

i s m o re than balan ced by the d o wnward pressure o f the water .

B ot t o m Wd
i th of C an a l

FI G 18 —Typ e of w o o d en fram e d i v rs io w i r by W C Hammat t

e n e
Am S C E D
. . .
. .

( Tr a ns . . oc . . .
,
ec .
,

The nly purp o se wh i ch th i s p o rti o n o f the fl o o r fulfills is t o i n

o

crea s e the lengt h O f the path Of perc o lati o n T he smaller number .

o f anch o r p iles used fo r th i s p o rti o n O f the fl o o r is therefo re , ,

de s irable b u t it i s que s ti o nable whether any o f the s e U p s tream

,

anch o r pile s are needed unle s s i t be t o h o ld the fl o o r level in

,

c ase there i s a shifting o f the fine s and under the fl o o r o r t o

facili tate the placing o f the stringers and fl o o r .

W C H ammatt has pre s ented i n an arti cle in the T ran s act i o ns

. .
 D I V ER SI ON WO RK S 55

of the A m . Soc . Of C . E . of De c .
,
1 9 1 3, on A Wes ter n Typ e of
M ova ble Wei r D a m several f o rms thi s t y pe o f weir In o n e of .

f o rm ( F ig the anch o rage is o btained b y c o nnecting the

.

fl o o r t o a l o wer fl o o r built 4 t o 6 feet bel o w it with up s tream ,

and d o wnstream walls f o rming an anch o r b o x which is fil led ,

with sand M r H ammatt after a c o n s iderat i o n o f the d i fferent

. .
,

des i gns submits an impr o ved design ( Fig 1 9) in which the u p

,
.

stream anch o r piles are o mitted a n d the d o wn s tream p o rti o n o f

the fl o o r i s made wi th o pen j o int s t o relieve the upward pressure
o n the fl o o r In fine sandy beds the o pen j o ints may n o t be
.

de s irable as i t ma y permit the bl o w i ng thr o ugh o f the sand

,
.

T h e Obj ect o f the l o wer d o wn s tream sheet piling cut o ff wall -

FI G 19 — I mpro v e d t yp e of w o o d enfram e dive rs i o w i r by W C n, e

A m : So c C E D e c
. . . .

Hammat t .
( Tr a n s ,
. . .
,
.
,

i s mainl y t o prevent undermining ; fo r thi s purp o se i t c o uld be

ma d e Of less depth than the U p s tream cut o ff wall -
.

T h e s ame type o f weir can be built o f reinf o rced c o ncrete and ,

where an Open we i r i s n o t necessary a s o l i d face co uld be used in

the place o f the rem o vable fl as h b o a r d s .

Co n c ret e a n d M as o n ry We ir s — S o lid mas o nry o r co ncrete

weirs Of the gravity type have the advantage Of strength and
durability but are usually m o re expen s ive than the o ther types
,

Of weir alth o ugh this will depend o n the availabili ty o f the

,

material s T h e be s t f o un d ati o n is s o lid r o ck but they are n o t

.
,
.

limited t o this t y pe Of f o un d ati o n T hey have been c o nstructed .

o n l o o s e f o un d ati o n s in In d ia and a number o f them have been

c o nstructed o n f o un d ati o ns o ther than s o lid r o ck by the U nite d

S tate s R eclamati o n S erv i ce .

T h e weir c o nsists o f a weir wall and in the ca s e o f s o ft fo u n d a ,

56 I RR I GA T I ON S TR U C T URE S .

t i o n s requi res al s o a fl o o r o n e o r m o re cut O ff walls and a d o wn

, ,
-

stream pro tecti ve apr o n I h e principles o f design Of the di ff er

.

ent parts have been fully d i s cu s s e d i n prece d ing pages T wo .

general f o rms may be c o n s idered depending o n the shape o f the

,

d o wn s tream face : the O gee f o rm and the di rect fall o n the s o lid
fo undati o n o r o n a stro ng fl o o r Th e firs t fo rm i s illustrated by
.

the divers i o n weirs fo r the Yakima pr o j ect i n Wa s h i ngt o n the ,

N o rth Platte pr o j ect in Wy o ming N ebras ka the B o i s e Payette -

,

pro j ect in Idah o the Rio G rande pr o j ect i n Mexi c o the G rani te
, ,

R eef in A riz o na . Th e sec o n d f o rm is i llus trated by the di ver s i o n

weir o f the Yo lo Water Po wer C O o n C a c he C reek C alif o rni a .
, , ,

and the B urra weir in India .

We ir on Yakima Rive r Wa s hi n gt on ( Fig 1 2A ) T h e Yaki ma

,
— . .

pr o j ect d i ver s i o n weir is de s cribed in the general descripti o n Of

the headw o rks o f thi s pr o j ect .

W e ir o n N o rth Pla tt e Rive r N e b r a s k a ( Fig 1 2B ) T h e —

, . .

N o rth Platte pr o j ect diversi o n weir i s built o n a f o un d ati o n O f

r o ck c o ngl o merate t o a d epth o f at lea s t 6 feet underlaid by clay ,
.

T h e height fr o m the r o ck surface t o the cre s t varie s fr o m ab o ut

1 5 feet near o n e abutment t o a maximum height Of ab o ut 3 2
feet near the o ther abutment T h e cr o s s secti o n is o f the O gee
.

t y pe A c o ncrete apr o n o f a mini mum thickne s s o f 1 2 inches

. .

exten d s fo r ab o ut 80 feet d o wn s tream fr o m the t o e o f the O gee .

T h e c o nnecti o n with the r o ck f o un d ati o n is made with trenches

excavated in the r o ck and t o relieve the U pl ift pre s sure o n the
,

bas e Of the dam a 6 inch tile drain is place d in a trenc h excavated

-
,

parallel t o and near the up s tream t o e o f the d a m T h e tile is .

surr o unded with gravel and d i s charge s thr o ugh 6 inch tile s -

placed 2 5 t o 3 0 feet apart T h e d ivers i o n weir c o nnect s at each

.

end with the headgate s o f the canals o n each si d e o f the river .

O n o n e bank o f the river the headgate s and canal are in cut ;

o n the o ther the bank i s lo w a n d require s an earth embankment

t o c o nnect the headgate s with the sl o ping river bank .

—
W e ir o n B o is e Rive r I d ah o ( F ig 1 2 C) Th e diver s i o n we i r
, . .

o f the B o i s e Payette pr o j ect i s built o n hard c o mpact gravel

‘
.

T h e length Of the weir cre s t is 2 1 6 feet a n d at o n e end is pro vided ,

a l o gwa y 30 feet wide T h e e s timated maximum fl o o d fl o w was

.

s ec o nd feet T h e height Of the weir cre s t ab o ve the fl o o r

.

is 3 5 feet . T he O gee weir wall is bui lt o f c o ncrete with imbedded

r o ck T h e face is unc o urs ed rubble mas o nry and the c urved
.
'

c rest is faced wi th c o ncrete at least 1 f o o t thick T h e crib t imbe r .

 D I V ER S I ON WO RK S 57

apr o n is ma d e Of timber s awe d s quare a n d fille d with s t o ne and

gravel .

Weir o n Ri o G ran d e R iver N e w M e xi c o ( Fig 1 2D ) — Th e

, . .

diversi o n weir o f the Ri o G rande pr o j ect kn o wn as the Lea s burg ,

weir is built o n a pervi o us f o un d ati o n T h e weir i s 600 feet

,
.

between abutment s ; it c o n s i s t s o f the weir wall and a reinf o rce d

c o ncrete fl o o r re s ting o n piles a w o o d en s heet piling cut o ff wall
, ,
-

2 0 feet d eep at the upstream t o e t o increa s e the path o f perc o la

ti o n again s t u n d er fl o w and a w o o d en cut —O ff wall 5 feet deep at
,

the d o wn s tream end o f the fl o o r t o pr o tect again s t undermining .

Weep h o les j ust up s tream fr o m this sec o nd cut o ff wall decrea s e -

the upward hy d r o s tatic pre s s ure o n the fl o o r T h e upper face .

o f the fl o o r i s 2 feet bel o w the mean r i ver bed ; this in s ures a

water cu s hi o n o f at least that depth a n d i ncrease s the stability

o f the fl o o r again s t upward pre s s ure T h e pile f o undati o n .

c o n s ist s o f parallel r o w s Of pile s acr o s s the river 4 feet apart , ,

e x cept fo r the firs t three r o ws ( 3 feet 5 inche s apart ) Th e pile s .

in each r o w are 4 feet apart and are staggered with th o s e o f

alter nate r o w s T h e purp o s e o f these pile s is apparentl y t o give
.

anch o rage agai ns t s li d ing o n the base and t o supp o rt the fl o o r ,

against d o wnward pre s s ure and i mpact t o re s ist w hi ch the fl o o r ,

i s reinfo rce d If the t o p o f the piles were s ecured t o the rein

.

f o rcement a d d iti o nal s trength w o uld be gained against upward

,

pre s s ure but as the weir c re s t is o nly 5 feet ab o ve mean river

,

bed thi s added strength i s n o t nee d ed O n e end o f the weir

, .

j o in s t o a r o ck abutment while the o ther end is fo rmed with a

,

c o ncrete abutment which j o ins t o an earth embankment extend

i n g for ab o ut feet u p t o the necessary height o n the bank o f
the river .

—
We ir o n S a lt R iver Ariz o n a T h e G ranite R eef diver s i o n
,

weir is o n the S alt R iver A riz o na ab o ut 2 0 miles east o f Ph o enix

, ,
.

It was built in 1 90 8 by the U S R eclamati o n S ervice fo r the . .

diver s i o n o f water fr o m the S alt R iver t o irrigate the lands in

clu d e d in the S alt R iver pr o j ect T h e natural fl o w o f S alt R iver
.

at the p o int o f diver s i o n i s s ubj e c t t o great variati o ns , fr o m a

minimum Of 55 sec o n d feet t o a maximum which may have been
-

as much a s sec o n d feet bef o re the devel o pment o f

-

large s t o rage ab o ve b y the c o n s tructi o n o f the R o o sevelt dam

,
.

T h e diver s i o n weir w a s d esigne d fo r a maximum expected fl o o d

flow of sec o n d feet T h e river carries at time s large
-
.

quantities Of silt a n d san d T h e weir is . feet l o ng and con

58 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T URE S

IIw iw
-n no
60 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T U RE S

with in the m i ddle th ird In addit i o n t o the hydr o stat i c pres

.

sure s o n the cre s t and upstream face o f the we ir wall usually

c o nsi d ered in the de s ign o f diver s i o n weirs as prev i o u s ly ex
,

plained i n this particular design a hydr o static fl o wing mu d

, ,

pre s sure o n the upstream face Of the we ir wall has been co n

s id e r e d
. T hi s mud pre s sure i s taken as an added pres s ure fr o m ,

the crest d o wn equival ent t o that o f a liquid weighing

,

p o unds per cub i c f o o t T h e pre s sure Of the d o wnstream back

.

water i s n o t c o nsidered b u t the resultant o f the deflect i ng f o rce

,

o n the l o wer curve o f the O gee i s c o nsidered Th e additi o n o f

.

the fl o wing mu d pres s ure in the c o nsiderati o n O f the fo rces deter

mi n i ng the de s ign O f the cr o s s s ecti o n increase s the stabili ty o f the
structure Whether this is nece s s ary o r n o t is ques t i o nable The
. .

material dep o sited will be m o re o r les s c o mpacted espec i ally near ,

the b o tt o m where the p o ro us stream bed gives drainage t o the

depo s i ted material T his acti o n may decrea s e the water pressur e
.

o n the U pstream face Als o the s ilt and finer material carri ed
.
,

by the u n d e r flo w and dep o s ited in the p o res o f the stream bed

material wi ll i ncrease the re s i s tance t o perc o lati o n and decrease
the u o li ft pressure .

T h e apr o n i s an i mp o rtant part O f the d i vers io n we i r ; i t is

7 5 feet w i de fr o m the t o e o f the O gee c urve t o the d o wnstream
cut o ff o r curtain wall T his wall is 4 fe et t hi ck and extends
-
.

1 2 feet deep i nt o the stream bed t o pr o tect the end o f the apr o n
fro m un d ermining T h e apr o n extends for the ent ire length o f
.

the dam except where the o utcr o p o f bedr o ck c o mes t o the

,

surface ; at the s e o utcr o ppings the base o f the weir wall is built
directly o n the r o ck and n o apr o n i s nece s s ary Th e apr o n
.
.

pr o tects the s o ft stream bed again s t er o s i o n It is made o f .

c o ncrete 1 8 inches th i ck c o nstru cted i n bl o cks 1 0 feet squ are

, , ,

with o pen j o ints 3 i n ches wide In the c o ncrete are embedded

.

b o ulder s ab o ut 5 feet thick placed s o as t o leave pr o j ecting sur

,

faces wh i ch f o rm g o o d anch o rage agai nst sli d ing T h e o pen s pace

.

between s lab s relieves the water pre s sure and gi ves a m o re

elastic apr o n than a s o l i d c o ntinu o us c o ncrete apr o n O n .

acc o unt o f the s e o pen j o int s the length Of the fl o o r cann o t be

c o n sidered as part o f the path Of perc o lati o n which mea s ures ,

ab o ut 84 feet and gi ves a p erc o lat i o n c o effic i ent o r rati o with ,

 DI VE R S I ON WOR KS 61

the head o f water Of 2 0 feet o f o nly T hi s c o efficient i s

,

small b u t the resi s tance t o perc o lati on is i ncreased by the d ep o si t

o f silt and sand o n the upstream s i d e o f the weir As small a .

path o f perc o lati o n a s pr o vided in this ca s e w o uld n o t be de s irable

wi th an o pen j o int apro n i f the material o f the stream bed were
,

entirely sand fo r the vel o city Of perc o lati o n w o uld then be

,

suffic i ent t o carry the sand thr o ugh t h e o pen j o ints A fter the .

wei r wa s first c o nstructed water perc o lating under the dam b o iled
,

u p thr o ugh the Open j o int s but the s eepage channel s were nearly
,

all sealed d u ring the firs t s eas o n by the s ilt d ep o s i ted o n and
c arr i ed i n the p o r o us stream bed mater i al Th e maxi mum fl o o d .

fl o w Obtained was 6 m o nths after co mplet i o n when a depth O f

feet o f water o n the cre s t o f the weir w a s reached .

M r A L H arris wh o made an in s pect i o n Of the d i ver s i o n

. . .
,

dam i n A ugust 1 9 1 3 states that after the 5 years since it s

, ,

co nstructi o n there i s very little evidence o f wear pr o duced by ,

the large v o lume o f silt and sand carried by this r i ver T h e .

cre s t o f the weir wa s c o n s tructed o f 1 :2 :4 gravel c o ncrete T h e .

co ntracti o n cracks which have o ccurred are practically all

l o cated at the c o n s tructi o n j o ints which f o rmed a V t o ngue and -

gr o o ve with pr o j ecting s teel anch o r r o ds ; there are 1 8 c o ntrae

ti o n j o int s i n the length o f feet o r a di s tance apart o f ,

ab o ut 60 feet A small am o unt Of seepage water pr o bably

.
,

less than M o f a cubi c f o o t per sec o nd d ischarge d thr o ugh the ,

fl o o r j o i nts N o damage s have o ccurred t o the structure ex

.

cept the undermining Of a few slabs o f the fl o o r adj o ining the ,

pro j ecting ledge o f r o ck and the d a mage w a s pr o bably due t o

,

the er o s i o n o f the r o ck itself which is a c o arse grained friable

,
-

granite .

Ca pay W e ir o n Cac h e Cr e e k Ca lif — T h i s diversi o n weir o f

, .

the Yo l o Water Po wer C O was built on C ache C reek .

,

C alif o rnia in 1 9 1 2
,
It is 50 0 feet l o ng between abutment s
. .

E ach abutment i s built with the headgate s t o the canals di vert

i ng water o n b o th sides o f the river ( Plate I V Fig A ) Th e ,
. .

main parts o f the weir are the weir wall and the apr o n ( Fig .

T h e stream b e d is gravel underlaid with indurated clay o r har d

pan O n the S ite o f the weir the gravel wa s excavated and the
.

weir wall built o n the indurated cla y A t the U p s tream t o e .

Of the weir wall a reinf o rced c o ncrete cu t o ff wall w a s carried -

i nt o the cla y t o st o p u n d e r fl o w a n d t o give increa s ed stability

again s t sli d ing ; at the d o wn s tream t o e a sec o n d cut O E wall -
62 I RR I GA T I ON S TR U C T URE S

wa s arr i ed in the clay ; th i s wall is p i erced with weep h o les t o

c

reli eve any underpressure wh i ch mi ght be cause d by the water

c reep i ng past the upstream cut O ff wall Th e apr o n is o f rein -
.

f o rced c o ncrete 1 5 i nches thi ck and terminates in a t hi rd cut

, ,

o ff wall pierced with weep h o les .

T h e weir wall is trapez o i d al with a c o mparat i vely steep ,

d o wnstream face whi ch gi ve s t o the sheet o f o verp o ur water a

,

di re ct fall except fo r small depths o f water o n the cres t o f ab o ut

,

1 }5 feet o r less .

Mxmm l d
a i u F oo 22 0
'

R m bl l B d
P p d
. e o va e F as h- o ar
' "
os ts , S ac e 5-O C-C .
C I S o c ket
l
. .

E e v. 2 1 6 . 0

P
"
14 0

W
. .

h as h er!

0 O . P.

1 6 -0 O . P . C re e k B ed

—
>l
P
and S uffi ci e n t
D
Ud p
n
e th to r e ve n t
e r mi n i n g b y S c o ur .

S c a ms an d Fo rm W at e r T I gh t B ar r i e r.

FI G 21 — C ro s s se ct io of Cap e iv r id e s on we ir Y l Wa t r
o o e Pwr
o e

C
b C al if
. . n .

. .

Th e es t i mated maximum depth o f water c o ns i dered in the

design w as 1 0 feet Th e lo w bank o n o n e side o f the river and .

the extent o f fl o o ded land o n the upstream side o f the we i r duri ng

fl o o d fl o ws determined the maximum elevati o n o f the weir crest ;
thi s was made 2 % feet lo wer than the full S upply water level in
the canals To d ivert the full supply in the canals when the
.

peri o d o f high stream fl o w had pas s ed cast ir o n s o ckets spaced ,

-
,

5 feet o n center s were placed in the cre s t Of the dam t o receive

,

rem o vable cast ir o n p o st s fo rming gr o o ve s fo r the i nserti o n o f h o ri

-

z o n t a l fl as h b o a r d s u p t o an added he i ght o f 3 feet T h e d o wn .

 P L A TE I V .

FI G . B —F
. lat de ck Amb u r s e n t yp of r i f r d c r t d iv rs i
e e n o ce on c e e e on w ir
e .
N il e

I rrigat io n P ro j e ct ear Ft M o rga Co l

n n, o
p
.
.
,
(F a ci ng a ge 62)
PL A TE I V .

FI G C — C o llap s ibl e d ivers io w i r

n e Murru mb id g ee Riv r
on e New S ut h
o
Wal s Au t ral ia
. .
,

e ,
s .

FI G . D .
—Sam e as Fig . C with
, no s t re am flo w an d o n e s hut t r d own
e .
 DI VER SI ON WO RK S 63

Stream edge Of the crest o f the dam i s f o rmed by a 1 0 X 1 4 inch -

p i ece o f O reg o n pine and the d o wnstream face and apr o n are
lined with X 2 1 2 —
inch O reg o n pine i ntended a s a pr o tective
,

li ning against the er o si o n and wearing e ffect pr o duced by the

sand gravel a n d c o bbles carried during fl o o d fl o ws
, .

D uring the s pring o f 1 9 1 4 a fl o o d fl o w o f c o n s iderable magni

tude passed o ver the weir pr o ducing a maximum depth o f water
,

o n the cre s t o f ab o ut 6 % feet with n o harmful e ff ect o n the weir

, .

N o special c o nstructi o n j o ints were made and the c o ntracti o n,

cracks which have devel o ped are di s tributed at i rregular i ntervals

varying fr o m 2 5 t o 7 5 feet ; the s e cracks are narr o w and d o n o t
i n any w a y weaken the structure .

B ur r a We ir In d ia ( F ig 2 2 ) T h e Burra we i r o n the M a
, .
—

h a n u d d e s y stem i n India repre s ents a weir o f the type with a

direct fall o n a fl o o r o r apr o n T h e upper surface o f the fl o o r is
.

raised ab o ve the d o wnstream lo w water level T h e advantage .

L . W . L.

FIG . 22 — . B u rra wei r I d ia

,
n .

of a raised fl o o r of this type o ver that o f a depressed fl o o r is the

decrease i n U plift pressure and the decrease i n t h e height o f fall .

Th e t o tal head fr o m the we i r crest t o the lo w water level is 1 2

feet ; M r B ligh states that fo r the stream bed material under
.

this wei r the c o e ffi cient o f perc o lati o n S h o uld be 1 2 and therefo re ,

the path o f perc o lati o n sh o uld be 1 44 while it is actually o nly 1 1 2

,
.

M r Bligh suggests the f o ll o wing i mpr o vement s i n the des i gn

.

Fi s t
r — M ake the ma s o nry apr o n 42 feet l o ng fr o m the d o wn
stream t o e o f the weir wall t o the end with a th i ckness o f 4 feet
,

at the weir wall tapering t o 3 feet at the end .

S econ d — U s e sheet piling cut — o ff wall s in the place o f the

f o undati o n bl o cks o n e cut o ff wall t o be directly under the center
,
-

Of the weir wall and t o e xtend t o a depth o f 1 4 % feet bel o w the

base Of the weir wall the o ther cut O ff wall t o be at the l o wer
,
-

e n d o f the fl o o r and t o extend 1 2 feet bel o w the underface o f

the fl o o r .

Th i r d — T O give the necessary length o f path O f perc o lati o n ,

64 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T URE S

add an U pstream clay puddle fl o o r o n the river b e d extending ,

fo r 4 8 feet up s tream fr o m the weir wall .

F ou r th — Pr o tect the stream bed fo r 9 0 feet d o wn s tream fr o m

the end o f the mas o nr y fl o o r with a thickne s s o f riprap o r pavi ng
tapering fr o m 4 feet t o 3 feet .

R e inf o rce d C o n cr e e e ir —
t W s T h e u s e o f reinf o rced c o ncrete
perm i ts a var i ety o f designs o f diver s i o n weir s in which as co m , ,

pared t o the gravit y t y pe o f mas o nry o r c o ncrete w eirs ec o n o my ,

i n the v o lume O f c o ncrete may be o btained G reater ela s ticity

.

is al s o an advantage o f special value o n f o undati o ns o ther than

s o lid r o ck O n the o ther hand the c o s t o f lab o r per cubic yar d
.

o f c o ncrete is greater and m o re careful c o n s tructi o n i s required .

T h e selecti o n will theref o re d epen d o n the availability o f the

, ,

material the s kill o f the lab o r o btainable and the character o f

,

the f o un d ati o n Th e greater weight o f gravity we irs and the

.

co mparativel y recent u s e o f reinf o rce d c o ncrete i n general bu il d ing

c o nstructi o n pr o babl y acc o unts fo r the c o mparatively fe w

reinf o rced c o ncrete diversi o n weirs a n d d am s .

T h e usual type o f reinf o rced c o ncrete we ir i s s im i lar t o the

w o o den frame t y pe Of d iver s i o n weir ; i t s s tabilit y depends largely
-

o n the d o wnward c o mp o nent o f the water pre s sure o n a sl o ping

face s upp o rted o n c o ncrete buttres s e s T h e buttre s s es re s t o n

,
.

s o li d r o ck o r o n a str o ng fl o o r which when built o n l o o s e material

, , ,

must extend s u ffi ciently far d o wn s tream t o pr o tect the stream

bed T h e s l o ping face ma y be a flat reinfo rce d c o ncrete slab with
.
,

the am o unt o f reinf o rcement decrea s ing fr o m the b o tt o m o f the

slab t o the cre s t acc o r d ing t o the water pres s ure ; o r the face may
be fo rmed o f a s eries o f thin co ncrete arches supp o rte d o n the
buttresse s A special de s ign O f the c o ncrete multiple arch type
.

h a s recently been used fo r a s t o rage dam having a maximum

height ab o ve bedr o ck o f 92 feet and a t o tal length o f 363 feet ,

divided by 1 1 buttre s ses in 1 0 S pans o f 3 2 feet each T h is .

d a mw as built fo r the B ear Valley M utual Water C O in S o uthern .

C alif o r ni a .

T h e C o rbett diver s i o n dam c o n s tructed by the U S R e c

,
. .

la ma t i o n S ervice o n the S h o s h o ne R iver W y o ming ( F ig

,
.

and the T hree M ile F alls diversi o n weir o n the U matil la R iver ,

O reg o n ( Fi g 24 ) built by the U

. S R eclamati o n S ervice
. .
,

illustrate the flat deck and arched deck type re s pectively .

A flat deck A mb u rs e n type o f reinfo rced c o ncrete divers i o n weir

is illustrated by the Wiggin d ivers i o n weir o f the N i le Irrigati o n
66 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T URE S

c enters and extend under the fl o o r well int o the gravel T hr o ugh
, .

the abutment walls under the deck are 1 2 X 1 2 i n ch h o les

,
-

fo r the pa s sage o f a i r supp li ed thr o ugh an air shaft in each abut

,

ment wall T h is supply o f air i s necessary t o replace the ai r

.

c arried o ut by the falling S heet o f water E xperien ce h as .

sh o wn that at leas t in o n e case o m i s s i o n o f th is pr o vi s i o n t o let

,

a i r un d er the falling sheet o f water h as resulted i n pr o ducing

Obj ecti o nable v i brati o ns i n the b o dy o f weir T h e re i nf o rced c o n
.

c re t e S l o p i ng face and buttres s es are much heavier than f o un d

necessary fr o m a c o nsiderati o n o f the pres s ures acting o n the

fa c e ; t h is heavy de s ign makes i t d o ubtful that the c o st O f th is
s tructure i s less than w o uld have b e en the c o st o f a s o lid c o ncrete

wei r o f the same height Th e dam was co mpleted i n 1 907

. .

T h e actual t o tal c o st t o the R e clamat i o n S erv i ce i n cludi ng all ,

o verhead c o s t w as

F o r the de s i gn o f a nu m
,

ber o f re i nf o r ced co ncrete dams of the

same type o f greater height and o f li ghter c o nstru cti o n the
, ,
’
reader may c o n s ult We gma n n s treatise o n Th e D esign and
C o nstructi o n o f D ams and the referen ces a cco mpan yin g t h is
chapter .

Th r e e M ile Fa ll s D iv e r s io n W e ir Uma t illa Ri ver O r e, , .

T his weir h as a t o tal length o f ab o ut 820 feet d i vi ded by tri ,

ang ular buttre s se s 20 feet apart o n centers i nt o 4 1 panels

, , ,

each cl o s ed by c o ncrete arches ( Fi g T h e axi s o f the dam

.

i s c urved upstream o n a radius o f feet Th e f o undati o n

.

i s r o c k ; the base o f the buttre s ses are carried i nt o the s o lid r o ck

i n trenches the b o tt o m o f which are made r o ugh t o res ist t h e
,

tendency t o slide ; al o ng the c o nnecti o n o f the t oe o f the sl o p in g

arche s wi th the f o undat i o n a cut o ff wall is carried i nt o the r o ck
-
.

T h e maximum height fr o m the f o undati o n t o the crest o f t h e

we ir f o rmed by a h o r i z o ntal s helf is 24 f eet T h e U p s tream
, ,
.

face o f the arches h as a sl o pe o f 1 % t o 1 ; this face h a s a rad i us

O f curvature Of 1 8 feet T h e arch r i ng is n o t r e in fo r c e d ; i t s th i ck
.

ness ta pers fr o m 24 inche s at the bas e t o 1 2 inches at the t o p .

T h e buttresse s are 2 4 i nche s thick re i nf o rced wi th t w o sets O f

,

i nch bars placed vertically 2 4 i nches o n center s each set 6 i nches ,

fro m each face o f the buttress T hr o ugh the buttresses are

.

i nspecti o n o penings 6 feet hi gh and 24 inches wide c o nnected

, ,

by a reinf o rced gallery walk .

T h e max i mum o bserved fl o o d fl o w c o ver i ng the peri o d fr o m

,

1 897 t o 1 9 1 3 w as sec o nd fee t The maxi mum capacity

-
.
 DI VE R S I ON WO RK S 67

FI G . 24 .
— Arche d d e c kr i f r d
e n o cert co n c e e d iv r i
e s on we i r on Uma tilla
River Umat illa P r j
. o e ct , O re .
68 I RRI GA TI ON S TR UC T U RE S

over the wei r crest pr o vided fo r i s sec o nd feet Obtained

-
,

with a depth o f water o f feet o n the crest .

Ea s t Par k F e e d Ca n al D ive r s ion W e ir O r l an d Pr o j e ct Calif

, , .

A di ff erent type o f diversi o n we i r o f light reinf o rced co ncrete

,

c o n s tructi o n is illustrated by that planned and n o w be i ng c o n

,

structed by the U S R eclamati o n S ervice fo r the divers i o n o f

. .

the E as t Park feed canal o f the O rland pr o j ect i n C alifo rnia

,
.

T his we i r is a reinf o rced arched dam f o rmed by a S ingle arch

, ,

and is de s igned fo r an e s timated high water level o f 7 feet ab o v e

 DI VER S I ON WO RK S 69

th e crest o f the dam ( Figs 25A and B ) T h e radius o f curvature

. .
,

measured fr o m the d o wn s tream face o f the arch ring is 1 00 feet , .

T h e length measured o n the arc is ab o ut 1 55 feet the central ,

angle being ab o ut T h e stream bed is gravel underlaid ,

at a small depth with r o ck T h e base o f the dam is carrie d t o a

.

depth o f 3 t o 4 feet int o s o lid r o ck and is fr o m 4 t o 1 0 feet bel o w,

the natural s tream bed T h e maxi mum height fr o m the s tream

.

bed t o the cre s t is ab o ut 29 feet ; the thickne s s Of the arch at

the b o tt o m is 6 feet and tapers t o a th i ckne s s o f 3 feet near the
cre s t which is f o rmed b y a curve d pr o j ecting lip T h e d o wn .

stream face o f the arch is vertical and the up s tream face has a
batter o f 1 t o 1 0 Vertical reinf o rcement Of
. inch r o ds 6 -
,

inches center t o center and h o riz o ntal l o ngitudinal reinfo rcement

,

of -
in ch r o ds 24 inche s center t o center i s placed near the
up s tream face ; this reinf o rcement adds security against tem
p e r a t u r e stresses N o t c o.n s idering the reinf o rcement the stress ,

in t h e c o ncrete may be o btained by the well kn o wn f o rmula fo r -

arch dams :
PR
. S

where -

T thickness i n feet .

P pre s s ure in t o ns per s quare f o o t at the d epth ,

fo r
which T is Obtaine d .

R radiu s o f curvature o f d a m in feet .

S pres s ure o n the c o ncrete in t o n s per square f o o t .

Th e value Of S by this f o rmula fo r the dimensi o ns given at

, , ,

a depth o f 2 9 feet is t o ns per square f o o t which is very

, ,

m o derate as c o mpared with a number o f higher dams o f thi s

type built in N e w S o uth Wales ( s ee references )
'
.

O pe n a n d Co ll ap sib le W e ir s — A brief general descr i pti o n Of

this class o f weir a n d the c o nditi o ns fo r which it is best a d apted
have been previ o u s ly s tated O n e type Of o pen weir has been .

pre s ented in the descripti o n o f the headw o rks o f the T r u ck e s

C ar s o n pr o j ect ; an o ther type h a s been describe d in the discus
s i o n o f w o o d e n frame d iver s i o n dam s
- In b o th o f the s e types .

the framew o rk a n d o perating platf o rm were permanent s tru e

tures whi ch is Obj ecti o nable in a s tream carryi ng much fl o ating
,

material Where a clear un o bstructed waterway is required

.
,
,

a large number o f di fferent type s o f rem o vable o r c o llap s ible

weirs have been devi s ed T hese have been largely used I n the
.
70 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T URE S

impr o vement o f r ivers fo r navi gati o n als o t o a c o ns i derable ,

extent fo r the crest o f diver s i o n we irs o n r i vers in Ind ia T hei r .

u s e o n i rrigati o n pr o j ect s in the U ni ted S tate s i s lim i ted t o a few

cases fr o m which m o st o f the examples i llustra t ed and descri bed

,

bel o w have been selected F o r a m o re c o mplete presentati o n

.

o f the vari o us types Of m o vable we irs or dams t h e articles l i sted ,

i n the references and the f o ll o wing valuable w o rks are o f spec i al

value :
Impr o vement o f R ivers by T h o ma s , Watt Wiley
S o ns N e w Yo rk
,
.

T h e D e s i gn and C o nstructi o n o f D ams by Wegmann ( 1 9 1 1 ) ,

Wiley S o ns N e w Yo rk ,
.

T h e Irri gat i o n W o rks o f India by B uckley ; S p o n N e w Yo rk

, ,

Lo nd o n .

M o o r e W e ir o n Cach e Cr e e k Cal if ( Fig — T hi s we ir is

, . .

c o nstructed o n the l o wer part o f C ache C reek where the stream ,

bed is sand and gravel T h e lo w banks o f the r i ver di d n o t permi t

.

rais i ng the fl o o d fl o w level by a cl o sed weir ; fo r th i s reas o n and ,

als o because o f the fl o ati ng material c arr ied by fl o o d fl o ws a ,

rem o vable Open we ir w as ad o pted ( Plate II I Fig D ) Th e , , .

weir i s 4 00 feet l o ng between abutments ; i t co ns is ts of the

rem o vable super s tructure and o f the substructure co ns is tin g of ,

a r e d wo o d fl o o r 3 0 feet w i de na led t o r o ws O f X
i ,
4 1 2 —
i nch s i lls ,

b o lted t o the t o p O f the sheet piling cut o ff wall o n the U pstream -

edge o f the fl o o r and t o the t o ps o f f o ur parallel r o ws o f 1 0 X 1 2

inch p il i ng 7 feet apart with the p ile s 1 0 feet apart in each r o w
, ,
.

T here i s a d o u b le r o w o f sill s t o each ro w o f pile w i th a s i ll o n

C
,

each s i de o f the t o p o f the p iles T h e sheet p i ling extends t o a

.

depth o f 1 4 feet ; the anch o r piles i n crease in depth fr o m 2 0 feet

fo r the first upstream r o w t o 24 fee t 30 feet and 36 feet fo r t h e ,

succeeding r o ws In this manner anch o rage is Obtained aga inst

.

U p lift pre s sure and security agai n s t sli di ng is pr o v i ded

,
.

T h e rem o vable super s truct ure c o nsists essentially of fl as h

b o ard p o sts t i e r o d s and h o riz o ntal fl as h b o ar ds T h e maximum
,
.

height o f fl as h b o a r d crest is ab o ut 8 feet fr o m the fl o o r T he .

p o sts are spaced 5 feet apart E ach p o st i s made o f 6 X 6 inch

.
-

t i mber w i th a gr o o ve fo r fl as h b o ar d s f o rmed with extra gui d e ,

p i eces T h e l o wer e n d o f the p o s t fi t s int o a s o cket f o rmed in a

.
,

sill bu ilt O f t w o p i ece s secured t o the fl o o r The t o p o f the p o st is .

sl o tted t o re ce i ve the upper threaded end o f the tie r o d which ,

h o l ds the p o st i n place agai nst the water pre s s ure T h e l o wer .

 DI VERS I ON W ORK S 71

end o f the t i e ro d i s li nked t o a p i v o ting ir o n r o d b o lted t o the ,

sheet pili ng Th e p o sts are br o ught in li ne by screwing the nut s

.
,

and the r o ds are lifted o u t Of the sl o ts when it is d e s ired t o re

m o ve the p o sts T h e rem o val Of the p o st s is d o ne after the end
.

Of the irrigati o n seas o n when there is little water in the river and
,

they are repla ced after the fl o o d fl o ws in the spring when the
stream fl o w level must be rai sed t o deliver a full supply in the
c a n aL

diversi o n weir was c o nstructed in the fall o f 1 903 ; the

Th e
maximum fl o o d fl o w i s ab o ut cubic feet per sec o nd ; the
maxi mum fl o w after A pril 1 d o es n o t usually exceed

30 0

p
12 x 20 0

”( I 6 S ec ti o n

FI G . 26 —. M o ore d ivers i on w ir
e . Y l Wat r
o o e P owe r CO .
, C ali f .

sec o nd feet and by J une 1 is u s ual ly le s s than

-
,
sec o nd
feet .

T h e stru cture with the w o o den headgate t o the canal c o st

ab o ut i t h as required practically n o repairs and is i n
g o o d c o nditi o n 1 1 y ears after its c o mpleti o n It h as gi ven g o o d .

servi ce but w o uld n o t be well adapted where the stream fl o w is

,

t o o large t o permit the erecti o n o f the rem o vable stru cture after
the beginning o f the i rrigati o n seas o n .

i v
D e s onr i W e ir o f L a s V e g a s Ir r i g a t i o n P r o j e ct N e w M e xi c o
,

( Fi
g . 2 7 — This weir i s s o mewhat s i milar in o perati o n t o that

used o n C ache C reek i n that the superstructure is partly f o rmed

,

by rem o vable p o sts and fl as h b o ard s b ut it differ s in that per

,
v
72 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T URE S

manent co n cr ete buttresses are als o Used T h e structure i s .

built o n the G allinas R iver near the city o f L as Veg as T h e river , .

is t o rrential subj ect t o cl o udburs ts whi ch pr o duce sudden large

, ,

fl oo d fl o ws carryi ng l o gs and o ther fl o ating materi al To meet

, .

these c o ndit i o ns a we ir w as de s igned which w o uld have a quickly

,

rem o vable super s tructure and whi ch w o uld O ff er little Obstructi o n

t o the fl o w T h e length o f the weir between abutments is 1 1 9
.

feet 8 inches Th e s uperstructure c o nsists o f permanent t ria n gu

.

lar co ncrete buttresses spaced 1 2 feet apart o n centers and o f , ,

i ntermed i ate c o llaps i bl e steel p o sts wh i ch w i th the buttresses are ,

M ain Dam

S e ct i o n B -B S i d E l t i f Pi
e e va on o er

Mi Dm
a n a

FI G . 27 C llap ibl
-
o s e d iv e r is on w ir f
e o La s V ga I rri ga t i
e s on

P r o j ec t N M
,
. .

the supp o rts h o r i z o ntal fl as hb o a r d s T h e buttresses are 4

fo r .

feet 6 inches hi gh ab o ve the fl o o r and perm it the inserti o n o f ,

fl a s h b o a r d s t o a maximum height o f 4 feet T h e upstream edge .

o f the buttress i s vertical and in the same plane as the erected

c o llaps ible p o sts O n e end o f the fl a s h b o a r d s fi t s in the gr o o ves '

.
,

f o rmed with angles placed o n the edge s o f the buttres s e s and the ,

o ther end bear s against the c o llapsible p o s ts T h e fl as h b o a rd s .

are 8 in ches wide 3 inche s thi ck and 5 feet 9 i nche s l o ng A

,
.

rem o vable plank walk is supp o rted o n t o p o f the buttres s e s ; fr o m

t h is walk the fl as h b o ar d s are placed in p o siti o n S ix fl as h b o a rds .

f o rm a s e t fo r each panel between a buttre s s and the adj acent ,

74 I RRI GA TI ON S TR U C T UR E S

pr o vided w i th lo ckga t es fo r r i ver nav i gati o n T h e C ha no ine .

s hutters per mi t raising the water level t o a he i ght o f 1 4 feet 4

i n c hes ab o ve the fl oo r E ach shutter ( Fig 28) is 2 feet 1 1 %

. .

i n c hes w i de and 1 3 feet 1 0 inches high and i s p i v o ted by cast

, ,

i r o n bear i ngs o n a h o r iz o n t a l shaft near the c enter o f the panel at

P os i t i on of W k
ic et wh en L o we r e d
R I AOOJ

Weigh t 290 Lbl.

l i t i n g B ar

FI G 28 —D e t ai l s Of Cha i no n e s h r iv r i w i r
u tt e s u s ed o n d e s on e on Mu rru m
S ut h Wal Au t ralia
. .

b id ge e Riv r e . Ne w o es , s .

s uch a he i ght that as l o ng a s the stream flo w i s su ffi c i ent t o b ri ng

,

the d o wnstream water level t o a height o f ab o ut 1 f o o t bel o w

the crest o f the shutter the s hutter w ill aut o mat i cally tilt Open
,

t o a li mi ted p o siti o n fixed by a lug o n the castings ,

F o r these .

c o nditi o ns O f stream fl o w a full head can be diverted in the canal

wi th o ut havi ng the shutters cl o sed E ach shut t er is supp orted .

 P L A TE V .

FI G . A . Sam
— e as Pl I V
.
,
ig C d D w it h hut t r rai
F s . an , s e s s ed to l v
ea e

w at rw ay part ly Op
e en .

FI G B — C llap ibl
o s e d iv r i
e s on w ire of P r wit t R
e es e rv o i r P r j ct Co lo
o e
p
.
. . ,

( F a cmg a ge 7 4)
76 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T URE S

to r o ck deepens Th e cr o ss walls placed at right angles t o the

.
,

length o f the fl o o r are 3 feet thick and 7 feet apart Th e s and

, .

f o undati o n in between is c o nfined b y an up s tream and a d o wn

stream t o e wall al o ng the e d ges o f the fl o o r w h ich extend int o
,

the s o lid r o ck Th e fl o o r fo r this part is reinf o rced with s teel

.

rails .

Di ve r s i o n W e ir of Pr e wi tt R e s e rvo ir Pr o j ec t Co lo r a d o ,
—
( Plate V F ig B ) T hi s weir was built o n the S o uth Platte
,
. .

R iver at a p o i nt where an entirely cl o se d weir c o uld n o t be used

h i s S n p e rs t r n c t n r e Erec t )

S ec t i o n A -B

"
3 96 x1 2 ; 3

S i d El i
e e va t o n De p re s s e d)
FI G . 29 . Det
-
ail Of m vabl
s o e s up r t ru t u r c llap s ibl e
e s c e o d iv r i e s on w ir
e
P r w it t R
e es e rv i r P r j e ct C l
o o ,
o o .

on acc o unt o f adj acent l o wlan d s which w o uld be fl o o ded during

,

fl o o d fl o ws T o f o rce a full supply in the canal it was neces s ary

.

t o raise the water level in the river t o a height o f feet abo ve

the s tream bed ; thi s was d o ne by c o n s tructing a permanent
sub s tructure extending 2 % feet ab o ve the s tream bed o n wh i ch ,

w as bu ilt a rem o vable fl as h b o a r d crest t o raise the water level 2

addi ti o nal feet (F ig A t o r d inary stages the depth o f wate r
.

o ver the permanent weir crest is 1 t o 2 feet frequently dr o pp in g ,

t o 6 inches D uring high wa t er the river channel s pread s fr o m

.

the n o rmal channel wi d th o f 50 0 feet t o feet T h e weir is .

 DI VER SI ON WO RK S 77

ab o ut 5 00 feet l o ng and the remainder o f the fl o o d flo w channel is

cl o se d by an earth embankment with a cut O ff wall o f Wakefield ,
-

sheet pi ling extending 1 0 feet int o the s o il and pr o j ecting 4 feet

,

int o the embankment A gain s t the d o wn s tream side o f the s heet

.

p ili ng i s a r o w Of r o und piles 1 0 feet o n cente rs Th e up s tream

, .

fa ce Of the embankment i s lin ed with reinf o rced c o ncrete slab s ,

4 i nches thick .

T h e sub s tructure o f the we i r c o n s i sts o f a stepped w o o den

fl o o r naile d to heavy sills Of 1 2 X 1 2—inch t i mber s upp o rted ,

o n f o ur r o ws o f r o und pile s and o f sheet piling cut O ff walls

,
-

al o ng the U p s tream and d o wn s tream edge Of the fl o o r O n the .

upstream part Of the fl o o r which is 2 feet ab o ve the d o wnstream

,

part Of the fl o o r are built the c o llap s ible frames which supp o rt
,

the fl a s h b o a r d s Th e frame s are s paced 4 feet o n centers E ach

. .

frame c o n s i s t s o f a p o s t with gr o o ves t o receive the fl a s hb o a r d s ,

and o f an inclined brace T h e p o s t which i s vert i cal when

.
,

erected i s c o nnected at the b o tt o m t o the fl o o r thro ugh a pivo t

,

bearing and at the t o p t o the upper end o f the brace thr o ugh a
s ec o nd piv o t j o int T h e l o wer end o f the brace slides in a s l o t
.

o r runner and when erected bears o n a sh o ulder f o rmed at the

,

U p s tream end o f the s l o t Th e p o st bra ce and runner are made

.
,

o f structural s teel T h e fl a s h b o a r d s are 1 % X 1 0 i nches and 3

.

feet 1 0 inches l o ng .

T w o s luiceways have been pr o vi ded : on e at the end o f the

weir a d j acent t o the canal headgates t o ma i ntain a clear channel
in fr o nt Of the headgate s a n d the o ther at ab o ut the center o f
,

the weir t o d irect the fl o w ar o und an island t o ward the i ntake

Of an o ther canal E ach s luiceway h a s s ix o penings each 5 feet
.
,

wide separated by permanent steel frame s and c o ntr o lled by

,

fl a s h b o a r ds. Th e fl o o r o f the s luiceway is a c o ntinuati o n o f

and o n the s ame level as the l o wer o r apr o n fl o o r E ach frame .

is ma d e o f M inch steel plate s ti ffened with angle s with fl as h

-
, ,

b o ar d gr o o ves f o rme d by the legs o f t wo angles Th e height o f .

the frame is 7 feet ; it s U p s tream edge is vertical ; its width at the

b o tt o m is ab o ut 6 feet 6 inche s and at the t o p 2 4 i nches Th e .

t o p Of the frame s s upp o rt a 2 X 1 2 inch f o o t plank -

.

Th e o perati o n Of the weir requires that the p o s ts and fl a s h

b o ard s be placed o r rem o ve d at peri o d s o f lo w fl o w by wa d ing
i n the water .

Div e rs io n W e ir of Cr o c ker H uffm a n S ys te m o n M e r ce d Rive r

-
,

Ca lif.
— Thi s weir i s Of s pecia l intere s t becau s e o f the c o l lap s ible
78 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T U RE S

s teel structure which f o rms the upper part o f the mai n p o rt i o n

o f the d i ver s i o n weir T h e t o tal length Of the weir betwee n
.

abutments is ab o ut 7 0 0 feet ; fo r 1 5 5 feet adj acent t o o n e abut

ment and 60 feet adj acent t o the o ther abutment the weir cr o ss
secti o n is the regular O gee gravity type b ui lt o f c o ncrete o n a ,

hardpan f o undati o n T h e remainder o f the weir nearly 500

.
,

feet in length h a s the same O gee cr o s s secti o n fr o m the base u p

, ,

t o 4 feet fr o m the crest the upper 4 feet being f o rmed by the ,

steel c o llap s ible s tructure ( Fig T h i s type o f c o llap s ible .

structure used was invented by J C Wheel o n C h ief E ngineer . .

,

F ro n t Elevati o n
El v e a ti o n

FI G . 30 .
— D et a il s of c llap ibl gat
o s e es on d iv r i
e s on we i r Of C r ck r H uff ma
o e -
n
yt m s s e . Me r ce d C a lif ,
.

Of the Bear River C anal C o i n U tah wh o first u s ed i t o n the .

,

Bear River near G arland Utah t o replace the upper 5 feet , ,

O f the o ld crib we i r in o rder t o reduce the pressure o n the o ld

,

we ir during the fl o o d fl o w when the c o llap s i ble crest w o uld be

f o lded d o wn Th e U pper 5 feet o f the crib was rem o ved and
.

the c o llapsible structure b o lted t o the timbers The design used .

o n the M erced River diver s i o n weir w as alm o st i dentically the

same varying o nly in min o r d etails

,
.

Th e c o llapsible structure is f o rmed o f trapez o idal s teel frames ,

a runway bui lt i n sect i o ns supp o rted o n t o p o f the frames and ,

80 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T URE S

R A FTER G E O RG E W ,
w f Wa t r Ov r D am — T ra Am .
— O n t he Flo o e e s ns . .

S Ci
oc v E g .
— V l X L IV 1 9 00 . n o .
,
.

C mp ut a t i f H i gh t Of Ba c kwa t r A b v D am — p 4 5 4
‘

Th e o on o e e o e s .

E g i ri g N w — N l 1 90 6
n n ee n e s ov .
,
.

H OR TO N R E W i r E p ri m t C ffi i t
,
. d F rm ula — Wa t r .
-
e x e en s , oe c en s an o s e

S u pply P ap r N 2 00 U S G l g i al S u rv y— 1 90 7 e o .
,
. . eo o c e .

P H
F AE —
R I C H A R D Th e S p i llway D
LE R, m—
p 83 E g i ri g R r d a . n n ee n e co

Ja n . 1 6 , 1 909 .

S T EV E N S J C A C mpari
,
f S t r am D i h arg I d i a t d by Cu rr t
. .
-
o s on o e sc es n c e en

M t r d by W i r F rmula Y ak i ma Riv r Wa h — p 4 81 E g i r
e e an e o s ,
e , s . . n n ee

i g N w — A pri l 2 8 1 9 1 5
n e s ,
.

M A RTI N W F — D i ch arg
,
M a ur m t . d F rm ula . f S m s e e s e en s an o s or o e

L arg Ov rfl w D am e
—
p 3 2 1 E eg i r i g N wo — S pt 29 1 9 1 0 s . n n ee n e s e .
,
.

E —
M O G N S O N P F rm u la f Di ch arg
,
f Ov rfall D am — p
. 57 3 o s or s e o e s .

E gi ri g N w — N 2 4 1 9 1 0
n n ee n e s ov .
,
.

WI LLI A M S G S T Fl w — h ,
f Wa r O v r am p 3 8 E g i ri g
t .D — . e o o e e s . n n ee n

N w — J 1 2 1 91 1
e s an .
,
.

WE I RS O N P R O s F O U N D T O s E VI U A I

C IB O RN L J
L B — E p ri m t ,
t h P a ag . f Wa t r T h r ug h S a d x e en s o n e ss e o e o n

T ech i al P ap r N n c 9 7 R rk I d i a — 1 90 2 e O .
,
oo ee , n .

G r u t d Ru bbl C r Wall f t h W i r f t h D l t a Barrag Egyp t

o e e o e s or e e s o e e , e,

p 1 4 7 E g i ri g N w F b 9 1 90 5
.
— n n ee n e s e .
,
.

T h L ag u a D m p 1 6
e — 4 E n g i r i g N e w — F b 9 1 90 5
a . n n ee n s e .
,
.

VI N C E N T E D — T h C t r u t i ,
. f t h L gu a D m C l ra d Riv r
. e ons c on o e a n a , o o o e

p
-
2 1 3 E g
. i r i g N w — F b 2 7 1 n90 8 n ee n e s e .
,
.

U pward P r u r i M a ry D am p 84 E g i ri g R rd Ju ly
es s — e
— n s on s . n n ee n e co

1 8 1 90 8 ; p 1 6 7 E g i
,
ri g R c rd — A u g 8 1 909 . n n ee n e o .
,
.

VI N C E N T E D — T u r i g t h C l ra d Riv r d C mpl t i g t h L ag u a
,
. . n n e o o o e an o e n e n

D m— p 6 1 5 E g i
a r i g N w — J u 1 0 1 9 09
. n n ee n e s ne ,
.

B LI G H W G Th P ract i al D ig
,
. f I rri ga t i
.
-—
W rk D V e c es n o on o s . an

N t ra d C N w Y rk — 1 9 1 0
os n O .
,
e o .

Fa i l u r f C a al H a dwo rk s Egyp t p 8
e o — 4 7 E ng i r i g R r d — A pr e ,
. n n ee n e co .

9, 1 9 1 0 .

BL I G H , W G — Wei r Po r us Fo u d at io s a d wit h P rvi u F l o r

. . s on o n n n e o s o s

p 4 4 4 E g i e ri g N e w ; Apr 1 3 1 9 1 1 p 7 08 E gi ee ri g N w
. n — ne n s .
,
. n n n e s

D e 2 9 1 9 1 0 ; p 52 E g i
c . ri g N ews J 1 2 1 9 1 1
,
— . n n ee n an .
,
.

B LI G H W G — She t Pi l es a a M a s Of D re a i g P rm ab ili ty f P
, . . e s e n ec s n e e o or

o us F o u d a t i p 1 09 E g i e ri g N w
s — n
— J 26 1 9 1 1 on n n e n e s an . .
,
.

K O E NI G A C — D am s ,
S a d Foun d at io n — p 2 90 E g i ee ri g d Co
. . on n . n n n an n

t ra t i n g — M ar h 8 1 9 1 1
c c ,
.

Th U d e r P r u re f Wa t e r
e n D am — p 5 2 7 E g i ri g d C es s o on s . n n ee n an on

t ra c t i g — M ay 3 1 9 1 1
n ,
.

K OE NI G A C — D am o S a d F u d t i
,
.
— T ra A m S Civ E g
. s n n o n a on ns . . oc . . n .

VO l L XX III S p t 1 9 1 1
-
.
,
e ,
.

W E G G M N N E — Th e D es i g f M a
A ry D am Sh u l d Hyd r t a t i P r
,
. n o s on s , o os c es

sure U d e r e a t h d I P r u r n b u —
I l d d p 594 E g i ri g
n an ce es s e e nc e . n n ee n

N ew — N 1 6 1 9 1 1 s ov .
,
.

G O D F RE Y E — Hyd r s t a t i P r u r B e at h D am — p 6 6 1 E gi e ri g
,
. o c es s e en s . n ne n

—
N ew N o 30 1 9 1 1 s v .
,
.
 D I VE R S I O N WO R K S 81

H A R RI S S O N , —
C L P ro v is io n fo r U pl ift a n d I ce P re s s ure i n D e s ig n i n g
. .

M a s o n ry D am s — p 66 3 En g in ee ri n g N ews — No v 3 0 , 1 9 1 1 . . .

B L I G H, W G Les s o n s fro m t h e Fail u re o f a Wei r a n d S l uices o n Po ro u s

— . .

F o un d a t i o n s — p 2 6 6 E n g i n e e ri n g N e w s — F e b 6 1 9 1 3 . .
,
.

HA R RI S A L — O v e r fl o w D am s i n S e rv ice Five Y e ars

,
. .
5 4 1 E n g i n ee ri n g -
p .

R e c o rd N o v 1 5 , 1 9 1 3
— . .

HA RR S A
I , L — T h e D v e rs o n o f I rr ga t n g Wa t e r
. . i i i i fr m A ri z a S t re am s
o on
— T ra n s Am S o c E g
n —Vo l XX II , D e c
. . . Civ . . L .
, 1914 .

ER C R
TI MB IB D M S I A
C t r ct i
on s u on R pai r e s and S ub qu se en t P art i al D es t ru ct i on ofA ri z a on

C a al D n a m ar Ph ,
ne o en x, i A ri z p
— . . 4 5 0 E gi n ne e ri g N e wn s — Apr 2 7 .
,

1 90 5 .

Te mp rary C rib
o D a m, Sh h os one Pr j o e ct —p . 545 E gin n ee ri g N ew
n s

No v 2 3 , 1 905 . .

A S cc
u i mb r D m f Br ad S a dy Riv r Cha l — p 64 5
e s s f u l Lo w T e a or o n e nne s .

n —
E gi ri g R rd D 5 1 908
n ee n eco ec .
,
.

T h D iv r i
e D m Ac r t h R c k Ri v r I ll i
e s on i — p 1 38 E gi ri g a os s e o e ,
no s . n n ee n

N w — A g 5 1 909
e s u .
,
.

Th C e t r cti on s f t h Ra i b w F all Hyd r l t ric D v l pm t

u on o e n o s o e ec e e o en

p 2 92 E g i
. i g R rd — M ar h
n n ee e r n e co c

CO D
LE , W Th Sh h
— . D m f t h . U S R lama t i S rvi —
p e os one a o e . . ec on e ce .

88 E g i ri g R rd J ly
n
— n ee n eco u ,

D m f B i g B d P w r P r j t F a t h r R iv r — p 42 2 E g i
a o en ri g d o e o ec , e e e . n n ee n an

C t ra t i g Oct b r 1 6 1 9 1 2
on — c n o e ,
.

M th d
e d C t f R b il d i g S t h D m H a d
o s an f R k R iv r
os o e u n ou a ,
e o oc e

Rap i t L ck 3 5 f t I ll i i
d hs a d Mi i i pp i C a al p 5 55 E gi
o
— o e no s an ss ss n . n

ri g d C t ra t i g — N
n ee n 1 3 1 91 2
an on c n ov .
,
.

T i mb r D am e d R c k fi ll D am P ar t II —
s B ll 24 9 O ffian f E p i o -
s ,
u .
,
ce o x er

m t St ati
en U S D ep t f A gri l u r Wa hi g
t on s t D C —
,
1 912 . . . o cu e, s n on , . . .

WOO D N R A M AND S TEE L F R A M E D A M S

E -
F E - I

S t l D m f R rv i r i A ri z a p 1 4 8 T h E g i r A g 1 2
ee a — or
— es e o n on . e n n ee u .
,

1 898 .

’ —
Div e rs io n W i r : Th Ke r Riv e r C Hyd r l e t ri P r P la
e p e n o . s oe c c owe nt .

56 E g i ri g N ew Ju ly 2 1 1 904
n — n ee n s ,
.

e oc
—
Pu bl o R ky F rd I rri gat io P ro j e t p 1 4 1 E gi e ri g Re o rd o n c . n ne n c

Ju ly 2 9 1 9 1 1 ,
.

HA MM A TT W C —Th r e Approv d D ig f Wei r D am s f I rriga

,
. . e e es ns or or

ti on —
C a al s p 6 4 6 E g i ri g d C t rac t i g Ju 5 1 9 1 2
n
— . n n ee n an on n ne ,
.

HAMM A TT W C A W t r Typ f M o vabl W i r D

— . m— p 1 2 1 T ra s es e n e o e e a . n .

,
.

A m S Civ E g — V l L XX VI D c 1 9 1 3
. oc . . n o .
,
e . .

G R AVITY C O N C RE T E DIVERS I O N W R s z EI

S T ANNA R D J D — T h G ra i t R e f D iv r i
,
D m p 36 7 E g i e ri g
.
— . e n e e e s on a . n n e n

N w O ct 1 1 908
e— s .
,
.

D vel pm t
e o f a P ra t i al Typ f C
en o
—
r t e S p i llway D a m p 46 1 c c e o on c e .

E gi ri g R rd — O t b e r 2 4 1 908
n n ee n e co c o ,
.

T E I C HM AN F T h G ra i t R f D m
— d Gat M ha i m p 1
.
— e n e ee a an e ec n s .
,

E g i ee ri g N e w — J 7 1 90 9
n n n s an .
,
.

T h e G ra i te R f D ive r i o D m A r i z o a p 5 6 1 E g i e ri g R ec o rd
n
— ee s n a n . n n e n

—M ay 2 0 1 9 1 1
,

.
,

6
82 I RRI GA TI ON S TR UC T UR E S

D i s t ribut i Sy t e m f Puebl o R o cky F rd I rri gat i

on P r j ec t —p
s o o on o .

6 0 2 E g i e ri g P r j ct —N
n 1 8 1 91 1
ne n o e ov .
,

I rri gat i Sy t m f t h e S uth r Alb rt a La d Co —

.

Th e on
p 42 0s e o o e n e n . .

E g i ri g C t rac t i g— Apr 1 0 1 9 1 2 ; p 589 E g i ri g Re co rd

n n ee n on n .
,
. n n ee n

M ay 2 7 1 9 1 1 ,
.

T H O M A S D G — N w Wat r S u pply I t ake t De v r— E gi ee ri g

,
. . e e n a n e n n n

Re c rd — O t 1 9 1 9 1 2
o c .
,
.

HA RRI S A L —O v fl w D m i Se rvi Fiv Year — p 5 4 1 E gi ri g

,
. . er o a n ce e s . n n ee n

R rd — N v 1 5 1 9 1 3
e co o .
,
.

HA RR I S A L Th D ive r i
—
, f I rr igat i g Wa t e r fr m A i z a St r am s
. . e s on o n o r on e
— P r c Am S o Ci v E g — J 1 9 1 4
. . oc. . n . an .
, .

S TE V E N S J C S r Hyd r l ct ric D evel pm t i S pa i P a rt I — p 2 50

— ,
. . e os oe e o en n n, .

E gi ri g R c rd —Aug 2 9 1 9 1 4
n n ee n e o .
, .

S TE VE N S J C Se r —
,
P w r D v l pm t Le ri d a S pa i : D ive r i
. . os o e e e o en , ,
n s on

D m a d C a al — p 4 73 E g i
an ri g N ew —Se p t 3 1 9 1 4n s . n n ee n s .
,
.

R E I N F OR C E D CO N C RE T E AND AR C H D DIVERS I O N W E I RS E

BE A R D S LE Y R C —Th D ign f But t re d D am f Rei f rc d Co

,
. . e es o ss e s o n o e n

c r t p 4 5 E g i ri g N w A pr 2 3 1 9 08
—
e e 2 .
— n n ee n e s .
,
.

T h C t f t h C rb tt D i v r i
e os o D m Sh s h I rri gat i e P r j ct o e e s on a ,
o on e on o e

p 2 9 E gi
. 1 e r i g R c rd — A ug 22 1 9 08 ; p 1 2 6 E g i
n ne ri g C n e o .
,
. n n ee n on

t ra t in g — A u g 2 6 1 9 0 8
c .
,
.

Th e L P r l e D m— p 3 7 3 E g i
a e ri g R rd A pri l 3 1 90 9
— a . n n ee n e co ,
.

—
Hum L ak D m J ur al f El ct ri it y P w r d Gas O t 3 0 1 909
e e a — o n o e c o e an c .
, .
,

T h e F a il u re f a S ma ll C c ret e D m Da i ll N Y — p 24 E g i
o on a ,
ns v e, . . . n

n ee ri g R r d J 1 1 9 1 0
n — e co an .
,
.

Re i f rc d Co r t D k D m P ula k i V — p 1 5 7 E g i rin g
n o e nc e e ec a , s ,
a . . n n ee

Re rd —
co Au g u t 6 1 9 1 0 s ,
.

BE A R D S L E Y R C — A C ri t i i m f a Ce ll u lar D m D ig
,
. d a D is. c s o a es n an

c u i
s s on f —
R v r d D m p 1 39o E g i r i g C o t ra cet i g — F b 1 e se a . n n ee n n n e .
,

1 91 1 .

S p ill w ay D m f t h Lo t Riv r Div r i Cha l a 31 1 or e s e e s on nne

—
( Klamat h ) p .

E g i ri g R rd — M ar h 1 8 1 9 1 1
n n ee n eco c

R v r ed D am —p 2 93 E gi er i g
.
,

G O D F RE Y E —A C mm t ,
. o en on e e s s . n ne n

an d C t ra t i g — M ar h 8 1 9 1 1
on c n c ,
.

BE A R D S L E Y R C — Rev r d D am — p 348 E g i ri g d C t ra t i g
,
. . e se s . n n ee n an on c n

M arch 2 2 1 9 1 1
-
,
.

W AD E L A B C c r t ,
. d Ma ry D m C t ru t i i N w So ut h
. .
-
on e e an s on a o ns c on n e

Wal — V l CL XX VIII p 1 P r I t C E
es o .
,
.
, oc . ns . . .

F C H J K AND T H O M AN W F
UI ,
.
— Rei forc d C
.
,
r te H ll w D m f ,
. . n e onc e o o a o

t h B uett r T yp e— C a a d i a E g i r —
es sM ay 29 1 9 1 3 n n n nee .
,
.

E A S T W OO D J S T h U l t ima t D m W t e r E g in rin g S e p t 1 9 1 3
— ,
— .
— . e e a es n n ee .
,
.

E A S T W OO D J S — T h N w B i g B ar V all y D m W te r E g i
,
.
— ri g . e e e e a es n n n ee n

— D ec .
,
1 91 3 .

T h e Des ig d C t ru t i f th Ba a
n D m P ar t
an 42 5 ons c on o e ss no a
—
I p .
,

E g i ri g N w — A u g 2 7 1 9 1 4 ; P art I I— p 484 E gi ri g N e w
n n ee n e s .
,
. n n ee n e

Se p t 3 1 9 1 4 .
,
.

C O A P B DIV ERSI O N WE I RS
LL SI LE
— ,
—
T H O M A S B F M vabl D am p 7 1 P r .
—
Am S c Civ En g Feb. o e s . oc . . o . . . .
,

1 898 .
 C H A P TE R II
SC O U RI N G SLUI CE S FI S H L AD DERS L OGWAYS
, ,

A sc o ur i ng slu i ce is a general term used t o den o te either an

o pen sluiceway o r an under s luice A n Open sluiceway i s an Open
.

bay o r panel in the di vers i o n weir extending fr o m the fl o o r o f

the slui ceway usually placed level with o r l o wer than the fl oo r
,

o f the we i r u p t o the cre s t o f the we i r

, A n undersl ui ce is an
.

o pen i ng thr o ugh the b o dy o f the W eir and d o es n o t extend t o

the crest o f the weir ; its use i s usually li mited t o c o mparat i vely
hi gh di versi o n weirs ( generally o ver 1 0 feet ) and where the
am o unt o f silt and sand carried b y the stream is n o t large .

Pur po s e
.
~

T h e main o bjects o f a sc o uring S lui ce are :

-

Fi rs t — T o mai ntain a well d e fi n e d channel i n fr o n t o f the head

-

gates t o the c anal by s c o ur i ng the silt o r sand dep o s ited in fr o nt

o f the gates .

S eco n d — T o prevent the entrance int o the cana l o f the c o ar s e

material carried b y the river water .

Thi r d — T o regulate the river water level w i th i n certa i n li mit s

,

o f mi n o r stream fl o w variati o ns T his o bj ect is o nl y o f real value

.

where the crest o f the we ir i s pro vi ded with a c o llapsible o r r e

m o vable s uperstructure and when t hi s meth o d o f regulati o n is
m o re c o nvenient than the adj ustment o f the c o llap s ible c rest .

N ec e s s ity for ; M e th o d o f O p er a ti o n a n d Efii c i e n cy — Th e

.

necessity fo r sc o uring S luices wi ll depen d largely o n the am o unt

o f material carried by the strea m fl o w and the character o f the

stream and s tream bed In the U nited S tates the maj o rity o f
.

s treams used fo r i rrigati o n carry o nl y a small am o un t o f sed i

ment ; there are s o me stream s h o wever e s pecially i n A riz o na

, , ,

N e w M exic o and T exas which carry large v o lumes o f material

, ,
.

In Indi a and E gypt Silt pr o blems o f great di fficulty have had t o

be c o ntended with in the w o rki ng o ut of sati s fact o ry plans for
the diver s i o n w o rks and the les s o ns derive d fr o m the re s ults
,

o btained are o f much value where s imilar d ifficultie s may ari s e .

A better under s tandi ng o f the nece s s ity fo r s c o uring s luices

i s o btained by fir s t c o nsidering the di fficulties t o be o verc o me .

84
 S C O UR I NG SL UI C E S 85

Th e c o nstru ct i o n of a cl o sed d i vers i o n we i r a c r o ss a ri ver except ,

o n a river carrying little or n o sediment will result i n the dep o si ,

ti o n o f material o n the upstream S ide o f the we i r and W here the ,

river bed is anything d iff erent fr o m s o lid r o ck there is a gradual

m o vement o f the s tream bed material T hese c o mbined acti o ns .

have a tendency t o ra i se the river bed o n the upstream side up

t o the crest o f the weir and in the c a s e o f stream beds o f c o arse
,

gravel o r heavi er materi al the er o s i ve e ffe ct of fl o o d fl o ws is n o t

G a u ge S p ur NO J

Ch an n e l

C u l t i va t i o n

FI C 3 1
. .
— G en e ral lay u t
o fo r d i v r i w rk
e s on o s fo r Si rhi n d C a al n .

Su t l ej r lv e r , Pu jab I d ia
n ,
n .

always sufficient t o keep the s tream bed even bel o w o r at the crest
level
In many cases o n Ind i an r i vers the us e of lar ge s co ur i ng S lu i ces
’
l o cated n o t o nly at b o th ends o f the we i r in fr o nt o f the canal
°

headgate s but als o i n the center o f the we ir has n o t been able t o ,

prevent these e ffects ; with the result that islands have built
u p o n the up s tream Si de o f the weir irregular cr o ss channels ,

have been f o rmed and the difficulties o f divers i o n have been

,

very great In s o me ca s es it has been necessary t o raise the

‘
.

weir cre s t with a c o llapsible cre s t T he s e effects have n o t been

.
86 I RRI GA TI ON S TR U C T URE S

ent irely co nfined t o Indi an rivers fo r at least in o n e case o bserv ed , ,

by the writer o n the U matilla R iver i n O rego n a cl o se d we ir , ,

thro ugh which h o wever n o s c o uring slui ces were pr o vi ded

, , ,

pr o duced sand and gravel i slands w hi ch requ ired the excavati o n

o f a c hannel t o the headgates and the rai s ing o f the crest w i th

sacks filled with sand Th e results o bta i ned i n Ind i a have led
.

t o the c o nclus i o n that the o nly satisfact o ry way t o prevent these

di fficulties i s the u s e o f c o llapsi ble o r rem o vable crest o n a lo w
permanent we ir wall o r t o make an entirely o pen we ir
, .

E xper i ence o n at lea s t o n e r i ver i n India the S utlej Ri ver , ,

at the d i vers i o n w o rks fo r the S irh ind C anal ( Fig indi cates .

We ir S h u tt e r s

of W i Sl i
e r u ce s

l D
in g
at ed O e vi ce
Gir fo r B l
er ute r ai

S ec t io n al El ev t i n of R g l a t
a o e u or Ga t e s F ro n t El ve Re g u l a t or Ga tes
a ti o n o f

FI G . 3 2 —
. He adwo rk s o f Si rhi n d M ai C a al
n n . Pun jab In d ia , .

that the effi c i ency o f sc o ur i ng sluices wi ll depend largely o n the

meth o d o f Operati o n Th e we ir feet l o ng i s o f the Indi an
r o ck fill type with a 3 t o 1 up s tream mpe and a 1 5 t o 1 d o wn
.
, ,

-
,

stream sl o pe Th e cr es t wall o rigina lly raised the water level

.

t o a he i ght o f 8 feet ab o ve the r i ver bed but i t wa s later f o un d ,

necessary t o raise it wi th c o llapsible shutters or gates an addi

t io n al he i ght o f 6 feet T h e we ir i s n o t at right angles t o t h e
.

stream but Sl o pes upstream fr o m the end adj acent t o the head
,

gate s a t an angle o f T h e headgates are parallel t o the di re c

ti o n o f the stream and the sl ui cewa y is d irectly i n fr o n t
,

o f the headgate s ( F ig A di vi si o n wall parallel t o the head

.
88 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T U RE S

sediment in suspen s i o n was fine clay o r o o ze which takes co n

,

s id e ra b le time t o s ettle ; part o f it pr o bably n o t m o re than

,

wa s sand . T h e sandy s e d iment i n suspens i o n w ith the c o arser

sand a n d materi al which ro ll s al o ng the b o tt o m but whi ch was
,

n o t i ncluded in the mea s urement was the ma in cause of the

,

tro ubles o me depo s its in the canal .

In 1 898 a special device was dev i s ed t o separate the fine s i lt

fr o m the c o arser s andy sediment carri ed in suspensi o n T h e re .

s ult s o f measurement S h o w that the average pr o p o rt i o n o f sandy

sediment t o water entering the canal during the fl o o d peri o d

1 7 0 0 ; while the pr o p o rti o n carried o ff by the canal water
w as 1

at a p o int 2 6 mile s d o wn fr o m the head averaged % 3 0 0 ,

S h o wing that o nly half o f the s andy s ilt w as carri ed thr o ugh
the canal the o ther being dep o sited i n the canal Th e fl o o d
,
.

peri o d is u s ually i n J uly and A ugu s t ; durin g th i s peri o d the

water i s o verladen with silt T h e river water begins t o clear
.

in S eptember and when taken i n the canal is then able t o pick

,

u p and carry in suspen s i o n s o me o f the sed iment and finer sand

dep o sited o n the bed during the preced ing fl o o d fl o w peri o d thu s ,

reducing the am o unt o f s ilt dep o sits A S the finer materi al is

.

thus tran s p o rted th i s leaves the co arser material o f w hi ch a

, ,

smaller pr o p o rti o n can be carried in suspensi o n s o that in N o

,

v e mb e r o r D ecember the pr o p o rti o n o f sediment carried h a s de

creased fr o m % 3 0 0 t o yg ooo In the ab o ve re s ult s the c o arser

.

material r o lled al o ng the b o tt o m has n o t been c o nsidered ,

becau s e o f n o sati s fact o ry meth o d o f measurement t o o btain

thi s material .

A further study o f the character o f the sed i ment carried in

su s pens i o n was ma d e by mean s o f a s pecial device o r sand sepa
rat o r which permi tted the clas s ificati o n o f the di ff erent grades
,

o f s ilt , o n the b asis o f the rate at which S ilt wi ll fall thr o ugh

water ; such that when measured i n feet per sec o nd grades o f ,

silt falling thr o ugh water at the rate o f feet per

s ec o nd w o uld be den o ted a s grades re

s p e c t iv e ly . T h e result s o btained s h o w that silts o f grade

o r less are f o und in as large quantity i n the water o f the d is

tributari es o r lateral as i n the water in the main canal in ,

d i c a t i n g that o nly the c o arser sediment ab o ve grade was

permanently dep o si ted i n the main canal .

T h e o bj ect o f the c o nstructi o n o f the divi s i o n wall f o rmi ng the

slui ceway channel i n fr o nt o f the canal hea d gates w as t o fo rm a
 S C O UR I NG SL UI C E S 89

silt bas i n i n wh i ch the c o arser material w o uld be dep o s i ted and

then sc o ured o u t by o pening the slu icegates and t o c o ncentrate ,

and c o nfine the sc o uring eff ect t o the channel f o rmed by thi s
wall T o o btain satisfact o ry result s it was nece s sary t o main
.
,

tain the water i n this channel o r ba s in m o ving at a c o mparatively

small vel o city T his required that the sluicegates be kept
.

usually cl o sed and o nly o pened at interval s t o sc o ur o u t the de

p o sited material and that the exce s s river fl o w be regulated by
,

o perati o n o f the c o llapsible shutters o n the weir Th e im

.

p o rtance o f this system o f o perati o n w a s evi d ently n o t realized

until 1 900 B ef o re this time the s luicegates were m o re o r les s
.

o pen and the water passing thr o ugh the sluiceway channel w o uld
,

have a c o mparatively high vel o city carrying much silt i n ,

su s p en s i o n In this di s turbed c o n d iti o n the cr o ss c urrents

.

o r ed d ies were able t o pr o duce upward currents o f suffic i ent

strength t o c arry the c o arsest sand which i n this c as e w a s mo stly

,

n o t greate r than the grade o ver the rai s ed sill o f the

,

headgates i nt o the canal S ince 1 900 the c o rrect system o f

.

o perati o n h a s been enf o rced T h e surplus river water has been

.

discharged at the far end o f the we i r thr o ugh the o pening fo rmed
,

by letting d o wn s o me o f the c o llapsible gates T his pr o cedure .

pr o duced a wide channel with c o mparatively lo w vel o city ,

extending fr o m the far end o f the weir t o the slui ceway channel ,

with the resulting tenden cy t o free the water fr o m the c o arser

sed iment .

T his meth o d o f Operati o n depends fo r i ts success o n having a

sufficiently large fl o o d fl o w t o sc o ur o u t the material dep o s ited
ab ove the weir O n thi s pr o j ect very satisfact o ry results have
.

been o btained Th e yearly dep o s i ts o f silts in the canals have

.

decreased fr o m an average o f ab o ut cub i c feet pri o r

t o 1 9 00 t o ,
cubi c feet since 1 900 u p t o 1 90 3 T h e .

results o f th i s sy s tem o f Operati o n and o f the silt measurements

o n the canal indicate the f o ll o wing pr o cedure :

Fi trs — When p o ssible keep the canal headgates cl o sed during

the per i o d o f fl o o d fl o ws when the maximum am o unt o f silt is
carried .

S econ d — K eep the slu i ceway gates cl o sed as l o ng as p o s s ible

when the headgate s are o pen and when necessary t o o pen o nly
,

part o f the sluiceway gates Open the gates farthe s t away fr o m

the headgates in o rder t o c o ncentrate the s co uring channel a
,

sh o rt distance away fr o m the headgates .

90 I RRI GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

Thi r d — When necessary t o sc o ur ou t the mater i al de po s i t ed

in the slui ceway channel cl o se co mpletely the canal headgate s
, .

F ou rth — Us e a raised sill fo r the canal headgates and o verpo ur

gates t o p ermi t the ski m ming o f the t o p water .

F ifth — T o diminish the permanent s ilt dep o sits i n the canal s ,

r un as large an excess o f c lear water i n the c anals as o btai nable

o r feasible .

I t is espe c i ally des i rable that the headgates be kept cl o sed dur
i ng the peri o d when th e percentage o f silt carried in suspens i o n
by the ri ver water i s greater than the percentage wh i ch may be
c ar ri ed by the c anal water ; th is depends o n the vel o c i t i es in the

c anal system T h e vel o cities i n the canal sy s tem sh o uld be

.

adj usted t o be n o t le s s than the cri ti cal vel o c i ties as o btai ned ,
’
by the f o rmula based o n K ennedy s silt the o ry where V , 0

s ee Vo l I I C hapter I V
.
, .When the canal vel o c i ties are equal t o
the crit i cal vel o cities and the r i ver vel o city greater than the
c ri tical vel o city c o rresp o nding t o the depth o f water i n the ri ver ,

then the percentage o f S ilt carr i ed in the canal fr o m the ri ver w i ll

be t o o great and a dep o s i t will o ccur .

T h e meth o d o f o perati o n descr i bed ab o ve is based o n the ex

p e r i e n c e o btained o n a r i ver carry i ng n o material c o ar s er than

sand When the river carries heav i er material such as gravel

.
,

o r c o bbles then the cl o sure o f the s c o uring slui ces and the
,

regulati o n o f the stream flo w at the far end o f the weir w o uld

result in a dep o s i t o f this material w hi ch w o uld pr o bably n o t
,

be sc o u red o u t by the fl o o d fl o ws o r by the vel o city created in

the sluiceway channel by o pen i ng the sc o uring sluices Where .

the s e c o nd i ti o ns are o btained a raised s ill and an o pen o r co l

,

lapsible we i r are pr o bably the be s t s o luti o n .

DE S I G N O F SC O UR I N G SLU ICE S
—
Po s itio n T h e o bj ect o f sc o ur ing sl u ice s as prev i o usly stated
.
, ,

requ ires that they be placed at the end o f the weir adj acent t o
the canal headgates and that the sl ui cegate s be at right angle s
t o the plane o f the headgate s i n o rder that the s luiceway channel
,

be fo rmed directly i n fr o nt o f the gates Where the r iver flo w .

is di verted i nt o t wo canals o n e o n each s i de o f the r i ver s c o ur

, ,

i n g slu i ce s at each end o f the weir must be pr o vided S c o uri ng .

sl ui ces i n the center o f the w eir are n o t t o be rec o mmended ; they

are inc o nveni ent t o o perate and the ir e ff ect is o f li ttle o r n o
value .
92 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T URE S

c apac i ty i t is be s t t o c o n s ider carefull y the meth o d o f o perati o n

, _

o f the sl ui ces and t o s tud y the vel o cit ie s o btained i n the sluice

way channel e s pecially when the s c o uring gates are cl o sed and
,

the canal hea d gates o pened als o when the sc o uring gates are
,

Opened and canal headgate s cl o s ed T h e capacity s h o uld be .

at least equal t o the n o rmal s tream fl o w during the i rrigat i o n

seas o n and preferably s uffi ciently larger t o u s e the min o r n o rmal
,

fl o o d fl o ws fo r s c o uring o ut dep o s its .

T h e vel o city o f the water thr o ugh the head o f the sl ui ceway
channel when diverting water int o the canal hea d gates wi th the
, ,

sl uicegates shut must n o t be greater than either the vel o city in

,

the river o r the vel o city in the canal ; o therwi s e the heavi er sed i
ment will n o t be dep o s i ted in the sluiceway channel but wi ll be ,

c arr i ed thr o ugh the canal headgate s T o fulfill th i s c o nditi o n

.
,

the cr o ss s ecti o nal area o f the s luicewa y basin f o rmed by the

-

divisi o n wall in fr o nt o f the hea d gates mu s t fo r all stages o f the ,

water leve l be at least larger than the cr o s s secti o nal area o f

,
-

the canal With thi s c o nditi o n fulfilled the capac i ty thr o ugh
.
,

the sc o uring sluices with the slui cegates o pened must be s u ffi

c ie n t ly large t o pr o duce a sc o uring vel o city n o t o nly at the gate ,

o penings but als o thr o ugh the ent i re sl ui ceway sufficiently

, ,

h igh t o sc o ur o u t the dep o sited material .

T h e discharge thr o ugh the gate Opening s will usually be that o f

an o rifice with suppres s ed o r inc o mplete c o ntracti o n o n the b o t
t o m and s i des A t time s the o penings are entirely submerged
.

and the discharge will depend o n the di ff erence in elevati o n

o f the water levels o n the upstream and d o wnstream sides .

T h e c o efficient o f discharge in the a ppr o xi mate f o rmula Q

where C is the c o efficient A the area in square ,

feet and h the di fference in water level s o n b o th S ides varies

, ,

fro m ab o ut to depending o n the am o unt o f co n t r a c

ti o n and the value o f h A difference in wa ter level o f ab o ut
.

3 feet will pr o duce a vel o city thr o ugh the gates o f ab o ut 1 0

feet ; at times a much greater vel o city can u s ually be o btained ,

but a high vel o city thr o ugh the gate o penings d o e s n o t give a
c o rre s p o ndi ngl y high vel o city thr o ugh the slui ceway channel

unl es s the area o f s lu i cegate o pe n ing is n o t much s maller than the

cr o s s s ecti o nal area o f the sl ui ceway T h e s c o uring vel o city
-
.

thr o ugh the s luiceway channel devel o ped by Opening the sluice
,

gates must be at lea s t greater than the maximum velo cities

,

o btained in the sluiceway channel during the dep o siting per i o d ,

 S C O UR I NG SL UI C E S 93

when the sluicegates are shut and the canal headgates fully
o pened . A s co uring vel o city o f usually n o t less than 5 t o 1 0 feet
per sec o nd depending o n the character o f the mater i al and the
,

length o f time the sluice s can be left o pen will usually be n e ces ,

sary ; t o o btain this vel o city the pr o p o rti o n o f gate area t o

,

sluiceway area which must be pr o vided will depend o n the o h

t a in a b le vel o city thr o ugh the slu i cegates which i s dependent ,

o n the d ifference in water level s ; fo r i n s tance if a vel o city o f ,

2 0 feet thr o ugh the s luicegates is o btainable the area o f gate ,

—
o pening mu s t be 5 o f the sluiceway cr o ss secti o n al water area -

t o o btain a sc o uring vel o city o f 1 0 feet per se co nd .

T h e f o ll o wing safe rule s may be dedu ced for the determinati o n

o f the capacity o f the sc o uring sluices

Fi r s t — M ake the cap a city at leas t equal t o the n o rmal stream

fl o w during the irrigati o n seas o n and preferably equal t o the
min o r n o rmal fl o o d fl o w .

S econ d — M ake the cr o ss sect i o nal water area o f the upstream

-

s luiceway channel o r basin at least equal t o and preferably 2 5

o r 5 0 per cent larger than the cr o ss s ecti o nal water ar ea o f the

.
-

c anal fo r all stages o f the river water level

,
.

Thi r d — Pr o vide sluicegate o pen i ngs o f suffic i ent area t o give

a sc o uring vel o city in the s luiceway channel at least greater than
the maximum vel o c i t y o btained in the channel during the de
,

p o siting peri o d w h en the s luicegates are cl o sed and c anal head

,

gates o pened t o deliver full supply in the canal A sc o uring .

vel o city o f 5 t o 1 0 feet per s e c On d will generally be necessary .

S lui ce w ay Channe ls T h e main purp o ses o f the upstream

.
-

sluiceway channel a s in d icated ab o ve are :

, ,

Fi rs t — T o f o rm a basin in fr o nt o f the headgates i n whi c h the ,

water will m o ve at a decreased vel o c i ty when the S luicegates are ,

shut and hea d gate s o pen .

S econ d .
-
T o c o ncentrate and c o nfine the sc o uring e ff e c t o f the
high vel o city devel o ped thr o ugh the s luicegates .

T h e d o wn s tream s lu i ceway channel c o nfines the er o s ive e ff ect

o f the water d i s charge thr o ugh the sluicegates .

T h e fl o o r o f the sluiceway channel mu s t be kept as lo w a s

feasible with respect t o the s ill o f the canal headgates t o preve nt
the entrance o f the c o arse se d iment in the canal It is usually .

placed either level with the weir fl o o r but at least 4 feet bel o w
,

the canal headgate s ill : i f ne cessary i t may be placed l o wer than

the weir fl o o r .
94 I RRI GA TI ON S TR UC T UR E S

The wi dth o f the slui ceway between the headgates and divi s i o n
wall i s determi ned fr o m the requ i red capacity o f the sc o ur i ng
slui ces i n a cc o rdance wi th the rules and pr i nciples stated ab o ve .

T h e length o f the upstream sl ui ceway channel measured fr o m

the slu i cegates must be sufficient t o place the entrance t o the
c hannel well ab o ve the c anal headgates T o o bta i n this i t wi ll
.

usu ally be suffic i ent t o extend the upstream end o f the d i v isi o n
wall t o a p o int at a d i stance ab o ve the upstream edge o f the canal
headgate Open i ng equal t o the t o tal wi dth o f the headgates .

T h e d i vis i on wall may be a r o ck fill o r a c o ncrete wall wi th its ,

c rest at least as h i gh as the we i r crest and pref erably as high as

max i mum fl oo d water level fo r i t wi ll then separate the basin

,

fro m the remainder o f the stream at all river stages which i s ,

o f spec i al advantage dur i ng fl o o d fl o ws w hen the greate s t am o unt

o f sedi ment is carr i ed .

T h e upstream fl o o r may be carri ed t o the end o f the div i s i o n

wall o r o nly t o the upstream edge o f the canal headgates in
, ,

which c ase the channel ab o ve wi ll be c o mpleted wi th a ri prap

fl o o r between the di vis i o n wall and t h e stream bank o r upstream
wi ng o f the canal headgate Th e d o wn s tream fl o o r must extend
.

a suffi ci ent distance t o pr o te ct the stream bed fr o m str o ng

er o s i ve currents whi ch have a tendency t o cut a h o le at the
,

d o wnstream end o f the fl o o r W G Bligh rec o mmends that . . .

the length o f the d o wnstream fl o o r be 5 0 per cent l o nger than .

that o f the wei r fl o o r Th e d o wnstream d i vi si o n wall wi ll usually

.

extend t o the end o f the fl o o r but where the stream bed is r o ck

,

o r stable mater i al the d o wnstream fl o o r may be s t o pped at the

,

we ir fl o o r and the divi si o n wall o mitted T h e base o f the .

d i vis i o n wall must extend d o wn t o a firm f o undat i o n o r be bui lt

o n a f o undati o n cl o sed i n wi th p iles .

T h e de s ign o f the thi ckn ess o f the upstream and d o wnstream

fl o o rs o f the cut o ff walls and o f the riprap river bed pr o tecti o n
,
-
,

must fo ll o w the same pri nc i ples as used i n the design o f the

di vers i o n we ir except for the i ncreas e i n the length o f the d o wn
,

stream fl o o r as stated ab o ve T h e up s tream fl o o r is thinner than

,
.

the d o wnstream fl o o r becau s e the hydro s tat i c upli ft pres s ure o n

,

i t is m o re than balanced by the d o wnward pressure o f the weight

o f the water .

T o c o mplete the slui ceway channel i t is e i ther neces sary t o ,

pro tect the stream bank with a retaining wall o r s l o pe pro tecti o n
o r b o th parallel wi th the divisi o n wall and extending up s tream
,
96 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T UR E S

illus trated by the slui cegat es o f the M urrumb i dgee Weir in

A u s trali a and o f the Yuma pr o j ect diver s io n weir o n t h e C o l o rad o
,

R i ver ; these examples are de s cribe d further T h e T ai nt o r type

.

o f gate and the u s ual t y pe o f gate lifting d evices are de s cribe d

-

i n the d iscu s s i o n o f canal headgates S pecial type s o f gate

.

li fting devices are illustrated by the examples o f sluicegate s

presented bel o w .

Ex a mple s — I n the prece d ing di scuss i o n s pec i al emphasis h as

been laid o n o pen sc o uring slui ce s as u s ed on stream s carr y ing
much silt ; the s e c o n d iti o n s exist in the U nited S tate s o n such ,

s treams as the S alt R iver i n A riz o na the C o l o rad o R iver i n

,

C alif o rnia a n d A riz o na

.
F o r streams carrying little silt the
.

nece s s ity fo r s c o uring sluices is n o t s o great and the practice

regar d ing their d e s ign varie s wi dely and f o ll o ws n o well d efi n e d -

pri nciples In many ca s es they c o n s i s t o f u n d er s lu i ce s f o rmed o f

.

c o mparatively small o penings thr o ugh the dam ; fo r i n s tance t h e ,

u n d e r s lu i c es at each end o f the C apay diver s i o n weir o n C ache

C reek co n s i s t o f t w o Opening s each 4 feet wide and 4 feet high

, ,

wi th the sill 8 feet bel o w the permanent cres t o f the weir and 5
feet bel o w the Sill o f the headgates T h e u n d er s lui ce s at each
.

end o f the diversi o n weir fo r the N o rth Platte pr o j ect c o n s ists o f

t w o Opening s each 5 feet 9 inche s wi d e 6 feet high with the ir sill
, , ,

1 4 feet l o wer than the cre s t o f the we ir and 7 feet l o wer than the
sill o f the canal gates In the s e cases n o d ivi s i o n wall is built
.

t o f o rm a sluiceway channel in which the sc o uring eff ect may be

c o ncentrated .

T h e f o ll o wing de s cripti o n s pre s ent examples where the large

am o unt o f s e d iment carried by the river water required e ffi cient
sluices and examples which c o ntain features which may be
,

adapted t o special c o nditi o n s .

S co ut in g S lui c e s of G r an i t e R e e f D iv e r s io n W o r k s o n S alt ,

Ri e v r Ar iz o n a — T h e G ranite R eef d ivers i o n weir which h as

, .
,

been previ o usl y d e s cribed d ivert s water fro m the S alt R iver t o
,

supply t wo canal s o n e o n the s o uth s ide o f the river with a

,

capacity o f cubic feet per sec o nd the o ther o n the n o rth

,

s ide with a capacit y o f cubic feet per s ec o n d T h e S al t .

R iver h as a ver y variable fl o w and carrie s a large percentage

o f s ediment ,
e s peciall y during fl o o d flo w T h e acc o mpanying .

d rawing ( F ig 3 3 ) S h o w s a p l an o f the hea d wo rk s fo r the s o uth

.

side canal .

T h e canal h as a f ul l s upply capacity o f ab o ut s ec o n d

 S CO UR I NG SL UI C E S 97

feet T h e slu i ceway channel ab o ut 4 0 feet w i de i s f o rmed, ,

between the divisi o n wall and the face o f the headgate wall ,

which is extended as a retaining wall upstream and d o wnstream

t o j o in with the warped wing s and riprap pr o tect i o n o f the
r i ver bank T h e crest o f the divi s i o n wall i s level with the crest
.

E l e v . 1 31 0
E le v. 1 3 ll

W ll
a

S e c t io n Pl a n of

Sl u ic e Wa y a n d I n t a k e
S t h S id C l
ou e an a

F I G 33 —
. . S co u ri g l u i
n s ces a t G ran it e R e e f d am . S alt R iv r P r j
e o e ct , A ri z .

of the dam T h e up s tream fl o o r o f the s luiceway sl o pes t o war d

.

the sluicegate s o n a gra d e o f 1 % per cent and at this p o int is .

, ,

8 feet bel o w the cre s t o f the dam and 4 feet bel o w the sill o f the
can al h eadgate s T h e canal hea d gate wall is d ivi d ed int o three
.

main spans by t wo piers 3 feet thick spaced 2 6 feet o n centers ,

.
98 I RRI GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

The wall i s Open at the b o tto m u p t o the hei ght o f the gate o pen
i ngs 5 feet fr o m the sill and each span Open i ng i s subdi vided
, ,

by t w o i ntermediate beams 1 f o o t thick spa ced 8 feet ap art , , ,

whi ch f o rm the guides fo r the gates T h i s fo rms n i ne gate Open .

i ngs 7 feet wi de and 5 feet high T h e slu i ceway gates are i n

, .

l i ne w i th the axis o f the dam ; there are t wo gates each 1 5 feet ,

wi de and 9 feet high .

T h e headw o rks fo r the n o rth s i d e canal are o f the same t y pe

Re l F ra me
V
ar E e va t i o n o f

96 Ri ve t s 3 56 O a k S i ll e rt i c al

at C
S e c t i on
e n ter

34 Ch ai n

H or i z on t a l S e cti o n A B a

FI G 3 4 —
D et ails of s luic G ra n i t e R f D iv r i Wo rk
. . e ga t e , ee e s on s .

( E n g N ews ,
. Ja n 1 , .

and de s ign vary i ng o nly i n the capacity and m i n o r details

,
.

T h i s canal h as a full supply capac i ty o f sec o nd feet T h e -

.

sluiceway channel i s ab o ut 80 feet wi de and is cl o sed wi th f o ur ,

slui cegates o f the same d i men s i o ns as o n the s o uth s i de T h e .

canal i ntake i s regulated wi th 1 8 gate s .

T h e cr o ss s ecti o nal area o f the s luiceway channels fro m the

-

fl o o r t o the crest o f the weir and divi s i o n wall is ab o ut 3 2 0

square feet o n the s o uth s i de and 64 0 square feet o n the n o rth
1 00 I RRI GA TI ON S TR UC T UR ES

c oi n

89 9 1 0 0 13 0 3
 S CO UR I NG SL UI C E S 1 01

ab o ut p o unds T h i s we i ght i s necessary fo r the gates

.

t o cl o se by the i r o wn weight E ach gate is hung t o t w o 1 % inch

.
-

chai ns , wh i ch pass o ver 3 1 inch chain sheave wheels supp o rted

-
,

L at c h

H l S ti
o r iz o n t a ec on

C pl i g
ou n

O ak S il
x Ro d

V e rt i c a l S e c t io n

C en t re G u i d e

H iz
or o n ta lS e c t io n

FI G . 3 7 — D et
. ail s of r gu lat r gat
e o es . G ra n it e R e ef d a m, A ri z .

( E n g N e ws Ja n
.
,
. 1,

at the t o p Of the piers and e x ten d d o wn thr o ugh a gr o o ve in

,

each pier t o a r o pe tunnel un d er the sluiceway fl o o r ; then the

chains o f each pier in s et s o f t w o pass ar o und a 2 1 inch chain
, ,
-
 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T UR E S

wheel and each chai n c o nnect s wi th a 1 % i nch s teel r o pe ; then -

the s teel r o pe s are all c o nnected t o the per i phery o f a steel drum 7
feet in diameter and extend ar o und the drum t o c o nnect w i th the
l o wer end o f the pist o n r o d o f a h y drauli c c y li nder 2 8 inches i n ,

o utside diameter capable o f pr o ducing a c y linder pre s s ure o f 7 00

,

p o unds per square i nch fo r the Operati o n o f the f o ur s luicegates

o n the n o rth side ( F ig s 35 and . T h e cylinder i s o perated
b y a pres s ure pump and an 8 h o r s ep o wer gas o line engine T h e
-
.

engine als o o perate s the canal headgate s by tran s ferring its p o wer
t o a h o riz o ntal S haft which passes near each gate stand and
,

transmit s the lifting o r cl o s ing p o wer t o the gate stem thr o ugh a
s y s tem o f bevel gearing T h e canal headgates are f o rmed o f
.

curved ca s t ir o n shell s s m o o th o n the c o nvex o r water side with

-
, ,

three sets o f angle tie bars o n the c o ncave Si de ( Fig

-
.

S co ur in g S lu i ce s o f Yum a Pr o j e ct D iv e rs io n W o rk s on ,

Co l o r a d o Ri v er Ari zo n a Ca li f or n i a
- — A s previ o u s l y stated these
.
, ,

diversi o n w o rks rai s e the water level o f the C o l o rad o R iver t o

di vert water i nt o t wo canal s o n e o n ea ch si d e o f the river T h e
,
.

area t o be i rrigated is partl y in A riz o na and partl y i n C alif o rnia ,

aggregating ab o ut acre s T h e large s t part o f the area

.

t o be i rrigated i s o n the A riz o na side o f the river and s o uth o f

the G ila R iver A s o riginally planne d the canal supplyi ng
.
,

t h is area was t o hea d at the ea s t end o r A riz o na end o f the we ir

and be carried under the G ila R iver and a smaller canal heading ,

at the wes t end o r C ali f o rnia end o f the weir was t o s upply the
smaller area in C alifo rnia T h e difli cult ies o f cr o s s ing the G i la
.

R i ver were o bj ecti o nable and a m o re fav o rable and ec o n o mi cal

,

s o lut i o n was o btained by rever s ing the p o s iti o n o f the t w o headin gs .

T h e larger canal heading w a s placed o n the C alif o rnia S ide ;

the main canal serves the i rrigable area in C alif o rnia and is
c arried under the C o l o rad o R iver at a p o int a S h o rt distance bel o w

the j uncti o n with the G ila R iver b y a large inverted siph o n t o

supply all the land o n the A riz o na side s o uth o f the G ila R iver .

T h e s maller canal heading was placed o n the A riz o na end o f the

weir and the canal leadi ng away fro m it c o mman d s the s maller
area n o rth o f the G ila R iver O ther than thi s revers al o f the
.

p o s iti o n o f the headings o nl y small changes were ma d e i n the

,

o riginal plans ,
and the descripti o ns o f these w o rks as given in
the article s included in the li s t o f references are bas ed o n the
o riginal plans .

O n acc o unt o f the large am o unt o f S il l} carrie d by the river

1 04 I R RI GA TI ON S TR U C T URE S

of the slu i ceway channel T h e detail s o f the S t o ney slui cegate

.

and canal headgate s and the meth o d o f Operati o n are the s ame
as fo r the C alif o rnia hea d ing which i s de s cribed m o re fully
, .

T h e s luiceway channel o n the C alif o rn i a side ( F ig 38) i s 1 8 .

feet deep 1 1 6 feet wide at the b o tt o m and 1 2 8 feet wide at the

, ,

t o p c o ntract i ng at the d o wnstream end t o a rectangular cr o s s

,

s ecti o n 1 1 6 feet w i de divided by piers 8 feet wi de i nt o three

,

s luicegat e Openi ngs each 33 feet 4 inche s wi de and regulated

, ,

b y a S t o ney r o lle rga t e T h e s lui ceway channel extend s fo r ab o ut

.

6 5 0 feet upstream fr o m the sluicegates T h e canal headgates

.

are fo rmed as o n the A riz o na side and c o nsi s t o f 35 bays wi th ,

the permanent s ill 9 feet ab o ve the s luiceway fl o o r .

T h e meth o d o f Operati o n c o n s i s t s i n keep i ng the slu i cegates

shut when taking water i nt o the canal d ur in g wh ich perio d ,

the s l o w vel o city enc o urage s the dep o sit o f s ediment i n the
—
slui ceway channel then o pening the s l ui cegate s t o s c o ur o u t
the dep o si ted material T h e s lui cegates may als o be u s ed t o
.

regulate the fl o w o f water o ver the canal gates A s s uming that .

the water level o f the river i s raised u p t o the weir cre s t and
that the fl a s h b o a r ds o f the canal gates be adj u s ted t o S ki m the
t o p water fo r the full capacity o f the c anal o f ab o ut sec o nd
feet ; then the depth o f water i n the s lui ceway wi ll be equal t o
the height o f the weir cre s t ab o ve the sluiceway fl o o r o r 1 3 feet ; ,

this gives a cr o s s secti o nal water area in the sluiceway channel

-
,

when n o t dimini s hed by silt dep o s it o f ab o ut ,

s quare

feet o r a vel o city o f ab o ut

,
feet per sec o nd which i s suffic i ently ,

lo w t o fav o r the dep o s iti o n o f the c o arser sediment E D . . .

V incent the re s i dent engineer states that during the c o m

, ,

p le t i o n o f the weir acr o s s the river in the s pri ng o

,
f 1 90 9 the full ,

capacity o f the sluiceways was utilized ; thi s c o mb i ned capac i ty

w as ab o ut s ec o nd feet T h e full capacity o f the C alifo rn ia
-
.

s luiceway al o ne i s pr o bably ab o ut s ec o nd feet whi ch -

,

gi ves a sc o uring vel o city o f nearl y 1 0 feet per s ec o nd .

T h e slui ceway gate s and their Operating mechanism are o f

s pec i al interest a s illu s trating a t y pe o f gate suitable fo r very

large Opening s and fo r thi s reas o n a rather c o mplete d es c rip

,

ti o n is given T h e three s luicegate Openings o n the C al i fo rni a

.

Side are fo rmed between t wo i nter mediate piers and the abut
ment wall s ; in which 8 feet up s tream fro m the gr o o ve s fo r the
main s ervi ce gates are set s o f gro o ve s fo r an emergency gate
, ,

which may be m o ved thr o ugh s l o t s in the piers t o any o n e o f the

 S C O UR I NG S L U I CE S 1 05

gate o penings ( Fig T h e o perating mechani s m fo r thi s

.

gate is carried o n a travelling car which is supp o rted o n a ,

gir d er track ( Plate V I Fig A ) T h e lifting mechani s m fo r the

,
. .

main service gates is supp o rted o n a fl o o r level with the t o p o f

the p i ers E ach sluicegate (Fi g 4 0 ) is 34 feet 9 % inches wide
. .
,

a n d 1 7 feet H M i nches high ; the up s tream face i s made o f

me tal plates r i veted t o f o ur h o riz o ntal girder s and five vertical

girders T h e h o riz o ntal girders tran s mit the water pre s s ure t o
.

the s i de edges o f the gate ; o n e o f the s e girders is placed al o ng the

b o tt o m edge o f the gate an o ther 5 feet fr o m the b o tt om an o ther
, ,

1 0 feet fr o m the b o tt o m and an o ther al o ng the t o p edge , T wo .

o f the vertical girders are placed al o ng the s ide edges o f the

'

x 1 2 O ak S i]

S e c t i on a l El vat ion
e
Dow n St rea m El ve a t io n

FI G 39 -
Det a il l ic gat es
s of s u e a a d iv r i
at L gu n e s on w rk Yu ma P r j
o s o ect .
Ari z C alif
.
.
,
-
.

gates o n e i n the center and the o ther t wo i n between T h e

, .

girders are built o f a web plate with flange angles and angle
sti ff eners T h e gr o o ves fo r the gates are built o f heavy ir o n
.

ca s ting s f o rming a channel 1 6 inches deep and 3 7 % inches wide

, ,

wi th ribs o n the o ut s ide imbedded i n the c o ncrete O n the ,

.

d o wnstream s i de o f the gate and riveted t o the ends o f the h o ri

z o n t a l gir d ers are bearing strips with a rai s ed fin i s hed bearing

s urface 6 % in c he s wide
, B etween thi s bearing surface and a .

similar rai s ed surface o f ab o ut the same width f o rmed o n the ,

d o wnstream face o f the gr o o ve ca s ting i s a train o f r o llers thr o ugh , ,

which the water pre s s ure is tran s mitted ( Fig E ach r o ller .

train c o n s i s ts o f 2 6 cas t ir o n r o llers 6 i nches i n diameter -

, ,
1 06 I R RI GA TI O N S TR UC T URE S

i n ches wi de wi th br o nze bushings rev o lving o n 1 % i nch

,
-

steel pins fitted between t wo

, X 6 inch wr o ught i r o n
-

0
4
.

G
I

plates ,
19 feet 1 0 i nches l o ng To prevent s i de m o t i o n o r bind
.

ing of the gate ro lli ng c o ntact is o btained between the si d e

,
 S C O URI NG S L U I CE S 1 07

edges of the gate and a rai sed surface 6 i nches wi de f o rmed o n,

the back face o f the gr o o ve by f o ur cast i r o n r o ller s 6 i nches wide

,
-
,

and 6 i nches in diameter placed at the t o p and b o tt o m o f the

,

n o n qs s o

edges of the gate T o fo rm cl o se c o ntact with the si de edges

.

o f the gates and the piers o r abutment wall strips o f 3 X 3 inch

,
-

O reg o n fir are secure d t o the gate al o ng the up s tream edges of

1 08 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

the gate and against the flange o f the casti ng T h e l o wer edge .

o f the gate i s reinf o rced wi th the leg o f an angle and a narr o w

c o ver plate and is finished t o give a tight s eat o n the metal

-
,

plate which c o ver s the w o o den sill i mbedded and anch o red t o
,

the r o ck .

T h e gate i s suspended at each o f the t wo t o p c o rners by l y

i nch crane chain ( Fig the t w o chains o f each gate pa s s
.

o ver sheaves keyed t o and supp o rted o n bearin g shafts and

, ,

are c o nnected at the o ther end t o a c o unterweight made o f plates

and angles 2 7 inches square 34 feet 9 inche s l o ng l o aded with
, , ,

cast ir o n weight t o gi ve a t o tal weight o f ab o ut

-
p o und s ,

equal t o the weight o f the gate and a pair o f r o ller trains T h e .

upper end o f the r o ller train c o ntai ns a pulley which is s u s ,

pended o n a inch chain ; o n e end o f the chain pas ses o ver a

-

sheave pinned t o the s ame bearing shaft as the c o rre s p o nding

gate chai n and secured t o the s ame c o unterweight ; the o ther
passes o ver a c ast ir o n drum o n the o perating platf o rm ( Plate
-

V I , F ig A ) . .

T here are t wo set s o f s h eaves s upp o rted o n the t o p o f each

p i er O n the axle o r bearing shaft o f each s et is m o unt ed a
.

main spur gear wheel which meshes wi th a br o nze p i n i o n fixed

, ,

t o t h e Operating shaft and thr o ugh which the Operating f o rce

,

i s transmitted ( Fig T h e Operat i ng s haft exten d s between

.

the t wo sets o f sheave s o f each gate and h as fixed t o i t o n it s,

center a w o rm wheel which engages a w o rm shaft o n which ,

the Operating f o rce is applied by c o nnecti o n wi th the shaft o f a

—
2 0 h o r s ep o wer m o t o r Pr o vi s i o n is als o made fo r Operat i o n
.

by hand thr o ugh a p i ni o n acting o n a main spur gear wheel

,

fixed t o the S haft T h e travelling car used fo r the emergency

. .

m o vable gate carr i es a s i milar o perating device .

S co u t in g S lu ice s o f M urru mb i d ge e D iv e r s i o n W o rk s N e w ,

S o uth W ale s A u s tr ali a ( Fig 4 2 and Plate V I Fi g B ) —The . .

, .
,

c o llapsible divers i o n weir c o ns i s ting o f C han o ine shutters h as

, ,

been previ o usly descri bed T h e s c o uring S luices c o ns i s t o f t wo

.

s luiceway channel s f o rmed at the end o f the weir adj acent t o

,

the canal headgate s each giving a clear width o f 4 0 feet regulated

, ,

wi th a S t o ney r o ller gate o f the same wi d th T h e sluiceway .

c hannel farthest fr o m the canal headgate s is pr o vided at the

d o wn s tream end with lo c kga t es t o f o rm a l o ck chambe r T h e .

main purp o se o f the sluices i n additi o n t o pr o viding fo r river

,

navigati o n is t o permit the regulat i o n o f the stream flo w and d is

,
1 10 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

lifted t o give a maximum clear height o f Openi ng o f 3 9 feet .

E ach gate we i ghs ab o ut 2 0 t o ns ; they are hung o n s pr o cket

chai ns pass i ng o ver sheaves o n the o perating platf o rm and ,

are co unterbalan c ed by c ast i r o n weights suspended t o the

-
,

o ther end o f the c hains w hi ch travel between c hannel gr o o ves

,

fixed t o the o verhead framed co lumns and i nt o a well pr o v i ded

i n ea c h pi er T h e pressure o n the gates i s c arri ed t o sets o f
.

travell i ng r o llers placed i n the gr o o ves between the edge o f ,

the gates and o n e edge o f the gro o ve E ach trai n o f ro llers is .

suspended by r o pes pas sing ar o und m o vable pulleys attached t o

i t s upper end O n e end o f the pulley r o pe i s se c ured t o the
.

gate and the o ther t o a bar supp o rted freely o n a bracket 2 8

,

feet ab o ve the gate By this means the trai n o f r o llers i s rai s ed

.

with the gate but travels o nly half the distan c e When the
, .

gate has been raised 28 feet and the trai n o f r o llers 1 4 feet a ,

bracket o n the gate engage s the bar t o which the o ther end o f the
pulley r o pe i s atta ched and the train o f ro llers then raise s as fast
,

a s the gate T h e gates when cl o sed rest o n a sill bedded i n the

.

c o ncrete fl o o r ; the sides o f the gates are pro v i ded wi th steel

s taunching bars suspended s o that the water pressure renders
,

the gates practically water tight T h e gates are rai s ed and

-
.

l o wered by a bevelle d wheel geari ng wi th r o ller beari ng o perat

, ,

i ng o n the o verhead shaft w hi ch w o rks the spr o cket chain at

each end o f the gate s T hey can be Operated by t wo men and
.

requi re ab o ut the same fo rce t o raise a s t o l o wer them .

S co ut in g S l ui ce s o f Corb e tt D iv ers i on W o r k s S h o s h on e ,

Ri v e r Wyo mi n g ( Fig — T h e d i ver s i o n weir previ o u s ly de

,
.
,

scribed i s ab o ut 1 5 miles d o wnstream fr o m the S h o sh o ne dam

, ,

which f o rms a st o rage reserv o i r o f acre feet T h e C o rbett

-
.

weir d i verts the water fr o m the ri ver i nt o the head o f the C o rbett
tunnel which h a s a capacity o f a b o ut
,
sec o nd feet T h e -
.

tunnel i s 3 % mi les l o ng and carri es the water t o t he head o f the

G arland mai n canal T h e entrance t o the C o rbett tunnel
.

f o rms t wo gate Open in gs each 5 feet wi de and 1 0 feet high and

, ,

cl o sed wi th a mai n gate with pr o vis i o n fo r emergency fl as h

b o ards fitting i n gr o o ves ab o ve the main gate A s ki mmi ng .

wall fo rming a ba s in o r p o o l i n fr o nt o f the gates is u s ed t o

, ,

divert int o the canal the surface o r t o p water o f the river A .

slui ceway chann el is f o rmed i n fr o nt o f the ski mmi ng wall by a

reinfo rced c o ncrete divi si o n wall w h i ch extends ab o ve the high
water level T h e fl o w thro ugh the channel is regulated by three
.
 S CO UR I N G S L UI CE S 111

sluicegates wh i ch c o ntr o l the three o penings thr o ugh the l o wer

,

part o f the cl o sing wall acr o ss the d o wnstream end o f the sluiceway
.

The sill o f the s luiceway Opening is 6 inches ab o ve the level o f the

W e ir fl o o r and 8 feet l o wer than the cre s t o f the ski mmi ng wall
,
.
 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

A study o f the o btainable dep o s iting and s c o uri ng vel o c i t i es

pr o duced by this arrangement o f s ki mming wall and slui cegates

the acti o n o f sc o uring sluices With

is i nteresting t o illu s trate .

the s lui cegates and the tunnel gate s cl o se d the s luiceway channel
,
1 14 I R RI GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

c rease the sc o ur i ng vel o c i ty i n the slui ceway channel F o r in .

stance wi th the water surface level wi th the cre s t o f the ski mming
,

wall the d i scharge thr o ugh th e sluiceway channel with the

,

gates fully o pened and n o submergence wi ll be nearly 900 sec o nd

feet w hi ch wi ll pr o du ce a sc o uring vel o c i ty in the s luiceway
,

channel fo r the full water cr o ss secti o nal area 2 1 feet wi de and

-
,

8 feet deep o f ab o ut
,
feet per sec o nd .

T h e S h o s h o ne R iver water carr i es little sed iment ; the measure

ments taken by the U S G e o l o gical S urvey fr o m A pr i l 2 1 90 5
. .
,

t o M arch 3 0 1 90 6 give fo r the maxi mum am o u nt o f sedi ment

,

c arried i n suspens i o n 2 5 8 part s per milli o n by weight and usually

co ns i derably less T hese results were o btained bef o re the large

.

st o rage reserv o ir was f o rmed by the co nstructi o n o f the S h o

sh o ne dam T h e e ff ect o f thi s st o rage is t o rem o ve a large
.

part o f the sed i ment ; there can be theref o re li ttle necess i ty fo r

the sc o ur i ng sluices O n the o ther hand if the am o unt o f sed i
.
,

ment were as large as o n s o me o f the streams o f A ri z o na o r N ew

M ex i c o the s co uring slu i ce s sh o uld be desi gned t o gi ve a larger
,

sc o ur i ng vel o city i n the slu i ceway c hannel T h e e ffi c i ency o f

the s luices w o uld als o be i ncreas ed by placing gates o n the crest
o f the sk i mmi ng wall because the sc o uri ng vel o city devel o ped
,

by o pen i ng the slu i cegates w o uld then be c o ncentrated t o the

b o dy o f water i n the slu i ceway channel f o rmed in fr o nt o f the
gates by the d i v isi o n wall while wi th o ut these gates the b o dy o f
,

water spreads o ver the ski mm i ng wall T h i s may have been .

the reas o n fo r changing the o ri gi nal plans o f the G ranite R eef

headw o rks whi ch at first c o ntemplated a ski mm i ng wall f o rmed
,

o n the present axi s o f the c anal headgates later changed t o ,

the can al headgates l o cated a sh o rt di s tan ce d o wnstream fro m

the ski mmi ng wall o n a li ne wi th the axi s o f the dam T h e type .

o f o verp o ur fl as h b o a r d gates such as u s ed fo r the canal head

,

gates o n the Yuma pr o j ect is the m o s t efli cien t type t o keep the
,

sediment fr o m entering the canal .

S
FI H L D D A ER S
Th e laws o f many states requ ire that fish ladders be placed in
all weirs o r dams t o permi t the fis h t o pass upstream Fo r rivers .

wh o s e summer flo w i s small the water may be c o nfined t o a

channel up s tream and d o wn s tream fr o m the s luiceway Fo r .

these cases it is nece s sary t o place the fi s h wa y adj acent t o t h e

 S CO UR I N G S L UI CE S 1 15

slui ceway A fish ladder c o ns i sts of a series o f ba s i ns f o rm i ng a

.

s e t o f steps.T hese bas i ns are c o nnected by means o f o penings

so that the fish can pas s fr o m the l o wer ba s in t o the uppe r ba s in.

T h e inlet t o the l o wer basin must lie l o wer than the lo w wate r
1 16 I R R IGA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

level o n the d o wn s tream s i de o f the we i r and the o utlet t o t h e

upper bas in is o n the upstream s i de of the weir bel o w the we ir
c rest . T o i nsure a full supply i n each ba s in the upstream o pen
in g fo r each bas i n i s made a li ttle l a rger than the d o wnstream

S u in g aq ug

open ing s o that the Open i ngs gradually dimi nish fro m a maxi mum
,

at the t o p t o a min imum at the b o tt o m T h e o penings in eac h

.

bas i n are usually made at the b o tt o m and at o p po s ite c o rner s s o

that the fis h must fo ll o w a zigzag path T hi s arrangement leaves
.
1 18 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

the l o gs i nt o the l o gway a timber b o o m starts fr o m the head of the

l o gway o n a small angle w ith the d i recti o n o f flo w and extends
up s tream a d i stance s ufficient t o intercept the fl o ating timber and
gui de it t o the l o gway Th e de s i gn o f the l o gway i s indicate d
.

i n the ab o ve plan o f the fi s h ladder i n the Payette B o i se di versi o n -

weir ( Fig 45) and is als o sh o wn i n Plate I Fig A

.
,
. .

R EF EREN CE S F O R CH APTER II

Re p o r t o n t he De p o it d S c o u r o f Si l t i t h M a i Li e Si rhi d C an al
s an n e n n ,
n ,

an d o n t h e Si l t E p e r im e t fro m 1 893 —
x 1 89 8—Pu jab I rr i ga t i o Bra ch
n s n n n

P ap r N 9e s ,
o . .

T h I rrigat i
e C f r c Simla o f 1 904 —P ap er N 37 O Les s
on o n e en e, to ,
o .
,
n on s

b Le ar d fr m Si rhi d C a al Si l t T roubl
e ne o p 1 65 —O fli e f Supt
n n e, . c o .

G v t P r i t i g I di a C al cut t a 1 90 5
o . n n ,
n , , .

T h e C am er e Sy t e m f F is hway I t all d in t h e D am s f t h e Ri v r
s o s ns e o e s
’
l Hy S e re
’
d l A ulan— A al d P t t Chau ee P art I V 1 908
ne
—
nn es es on s e ss s ,
.

S e als r e f r c
e o f Ch ap t r I
e en es or e .
 C H A PT E R III
M AI N H EA D G A TE S O R RE GULAT O R FO R CA N A L SYS TE M
O bj ect an d L oc ati o n — Th e
ma i n o bj ect of th i s structure i s t o
.

c o ntr o l and regulate the water supply admi tted at the head o f the

c anal system S afety in de s ign reliability o f Operating mechan

.
,

i sm and go o d c o nstructi o n are o f great imp o rtance fo r the failure

, ,

o f the structure may admit water in the canal wh i ch may d o

c o n s iderable damage e i ther t o t h e canal system o r lands bel o w

o r t o b o th .

T h e structure i s bu ilt at the p o i nt where the water supply i s

d iverted fr o m the river A diversi o n weir is i n s o me cases n o t
.

necessary ; this c o n d iti o n is o btained when the lo w water supply

o f the r iver is c o mparatively large s o that it i s c o ns i derably i n
,

excess o f the demand and when the d i versi o n canal is exte nded
,

up s tream until it s bed is br o ught t o a depth sufficiently l o we r than

the lo w water level o f the s tream t o give a full depth o f water i n
the canal at all stages o f the stream fl o w The headgates w i ll then .

be l o cated eithe r o n the bank o f the main river o r o n a branch

c hannel o r sl o ugh o r may be at s o me distance back o f the main
,

river bank w i th an appr o ach channel lea d ing the water fr o m the
r i ver t o the gates A n example of a small simple structure of
.

thi s type is sh o wn by the headgate structure o f the Wests i de

C anal Walker R iver Indian R eservati o n N evada ( Plate V I I
, , ,

F ig A )
. .

When l o cated o n the ma i n river bank c are must be used i n the ,

Selecti o n o f the pr o per site especially i f the bank is made o f s o ft

,

friable material such as sandy o r gravelly s o il easily er o ded by

, ,

the currents during fl o o d fl o ws When placed o n a cut bank there

.

i s the danger o f the er o s i o n o f the bank t o such an extent that the

fl o o d fl o ws will wa s h ar o und the structure int o the canal T hi s .

will require e i ther expen s ive bank pr o tecti o n o r the plac i ng o f

the headgates at a d istance back fr o m the river bank with an ,

excavated appr o ach channel extending in fr o nt o f the gates t o

the river o r b o th When pla ced o n a p o rti o n o f the bank n o t
, .

subj ect t o cutting there is the p o ss i bi li ty of the dep o siti o n o f

,

1 19
1 20 I RR I GA T I ON S TR U C T UR E S

material i n the c o mparativel y s till water in fro nt o f the gat es

and o f the lo w water channel o f the river being f o rmed at a co n
-

s id e r a b le di s tance awa y fr o m the bank A s a re s ult c o n s i d erab le

.

di fli c ult y may be o bta ined in maintaining the pr o per channel

t o ward the headgates When th e diversi o n i s made fr o m a
.

bran ch c hannel o r S l o ugh the permanen cy o f th i s c hannel must

,

be a s sured ; i t may require either th e partial diver s i o n o f the

water fr o m the main channel by a te m p o rary o r permanent diver
si o n we i r a c r o s s the main channel o r the backing u p o f th e water
,

i n the sl o ugh by the c o n s truct i o n o f a weir at its l o wer en d .

When an appro ach channel o f c o n s iderable length i s desi red ,

s o me means may be nece s sary t o s c o ur o ut the sediment dep o s ited

in this channel ; thi s may be o btained by placing wa s te gat es i n
fr o nt o f the headgates with a wa s te channel t o c o nvey the sc o ur
ing fl o w back t o the river T h e capa city o f the appr o ach
.

canal with the wa s te gates shut and canal gates Opened mu s t be

, ,

at least equal t o the requi red capacity o f the main diversi o n canal .

T h e s ill o f the escape gates must be placed sufficiently lo w and ,

the c arryi ng capacity o f the wa s te gate s and channel must be

made sufficiently large t o pr o duce a hydrauli c gradient whi ch
wi ll gi ve the de s ired s c o uring vel o city .

A di versi o n weir i s nece s sary i n m o s t ca s es T h e headgates

.

will then be at o n e o r b o th ends o f the d ivers i o n we ir depen di ng ,

o n whether o n e o r t w o canals d i vert fr o m the river Where: the

.

stream water carries c o nsiderable sediment it is i mp o rtant that

,

s pecial c o ns i derati o n be given t o the design o f the sc o uring sl ui ces ,

acc o r d ing t o the principles previ o u s ly s tated F o r each canal

.

the sc o uring sluices are at o n e end o f the we ir in fro nt o f the face

o f the headgate structure which is parallel w i th the d irectio n
,

o f fl o w thr o ugh the slui ces and u s ually at r ight angles t o the axi s

o f the weir .

In the general discussi o n o n headw o rks and di ver s i o n weirs it

has been i ndicated h o w the diver s i o n weir pr o per may fo r e c o
n o mic and o ther reas o ns extend acr o s s the n o rmal o r lo w water -

width o f the stream channel in which case the cl o s ure o f the

,

fl o o d fl o w channel u p t o a height which will give a freeb o ard

ab o ve the fl o o d water plane o n the ups tream side o f the weir i s
pro duced by an earth embankment at o n e end o r at each end o f
the we i r T his earth embankment extends fr o m o n e end o r each
.

end o f the weir t o beyo nd the o uter edge o f the fl oo d plane T hi s .

c o nditi o n is frequent l y o btained when the weir s ite i s bel o w the

 PLA TE VI I .

FI G . C .
— He ad gat e s at d ive rs i on wo rk s of P r wit t Res rv i r P ro j ect C lo
e e o ,
-
o .

FI G . D — . H ad gat
e es and d iv r i
e s on w rk o s . La s V gas P r j
e o ec t , N M
. .
 MA I N H EA DGA TE S 121

p o int where the stream emerges fr o m the f o o thill and f o rms a

br o ad channel with c o mparativel y lo w banks In many case s .

thi s l o cati o n will requi re that the canal cr o s s secti o n fo r a s h o rt

d istance bel o w the headw o rk s be partl y o r even wh o lly i n fill .

T h e safety o f the headw o rks and in d irectly o f the canal s ystem

bel o w d epen ds n o t o nl y o n the safe design and c o n s tructi o n o f
the vari o u s parts including the weir slui ce s head regulat o r
, , , ,

earth embankment and canal cr o s s secti o n but o n the pr o per ,

j uncture o f these di ff erent parts and o n the pr o tecti o n w o rk r e

quired t o maintain the stream channel and it s banks .

D e sign of R e gulato r Th e fact o rs entering i n the design o f the

.
-

regulat o r a re :
Fi rs t —s G eneral types o f regulat o r .

S econ d — R elative elevati o n s o f canal water surface weir cre s t

.
, ,

canal b e d t o p and sill o f gate Opening s fl o o r o r s ill o f sc o uring

, ,

s luices .

Thi r d — H eight and w i dth o f gate o pening s and elevat i o n o f

t o p o f headgate structure .

F ou th
r — D esign o f c o mp o nent parts o f regulat o rs .

G e n e ral Typ e s o f R e gu lat o r s — Th e d esigns o f re gulat o rs vary

c o nsiderably n o t o nly because o f special l o cal c o nditi o ns but
,

becau s e o f the e xperience and j udgment o f the designing

engineer H o wever regulat o rs can be cla s s ified int o t wo d is
.
,

tinct types : the o verp o ur or ski mming type and the undersh o t
t y pe.

Ex a mple s of O v e rp o ur Typ e —T h e o verp o ur t y pe i ncludes such

.

s tructures where the wate r pa s ses fr o m the river i nt o the canal

by di s charging o ver the cre s t o f a wall o r o ver the t o p edge o f a ,

gate o r fl a s h b o a r d s E xamples o f this t y pe which have been pre

.

v io u s ly referred t o and i n mo st ca s e s described in the discus s i o n

o f d i versi o n weirs and sc o uring sluice s are the f o ll o wing : Th e

headgat e s o f the Yuma pr o j ect at the L aguna weir o n the C 0 10 ,

rad o R iver A riz o na C a l ( Fig

,
the C o rbett tunnel head
-
. .

w o rks o f the S h o sh o ne pr o j ect Wy o ming ; and headgates o f the ,

fl a s h b o a r d t y pe used o n many o f the o lder s y stems in the S a n

,

J o aquin Valley C alif o rnia similar in f o rm and o perati o n t o th e

, ,

di ver s i o n weir o f the B eard s le y canal o n K ern R iver C a l ,

.

A n o ther example o f thi s t y pe n o t previ o u s ly de s cribe d i s sh o wn

, ,

b y the hea d w o rks o n the C ars o n R iver fo r t wo canals o f the ,

T ruckee C ars o n pr o ject N eva d a ( Plate VI I F i g B ) T hese

, ,
. .

headw o rks c o n s i s t o f a diver s i o n weir o f practically the same ,

1 22 I RR I GA T I O N S TR UC T UR E S

de s ign as that used for the same pr o j ect o n the Tru ckee River ,

an d o f the headgates t o t wo canals On e at each end o f the weir , .

T h e headgate t o the smal ler canal is S h o wn i n F ig 4 7 ; i t f o rms a .

single o pening 1 5 feet w i de regulated by an o verp o ur ris in g

, ,

gate made o f steel plate reinf o rced with s tructural shapes It is

, .

o perated by t w o gate stems o n e at each edge o f the gate and by , ,

t w o standard gate lift s c o nnected t o a c o mm o n shaft thr o ugh

, ,

wh i ch the o perat i ng f o rce i s applied Th e hea d gates t o the larger .

c anal f o rm three similar Openings each regulated by the same ,

s i ze o verp o ur gate Th e gates may be Operated fo r o verp o ur

.

di scha rge when the river carries much sediment and may als o ,

be o perated fo r under s h o t di s charge at o ther times t o o bta in ,

c l o ser regulat i o n o f the canal fl o w .

9 Sq‘ .
P l m R 9p6
o e w i th
in o e
'

l
i x G s lv. Pi p e R a i i n g
T ra ve l er
W ro t . 1r

uice w

F ron t El evation Tr a n s v er s e S ec t io n

FI G 46 —De t ail s of h a d gat t mai c a al

e es o n n on C al if r i a id
o n s e of Yuma
P r j t A ri z
. .

o ec ,
.

Exa mpl e s of undersh o t type i ncludes

Un d e r s h o t Typ e .
— Th e
th o se des i gns where the water pas s es fr o m the r i ver i nt o the
canal thr o ugh the gate Openings f o rmed when raisi ng the gates , ,

between the s i ll o f the gate o pening and the l o wer edge o f t he

gate T h i s type is illustrated by the fo ll o w i ng examples
. ,

previ o u s ly referred t o o r de s cribed i n the di scus s i o n o f divers i o n

weirs and sc o uri ng s luices : the headgates o f the G ranite R eef
headw o rks o n the S alt R iver A riz o na o f the B o ise pr o j ect Idah o
, , , ,

o f the S unn y side pr o j ect Wash ingt o n and o f the T ruckee R iver
, ,

diversi o n w o rks T ruckee C ars o n pro j ect Th e general f o rm o f

,
.

headgate structures is al s o sh o wn by the d o wn s tream View o f

the headgates at the diversi o n w o rks o f the Prew i tt res ervo ir
1 24 I R RI GA TI ON S TR UC T UR E S

VII , F ig D );
.
the headgates to the D o ds o n N o rth C anal , M ilk
R iver pr o j ect , M o ntana
.

T he Inter s tate C anal headgate s f o rm nine gate o penings each ,

5 feet 9 inches wi d e b y 6 feet h igh separated by c o ncrete piers

, ,
 MA I N H E A DGA TE S 1 25

18 i nches thick anch o red with reinf o rcement t o the fl o o r ( Fig

, .

A panel wall 7 feet high cl o s es the o pening between piers

, ,

ab o ve the t o p o f the gate Opening Th e gates are ca s t ir o n gate s .

-
,

o perated by standard bevel gear lifting devi ces

( Fi g -
.

D et ai l s of G at e

res t of W eir

S ec ti on a l El ev a t io n
FI G . 49 .
—He a d gat e s fo r In t e rs t at e Ca al n . N rt h P lat t P r j ct
o e o e ,

Wyo .
-
N eb .

Th e headgate structure o f the La s Vegas i rrigati o n pr o j ect ,

N e w M exic o f o rms eight gate o pen i ngs between reinf o rced

,

c o ncrete p i ers bel o w a steel plate panel wall ( Fig

,
E ach .

'

L . 56 L o n g

B a rs

S i de E l e v at i o n o f Pi er F ro n t E l e va t i o n F ro n t E l e va t i o n

fo r of an d

Hea d g at e s Pi er s an d G at e F r a me s S ec t i o n of Pi er

FI G . 50 .
—D e t ai l s of h ad gat
e es . La s V ga P r j ct N M
e s o e ,
. .

gate o pen i ng is 4 feet high and 6 feet wide and is regulated by a

steel gate Operated by a r a ck and pini o n lifting d evice (n o t s h o wn
i n the diagram ) T h e fl o o r has three cut o ff wall s t o increa s e
.
-

the path o f perc o lati o n and is reinf o rced with wire t o re s i s t the
,
1 26 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T UR E S

hydr o s tatic u p lift p re s sure . The capac i ty of the canal is

cub i c feet per sec o nd .

The hea d gate s tructure o f the D o d s o n N o rth C anal is l o cated

a sh o rt d istance up s tream fr o m an existing diver s i o n dam
1 28 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T UR E S

segment s o that a single upper segment with the l o wer segment

,

may be all that is neces s ary T his f o rm o f gate s was u s e d fo r

.

the headgate s t o the S ir hi nd C anal ( Fig T h e e fficiency o f

.

the o verp o ur type o f headgate wi ll depend o n the len gth o f the

ski mm ing wall .

T h e u s e o f the undersh o t type o f gate i s n o t fav o rable t o the

prevent i o n o f entrance o f sedi ment in the canal T his ma y be .

partly remedied by making the s ill o f the gate Open in gs as high

as feasible ab o ve the fl o o r o f the sluiceway o r bed o f the s tream ,

u s ing wi de gate o pen i ngs o f small height In many headgate .

s tructure s a s et o f gr o o ve s fo r the i n s erti o n o f fl a s h b o a r d s is

,

pr o vided near the up s tream edge o f the pier s in fr o nt o f the

gr o o ves fo r the main service undersh o t gate s ; b y inserting
fl a s h b o a r d s in these gr o o ves d uring the peri o d that the s tream
carries the m o st s e d iment a skimming e ffect may be o btained
, .

Th e under s h o t gate has o n e special advantage o n the o verp o ur

type in that when the headgate s are adj usted t o deliver a certain
,

canal fl o w the fl o w wi ll be le s s a ffected by variati o n s in the

,

river water level Th e fl o w thr o ugh a gate Opening is usuall y

.

that o f a s ubmerged o rifice and therefo re is pr o p o rti o nal t o the

,

s quare r o o t o f the di fference in e levat i o n between the river

water surface and the canal water surface T h e fl o w o ver an .

o verp o ur gate is that o f a weir which in the case o f a canal

,

regulat o r i s submerged at lea s t during the lo w water peri o d ; the -

’
fl o w o f a submerged weir as o btained by C lemen s H er s chel s
f o rmula i s pro p o rti o nal t o the depth of water o n the o verp o ur
crest rai s ed t o the p o wer multiplied by a variable c o efficient
, ,

depend ing o n the extent o f the submergence rai s ed t o the ,

p o wer A c o n s iderati o n o f the f o rmula fo r flo w thr o ugh an

.

o rifice s h o ws that fo r an increase o r a decrea s e in the hea d o r

di ff erence in elevati o n pr o d ucing the flo w the percentage o f ,

variati o n in head is t o the percentage o f variati o n in fl o w as

2 i s t o l ; fo r in s tan ce a 1 0 per cent increa s e in head will
,
.

pr o d uce a 5 per cent increa s e in flo w A s imilar c o n s idera

. .

ti o n o f the f o rmula fo r flo w o ver a weir ( n o t s ubmerge d ) sh o ws

that the percentage variati o n in depth o f water o n the cre s t is
t o the percentage variati o n in fl o w a s 2 is t o 3 fo r in s tance ,

1 0 per cent in crea s e in head will pr o duce a 1 5 per cent increase

. .

in flo w . T h e advantage i n regulati o n o f fl o w o f an unders h o t

type o f gate is greate s t d uring the perio d o f fl o o d fl o w and
decrea s e s a s the flo w bec o me s s mal l er D uring the lo w water .
-
 MA I N H EA DGA TE S 1 29

peri o d the head pr o duc i ng the flo w thro ugh the o pen i ng o f an

undersh o t gate is small us ually less than 1 fo o t and the flo w
, ,

thro ugh the gate o pening will then be a ffected t o a greater extent
by a ri s e o r fall in the river water surface than it w o uld be
a ffected by the same ri s e o r fall during a peri o d o f greater stream
flo w . O n the o ther hand with an o verp o ur type o f gate the
,

depth o f fl o w o n the weir c o rresp o nding t o the full capacity o f the

canal remains the same except as it bec o me s s ubmerged when a ,

greater depth is requi red .

R e lative El e va ti o n s o f Can a l Wa ter S ur f a c e W e ir Cr e s t , ,

B e d o f Ca n a l To p a n d S i ll o f G a te O p e n ing s F l o o r o r S ill o f
, ,

S c o ut i n g S lui c e s — To insure a full depth o f water i n the canal

c o rresp o nding t o the full supply carrying capacity o f the canal ,

the water level o f the river must be higher than the water level in
the canal by the head o r di fference in water levels necessary t o
pr o duce the required discharge thr o ugh o r o ver the regulating
gates T h e lo w water fl o w o f the river after d i verting the full
.

supply canal capacity may be sufficient t o give this required

di fference in elevati o n with o ut the u s e o f a diver s i o n weir but this ,

c o nditi o n is n o t usually o btained In the maj o rity o f cases

.

the lo w water supply is n o t su ffi cient t o supply the demand ; i t is

theref o re necessary that the cre s t o f the weir be higher than the
full supply water level i n the canal by the head required t o
pr o duce the fl o w thr o ugh o r o ver the gates o f the canal .

In the ca s e o f an undersh o t gate the fl o w thr o ugh the gate

,

Openings i s o btained by the f o rmula fo r fl o w thr o ugh a submerged

o ri fice and the greater the head i s the greater will be the vel o city
, ,

and the smaller the required t o tal area o f gate o penings ; but
t o increa s e the head it i s neces s ary t o raise the weir crest co n ,

s equently it will usually be m o re ec o n o m i cal t o u s e a s mall head .

A study o f a large number o f headw o rks c o nstructed in the

U nited S tates sh o ws that the di fference in elevati o n between
the weir crest a n d the full supply water level i n the canal ranges
fr o m ab o ut 6 inches t o 1 f o o t A ssuming . as a safe value fo r
the c o efficient o f di s charge the di s charge s per square fo o t o f
,

gate o pening pr o duced by a 6 inch and a 1 fo o t head are ab o ut

- -

4 cubi c feet per sec o nd and cub i c feet per sec o nd respectively ,
.

In m o st cases it is preferable t o u s e a head o f n o t o ver 6 inches .

In the case o f o verp o ur canal gates the fl o w will usually be ,

that o f a submerged weir except p o ssibl y during high stages o f

,

the river o r i f the diversi o n weir crest i s bu ilt c o nsi derably h igher
,

9
1 30 I RRI GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

than the desired water level i n the c anal wh i ch w o ul d s eld o m be

,

the case U sually the di fference in elevati o n between the crest

.

o f the diversi o n weir and the full supply water level i s ab o ut

the same o r a little larger than fo r the undersh o t gate rangi ng ,

fr o m ab o ut 6 t o 1 2 inches O n the headgate s t o the canal o n t he

.

C alif o rnia s i de o f the Yuma pr o j ect the di ff erence is fo o t .

T h e l o we s t p o siti o n o f the crest o f o verp o ur gates which may be ,

the t o p o f a permanent rai s ed s ill and the clear length o f crest

,

are dependent o n each o ther and are determined by fixing the

,

difference in elevat i o n between divers i o n weir crest and full

water suppl y level in the canal and the v o lume o f water t o be
de livered per lineal f o o t o f gate cre s t Fo r i n s tance o n the
.
,

Yuma pr o j ect the headgate s t o the canal on the C alif o rni a side
,

o f the C o l o rad o R iver give a net length o f o verp o ur cre s t o f .

feet fo r a required full canal capacit y o f s ec o nd feet -

,

or cubic feet per sec o nd per lineal f o o t T h e di ff erence in .

elevati o n between the crest o f the diver s io n weir and the full
supply water level is f o o t With t hi s di ff erence in elevati o n
.

and a fl o w o f sec o nd feet per lineal f o o t t he required depth

-
,

o f water o n the cre s t o f the o verp o ur gate o btaine d by the s u b

merged weir fo rmula is ab o ut feet T h is determine s the

.

highest p o s iti o n t o which the o verp o ur crest ma y be raised t o

deliver full canal supply during the peri o d o f lo w water fl o w
when the stream fl o w is n o t sufficient t o give any o r o nly a s mall
depth o f water o n the weir cre s t S ince in thi s ca s e the stati o nary
.

c re s t o f the sill is 4 feet l o wer than the crest o f the weir ( Fig .

the ab o ve c o nditi o n w o uld be o btained by rai s i ng the crest

with a depth o f fl as h b o a r d s o f feet .

I n the ab o ve example the unusually large length o f o verfl o w

,
.

c rest wi th the c o rre s p o nding s mall depth o f river water diverted

i nt o the canal b y ski mmi ng are de s irable features espec i ally ,

where as in this case the river carri es an unusually large am o un t

o f sediment . T h e extent t o w h ich o n e may be j u s tified in .

i ncrea s ing the efficiency o f the ski mming e ff ect by increas ing
the length o f o verfl o w cre s t depen d s al s o o n the c o st A s a gui de . .

i n the determ i nati o n o f the length o f o verfl o w crest t wo further ,

examples are given by the headw o rks t o the S irhind C anal ( Fig .

3 2 ) and the J a mr a o C anal diverting water fr o m rivers carry in g

,

co nsiderable c o ar s e sediment b o th in India and b o th c o ns idered

,

succe s sful i n the prevent i o n o f entrance o f c o arse s edi ment in

the canal T h e S irh i nd C anal re gulat o r pro vi des an adj ustable
.
1 32 I R RI GA TI ON S TR U C T UR E S

in elevat i o n between either the weir cre s t o r minimum river

water level and the full s upply water level in the canal A t o tal .

area ba s ed o n a di s charge o f 4 t o 5 cub i c feet per sec o nd per

square f o o t o f area i s c o mm o nl y u s ed .

T h e t o p o f the gate o pening s f o rmed by the l o wer edge o f the

panel wall is a s stated ab o ve at the same level as o r a little l o wer
, ,

than (n o t o ver 4 t o 6 inche s ) the fu ll water suppl y level in the

canal T h e b o tt o m o f the gate Openings o r s ill will in s o me cases
.

be determined largel y fr o m the p o s iti o n o f the fl o o r o f the sc o uri ng

s luices ; b u t where c o nditi o n s are o btained whi ch d o n o t fix
the s ill o f the gate o pening s then the s electi o n between a lo w and
,

a high sill must be made A high sill decreas es the height o f

.

gate o penings and i ncrease s the t o tal width o f gate Open i ngs ,

but decreases the maxi mum inten s it y o f pressure o n the gates

and is preferable when the water carri es sediment O n the .

maj o rity o f pr o j ect s in the U nited S tates the height o f the under
sh o t gates is usually fr o m 4 t o 6 feet T h e t o tal w i dth o f gateway
.

is u s ually divided b y piers buttres s es o r c o lumns int o a number

,

o f o pening s T h e width o f each gate depends o n t h e water pre s

.

sure the required o perating f o rce the type o f gate and the rela
, ,

tive ec o n o my o f fewer wide gates a s c o mpared t o a larger

number o f narr o w gates C ertainty o f o perati o n and simplicity
.

o f o perating mechani s m are o f prime imp o rtance T h e width .

i s seld o m greater than 8 feet and i s u s ually fr o m 4 t o 6 feet .

W G B li gh has critic i s ed the c o mparatively narr o w gates used

. .

o n the maj o rity o f irrigati o n pr o j ect s in the U nited S tates Th e .

c ri tic ism s may be largely due t o a c o mpar i s o n w i th the gates used

o n a few pr o j ects in Ind i a where the v o l u mes o f water di verte d

i n the canal are many times the v o lume diverted t h r o u gh t h e .

structures which he h as critici s ed O n the o ther hand M r .

,
.

R B B uckley in hi s b o o k o n the Irrigat i o n W o rks o f India s tate s

. .

that the vent s o f head s lui ces are generally 5 o r 6 feet w i de o nly ,

and that fricti o n r o ller s are rarel y fitted t o the gates .

T he piers c o lu mn s o r frames whi ch s eparate the ga t e o pen

, , ,

ings extend u p t o ab o ve maximum fl o o d fl o w water level and s up

,

po rt the o perating platfo rm In the unders h o t type o f gate the

.

bays ab o ve the t o p o f the gate o penings are u s ually cl o s ed by a

panel wall In the o verp o ur type the full o peni ngs u p t o the t o p
.

o f the structure are cl o s e d by fl a s h b o a r d s o r r i s i ng gates The .

t o p o f the headgate s tructure is usually ab o ut 2 feet ab o ve the

maxi mum fl o o d fl o w water level .
 MA I N H E A DGA TE S 1 33

D e s ign of C o m po n e nt Part s of Re gu l a to r .
-
The regulat o r ma y
c o nsist of :

( )aT h e substructure which i s f o rmed by the fl o o r apr o n s , ,

or

cut -
walls and usually a rai s ed gate sill
o ff , .

( b) S ide walls which with the fl o o r f o rm the channel o f the

, , ,

regulat o r ; and wing walls which f o rm the inlet and o utlet t o the ,

regulat o r channel and c o nnect i t w i th the stream bank and w i t h

the canal cr o ss secti o n .

( 0 ) B uttre s ses c o lumns o r frames which d i vi de the width o f

, ,

the channel o f the regulat o r i nt o a number o f bays or Openings

cl o sed and regulated with the gates .

( d) A panel wall used o nl y in the case o f the undersh o t type o f

,

re gulat o r exten d ing fr o m the t o p o f the gate o penings t o the t o p

,

o f the structure o r Operating platf o rm ; and the Operating plat

f o rm .

( 6 ) T h e gates .

(f) T h e gate lifting device o r o perating mechanism

-
.

In additi o n there may be f o rmed in fr o nt o f the headgates an

o verfl o w skimming wall and ba s in a s previ o usly illustrated by th e ,

headw o rks t o the C o rbett tunnel o n the S h o s h o ne R iver T his .

f o rm i s h o wever very unusual and i f i t be desirable the skim

, , , ,

ming wall sh o uld preferably be pr o vided w i th fl as h b o a r ds whic h ,

permit adj u s ting the d epth o f the o v e r p o u rin g sheet o f water .

T h e de s ign o f canal headgate s i s dependent largely o n the type

ad o pted whether o verp o ur o r undersh o t the materi al o f which it
, ,

i s c o n s tructed the character o f the material o f the stream bank

,

i n which i t is built the s tream fl o w c o nditi o ns the v o lume o f

, ,

water d i verted etc O n acc o unt o f these numer o u s fact o rs and

,
.

the di fference in j udgment o f the designing engineer there are and

c an be n o standard plan s but there are principles o f design which
,

wi ll usually c o ntr o l the design o f each o f the co mp o nent part s and

o f the structure as a wh o le :

( )
a T h e d es i gn of th e s u bs tr u ctu r e o f the channel fo rmed by the ,

fl o o r and side walls and the design o f the inlet wing wall s t o co n
n e ct with the r i ver bank a n d o f the o utlet wing walls t o make the
,

co nnecti o n with the canal s ecti o n will depend largel y o n the char

acter o f material thr o ugh which the regulat o r o f the channel is

f o rmed When built in s o lid r o ck these parts o f the stru cture
may be entirel y elimi nated and the framewo rk for the gates is
.
,

then secured t o the r o ck side s and bed When built i n s o fter .

material all these c o mp o nent part s are needed t o pr o tect again s t

,
1 34 I R RI GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

er o s i o n and especially t o prevent failure o f the ent i re structure

by perc o lat i o n under the fl o o r o r by wa s hing ar o und the s true
ture T h e s ub s tructure wi ll then be built u s ually o f c o ncrete
.
,

alth o ugh it may be built o f w o o d ; it will c o nsi s t o f the fl o o r o n

wh i ch the piers may be bui lt a deep cu t o ff wall at the upstream
,
-

end and a s h o rter cut o ff wall at the d o wnstream end with in s o me

-
,

c as es intermediate c u t o ff wall s
-
and i n m o st ca s es a ra i sed gate
,

sill fo rmed by a lo w wall extending ab o ve the fl o o r between the

gate p i ers o r frames .

T h e fl o o r usuall y extends a sh o rt d i stance up s tream fr o m

the gate sill at least t o the edge o r n o se o f the buttre s ses
,

whi ch pro j ect a dis tance ab o ve the face o f the gates o f

fr o m usually 2 t o 6 feet t o f o rm gr o o ves fo r the i nsert i o n
o f emergency gate s o r fl a s h b o a r d s T h e main o bj ect o f the
.

fl o o r i s t o pr o tect the canal bed fr o m the er o sive acti o n o f the

water di s charged thr o ugh o r o ver the gates and t o give w i th the
c u t o ff walls a suffic i ent length t o the path o f perc o lati o n under
-

the stru c ture In the ca s e o f under s h o t gates the vel o city thr o ugh
.

the gate Open i ngs will be large when the water level o n the u p
stream side o f the gate i s high as during the fl o o d peri o d but the
, ,

vel o ci ty i s decrea s ed rapidly within a sh o rt distance bel o w the

gates by the quieting e ffect o f the large b o dy o f c anal water In .

the c ase o f an o verp o ur gate the fl o o r mu s t be made s u fli cien t ly

,

str o ng t o resi s t the i mpact o f the falling sheet and o f sufficient

length t o receive the falling water well with in it s d o wn s tream end .

T h e length and thickness o f the fl o o r will be largely determi ned

by the character o f the mater i al o n which it is bui lt In the maj o r
.

i ty o f ca s es the structure i s built in the firm r i ver bank ; the upper

part o f the structure may be i n the surface s o il o r i n a made fi ll ,

but the l o wer part i s usually in cut and the fl o o r w i ll o ften be bui lt
o n firm impervi o u s material such as r o ck shale clay o r o n m o re
, , , ,

o r less perv i o us s o il underlaid at a small depth by an i mper

,

vi o ns strata which may be reached by a water tight cut o ff wall

,
- -

placed al o ng the up s tream edge o f the fl o o r Fo r these c o nditi o ns

.

the fl o o r may be g iven a minimum length and thickne s s T h e .

minimum length may be partly determined fr o m the bas e w i dth

o f the buttre s s es o r frames o r in the ca s e o f o verp o ur gates may be

made s o a s t o receive the sheet o f fall i ng water ab o ut midway be

tween the crest o f o verp o ur and the d o wn s tream end as de ,

t e r min e d i n the di s cu s s i o n on dr o p s C hapter VI I

,
W G B ligh
. . .

rec o mmend s fo r s afe practice in In d ia that the mi nimum length

1 36 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

der o f the requi red length o f path o f pe rc o lat i o n A length of .

fl o o r equal t o ab o ut twi ce the height o f the fl o o d flo w water level

wi ll o ften be s uffi cient wi th the remainder o f the path o f perc o la
,

ti o n f o rmed by a fl o o r extens i o n wi th o pen j o ints t o prevent

hydr o s tat i c uplift .

T h e t hi ckn es s and des i gn o f the fl oo r will depend o n the hydr o

stati c upli ft pre s sure a s determi ned by the path o f perc o lati o n
, .

Th e fl o o r w i ll usually be o f re inf o rced c o ncrete de s i gne d as a ,

slab bear i ng up o n the f o o t o f the buttresse s and side walls .

T h e req u ired t hi ckness will seld o m be o ver 1 8 t o 2 4 inches .

Th e hydr o s tati c uplift pre s s ure pr o duces an o verturning

m o ment which must be added t o the o verturn i ng m o ment o f
,

the water pre s sure o n the face o f the gate when c o nsidering the
stability o f the s truct u re as a wh o le T h e c o unterbalanc ing .

m o ment is the sum o f the m o ments o f the weight o f the d if

fer e n t parts o f the structure o f the d o wnward earth pre s s ure o n
,

h o riz o ntal surfaces o r f o o tings o f walls pr o j ecting int o the

earth and o f the water pressure o n the upstream fl o o r exten s i o n
,

ab o ve the gates .

( b) S i de Wa lls a n d Wi n g Wa lls —T h e i nlet wing wall s when

.
,

the regulat o r is at o n e end o f the weir with the axi s o f the gates
at r i ght angles t o the weir usually co nsi s ts o f up s tream and
,
.

d o wnstream s ide w in gs extending fr o m the ends o f the S ide wall s

, ,

u s ually at r i ght angles t o them parallel with the face o f the gates
,

and with the bank o f the r iver and o f cut o ff wings which ex,
-

tend fr o m the end o f each side wing well int o the permanent
bank o f the river T h e s i de w ings pr o tect the bank o f the
.

river fo r a s h o rt distance ab o ve and bel o w the gates and f o rm

o n e s ide o f the sluiceway channel when s c o uring sluices are p r o

v id e d
. T h e d o wn s tream side w i ng i s als o the abutment which
c o nnect s the diver s i o n weir o r sc o uring sluices with the headgate
structure When a s l ui ceway channel is f o rme d by a parallel
.

div i si o n wall i n fr o nt o f the headgates the up s tream si d e wing

,

w ill extend u p as far a s the n o s e o f the divi s i o n wall T h e d o wn .

stream w i ng wi ll u s ually extend t o the d o wnstream end o f the

weir fl o o r o r s c o uring s luice fl o o r ( F igs 2 and When n o .

slui ceway channel i s pr o vided the di s turbing e ff ect pr o duced by

,

the diversi o n o f water thr o ugh the headgates o r by the di s charge

thr o ugh sc o uring gates is c o nfined t o a small di s tance fr o m the
gate s and the upstream side w ing nee d extend o nly a s uffici ent
,

di s tance t o h o ld a go o d wedge o f earth between i t the si d e wall ,

and cu t o ff wall T he cut o ff wings c o nnect the end o f the s ide

-
.
-
 MA I N H E A DGA TE S 1 37

w i ngs w i th the bank o f the river and are intended t o prevent

the water fr o m wa s hing ar o und the structure T hey extend .

fr o m the ends o f the side wings int o the permanent bank o f ,

the river o n an angle o f 4 5 t o fo r a length equal t o at least

°
,

the maximum depth o f water in the stream o r sufficient t o co n

n e ct with the S l o ping bank o f the river which i n the case o f ,

er o dable material is usuall y paved with riprap bru s h revetment ,

o r c o ncrete lining fo r a s mall distance adj acent t o the upstream

,

w i ng and fo r a much larger d i s tance bey o nd the end o f the d o wn

stream wing ( Fi g When the regulat o r is built in a cut
.

at s o me distan c e fr o m the bank o f the river the s i de wing wall s ,

w ill extend i nt o the sides o f the cut and will act als o as cut off -

walls ( Plate VI I Fig A and F i g

,
.
, .

T h e side walls with the fl o o r in between f o rm the channel o f

the regulat o r If built in p o r o u s material they must be de
.
,

signed t o re s ist n o t o nl y the earth pressure but al s o the h y dr o

static pre s s ure pr o duce d by the water perc o lating al o ng the
path o f perc o lati o n ar o und the wings T his pres s ure will be .

greate s t o n the up s tream side wall T h e o utlet wing wall s ex .

tend fr o m the d o wn s tream end o f the s ide walls and are used t o
c o nnect the rectangular channel o f the regulat o r w i th the trape

z o i d a l canal secti o n T hey may be vertical w i ngs placed o n an

.

angle t o the canal axis o r warped surfaces ( F igs 3 and .

—
( c) B u ttr es s es F r a mes o r Co lu mn s
,
B uttresses are made o f .

mas o nry c o ncrete o r reinf o rced c o ncrete T hey are usually

,
.

trapez o i d al walls exten d ing fr o m the fl o o r t o the Operating plat

,

f o rm with the space in between ab o ve the gate o pening in the

, ,

usual case o f un d er s h o t gates cl o s ed by the panel wall T h e

,
.

t o p length o f each buttress i s usually fr o m 4 t o 6 feet o r the

w i dth o f the o perating platf o rm A ma s o nry o r c o ncrete buttress
.

i s a gravit y wall de s igne d t o pr o duce n o tensi o n at the upstream

,

t oe ; thi s i s o btained when the r es ultant o f the water pre s sure

w i th the weight o f the buttre s s the gate o n e secti o n o f the
, ,

panel wall and o f the o perating platf o rm fall s within the mid dle
third o f the base o f the buttres s ( F igs 4 9 and T h e thicknes s
.

o f the buttress i s u s ually 1 8 t o 24 inche s o r ab o ut % 0 o f the width

o f the gate o pening R einf o rced c o ncrete buttresses are thinner

.

and designed as cantilever walls with sufficient vertical rein ,

f o rcement extending fr o m the buttress int o the fl o o r t o o btain a

goo d b o nd especially al o ng the upstream t o e o f the buttress
,

( gF i
. T h e thickness i s generally n o t o ver 1 2 inches .
1 38 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T UR E S

F rames w o o d o r steel have li ttle we i ght and must be ri gi dly

of

co nne cted t o the fl o o r t o resist the o verturni ng m o ment A fram e :

o f w oo d o r st ee l c o ns i sts o f a vertical p o st w i th o n e o r m o r e

5 d dG
S t an ar at e S t an d
F ur n i s h e d by

B ut t r e s s e s 1 8 Th ic k
G at e Op e n i n gs 5 F t .W i d e

F r on t El vat ion
e S ec t io n al E le v a t ion
A
T" b b
b b b

D et a i l s o f n os e o f p h wi b ml
i er s o ng t up me t a l v f t
gro o es or ga es .

FI G . 52 .
— H e a d ga t e at d iv r i
e s w rk
on o s of R io G ra d P r j n e o ect, N M . .

inc li ned supp o rt s extending fr o m the p o st t o the fl o o r with ,

additi o nal bracing t o c o mplete the framew o rk and supp o rt the

Operat i ng platfo rm T h e p o st is bu ilt u p t o f o rm gro o v es fo r t he
.
1 40 I RR I GA T I ON S TR UC T UR E S

When the fl o o r is o n s o lid r o ck the balance o f the o verturn i ng ,

m o ment transferred by pr o per anch o rage and c o nnect i o n t o the

,

fl o o r may be partly o verc o me by s ecuring a go o d b o nd between

,

the fl o o r and f o undati o n F o r a c o ncrete fl o o r the adhe s i o n

.

between the c o ncrete and the r o ck will have c o n s iderable r e

s is t a n ce
. F o r a w o o den fl o o r the b o nd i s o btained by means o f
drift anch o r b o lt s extending in the r o ck ( Fig When the .

resisting m o ment o btained by these means is n o t suffic i ent o r ,

when the fl o o r is built o n a l o o s e f o un d ati o n t o which it cann o t

be secured the weight o f the fl o o r mu s t be suffi cient t o res ist
,

the o verturn ing m o ment pr o duced by this pressure o n the

gates in additi o n t o that pr o duced by the hydr o s tat i c upli ft .

T h e fl o o r may be extended upstream fr o m the gates a d i s tance

w hi ch will pr o duce an additi o nal re s ist i ng m o ment due t o the
weight o f the water o n the upstream fl o o r extens io n O n pervio us .

f o undati o ns the hydr o s tatic uplift pre s sure o n th is fl o o r exten s i o n

will tend t o neutralize the d o wnward pre s s ure But w i th sheet .

p iling o r a c u t o ff wall al o ng the upstream edge o f the fl o o r

-

extensi o n the uplift pressure w ill be c o ns iderably le s s than the

,

d o wnward water pres sure T h e length o f th is up s tream fl o o r

.

exten s i o n is co mm o nly made fr o m t o M o f the full depth o f

water o n it ( F igs 49 5 0 .
, ,

d —
( ) Pa n el Wa ll a n d O p er a ti n g Pla tform Th e panel wall may .

be made o f timber plank s ( Fig o f steel ( F i g o r o f rein

. .

f o rced c o ncrete ( F ig s 4 9 .I t is designed as a slab supp o rted

,

against the buttres s es frame s o r c o lumns wh i ch di vide the

,

regulat o r channel int o panel s In the o verp o ur type o f gate the .

panel wall is u s ually o mitte d and the cl o s ure made entirely

with the gates o r the panel wall may extend o nly fr o m the
,

n o rmal fl o o d fl o w water level u p t o the maxi mum fl o o d fl o w

water level .

T h e o perating platf o rm u s ually 4 t o 6 feet wide is supp o rted

, ,

o n the t o p o f buttre s s es o r frame s a n d c o nnects with the t o p

o f the panel wall It is usually de s igned a s a s lab o f reinf o rced

.

c o ncrete o r w o o d o r a s a series o f small arche s betwe en the

,

buttresses ( F ig .It o ften s upp o rts the gate stand and

o perating mechani s m and mu s t then be de s i gned t o re s ist n o t

o n ly the bending m o ment pr o d uce d by the f o rce requ i red t o

o pen the gate but al s o that pr o duced by the fo rce required t o

,

cl o se the gate ; w i th the u s ual type o f gate these t wo fo rces will

be ab o ut equal and the gate s tand s mu s t be s tro ngly anch o red
 MA I N H E A DGA TE S 141

to the o perating platf o rm to with s tand the upward reacti o n o n

it when cl o sing the gate . U nle s s pr o visi o n is ma d e in the

de s ign o f the buttre s s a n d gr o o ve s fo r in s erti o n and rem o val

o f the gates s i deway s,
it is nece s s ary t o leave a narr o w o pening
1 42 I R RI GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

or sl o t i n t he o perating platfo rm in li ne w i th and ab o ve t h e

gr o o ves thr o ugh which the gates c a n be l o w ered i n p o siti o n T hi s .

i s als o ne cessary when the t o p o f the gates must be raised ab o v e

2 56 Rou n d Ro d

ation

6 A l Pl e at e
ls I ro n
n g

Cro s s S tiec G H
on on -

FIG . 5 4 —La
. rg w
e o o d en gat e fo h ad gat
r e es and s lui way
ce of R io G ra n d e
Pr j t N M
o ec ,
. .

the o perat ing platfo rm With certain types o f li fti ng dev i ces
.

it is nece s s ary t o build a framew o rk o r extend an o perating wall

ab o ve the o perating platfo rm t o which the dev i ce can be fastened .

( e) Ga tes — T h e gate s may be clas s ified acc o rding t o the

1 44 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S
‘

piece s are e i ther w oo d o r steel angle s Th e edges o f the planks

.

are planed t o fit cl o sely against each o ther w ith in s o me cases ,

battens o n o n e s i de o f the j o int s o r may be t o ngue and gr o o ved

,
- -
,

o r gr o o ved and j o ined with a spline o r s hiplapped

, G reater .

s t iff nes s may be gi ven t o the gate by nailing the planks t o

additi o nal diag o nal pieces L arger gates such a s c o mm o nly
.

u s ed fo r canal headgates may be made o f t w o thicknes s e s o f

planks ; o n e with h o riz o ntal j o int s and the o ther with vertical
j o ints and the side edge s may be faced w i th metal t o f o rm a
sm o o th bearing surface with the gr o o ve Th e gate s tem if o f .

metal may be f o rked t o r u n diag o nally t o ward the l o wer c o rners

o f the gate ( F i g . B o lts are preferable t o nails fo r all except
very small gates Th e thickne s s o f the planks and the strength
.

requi red mu s t be pr o p o rti o ned acc o rding t o the wate r pre s sure .

S teel gates are made o f s heet s teel usually reinf o rced with
,

angles o r o ther structural shapes ( F ig C a s t ir o n ga t es

.
-

c o n s i st o f the ca s t ir o n web with h o riz o ntal and vertical rib s

-

( Fi g . T h e bearing s urfaces o n the s ide e d ge s o f large metal

gates may be lined with br o nze plates t o gi ve a s m oo ther and
better wearing b earing surface .

Wo o d gates have the advantage o f cheapness and ease o f co n

structi o n but are n o t a s d urable and water tight as s teel o r cas t
,
-

i r o n gates ; the y are n o t c o mm o nly u s ed in the c o nstructi o n o f

m o dern permanent headgate s tructures S teel gates are u s ually .

c heaper than cast ir o n gates ; they are best adapted t o large gates
-

o f special design but when n o t o perated at frequent i nterval s

,

are liable t o cause tr o uble by ru s ting i n the gr o o ves C a s t ir o n .

-

gates are m o re durable than steel gates and have pr o bably been
m o re c o mm o nl y used o n the maj o rity o f m o dern headw o rk
structures C a s t ir o n and sheet metal gates specially designed
.
- -

fo r u s e in irrigati o n w o rk are n o w made by a number o f reli able

manufacturers in the We s tern S tates .

T h e rectangular o r square stra i ght lift gate ab o ve described , ,

is the type m o s t c o mm o nly u s ed ; o ther type s used in practice

are the h o riz o ntal fl a s h b o a r d and the T aint o r o r radial gate .

F las hb o ards are plank s 6 t o 8 inches wide and o f thickness

sufficient t o re s i s t the water pres s ure T hey are placed h o ri
.

z o n ta lly in the gr o o ves o n e at a time and r e mo v e d b y means o f ~

, ,

h o o ks When the depth o f water exceeds 4 t o 6 feet they are in

.
,

c o nvenient t o han d le and all o w c o ns i derable leakage F o r .

the s e reas o ns the y are n o t sati s fact o ry fo r us e i n i mp o rtant

 MA I N H E A DGA TE S 1 45

headgate structures alth o ugh they have a very g o o d advantage in

,

that they are the m o st simple type o f o verp o ur gate F lashb o ards .

are extens ively used fo r the structures o f the d i stributi o n sys tem .

T ai nt o r gates c o ns i st o f a cylindr i cal surface o r shell rev o lving

}
'

2 14 K En d

1
h 1
t

S ec t io n a l P la n

S t i l E l v ti
ec on a e a on

FI G . 57 . Te n -
-
f oot rad ial gat e fo ca al h adwo rk s
r n e . Upp e r S alm o n F all s

P w r Pla t I d aho
o e n , .

ar o und a h o riz o ntal shaft o r pins t o which it is c o nnected by means

o f braces and radial arm s ( F ig 5 7 T h e curved surface may be
.

made o f w o o d stave s o f reinf o rced c o ncrete o r o f steel ; the

, ,

framew o rk is made o f w o o d o r o f structural shapes Th e u p .

10
 I R RI GA T I O N S TR U C T URE S

stream face i s co nvex t o the water surface and the water press ure
is transmi tted thr o ugh the framew o rk t o the piv o t i ng shaft o r
axles Water t i ghtness al o ng the sides between the S ide ends o f
.
-
,

the gate and the adj acent face s o f the buttresses can be p r a c ,

tically o bta i ned with rubber belt i ng o r similar staunch i ng ma

t e ri al secured al o ng o n e edge t o the s i de ends o f the gate and
,

bent upstream t o bear again s t the face o f buttress Water .

tightne s s al o ng the b o tt o m is o ften secur ed by shaping the l o wer

edge o f the gate t o bear o n a w o o den sill in the fl o o r When the .

upper edge o f the gate d o es n o t extend ab o ve the upstream high

'

water level then the o pening ab o ve must be cl o sed by a panel

,

wall ( F ig . It has been f o und di ffi cult in pract i ce t o o btai n

water tightness al o ng the j o int between the panel wall and the gate
-
,

and ser i o us tr o uble h a s o ccurred in s o me ca s es by drift materi al

'

wedgi ng it s elf between the l o wer edge o f the panel wall and the
fa c e o f the gate .

S i nce the face o f the gate i s cyl i ndr i cal and the bear i ng axle
is o n the central axi s o f the cylinder the line o f the resultant
,

water pressure fo r any stage o f the water level passes thr o ugh
, ,

the axle and pr o duces n o tendency fo r the gate t o rev o lve e i ther
c l o ckwise o r c o untercl o ckwi s e T h e o nly f o rces t o be o verc o me
.

t o li ft the gate are the weight the fr i cti o n o n the piv o ting axle
, ,

and the small fricti o nal f o rce pr o duced by the pressure o f the
rubber belting s e cured t o the s ide ends o f the gate o n the faces
o f the buttresses T here is n o unif o rm practice regarding the
.

pr o p o rti o ns o f the gate ; the average o f several example s gi ves

a radius o f gate equal t o ab o ut 1 t o times the height o f the
gate ; the bearing p o i nts may be o n a c o ntinu o us shaft i n whi ch ,

c ase the s haft must be placed ab o ve the full supply water level

i n the canal i n o rder n o t t o catch fl o ating material o r the bearings ,

may be o n s h o rt axles o r pin s fir mly embedded i n the buttre s se s .

T h e main advantage o f thi s type o f gate is that it require s a

small li fting f o rce whi ch permit s it s use fo r wide Openings O n
,
.

acc o unt o f the difficultie s stated ab o ve this type o f gate h a s ,

been used in o nly a few ca s e s in headgate s tructure s where a

panel wall cl o se s the o penin g ab o ve the upper edge o f the gate .

T h e gate is we ll adapted fo r u s e in e s cape o r wa s teway s tructur e s ,

i n sandb o x structures and fo r the headgate s t o main laterals

,
.

T h e gate is n o t well adapted fo r structures where it is d es ired

t o ski m the surface water o r fo r c h e c kga t e s
,
A n o verp o ur
.

gate w ill give cl o s er regulati o n o f the canal fl o w unless it be ,

1 48 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

devised by N ewt o n L H all o f D enver C o l o rad o T his ga te .

, .

ma i nta ins the general f o rm o f the T ai nt o r radial gate and ,

differs o nly in that the face i s divided i nt o h o ri z o ntal segment s ,

ea ch c o nne cted by radial arms t o i ndependent bearings ( Fi g .

G ATE -
I
L F TI NG D E V I CE S
The perat i o n o f a gate requi res the app li cati o n o f a fo rce
o

which will o verc o me the weight o f the gate and fri cti o nal r es is
tance pr o duced by the pressure o n the gates In the usual type .

o f gate the O p ening f o rce and the cl o sing f o rce w i ll be nearly the

s ame ; the di ff erence i s o nly the weight o f the gate E xcept with .

certa i n types o f gate such as S t o ney r o ller bearing gates and

,
-

T aint o r gates the weight will n o t be su fficient t o o verc o me the

,

fricti o nal resi s tance T h e gate li fting device must usually be

.
-

designed and secured t o the o perating platfo rm o r gate structure

t o exert a cl o sing f o rce a s well a s an o penin g fo rce .

T h e starting f o rce is d ependent o n the c o efficient o f stat i c fri c

ti o n o n the gate bearings Th e c o efficient o f ki netic fricti o n is
,
.

les s and decreases with an i ncrease i n s peed o f o perati o n T h e .

o nly measurements o f the c o efficient o f stat i c frict i o n fo r canal

head gates kn o wn t o the writer i s a s i ngle s e t o f meas urements

-

made by A L H arris o n the S alt R iver pr o j ect A riz o na T h e

. .
,
.

gate w a s 5 X 7 feet o f cast i r o n with machined br o nze bear i ng

,

str i ps T h e head o f water o n the center o f the pre s sur e area

.

w as 6 feet T h e c o e fli cie n t o f starting fricti o n after the gate had

.

been cl o sed fo r several weeks was

T h e c o e fficients o f s tat i c frict io n c o mmo nly given in text b o o ks -

are the f o ll o wi ng c o mpiled by Ranki ne : ,

CO EFF I CI E N TS OF S T A TI C F RI C TI O N
T i mb r o te n s o ne .

Ir t
on on s one .

T i mb r t i mb r
e on e

M t al
e m t al
s on e s

T i mb r m t al
e on e s

That the s e value s must be app lie d w i th cauti o n t o o btain

starting gate frict i o n is i ndicated by the measurements state d
ab o ve Th e high c o efficient o f fricti o n o bta ined by M r H arri s
. .

was pr o bably due t o the turbid c o nditi o n o f the water ; wh ile thi s
c o nditi o n wa s m o re s eri o us than o n m o st streams neverthele s s ,
 MA I N H E A DGA TE S 1 49

the value o bta i ned s h o uld carry c o n s i d erable weight in selecting

c o efficients o f fricti o n greater than th o s e given in the ab o ve table .

T h e gate— lifting devices may be classified acc o rding t o the

principle o n which their acti o n depends T hey are included i n .

f o ur general cla s ses o f machine : ( 1 ) the lever ; (2 ) the i nclined

plane ; (3 ) the c o rd o r pulley ; (4 ) a c o mbinati o n o f t wo o r m o re
o f the ab o ve cla s s e s o f machine O nly the simpler types o f
.

devices Ope rated by hand will be c o nsidered ; these include the

, ,

fo ll o wing :
I Lever class
.

S imple lever .

Rack and pini o n w ith Operat i ng arm .

R ack and pini o n with multiple gears and o perating arm .

Wheel and axle o r W indla s s h o i s t .

II Inclined plane cla s s

.

T hreaded o r screw gate stem and o perating wheel .

T hreaded gate stem main geared wheel w i th w o rm and

,

o perating arm .

III Pulley class

.

S imple pulley .

M ultiple pulley .

D i fferential pulley .

C o mb ined cla s s :
S crew stem main bevel geared wheel and bevel geared
,
- — ,

pin i o n with Operatin g arm

,
.

Th e maj o rity o f these device s can be o btained fr o m manu

fa ct ur e r s wh o make a specialty o f the c o nstructi o n o f gates and
gate lifts fo r irrigati o n structures .

T h e discus s i o n o f these devices presented bel o w i s theref o re

, ,

c o nfined t o a brief de s cripti o n o f their fundamental parts o f ,

the i r effic i ency and o f the relati o n o f the Operating f o rce t o the
,

lifting f o rce required T h e detailed design o f these devi ces in

.

vo lves the principles o f machine design fo r which the reader i f ,

i nterested i s referred t o standard b o o ks o n this subj ect .

T h e efficiency o f these devi ces req ui res a c o nsiderati o n o f the

efficiencies o f the c o mp o nent part s fo r which o nly meager data ,

are available T hi s is especially due t o the fact that the data are
.

largely o btained fr o m machine s o f higher grade u s ed fo r di fferent

purp o ses and under m o re fav o rable c o nditi o n s ; fo r thi s reas o n
the efficiencies s elected are l o wer than the values c o m mo nly used
i n machine design .
1 50 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

The relat i o n between the o perat i ng f orce and the li ft in g f or ce

i s o bta i ned fr o m the w o rk equati o n in wh i ch the w o rk co rre ,

s p o n d i n g t o the Operating f o rce multiplied by the effi ci ency is

, ,

equal t o the w o rk perf o rmed by the l i ft i ng f orce .

I . L EVE R CL AS S OF G A TE - L IFT I NG D E VI CE
The s i mp le lever
is used fo r smaller structures where a large
mechanical advantage is n o t requi red Tw o fulcrums are .

usually necessary o n e fo r cl o sing the gate and the o ther t o Open

,

i t Th e fulcrums are usually made o f a metal plate o r bar

.

b o lted t o a h o riz o ntal bea m placed near the gate stem and
, ,

supp o rted ab o ut 3 feet ab o ve the o perating fl o o r Fo r a w o o den .

structure th i s beam is usually supp o rted o n the t o p o f the vertical

p o sts w hi ch f o rm the bearin g supp o rts and t h e gr o o ves o f the
,

gates T he act i o n o f the lever pr o duces a tendency fo r the gate

.

stem t o bend away fr o m the fulcrum ; this can be prevented by

f o rm i ng a s imple r o ller supp o rt fo r the back o f the stem .

T h e relati o n between the o perating f o rce and the t o tal pull

exerted o n the gate is expressed by the equat i o n
Pr
eR

where F the o perat i ng f o rce .

P t o tal pull exerted o n th e gate .

r small arm o f lever .

R large arm o r Operati ng arm o f lever .

e efficiency ( ab o ut 90 per cen t ) .

Ra c k a n d Pin i on ( Fi g —T his devi ce c o ns is ts of a ra c k

.

fastened t o the gate stem a geare d pini o n t o transmi t the fo r ce

,

t o the rack and an Operating wheel o r arm r i gidly c o nnected t o

,

the same axle a s the pin i o n Us ing the same n o tati o n as ab o ve

.

and the addi ti o nal n o tati o n s tated bel o w the w o rk eq uati o n ,

give s the f o ll o wing result s :

i Pr
F
6 27rR eR

where number o f gear teeth in pini o n .

pitch o f gear teeth o n rack o r pin i o n .

diameter o n pitch line o f pini o n .

length o f o perating arm .

efficiency o f gearing and bearing 90 per ,

cut teeth and 85 per cent fo r ea s t teeth . .

1 52 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

T hi s dev i ce has a c o mparatively high effic i ency and is well

a d apted when a large mechan ical advantage is n o t required .

Ra ck an d Pin io n wi th M ultiple G ear s ( Fig — T his c o ns ists .

'

o f the ra c k and p i ni o n wi th addit i o nal gears t o gi ve g reater

mechan i cal efficiency F o r a triple spur geared devi ce the r e

.
-

lati o n between the o perating f o rce and the t otal pull is as f o ll o w s

’
I rr l
6
2
RR 1

where r ra di us o f pini o n fixed o n the s ame axle a s the Operat

i ng arm .

rl rad i u s o f p in i o n act i ng o n rack .

R length o f o perat ing arm .

RI ra d i us o f ma i n geared wheel .

e e fli cie n c y o f gearing and bear ing 90 per cent fo r , .

o ut teeth and 85 per cent fo r e a s t teeth . .

Fo r a nv e -
s pur gear de vi ce ( F ig . 60 ) the equati o n w o uld be
D
I TT1 T2

6
3
12121 122

In the pla ce spur gear bevel gears may be used

of ,
.

—
Wh e e l a n d Axl e Win d la s s or H o is t A simple W i ndlass
,

co ns i sts o f an axle t o w hi ch the gate is c o nnected by means o f

c hains o r r o pes and o f an Operating wheel o r arm fixed t o o n e ,

end o f the axle Where greater mechanical advantage is re

.

qu i red the Win dlass i s o perated thr o ugh a system o f spur gears
,

and i s c o mm o nly kn o wn a s a h o ist ( Fig It may be e i ther .

s tati o nary o r placed o n a traveller When stat i o nary the axle i s .

,

placed in li ne with the gate stems and ma y be used t o Operate the

gates s ingly o r i n c o mb inati o n T h e axle i s u s ually placed at a
.

he i ght o f ab o u t 3 feet ab o ve the Operating platfo rm A very .

si mple and cheap device fo r small gate s may be made o f co mm o n

water pipe Thi s is f o rmed o f t wo o r m o re pipe p o s t s with the
.
,

l o wer end faste ned t o the Operat i ng platf o rm o r buttre s s walls

and the upper t h readed end s extending ab o ut 3 feet ab o ve the
,

platf o rm fl o o r wi th tee s s crewed o n t o these up per ends t o f o rm

,

the bearings fo r the axle made o f smaller size pipe j o ine d at o n e

, ,

end by means o f an elb o w t o the o perating ar m .

T h e relati o n between the Operating f o rce and the t o tal lifting

f o rce i s ex pressed by the same e quati o ns a s fo r rack and pini o n
devi ces .
 MA I N H E A D A TE S G 1 53

Th i s
type o f devi ce can o nl y exert an upward pull and cann o t be
u s ed where a d o wnward f o rce o n the gate mu s t be applie d t o s hut
_

the gate Its u s e i s practically limited t o T aint o r gates and r o ller

.

bearing gate s o f the S t o ney t y pe .

FI G . 61 . Wi d las s h i s t
-
n o .
( CED . B u t chart M fg . CO .
,
D en vr C l
e ,
o o. )

II I N CL I NE D PLA NE
. CL A SS OF G A TE -
LIF TI NG D E VI CE
Th r e a d e d G a te S tem Wh e e l
an d O pe ratin g the .
— This i s
s i mplest dev i ce o f thi s c las s T h e l o wer end o f the stem is u s ually
.

fixed t o the gate and the upper end is threaded and extend s
thr o ugh the Operating wheel ( Fig T h e Operating wheel and
.

i t s bearing is either supp o rted o n a beam o r bracket ab o ve the

gates o r is carried o n an o perating s tan d ( Fig
, Th e wheel .

a n d bearing mu s t be held d o wn t o exert a d o wnward f o rce as

well as an upwar d pu ll .

T o decrease the bear ing fricti o n the bearing surfaces are ,

u s uall y ma d e o f spec i al metal F o r thi s a flanged nut o f ph o sph o r

.

br o nze with threa d s t o match the thread s o f the gate s tem is

i nserted in the center o f the Operating wheel and keyed t o i t .
1 54 I RRI GA TI ON S TR U C T URE S

In the s i mpler type the flange o f the nut bears o n a brass seat ,

and a b rass c o ver plate i s placed o ver the flange and b o lted t o the
supp o rt t o h o ld the wheel d o wn and f o rm the seat fo r the flange
when exerting a d o wnward f o rce o n the gate To further de .

‘B
9 l
o t
B o ts

Pl an o f S t an d
. hr a
. ga
F I G 62 — T e d ed t m te s e FI G . 63 .
—Th r e a d e d ga t e sm te an d
an d p ra i g h l W t r
o e t n w ee (
. es e n op e ra t i g wh ln ee on s t a nd .
(W t es e rn
Stee l H a ga
e d r C lli
t e CO , F o t
. o ns ,
S t l H ad ga t e
ee e CO .
,
Fo rt C l li o n s ,

C 0 10 )
. C 0 10 .
)

crease the fricti o n ball bearings are generally u s ed fo r larger

,

gate s .

Th e gate stem may be made o f a s o lid steel axle o r o f heavy

pipe It mu s t be designed n o t o nly fo r ten s i o n but fo r to rsi o n
.

and c o mpres s i o n T h e m ini mum di ameter used in practice is

.

ab o ut 1 inch T h e number o f threads per inch is generally thre e

.
1 56 I RR I GA T I ON S TR UC T UR E S

R radius o r length o f o perating arm .

RI radius o f pitch line o n main geare d wheel .

cl efficiency o f w o rm and bearings ab o ut 40 per cent , .

ea efficiency o f screw stem ; with square threads ab o ut

1 5 per cent .

T he elected is c o n s iderabl y l o wer than that which

e fli c ie n c y s

may be o bta ined in the better cla s s o f machinery E ffi ciency .

measurements o f w o rm tran s m i s s i o n s h o w that in h i gh grade -

machine s pr o perly de s igned with the w o rm gearing i mmersed

, ,

i n o il the efficiency may be as high as 90 t o 9 5 per c ent

, T hese .

c o ndit i o ns are h o wever n o t o btained in gate lifting machi nes

, ,
-
.

O n acc o unt o f the lo w efficiency u s ua lly o btained this devi ce ,

i s n o t as well adapted fo r rapid Operati o n as o ther devices gi vi ng

the same mechanical advantage with a greater efficiency .

III PULLEY
. CL AS S OF G A TE -
LIFTI NG D EVI CE
A s i mp le w o uld c o nsi st o f a bl o c k fixed t o
p u lley lifti n g d evi ce
an o verhead o perating frame and o f a sec o nd b l o ck fixed t o the
gate and c o nnected with r o pe s o r chains t o the upper bl o ck .

T h e bl o cks ma y have single she aves o r multiple sheaves whi ch

rev o lve independentl y When the r o pe i s fixed at o n e end t o
.

the upper bl o ck and passes i n turn fir s t fr o m a sheave o f the l o wer

bl o ck t o a sheave o f the upper bl o ck and end s by pa s s ing o ver
the la s t sheave o f the upper bl o ck then the relati o n between the ,

d o wnwar d o perating f o rce and the t o tal pull exerted is o btained

by the equatio n :
P
e <2 n
>
number o f s heaves in each bl o ck .

efficiency ranging fr o m ab o ut 90 per cent fo r t wo

,
.

sheave s t o 85 per cent fo r f o ur s heaves . .

A difi er en ti a l p u lley devi ce c o n s i s ts o f an upper bl o ck made o f

t wo sheaves o f d iff erent rad ii fixed rigidly t o each o ther and o n
,

the s ame axi s t o r o tate a s o n e p i ece and o f a l o wer single sheave

, ,

bl o ck wh o se ra d ius will be a mean o f the ra d ii o f the upper pulley .

T h e rims o f the pulle y s are shaped t o h o l d an endless cha i n which ,

passe s o ver the three sheave s T he relati o n o f the Operat i ng

.

f o rce t o the t o tal pull is :

(R
 MA I N H E A DGA TE S 1 57

where R rad i us o f large sheave o f upper pulley .

r radius o f smaller sheave o f upper pulley .

e efficiency ab o ut 3 0 per cent

, .

simple pulley type gi ves a Co mparatively small mechan i cal

Th e
advantage B o th types exert a pull in o nly o n e directi o n and are
.
,

seld o m used as gate l i fting devi ces -

.

IV . C O M BI NE D CL A SS OF GATE -
L IFTI NG DE VI CE
The dev i ce o f th i s type m o st c o mm o nl y used c o mbines the screw
o f the inclined plane c lass with bevel gears o f the lever class F i g ,
.

FI G . 65 — . B ve l g ar l ift i g
e e n vi
de (C
ce . . D . B u t char t M fg . CO .
,

Den ver C lo )
,
o .

65 . Thedevi ce co ns i sts o f the gate stem a h or i z o ntal mai n bevel ,

geared wheel a vertical bevel geared pini o n and the o perating arm
,
- .

T h e parts are assembled o n a cast i r o n o perating stand The - .

w o rk equati o n give s the f o ll o wi ng relati o n between the o perating

f o r ce and the t o tal pull o r f o rce exerted :
p Pr

e 1 e2 2 7rRR 1

pitch o f thread s o n gate s tem .

ra d iu s o f pitch line o f pini o n .

1 58 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

R rad i us o r length o f o perating arm .

RI radius o f pitch line o f main bevel geared wheel -

.

el efficienc y o f bevel gear transmi ss i o n and bear ing ;

85 per cent fo r ea s t teeth ; 90 per cent fo r cu t teeth
. . .

efficiency o f s crew and beari ng ; 1 5 per cent fo r .

square threads .

C o mpa ri s o n o f Liftin g D e vice s a n d All o wa b l e W o rkin g O pe r

a tin g F o r ce
—T h e selecti o n o f the type o f li fting device will de
.

pend t o a c o ns i derable extent o n the mechanical advantage re

quired t o pr o duce a suffi ciently lo w o perating fo r ce Thi s fo r ce .
,

fo r s i ngle man o perati o n will be ab o ut 4 0 p o unds and the rate , ,

at which it can be applied i s 1 50 feet per m inute When equal .

.

me chanical advantage i s o btai nable dev i ces o f the lever type , ,

such as the simple rack and pini o n o r the rack and pin i o n c o m
b in e d with sp u r o r bevel gearing are preferable t o d ev i ces o f the ,

i nc li ned plane o r screw l ift type o n acc o unt o f the i r h i gher e ffi

c ien c y wh i ch reduces the am o unt o f w o rk t o be d o ne
,
When .

the lifting mechanism is o perated by p o wer such as by an elec ,

tri c m o t o r o r ga s engine o r when a large mechan i cal advantage is ,

requ i red the screw lift co mb i ned i f ne cessary w i th w o rm gear

, ,
-

transm i s s i o n may be the best type t o u s e O ther i mp o rtant

,
.

c o ns i derat i o ns are the rap i d i ty o f Operat i o n the frequency o f u s e ,

and c o st .

REFERE N CE S FO R C HAPTER III

J OH N O N C ST ,
. T —M as o n ry
. an d S t l H ad gat f t h G ra d Vall y
ee e e o e n e

I rri gat i C a al C l radon n , o o o —p . 1 4 0 E gi ri g N w Au gu t 1 3

— n n ee n e s s ,

1 903 .

HI LL, A — H e a d ga t e
. of J amra o —
C an al p 283 . Pr oc . I . C . E .
, P ar t 3
—
1 9 0 3 04 .

Q ua d ra t S l uni s fo r C a al R e g u la t o r sce M u rr u mb i d g e I rri gat i n on e on

o —
P r j e c t p 5 4 2 E g i e r i g R rd N 1 2 1 9 1 0
.
— n ne n e co ov .
,
.

P ue bl R ky o rd I rriga t i P r j c p
o- F oc e t — 1 4 1 E g i r i g R r d — July on o . n n ee n eco

S V N S J C — S r Hyd r l t ric D v l pm t i S pa i P art I

TE E ,
. . e os oe ec e e o en n n,

p 2 5 0 E g i ri g R rd Au gu t 2 9 1 9 1 4
.
,
— n n ee n e co s ,
.

S V N S J C —S r P w r D v l pm t Le rid a S pai ; Div r i

TE E ,
. . e os o e e e o en , ,
n e s on

D m a d C a al —
an p 4 7 3 E g i r i g Nnw — Se p t 3s1 9 1 4 . n n ee n e e .
,
.

S C O B Y F C G a t S t uct ur f I rrigat i C a als U S De par t m

E ,
. .
- — e r es or on n . . en t

f A gri u l t u re B u ll t i N
o c 1 1 5 — Se p t 1 1 9 1 4 e n o . .
,
.

S ee al rf r
so f r Ch ap t e r I
e e en ces o .
1 60 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T UR E S

The d i stinct i o n between the t wo clas s e s o f struct ures is n o t

always as marked as stated ab o ve A spillway structure may be
.

c o mb ined with a ch e ckga t e structure bel o w it t o act al s o as an ,

escape in which c ase its capac i ty must be equal t o the full c anal
,

capacity O n the o ther hand an e s cape may be used t o di s po se

.
,

o f exce s s water fo r whi ch purp o se it may be de s irable t o make

,

the sp illway acti o n aut o matic by u s ing either fl as h b o ar d s o r

,

o ther type o f o verp o ur gate o r b y the u s e o f an o verp o ur crest

o r aut o matic s elf regulating gate s

-
B o th cla s se s o f struct ure
.

u s ually require a waste channel fr o m the canal t o the p o int of

discharge int o a natural drainage channel T h e was te channel .

mu s t u s ually run d o wn a s teep grade and w ill be either a can a l

with a series o f dr o ps t o take u p the exces s fall o r a chute .

Efi e ct o f D ive r s i on o f Can a l Flo w o v e r S pi ll w ay or Thr o ugh

E s ca p e on th e Ve l o city a n d W a ter D e pth in th e Ca n a l —A .

sp illway i s usually de s igned t o discharge the surplus water

entering the canal in excess o f it s n o rmal o r de s ir ed capac i ty
,
.

A n escape is usually designed t o di s charge the f ull canal flo w .

In many ca s es a ch e c kga t e s tructure o r o ther means o f canal

cl o sure i s placed a sh o rt distance d o wn s tream fr o m the sp illway
o r escape structure .T h e necessity fo r thi s will depend o n the
c o nditi o n s a n d the de s ign .

T h e e ffect o f diver s i o n o f canal fl o w wi ll be c o n s i dered fo r

the case where there i s n o such regulati o n in the canal fl o w o r n o
o b s tructi o n by a structure d o wnstream fr o m the spillway o r

escape T h e rem o val o f either a part fl o w o r the entire fl o w o f

.

the canal wi ll pr o duce the s ame e ff ect In b o th ca s es it res ult s

.

in a decreas e in the depth o f water in the canal secti o n u p

stream fr o m structure w i th a c o rre s p o n d ing accelerated fl o w
t o ward the spillway o r e s cape In the case o f a spillway the
.

canal water depth decreas e s fr o m the larger depth c o rresp o ndin g

t o the surplus fl o w capacity o f the canal t o the s maller depth
c o rre s p o nding t o the capacity o f the canal s ecti o n bel o w the
S pillway In the ca s e o f an escape the minimum d epth o f
.
,

water at the structure w il l be d eter mined fro m the de s ign o f the

escape s tructure as is explained farther T h e dr o p i n the
,
.

water s urface fro m the larger depth t o the smaller depth p ro

duce s a hydraulic water s urface gradient s teeper than the ca nal
-
,

grade which re s ult s in a d r o p d o wn curve wh o s e sl o pe gradually

,

i ncrea s e s t o it s maximum value at the s pillway o r e s cape T here .

is n o s u dd en fall in t h e water s urface ; in s tead the d ecrea s e in

 PL A T E VI I I .

FI G . B .
— S am e es c ap gat
e es Fig A wh
as p
.
,
en o en . D iv r i
e s on d am on
S ak Riv r i t h backgr u d
n e e n e o n

p
.

( F a ci n g a ge 1 6 0)
 PL A T E VIII .

FI G . C — Do
. r am s id e o f s p illway wit hwo d en d is charg d u t
wns t e o e c . S ip h
s p illway o f Tenn es s ee P ower CO Ten n (Eng Rec M ay 1 6
. . . .
, , ,

FI G . D — U p s t re am
. Vi ew of s iph ic p illway h wi g c r
on s , s o n s e en e d o p e in gs
n .

Siph i pillwayon c s of Te n n es s e e P w r C Te
o e (E g R
O .
,
nn . n . ec .
,
May 1 6 ,
1 62 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U C T URE S

ex cess water wh i ch enters the canal i s 5 0 per cent of i ts n o rmal

.
.

full supply c apacity ; with thi s excess the maxi mum fl o w in the
c anal i s 4 5 0 s ec o nd feet wh i ch gives a c o rre s p o nding vel o city in
-
,

the canal o f feet per sec o nd and a depth o f water o f

feet A ssume that the spillway rem o ves the excess fl o w o f 1 50
.

s ec o nd feet reducing the depth o f water at the S p illwa y t o 5 feet

-
, ,

and pr o ducing a c o rresp o nding vel o city j u s t ab o ve the spillway

of feet per sec o nd T h e results o f the c o mputat i o ns fo r
.

the surface curve are given in the f o rego ing table .

CA N A L S PI LLWAYS
N e ce s s ity —C anal spillwa y s
. are n o t extensi vely used O n
'

man y irrigati o n pr o j ect s either n o ne are pr o vi d ed o r their use ,

may be limited t o a s ingle o n e l o cate d a s h o rt d istance bel o w

the main diversi o n canal headgates t o relieve the can al o f an
exce s s supply delivered thr o ugh the headgates Th e neces s ity .

fo r them will depend o n the exi s tence o f th o se c o n d iti o n s which

are liable to pr o duce an exces s in fl o w .

A spillway i s de s irable o r necessary :

Fi r s t — A sh o rt di s tance bel o w the headgates where the ,

stream fl o w is subj ect t o s udden fluctuati o n s o r t o daily fl u c t ua

,

ti o n s whi ch will increas e the am o unt o f water di s charged int o

the canal T his may be o btained o n s treams where o ther upper
.

diversi o ns are made o r where the diver s i o n is made o n a s n o wfe d

,

stream wh o se fl o w varie s wi th the dai ly temperatures .

S eco n d . Where melting sn o w s o r rains o ccur dur ing the

-

i rrigati o n sea s o n t o a s ufficient extent t o pr o duce a surface

r u n o ff fr o m higher lan d s int o the canal
-
T his climati c c o ndi
.

ti o n is n o t o ften o btained and the necessity fo r s pillway s will be

o bviated i f the drainage o r r u n o ff water c o llects int o drai nage
-

channels which d i s charge either under o r o ver t h e canal .

Thi r d — When changes in the regulati o n o f the fl o w in certai n

part s o f the s y s tem are ma de with o ut making the requi red c o rre
s p o n d in g a d j u s tments i n o ther part s o f the sy s tem F o r in .

stance when there is a s udden d ecrease in demand fo r i rriga

,

ti o n water cau s ed by s ummer rain s o r by the weather bec o ming

,
.

s u dd enly c o o l it may be d e s irable t o cl o s e lateral headgate s b e

,

f o re the fl o w can be d imini s hed b y regulati o n at t h e head t o the

canal s y s tem Th i s is e s peciall y t rue where t h e p oi nt o f regula
.

ti o n is s o far away that t h e effect o f the regulati o n is n o t felt

 CA NA L S PI LL WA YS 1 63

i n the l o wer part o f the sy s tem fo r several h o urs o r as m uch as

2 o r 3 day s afterward With a pr o per system o f o perati o n
.

and w i th the laterals o f the system c o ntinue d t o di s charge at

their l o wer ends int o a waste channel the excess water can be
,

carried t o the l o wer end o f the laterals and there will be little
need fo r S pillways It may h o wever be desirable t o have a
.
, ,

spillway o r c o mbined S pillway and wasteway at the l o wer end

o f the diversi o n line where the di s tributi o n system begins and ,

on large system s additi o nal o nes may be des i rable at p o ints

where the system separates int o main divisi o ns .

F ou r th — A sh o rt di s tance upstream fr o m specially danger o us

p o ints such as ma y be o btained o n d iver s i o n canals co n s tructed
,

o n steep side hill where the uphill material i s likely t o fall in the
,

canal and partl y o r entirely o b s truct the channel .

T h e nece s sity and l o cati o n o f spillways will be determined fr o m

the ab o ve c o n s iderati o ns and als o fr o m a study o f the damage s
which w o uld result fr o m an o verfl o w o f the canal banks Where .

the canal i s o n a side hill and the canal bank made o f l o o se

material the d amages pr o duced by an o verfl o w w o uld be far
,

m o re seri o us than fo r a canal bu i lt in co mparativel y level c o untry

w i th the cr o s s secti o n largely i n cut Th e l o cati o n o f the
.

s pillways will als o depend o n the availability o f a natural channel .

It mu s t be near such a channel i n o rder that the length and co st

o f the S pillway channel be n o t exce s s ive T hese c o ndit i o ns o f
.

l o cati o n will als o usually apply t o the l o cat i o n o f e s capes and ,

as stated ab o ve a S pillwa y will o ften be co nstru cted with the

esca pe structure o r the escape structure alth o ugh n o t aut o mat i c
, ,

in acti o n may be u s ed t o di s p o se o f the excess water

,
.

Ca pa city o f S pi llw ay — T h e required capac i ty o f the sp i llway

.

d epends o n the s o urce o f the excess water and will be determined

fr o m :
F i rs t — A n e s timate o f the p o ssible raise i n the water level o f
the river and the determinati o n o f the co rresp o nding ex cess
,

fl o w thr o ugh the hea d gates pr o duced by th i s raise .

S econ d — A n estimate o f the surface run o ff due t o ra i nfall o r

-
,

melting sn o ws fr o m lands higher than the canal o ccurring during

, ,

the irrigati o n s ea s o n and draining i nt o the canal ; c o nsidering

als o the advantages o f carrying such water wherever it c an be
c o llected , either un d er o ver o r thr o ugh the canal
, ,
.

Thi r d — Est i mates o f the excess fl o w in the canal due t o t h e

1 64 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T UR E S

clo s ure o f certain lateral hea d gate s ab o ve the l o cati o n o f the

pro p o sed spillway .

F ou r th — A s s umpt i o n s o f the extent o f o bstructi o ns caused by

material falling in the canal and the determinati o n o f the re s ult
i n g ri se in the water level In the case o f c o mplete o b s truc ti o n
.

the capacity o f the s pillway must be equal t o the capac i ty o f

the canal .

U n less the fl o w d o wn the canal i s checked by an o b s tructi o n ,

a ch e c kga t e o r o ther mean s placed within a S h o rt di s tance

,

d o wn s tream fr o m the s pillway there i s n o advantage in making

,

the s p illway capacity larger than the max i mum v o lume o f surplus
water which can be carried t o it in the canal with o ut o verfl o w ing
the canal banks T his maximum capacity o f the s p illway is the
.

di fference between the n o rmal full supply carry ing capacity o f the
c anal and its larger carry ing capacity o btained when the water

level o f the canal rai s es t o the ab s o lute minimum depth bel o w

the cr o wn o f the bank wh i ch in the ca s e o f an emergency may be
, , ,

taken wi th the water level nearly u p t o the cr o wn o f the bank .

If thi s maximum surplu s capacit y o f the canal is n o t s ufficient ,

i t will be nece s sary t o increa s e the canal freeb o ard T h e accurate .

determinati o n o f the ab s o lute max imum carrying capacity o f

the canal requires a c o n s i d erati o n o f the drawn d o wn curve ,

pro duce d in the surface o f the water b y the v o lume taken o ut .

thr o ugh the s pillway .

With the fl o w in the canal held back o r dammed u p by an

o bstructi o n o r a c h e c kga t e placed a sh o rt d istance d o wn s tream
,

fro m the spi llway the entire canal supply ma y be d iverted t o

,

pa s s thr o ugh the s pillway in which c ase the S pillway capacity

,

mu s t be equal t o the full canal capacity .

Type s o f S pill way s — T h e c o mm o n types o f s pillway s are

.

Firs t s
— T h e o verfl o w sp illway .

S econ d — T h e S iph o n S pillway .

Thi r d — T h e aut o matic gate sp i llway .

O ve rfl o w S pillwa y — A n o verfl o w spillway c o ns i sts o f

.

Fi r s t
.
—A n o verp o ur bank o r wall f o rmed by a secti o n o f canal
,

b ank o r the S ide o f a fl u me o r a length o f reta ining wall where

’

, , ,

the cr o wn o r o verp o ur cre s t if stati o nary is made level w i th the

, ,

n o rmal water level in the canal .

S eco n d — A recei v ing basin in whi ch the o verp o ur water is

co llected .

Thi rd — A waste channel lea d ing fro m the s pi llway rece i vin g
'
1 66 I RRIGA TI O N S TR UC T URE S

In the ab o ve di s cuss i o n it has been assumed that the crest o f ,

the s pillway is stat i o nary in w hi ch ca s e the cre s t is placed at the ,

n o rmal water level o f the c anal In many ca s es i t may be d es ir .

able t o be able t o l o wer the cres t o f the S pillway o r make i t

adj u s table ; i n the s i mple s t fo rm t hi s may be o btained by fl as h
b o ard regulati o n A ut o matic regu lat i o n is o btained wi th certa in
.

types o f balanced gates s o me o f which are i llustrated by examples

,

des cri b ed farther .

Exampl e s of O ve rfl o w S pill way s — S imple types are sh o wn in

Fi gs 66 and 6 7
. F i g 66 is a spillway designed fo r the S un
. .

R iver pr o j ect M o ntana , It c o nsists o f an o verfl o w bank with

.

a c rest 1 00 feet l o ng placed at the n o rmal full supply water ,

level and o f a S h o rt channel which di s charges the o verp o ur wa t er

i n an adj acent s l o ugh T h e o verp o u r bank and the fl o o r and
.

sides o f the upper part o f the channel are lined w i th 4 i nches o f

reinf o rced c o ncrete wi th cut o ff wall s at the inlet and o utlet en d s -

and inlet side edges Th e l o wer part o f the channel is lined

.

w i th paving .

F ig 6 7 i s a standard S pillway de s igned fo r the L o wer Ye ll o w

.

st o ne pr o j ect M o ntana I t c o n s ist s as in the previ o u s example

, .

o f an o verp o ur bank 1 0 0 feet l o ng an a d j acent receiving ba s in ,

parallel t o the canal extended as a waste d itch d o wn t o a p o int

,

o f discharge T h e o verp o ur bank receiving basin and was te

.
,

d i tch are all lined with reinf o rced c o ncrete 6 i nche s thick .

A standard type o f spillway des i gned by the tech n i cal secti o n o f

the R eclamat i o n S ervice i s sh o wn in F ig 68 T hi s structure . .

di ffers fr o m the prece d ing o nes in that i n s tead o f the o verpo ur

bank an o verp o ur reinf o rced c o ncrete buttres s ed wall is pla c ed
in the canal bank T h e crest o f the wall is 2 feet bel o w the t o p
.

o f the canal bank T h e receiving ba s in c o nnects with a c o ncrete

.

l ined wa s te channel w hi ch i n any case w o uld be des i gned acc o rd

,

i ng t o the prin ciples presented fo r chutes .

A spec i al type o f s pillway de s igned fo r a c o mb ined structure

wi th a culvert o n the B elle F o urche pro j ect S o uth D ak o ta is
, , ,

sh o wn in Fig 69 T h e o verfl o w spillway i s f o rmed o f a vertical

. .

well o r shaft o val i n cr o s s secti o n extending fro m the r o o f o f ,

the culvert and placed in the canal cr o ss secti o n t o ward o n e o f ,

the bank s with it s cre s t at the full s upply water level A t and
,
.

bel o w the c o nnect i o n o f the shaft and culvert the cr o s s secti o n

o f the culvert i s enlarged t o carry the surplus water T his s ame .
.

type o f c o nstructi o n wa s u s ed o n a pr o j ect in B ri ti s h C o lumbia

 CA NA L S PI LL WA YS 1 67

a spillway o n a c o ncrete lined canal ; it was fo rmed o f a culvert

fo r
pipe pla ced under the fl o o r o f the canal and o f a number o f
, ,

w
o

e
Y

vertical stand pipes c o nnected at the b o tt o m t o the culvert pipe

and place d in an enlarge d s ecti o n o f the canal with their crest at
full suppl y water level .
1 68 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

O ther example s o f o verfl o w s pillway s tructure s are presented

by c o mbinati o n struct ures used at cro ssings with natural drai n
age channels ( see C hapter V)
‘
.

S iph o n S pillways — S iph o n o verfl o w spillways have been u s ed

in E ur o pe for many years o n a number o f p o wer and i rrigati o n

FI G . 68 .
—S t an d ard o v rfl w
e o s p illw a y d e s ig
ne d by U S R lamat i
. . ec on

S e rV I c e
.

can als ; m o st o f them i n G ermany S wi tzerland a n d Italy T he ir

,
.

us e in thi s c o untry is much m o re recent ; s o me o f the earli est

examples are fo r a navigati o n canal o n the C hamplain divisi o n ,

o f the N e w Yo rk S tate B arge C anal in 1 9 1 0 S ince then they .

have b ee n use d in the fo rebay o f a hydro electric plant o f the

Tennessee Po wer C o ( Fig 7 2 ) and o n the p o wer canal o f the
. .
1 70 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

H yd ra uli c Co mputa ti on s an d S iph o n i c Acti on — Th e

. flow
thr o ugh a siph o n is p ro d u ce d by the di fference in elevati o n be
'

tween the water surface at the inlet and e i ther the water surfa ce
at the o utlet in the ca s e o f a s ubmerged o utlet o r the center o f
, ,

the o utlet o pening i n the case o f free d i scharge ; th is d iff erence

,

i n elevati o n i s the o perating head .

T h e fl o w is e s sentiall y the same as that thr o ugh a sh o rt tube

o r pipe wi th vari o us f o rm s o f i nlet s w i th the added limitati o n
, ,

that the vel o city at the thr o at cann o t exceed that resulting fro m
a c o mplete vacuum at t h is p o int T wo f o rms o f siph o n tubes .

ma y be c o n s idered : (a ) with thr o at and o utlet leg o f equal cr o ss

secti o nal area b ut n o t necessarily unif o rm s hape ; (0) with c o n
,

tracted t h r o at area expanding with a divergent o utlet leg

,
.

( )
a Co mp u ta ti o n s f or s i p h on tu be, wi th thr oa t a n d ou tl
et leg f
o

equ a l c ro s s s ecti o n a l a r ea , bu t n o t ne ces s a ri ly m

u n i or
f s ha p e .

Le t :

perat i ng head
o .

net eff ective vel o city hea d .

vel o cit y at entrance t o S iph o n .

vel o city at thr o at a nd in o utlet leg o f siph o n .

c o e ffi c i ent fo r entrance l o s s usually le s s than ,

and applied t o the entrance vel o city ( V ) 8 .

co e ffic i ent fo r l o s s in fricti o n in in let leg inclu d ing ,

al s o l o ss d u e t o c o ntracti o n in cro s s s ecti o nal area -

.

With a pr o perly d e s igned inlet tapering gradually ,

t o the s maller cr o s s secti o n at the thr o at th i s l o ss ,

w o ul d be very s mall T h e c o e fficient is pro bably

.

n o t greater than and is applied t o the thr o at

vel o cit y ( V) .

c o efficient fo r l o s s i n bend which will decrease wi th

an increa s e in the ra d ius o f curvature o f the bend .

With a radius o f curvature equal t o the he i ght o f

the thro at o pening it will pr o bably be n o t greate r
than and i s applied t o the V el o city at the thro at
( V) .

The fri cti o n l o ss i n the o utlet leg may be determ ined fro m
’
C h e zy s f o rmula in which case a s suming the cr o s s secti o nal a rea -
, ,

o f the o utlet leg t o remain c o n s tant and equal t o the a rea at

Z
2

the thro at it is equal t o h, Z where l length of o utlet

,
C R
 CA N A L S PI LL WA YS

leg R the hydraulic radius and C the c o efficient o btained fr o m

, ,
’
K utter s fo rmula T h e net vel o city head is then
.

V V. 2
V 2
V
—
2
V 2

C e C
i Cb l
2g 29 zg zg C R
2

fr o m which the value o f V is o btained .

T h e u s e o f t his f o rmula requires the sele c ti o n o f certa i n values

fo r the c o effi c ients fr o m h y drauli c data which is very meager ; ,

fo r th i s reas o n it may be m o re desirable t o u s e the S i mpler fo rmula

where vel o c i ty thr o at and in o utlet leg .

o perating hea d .

cr o ss secti o nal area o f thr o at and o f o utlet leg o f

-

siph o n .

c o e fficient o f vel o city o r di s charge which a number ,

o f experiment s in d icate t o be between ab o ut to

T h is f o rm ula may be applied t o s iph o ns o f pr o p o rti o n s s i milar t o

th o se fo r which t h e co efficients were o bta i ned which are described ,

further A s previ o u s ly stated these f o rmulas can o nl y be applied

.
,

u p t o a fixed max i mum value fo r the vel o city T h e vel o c i ty at .

the thr o at o r crest o f the s iph o n cann o t exceed that pr o duced by

a perfect vacuum c o rrected by the pr o per all o wance fo r fr i cti o nal
,

re s istance i n the siph o n i nlet T h e the o ret i cal pressure head

.

c o rresp o n d ing t o a perfect vacuum is 34 feet at s e a level ; it

dimi ni s hes t o ab o ut at feet elevat i o n at ,

feet elevat i o n In practice o n acc o unt o f the air entrained in

.
,

the water the maxi mum s ucti o n l i ft i s o ften taken as ab o ut

,

2 8 feet ; the c o rrecti o n t o be applied t o this fo r the fricti o nal a nd

entrance l o ss i n the siph o n i nlet depends o n the f o rm o f the i nlet .

U s i ng the larger value s sugge s ted ab o ve fo r the c o efficients o f

entrance l o ss fricti o nal l o s s a n d l o s s in bend neglecting the small
, ,

head o f water o n the center o f the thr o at area and assuming the
entrance area i s 5 0 per cent larger than the thr o at area the t o tal
.
,
2

l o s s in head i ncluding
, of the l o s s in the bend is then ,

which subtra cted fr o m a sucti o n lift o f 2 8 feet gives a max i mum ,

thr o at vel o city o f 3 5 feet per sec o nd and a c o rresp o nding maxi
mum vel o city head o f 1 9 feet In the s ame wa y as s uming an
.
,

e ntrance area o f twice the thr o at area the maxi mum thr o at ,
1 72 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T UR E S

vel o c i ty i s feet per sec o nd and the maximum vel o city head
is feet .

T h e ab o ve maximum thr o at vel o city will o nly be o btained

when the o perating head is equal t o o r greater than the s u m o f
the ab o ve maxi mum vel o c i t y head plus the head l o ss by fricti o n
i n di s charge leg o f the s iph o n T his fr i c t io n a l lo s s may be
.
.

o btained separately o r the t o tal o perating head may be o bta i ned

,

GZ
2

by the S imple f o rmula Ho 2

' Th e value of H o, c o rre
g
s p o n d in g to a ma xi mum t h r o at vel o city o f 35 feet per sec o nd fo r
C .6 0 i s 53 feet and fo r C
, ,
is 39 feet When the o per
.

ating head i s smaller than that required t o o bta i n the maxi

mu m vacuum thr o at vel o city th en the thr o at vel o city is that
,

c o rres po nding t o the o perating head When the o perating head .

i s greater there will be a c celerati o n i n vel o c i ty i n the l o wer part

o f the discharge leg Where this c o nditi o n exi s ts the cr o ss
.
,

secti o n o f the di s charge leg mu s t n o t be larger than the minimum

cr o ss secti o n at the thr o at and the cro s s secti o n o f that part o f
,

the leg bel o w the p o int where accelerati o n begins must be co n

tracted t o c o nf o rm with the increase in vel o city Th e p o i nt .

where accelerat i o n begins will be at a vertical depth bel o w the

i nlet water level equal t o the o perating head requi red t o pr o duce
the maxi mum o btainable vacuum thr o at vel o city A ccelerati o n .

w i ll co ntinue t o the o utlet o r d o wn t o a p o int where the a c ce le r

ated vel o city pr o duces a fricti o nal re s istance equal t o the a c
c e le r a t i n g f o rce .

( )
b C o m p u ta ti o n s wi th co n tr a c te d th r o a t a r e a e xp a nd i n g
,
wi th a

di ver ge n t o u tlet leg .

Th e f o rmula o f fl o w Q CA V 2 g H may be used with A fo r 0

the cr o s s secti o nal area o f either the thr o at o r the o utlet end o f
the di vergent d i s charge leg using in ei ther cas e the pr o per c o ef
,

fi cie n t o f discharge which may vary c o nsiderably with the fo rm

,

o f the s iph o n and the angle o r extent o f d ivergence .

T h e eff ect o f a pr o perly expanding o utlet is t o increase the

c o efficient o f thro at di scharge s o that it may be c o n s i derably
,

higher than unity In siph o n c o ns tructi o n the extent o f t hr o at

.

co ntracti o n i s limi ted by a maximum t h r o at vel o c i ty equal t o ,

that pro d uce d by a perfect vacuum C o ns equently when the .

o perating head is c o mparatively large s uch that the o utlet v e ,

lo cit y appr o ache s the maxi mum p o s s ible thr o at vel o city either ,

n o expansi o n o r o nly a s mall increa s e in cr o ss s ecti o nal area

1 74 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

to be fr o m 5 t o 2 2 s ec o nd s depend i ng o n the rapidity of rai se

,

o f the water level and that the siph o ns w o uld prime when the

water surface r o se sli ghtly ab o ve the t o p edge o f the a ir vents ,

o r 3 i nches ab o ve the o verp o ur cre s t .

To break the s i ph o n i c acti o n quic kly a co mparat ively large ,

a ir i nlet area is nece s s ary T o pr o v id e fo r th i s and als o

.

fo r a quick seal the air inlet will be l o ng narr o w Opening s with

,

a sharp upper edge o r the inlet o peni ng may face d o wnward

,

with the edges o n a h o riz o ntal plane level w i th the des i red
water surface .

T h e be s t pract i ce as i ndicated by exper i en c e i n Eur o pe i s t o

, ,

us e easy curve s t o f o rm the thr o at t o make the d o wnstream leg

,

n o t vertical but incline d in a direct i o n away fr o m the canal t o ,

seal the o utlet by submergence in water and t o make the upper ,

edge o f the o utlet s harp T h e i nclinati o n o f the l o wer leg the

.
,

sharp upper edge o f the o utlet and the s ubmerged o utlet facili tate
the e s cap e o f the air entrained by the water T h e in cl i nati o n .

c auses the c o ntained air t o spread as a flattened layer again s t

the r o o f o f the l o wer leg and i n thi s p o siti o n with a sharp o utlet
,

edge it is m o re easily rem o ved by the escaping water carrying o ff

the l o wer part until it is all drawn o u t Th e submerged o utlet .

h as n o t been alway s used b u t it pr o bably prevents the entrance

,

o f a ir fr o m the o ut s ide .

T h e great advantage o f a siph o n spillway o ver the o rd in ary

o verfl o w spillway is the cl o se regulati o n pr o duced by a siph o n

spillway n o t o btainable with an o verfl o w spillway unless the ,

o verfl o w crest i s o f s uch large length that i ts c o st may be much

higher than that o f a siph o n spillway T 0 p o gr a p hic c o ndi .

t i o n s w ill als o determ i ne the select i o n between the t wo types o f

spillw ays .

,
—
G ib s wil S iph on S wit z e r l an d ( Fig 70) T h i s s i ph o n wh i c h is
.
,

rather unu s ual in the f o rm o f the inlet is made o f i nch riv ,

-

eted steel pipe tapering i n diameter fr o m

,
i nches at the uppe r
end t o inches at the o utlet t o prevent the water c o lumn
fro m separating under the head o f feet T h e inlet t o the .

siph o n is f o rmed by the upper end o f the pipe cut o n a h o ri

'

z o n t a l plane
,
c o vered by a reinfo rced c o ncrete h o o d with its ,

l o wer ed ges extending feet bel o w the n o rmal water surface .

T h e air inlets c o nsist o f l o ng narro w s l o t s in three side s o f the

h o o d placed at n o rmal water level M easurements o f the fl o w
,
.

gave a d i s charge of sec o nd fee t w i th s o me o f the a i r o pen

-
,
 CA NA L S PI L L WA YS 1 75

i ngs n ot fully cl o sed ; th i s give s a c o efficient o f di s charge in the

fo rmula Q CA V 2 gH o f
With the air o penings
fully cl o sed the maximum ,

assumed discharge w a s
sec o nd feet giv i ng a co e ffi
-
,

c ient o f

A n o ther type o f s i ph o n ,

built in S witzerland is illus ,

t r a t e d by the S e o n spillway
siph o n ( F ig .

S iph o n i c S pillway of T e n
n es s e e Po w e r Co ( F ig 7 2 . .

and Plate V III F igs C and ,

.

—
D ) T h e sp i llway c o n s i st s o f
e i ght siph o n units ; f o ur o f
them have o perating head
of feet and the o ther
,

f o ur feet In each unit .

the inlet is well s ubmerged ,

w i th it s upper edge 5 % feet

under the water surface T h e .

i nlet is 3 % feet high and 6

feet wide pr o tecte d b y
,

i nch vertical screen bars 4 ,

in ches center t o center T h e .

cr o ss s ecti o n taper s g radually

t o a height o f 1 f o o t a n d a
width o f 8 feet at the thr o at .

T h e vertical l o wer leg changes

graduall y fr o m the thr o at
c r o ss secti o n at i t s upper end

t o a width o f 4 feet b y a 2
fo o t height at the l o wer end ,

wh e fe i t c o nnects with the

tapering enlarged o utlet .

T h e thr o at is pr o tecte d by a
c a s ting . Fo r each s iph o n ,

t w o air i nlets each 6 inches ,

high b y 1 8 inche s wi d e exten d thr o ugh the ca s ting T h e e u

,
.

trance t o the air inlets is pr o tected with

. inch s creen r o ds -
1 76 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T UR E S

4% i nches apart T he upper edge o f the Openings i s 3 inches

.

ab o ve the o verp o ur crest o f the thr o at Th e re s ults o f test give .

a co effic ient o f discharge with the fo rmula Q CA V 2 gH o f ,

A si ph o n sp illway o f s imi lar de s i gn o n the G len s F alls F eeder ,

N e w Yo rk S tate B arge C anal acting un d er a head o f ab o ut ,

feet gave a c o e ffi cient o f discharge o f

,

S iph o n S pillway o n S un Ri ver Pr o j e ct M o n tan a ( F ig , .

O n the Pis h kun re s erv o ir suppl y canal and o n the S u n R iver

S l o pe C anal f o ur siph o n s pillwa y s have been pr o j ected The .

type used i s the same vary i ng o nl y in dimen s i o n s T h e smaller

, .

c o nsist o f t wo siph o n units designed fo r a c o mbined capacity o f ,

1 4 4 c ub i c feet per sec o nd fo r an o perating head measured fr o m ,

E l 1 08 9
.

M ai n F l u me S an d l
S u i ce

e n ln g

£ 11 07 0 .

p
S i h on s

FI G . 72 .
— C ro s s
ct i al l vat i
-
se on e e o n an d pla n of s iph i pill w ay f hydr
on c s or o
e l c t r ic pla t T
e n P w r
,
e n n es s e e o e Co .
(E n g Rec M ay 1 6
.
,

the canal water surface t o the center o f the cro s s s ecti o n o f the
o utlet culvert o f ab o ut feet Th e inlet t o each s iph o n is .

placed with the upper edge 1 8 inche s bel o w the n o rmal wa t er

level ; the cr o s s s ecti o n is 3 feet square and tapers t o a rectangu lar
cro ss secti o n at the thr o at 3 feet wide and 2 feet hi gh ; the s ame ,

rectangular cr o ss secti o n is used fo r the vertical d o wnstream

leg d o wn t o it s l o wer end where a s ealing basin is fo rmed wi th a
,

tapering s ecti o n which c o nnect s it with the o utlet culvert T he .

air supply required t o break the s iph o n acti o n is o btaine d thr o ugh
a pipe s y s tem T he inlet t o the pipe s y s tem is in the canal bank
.
,

2 0 feet fr o m the side o f the siph o n ; it c o n s i s ts o f an elb o w screwed

t o the end o f a 6 inch main wr o ught ir o n pipe and placed with the
-

i nlet facing d o wn at the n o rmal water level ,

T h e in let is .

encl o s ed in a small c o ncrete b o x the up s tream face o f whi ch i s ,

o pened and pr o tected with inch r o d s 1 inch o n centers F r o m -

,
.

this in let b o x the main pi pe exten d s al o ng the d o wn s tream

side o f the s iph o n near it s cre s t and branches with t wo 4 in ch
, ,
-
1 78 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

vel o c i ty o f 8 feet per sec o nd ; the entrance head is taken as of

the vel o c i ty head o r feet T hi s leaves ab o ut 9 feet net head

, .

fo r the fl o w thr o ugh the s iph o n which fo r an a s s ume d discharge

,

co e ffi cient o f gives a vel o city o f feet per sec o nd T h e .

c ulvert grade is 1 f o o t per 1 0 0

’
o btained by K utter s f o rmula
, ,

with a value o f n o f T h e assumed c o efficient o f discharge

is lo w as c o mpared with the value s previ o usly given ; this is
especially s o a s in the s e c o mputati o n s a s eparate all o wance h as
,

been made fo r the l o ss o f hea d in entrance .

FI G . 74 .
—Aut o ma t ic s p i llway gat f D d s o N rt h C a al
e or o n o n . Mi lk Ri v r
e

P ro j e ct M o t ,
n .

Auto ma tic S pill way G a t e s maintain a —

c o n s tant water
. To
level in a canal , a number o f i ngen i o us t y pe s o f aut o mat i c gates
have been de s igned which when placed in a spillway structure
, ,

o r channel thr o ugh the canal bank will aut o maticall y Open and ,

cl o se fo r variat i o ns in the water level o f the canal ab o ve o r bel o w

the de s ired level T he s e gate s have been u s ed t o a very limited
.

extent o n a few pro j ect s and fo r m o s t o f them their practicability

,

i s n o t dem o n s trated T h e feature s which are m o st difficult t o

.

o verc o me are the leakage ar o und the si d es o f the gates when

cl o s ed the c o mparatively high c o st and the uncertainty o f

, ,

Operati o n .

T h e aut o mat i c s pillway gate devel o ped by I B H o s ig and W . . .

A Perkins fo r u s e o n canal s Of t h e M ilk R iver pro j ect M o ntana

.
,

( gF i 7 4
.
) and the aut o matic gate used o n a wa s teway structure
 CA N A L S PI LL WA YS 1 79

ofthe B elle F o urche pr o j ect S o uth D ako ta , ( Fig . are ex

amples o f s o me o f the m o s t pr o mi s i ng t y pes
.
.

The a u to ma ti c ga te develop ed for the M i lk Ri ver p o ect

r j (Fig . 74 )
co nsists Of a rectangular gate supp o rted o n a curved o r cylindri cal
h o riz o ntal surface placed in su c h a p o siti o n and o f s uch ra d ius
,

that fo r variati o ns in the water level ab o ve the de s ired water

depth in the canal the gate in o pening o r cl o sing rev o lves o n a
shifting axis which maintains appr o ximately the equality o f
,

m o ments o f the water pressure ab o ve a n d bel o w this p o int o f

supp o rt T h e design i s based o n the fo ll o wing c o nd i t i o ns o f
.

o perat i o ns

Fi r s t — When cl o sed the gate is placed o n an i nclinati o n t o the

s

vertical equal t o 0 1 and i s supp o rted at a p o int A (the l o wer

bearing edge o f the c y lin d ri cal surface ) l o cated at distance 3 1

fr o m the l o wer edge o f the gate and is j u s t balanced fo r a depth ,

o f water i n the canal o f h equal t o full supply depth ( h ) plus an z

exces s usually equal t o ab o ut 4 t o 6 i nches Th e angle o f i n c li na .

t i o n 91 and the height h are first selected and determine the

length o f the gate L ll 81 Th e p o sit io n o f the p o int A is .

then determ i ned by o btai ning 3 1 fr o m the equati o n o f equality o f

m o m ents
81
2
d 3
2 01 81 )
3

CO S 01
2

which re d uce s to

2
a

11 ) d l al
3 z
00 8
3

T his equati o n is so lve d fo r 31 b y s ub s tituting the f o ll o wing values

fo r d and Z
l 1
'

all hl 8 1 co s 01 an d ll L 31

S econ d — When fully o pened the gate Obtains the i nclinat i o n

.

t o the vertical equal t o 0 and i s supp o rted at a p o int B ( the 2

upper bearing edge o f the c ylin d rical surface ) l o cated at a dis

tance 3 fr o m the l o wer edge o f the gate and is j u s t balanced fo r
2 ,

a depth o f water i n the canal o f h equal t o the even full supply

depth T h e value o f 3 is o btained fr o m the equati o n o f equality
.
2

o f m o ments in the same manner as fo r the gate cl o sed u s ing ,

the quantities 3 d Z k and 0 in the place o f 3 d ll h and 0

2 z 2 g 2 1 1 1 .

T h e requirement that A and B be o n a curved surface deter

mines the radius o f the curve by the f o ll o wing relati o n between
8 and 8
1 2
1 80 I RR I GA TI ON S TR U CT UR E S

81 2 1 rr °
3 60
0
81 36 0
92

When de s i gned t o meet the ab o ve requirement s the gate wi ll ,

start t o Open when the water level in the c anal raises a certain
sele cted height ( h h ) ab o ve the de s ired n o rmal water level
z l

and will s tart t o cl o se fr o m a w i de Open p o s iti o n when the water

level dr o ps d o wn t o the n o rmal water level F o r intermediate .

p o s it i o ns o f the gate the c y lindrical bearing surface fulfill s the

,

requirements o nl y appr o ximately such that when the gate is ,

partly Open the balancing head is slightly greater than the o pen
i n g head h T h e balancing head fo r any i ntermediate p o s iti o n
.

may be determi ned anal y tically by sub s tituting spec i al values

i n the equati o ns given ab o ve C o mputati o ns made o n the M ilk
.

R iver pr o j ect t o d etermine the intermediate balancing heads for

several t y pe s o f gates between the f o ll o w i ng limiting v alues
,

between 4 and 6 feet

hl .

h fr o m 4 t o 6 i n che s le s s than h 1
’
0 fr o m 1 4 02 ( M : 1 sl o pe ) t o 2 6 3 4
° ’ :1 )
°
1

0 fr o m 6 0 t o 7 6 4 7
’
° °
2

indicate that the maximum balancing head o ccurs when the gate
is ab o ut half Open and that it is s o mewhat le s s than 1 inch greater
than h F o r practical Operati o n the c ylindrical bearing al
.
, ,

th o ugh n o t the true shape t o maintain an abs o lute c o n s tant

water s urface is s ufficiently accurate
,
.

A w o o den experi mental gate alth o ugh rather r o ugh ly c o n ,

s tructed w o rked very succe s s ful ly maintaining a c o n s tant water

, ,

level within 2 o r 3 inche s fo r all p o s iti o n s o f the gate

,
.

T h e equati o n s pre s ented ab o ve d o n o t c o n s i d er the weight o f

the gate a n d the c o unterweight at the b o tt o m o f the gate pr o vided ,

t o h o ld the gate cl o s ed with the canal empt y In the final desig n .

the equati o n fo r equality o f m o ment s mu s t be m o dified by enter

ing the m o ment due t o the c o unterweight ( divi ded by
and the difference between the m o ment s due t o the weight o f
the gate ab o ve and bel o w the piv o t p o int ( divided b y
-

T h e appr o ved de s i gn o f gate s fo r a number o f s tructure s o n

t h e D o d s o n N o rth C anal o f the M ilk R iver pr o j ect is in d icated
b y the cro s s secti o nal view in F ig 7 4 T h e s pillway s tructures
-
. .

are t o be built in width s that are m ultiples o f 5 feet ; and fo r each

 CA N A L S PI LL WA YS 1 83

or an eart h canal w i th a ser i es of dr o p s t o take up the exce s s fall .

When the escape is at ab o ut the same level and near the stream
bed in which the water i s discharged n o waste channel may be ,

neces s ary and the small di fference in elevati o n may be taken u p

wi th a single fall . T h e es cape Opening may at t i mes be submerged ,

i n wh i ch case the maximum water level i n the stream channel ,

dur i ng the peri o d that i t may be ne cessary t o u s e the e s cape

must be determined as it may c o ntr o l the dimen s i o ns wh i ch must
be given t o the escape t o o btain the desired capacity .

N e c essity an d L oc ati o n — A n escape is a s previ o usly stated

.
, ,

u s ed fo r t wo main purp o se s
Fi rs t — F o r the p r o tect i o n o f the canal s y stem .

S econ d — .T o sc o ur o u t the sediment d ep o sited i n the ca n al s e c

t i o n ab o ve it i n which case it may be called a s c o uring escape
,
.

T h e s tructure can al s o be u s ed t o serve the purp o s e o f a s pillway .

T h e m o st i mp o rtant o bj ect i s the pr o tecti o n o f the canal

sy s tem and an es c ape de s igned fo r thi s purp o s e will usually meet
,

at lea s t t o s o me extent the requirements o f a s co ur i ng es cape and

o f a spillway .

A sc o ur i ng escape is designed specially t o pr o duce a high sc o ur

i ng vel o c i ty in the canal s ecti o n ab o ve i t Where th i s act i o n is
.

c o nfined t o a c o mparatively sh o rt secti o n o f a canal wh o se cr o ss

s ecti o n i s enlarged t o pr o duce a l o wer vel o c i ty which will e n

c o urage the dep o s i t i o n o f se d iment then the structure bec o mes

,

what i s c o mm o nly called a sand b o x o r sand trap T h e necessity .

o f a sc o ur i ng slu i ce may n o t be apparent when the system i s first

planned and it will o ften be desirable n o t t o pr o vi de o n e until

,

after the nece s sity i s well i nd i cated Th e necess i ty will depend

.

o n the v o lume o f silt carried b y the river water and the e ffic i ency

o f the d iversi o n w o rks i n preventing the entran c e o f sediment

.

thr o ugh the headgates Where the am o unt o f se di ment enter

.

i n g the canal i s liable t o cau s e harmful dep o sits in the canal

system it will be desirable t o c o nfine the dep o si t i n the uppe r
,

part o f the main canal To o btain thi s the canal cr o ss sect i o n

.

fo r a length o f canal extending usually n o t m o re than 1 mi le

,

d o wn s tream fr o m the headgates will be made su fficiently large

,

t o give a n o rmal vel o cit y smaller than the vel o city i n the canal
system bel o w T h e sc o uring e s cape will then be placed at the
.

d o wnstream end o f th i s secti o n o f canal N o ad d iti o nal sc o uring

.

e s cape s are usua lly neces s ar y .

Where the water carries little o r n o se d iment n o sc o uring e s cape ,

1 84 I RR I GA T I O N S TR U C T UR E S

wi ll be requi red O n the o ther hand a number o f escapes fo r the

.
,

pr o tect io n o f the canal s y stem will o ften be necessary When .

they serve the p urp o s e o f s pillway their nece s sity and l o cati o n
,

wi ll be determined fr o m the c o nsiderati o n s di scussed fo r s pi ll

ways Imp o rtant fact o rs deter mi n ing the need and l o cati o n o f
.

S pillways are the t O po gr a p h i c c o nditi o ns and character o f co n

structi o n T here are s o me irrigati o n sys tems where the di versi o n
.

c anal i s c o nstructed all i n cut in c o mparat i vely level f o o th ill

land and the lateral s a re m o s tly balanced cut and fill i n flat ,

valley land ; s o that there i s little o r n o s urface run o ff fr o m pre -

c ip i t a t i o n and few natural d rainage channel s In such case s

.
,

espec i ally if the main laterals are extended by a wa s te o r tail

channel t o deliver int o a natural drainage channel and their
capacity d o wn t o the end made su fficient t o carry any surplu s
unused water the danger o f canal breaks and resulting damage s
,

w o uld n o t be seri o us and a few escapes at c o ntr o lling p o ints may

be all that i s necessary Where such favo rable c o ndi ti o ns d o
.

n o t exi st a larger number o f e s capes are necessary A n escape

.

requires that it be situated wi thin a c o mparat i vely sh o rt distan ce

fr o m a natural depres s i o n o r channel o f sufficient carryi ng capacity
t o carry the fl o w di s charged thr o ugh the escape S uch a channel
.

usually exi s ts near de s irable s ites fo r escape s Th e inve s tigati o n

.

o f i ts carryi ng capacit y must n o t be o verl o o ked als o the fact

,

that i t may be carrying natural dra inage water at the same

time A n escape is usua lly de s irable o r neces s a ry fo r the f o llo wi ng
.

c o nd i ti o ns and at the f o ll o wing p o i nts

Fi r s t — When the bed o f the di vers i o n canal near the headw o rks
i s c o n s iderably l o wer than the fl o o d plane o f the river and the
canal i s s o near the edge o f the r i ver bank that there is danger o f
the river fl oo d fl o w cutting thr o ugh o r o ver the canal bank o r ,

c utting a new channel ar o und o n e end o f the di versi o n we ir int o

the canal ; i n either case the fl o o d flo w water if allo wed t o co n

,

t in ue d o wn the canal w o uld d o ser i o us damage

,
F o r such c o n
.

d it i o n s the e s c a pe must be placed at a p o i nt su ffi ciently far d o wn

stream fr o m the headgate fo r the canal bed t o have ga ined en o ugh
elevati o n o r fo r the canal line t o have swung s ufficiently far away
fro m the r i ver bank t o make the canal secti o n d o wns tream fr o m
th i s p o int safe fr o m thi s danger .

S eco n d .
—When a length o f canal is bui lt al o ng a stee p side
hill o r al o ng a steep bank o f earth o f c o mparat i vely s o ft mater i al .

I n th i s l o cat i o n the flo w o f water thr o ugh a break w o uld

1 86 I R R I GA T I ON S TR UC T URE S

e ffect w ill be c o nfined t o a sh o rt di stance near the hea d gates ,

as there will be n o dr o p d o wn surface curve .

When n o t co mbined w i th a ch e ckga t e the stru cture may be ,

designed t o disp o se o f either part o f o r the wh o le canal supply .

T o be able t o d i scharge the wh o le supply which usua lly will be ,

desirable the fl o o r o f the canal i n fr o nt o f the gates and the gate

m
,

sill ust be placed at a depth which will give the requ ir ed d is

charge capacit y with n o water c o ntin ui ng d o wn the canal T he .

depressed canal fl o o r may Sl o pe up at b o th ends t o meet the canal

bed o r may term i nate with t wo end walls and with the side wall
,
“

i n w h i ch the escape o penings are made f o rm a s h o rt bas in directly

in fr o nt o f the gates T o di s charge the entire fl o w the water s u r
.

face in this basin w i th the e s c ape gates fully o pened mu s t n o t be

, ,

hi gher than t h e b e d o f the canal T h e fl o w fr om the canal int o

'

the b as i n will then be similar t o the fl o w o ver the edge o f a can al

fall o r dr o p in which the edge o ver which the water p o ur s i s
,

level with the bed o f the canal T h e depth Of water at t he edge

.

o f t h e fall may b e o bta i ned by the we i r f o rmula

= cz gé
Q oz

where l= length o f o verp o ur .

d = depth o f water at edge o f o verp o ur .

C a c o effic i ent wh i ch the f o rmul ae of B ella s s is and

Baz in w o uld ind i cate t o be fro m to

T h e flo w fr o m the basin thr o ugh the escape gate o penings may

be Obtained fro m the usual f o rmula fo r fl o w thr o ugh sluice ga t es ,

and where the l o wer edge o f the gate when fully Opened is ab o ve
the water surface the fl o w may be c o mpute d fr o m the we ir
,

fo rmula g i ven ab o ve m o d ified where nece s s ary fo r submergen ce

,
.

T h e s co u r i ng e ffect will depend o n the extent o f dr o p d o wn

pr o duced i n the depth o f water T o o btain a high s c o uring .

e ffect i n the up s tream canal s ect i o n the length o f o verp o ur in t o

,

the basin may be made large s o as t o gi ve a small value t o the

depth o f o verp o ur water .

T he acti o n o f an e s cape when d i sp o s i ng e i ther o f a part o f the

,

canal fl o w o r the entire flo w may be illustrated by the example

,

previ o usly gi ven fo r wh i ch the dro p d o wn curve was w o rked o ut -

.

T h e example w i ll apply t o ei ther o f the f o ll o wing c as es :

F i rs t — A ssume that the e s cape d isp o s es o nly o f the surplus
water wh i ch is the di ff erence between the fl o o d fl o w supply o f
,
-

4 5 0 sec o nd feet and the n o rmal s upply o f 3 00 sec o nd feet and

- -
,
 CA N A L S PI LL WA YS 1 87

that the n ormal fl o w c o ntinues d o wnstream with a depth o f

water in the canal of 5 feet .

S eco n d — A ssume that the enti re supply o f 4 5 0 se co nd feet is -

carried thr o ugh the escape and that the length o f o verp o ur at the
upstream edge o f the depre s s ed basin is made t o give a depth o f
o verp o ur o f 5 feet If the c o effi cient in the we i r f o rmul ae i s taken
.

4 50
as C then the len gt h l mu s t be I
X 5%
feet wh i ch i s less than the b o tt o m width o f the canal and c o uld
,

o nly be Obtained by c o ntracting the width o f the canal .

In b o th cases the sc o uring a cti o n o n the canal se ct i o n u p

stream is the same and is due t o the increased vel o city pr o duced
,

by the drawd o wn which decreases the maximum full supply depth

fr o m feet t o the ft depth at the escape
-
. T h e tabu .

lated results sh o w that with a n o rmal c apacity o f 3 00 se co nd

,

feet the n o rmal vel o c i ty i n the canal i s 3 feet per se co nd and that
, ,

when the fl o w i s i ncreased t o 4 50 sec o nd feet and the es c ape -

gates cl o sed the vel o c i t y is

,
feet per se co nd Wi th this .

fl o w i n the canal and the depth o f water at the escape reduced t o

5 feet by o perating the es c ape gates there is a gradual i ncrease
, ,

i n vel o city fr o m feet per sec o nd beginning feet up

,

s tream fr o m the escape t o a max i mum o f feet per se co nd at

the e s cape When the canal secti o n between the es c ape and
.

the headgates i s sh o rt the i n crease for the wh o l e length w i ll be

,

c o n s i derable .

T h e sc o ur i ng effe ct o f th i s i n cr ease i n vel o c i ty i s best explaine d

by referring agai n t o the pri nc i ples o f transp o rtati o n o f silt
'

’
A cc o rding t o K enned y s the o ry the transp o rting p o wer o f silt
,

o r the percentage o f silt transp o rted by water is pr o p o rti o nal t o

%
V . In the example referred t o as s ume t hat the river water ,

enters the canal with a greater percentage o f silt than the c anal
water c an c arry at its n o rmal vel o c i ty o f 3 feet per sec o nd and that ,

t o sc o ur o u t the dep o sited sed i ment a larger v o lume i s turned i nt o

'

the canal w i th the escape gates Opened ; this i ncreases the vel o city
at the escape t o feet per sec o nd and gives a corresp o nding ,

4 if
Si lt transp o rt i ng p o wer
(2 t i mes greater than W i th
.

of
3
,

the vel o cit y at w hi ch the dep o sit o ccurred But at the upstream .

end o f the reach a ffected by the drawd o wn the transp o rting ,

33 9 éé
p o wer i s o nly
(m) ti mes greater .
1 88 I RR I GA T I O N S TR UC T UR E S

T he s c o uri ng e ffect will be further inc reased by the steeper

grade pro duced b y the larger dep o sit o f s i lt t o ward the upper end
o f the reach a ff ecte d by the drawd o wn .

When the e s cape is t o be u s ed primarily as a sc o uring escape ,

a high s c o uring vel o city may be pr o d uced by des i gni ng the escape
s o as t o o btain a large drawd o wn ; thi s is regulated by the dept h

o f water at the e s cape w hi ch may be ma d e small by increasing the

,

length o f the up s tream edge o f the depre s s ed ba s i n O n the o ther .

hand a high sc o uring vel o city may n o t c o nfine it s acti o n t o re mo v

,

i n g the silt and if the canal is built in s o ft materi al may p r o

,

duce harmf u l er o s i o n Where i t is nece s s ary t o pr o tect the canal

.

against th i s exce s s ive er o s i o n a nd at the s ame time n o t destr o y

the efficienc y Of the e s cape in s ilt rem o val the canal s ecti o n aff ected
,

by the draw d o wn may be pr o tected w i th a li ning o f c o ncrete .

T h e s c o uring e ff ect can be s t be regulated and will pr o duce better

results if the e s cape is l o cated wi thin a c o mparatively sh o rt d i s
tance fr o m the canal headgates pr o babl y n o t o ver 1 t o
,
m ile
and preferably le s s T h e practice and experience i n India i ndi
.

cate s that t o s c o ur o ut s i lt dep o s its it is best t o turn int o the canal

as large a fl o w as p o s s ible when the r i ver water c o ntain s little s ilt .

T h e u s e o f fairly clear water i s de s irable fo r wi th the little s i lt

,

i t c o ntain s it i s able t o p i ck up and tran s p o rt dep o s ited s ilt while ,

i f the water i s already well charged with silt it cann o t pick u p ,

much additi o nal s ilt F o r thi s reas o n intermi ttent flu s hes with
.

fairl y clear water have given the be s t re s ults T o increase the .

s c o uring e ffic i ency when the e s cape i s at c o nsiderable di s tance

fro m the headgate s the grade o f the upper reach o f the can al may
,

be made s teeper s o that a higher vel o city wi ll be pr o duced T hi s

,
.

i s de s irable becau s e experience h a s s h o wn that silt o nce p i cked

u p w i ll be m o ved by a l o wer vel o city .

Wh en the e s cape must n o t pr o duce a sc o ur ing e ff ect i t may ,

be Obj ecti o nable t o increase the vel o cit y ab o ve it s n o rmal value ,

i n which case the drawd o wn at the e s cape must be prevented by

e ither u s i ng a check gate j ust bel o w the e s cape o r by c o ntracting ,

the canal cr o ss secti o n j u s t up s tream fr o m the e s cape In o rder .

that the c o ntracti o n will o perate equall y fo r varyi ng d i scharges

i n the canal the c o ntracti o n may be made with a n o tch Opening
, ,

the pr o perties o f which are d i s cu s sed in n o tch d ro ps .

Exa mple s o f E s ca p e — F ig 7 6 sh o w s a s pecial ty p e o f escape

. .
,

de s igned fo r the D o d s o n C anal o f the M ilk River pro j ect It .

c o mbine s the acti o n o f an escape and a sluiceway T he canal is .

1 90 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

se nd feet
co -
5 8 sec o nd feet greater than the c anal fl o w
, or - .
.

With o ut the ch e ckgat e the c o mputed capacity is 5 00 sec o nd feet -

,

with the water level drawn d o wn practically t o the b o tt o m o f

the c anal .

Fi g 7 7 sh o ws an in teresting design o f a c o mb i ned escape and

.

aut o matic sp i llway fo r the Do ds o n N o rth C anal o f the M ilk

R iver pr o j ect M o ntana T h e structure is l o cated Opp o site a
,
.

st o rm water o verp o ur inlet with a depressed basin l i ned wi th

,

rubble co n crete paving in between f o rmed in the bed o f the ,

canal i n fr o nt of the escape gates T h e waterway o f the strue .

FI G . 77 — . E c ap
s e an d au t mat i
o c s p illway on Do d s o n N rth C a al M
o n , on t .

ture between s i d e walls i s divi d ed b y a h o riz o ntal rei nf o rced

c o ncrete s lab and t wo intermediate divi s i o n walls supp o rting the ,

s lab int o three l o wer gate o pening s between the slab and fl o o r and
,

an o verp o ur channel ab o ve the s lab regulated w i th three aut o

matic s pillw a y gates o f the t y pe previ o us ly described ( page
T h e three l o wer o pening s are c o ntr o lled with s traight l ift gates .

T h e d o wn s tream parts o f the divi s i o n walls o r intermed i ate piers

are extended ab o ve the slab and s hape d t o fo rm the bearing t o ,

which are b o lted the cylindrical s urfaces ab o ut whi ch the aut o ,

matic gates rev o lve S imi larly shaped pr o j ec ti ng s ur faces o r

.
 CA N A L S PI LL WA YS 1 91

shelves are f o rmed in the side wall s fo r the end bearings Th e .

three l o wer gates are the escape gates and with the dep ressed ba s in
c o mbine a ls o the acti o n o f s c o u ring escapes A number o f s t r uc .

tures o f this type have been desi gned for i nstallati o n o n this
pr o j ect .

O ther f o rms o f escapes i n w hi ch the pr i mary funct i o n i s that ,

o f a sand b o x o r sc o ur i ng e s cape s are illu s trated by the ex amples ,

presented in the dis c u s s 1 o n o f san d b o x a n d by the i nlet structure

u s ed o n the s iph o n o f the K aml o o ps F ruitlands Irrigati o n s y s tem
( Vo l II p
.
,
E scape structure s al s o f o rm part o f s o me o f the
.

examples presented in the di s c ussi o n o f surfa c e inlet dra i nage

cro ssings .

R F E E RE N CE S F O R CH APTER IV
M U RP H Y D W —A R i f rc d C c r t e S p illway wit h C
,
. . t ra t d e n o e on e o n c en e

C r t L g th p 2 7 8 E g i ri g N w S p t 9 1 909
es — en — . n n ee n e s e .
,
.

Th Si ph
e L k thonBarg C a al t O w g p 1 2 2 E gi ri g
oc
— on e e n a s e o . n n ee n

R rd Ju ly 3 0 1 9 1 0
e co—
,
.

R i f r d C c r t Wa t ways C l ra d p 1 2 4 E g i ri g R c rd
e n o ce on — e e s e ,
o o o . n n ee n e o

J ly 3 0 1 9 1 0
-
u ,
.

S m D t a il s f t h Si ph L k t O w g N w Y rk Barg C a al p
o e e o e
— on oc a s e o, e o ,
e n .

1 1 4 E gi ,
ri g C t ra ct i g— Au gu t 1 0 1 9 1 0 ; p 5 3 0 E gi ri g
n n ee n on n s ,
. n n ee n

N w N 1 7 1 91 0
e — s ov . ,
.

LA U C H E — A Au t mat ic S l u i
LI, . G at t I u r Co t a t Wat r L v l
h o ce e o ns e ns n e e e ,

Bavari a p 7 1 1 E g i ri g N w D 2 9 1 9 1 0
— —
. n n ee n e s ec .
,
.

S iph Sp illway N w Y rk S t a t Barg C a al—2 6 5 E g i ri g C

on s ,
e o e e n n n ee n on

t ra t i g — S p t 2 8 1 9 1 0
c n e .
,
.

Siph Sp illway
on t h Ch ampla i C a al — p 3 9 8 E g i
s on ri g R rd e n n . n n ee n e co

O t 8 1 9 1 0 ; p 3 98 E g i
c .
,
ri g N w O t 1 3 1 9 1 0
— . n n ee n e s c .
,
.

L UD I N A — Siph Sp illway N w Y rk S t at e Barg C a al p 4 6 7

,
. on
— s ,
e o e n .

E gi ri g N w Apr 20 1 9 1 1
n nee — n e s .
,
.

An Au t ma t ic S l u ic G a t e f
o —
S p illw ay C r t p 6 02 E gi ri g N w
e or es s . n n ee n e s

— N OV 1 6 1 9 1 1 ; E gi ri g N w — D 2 9 1 9 1 0
.
,
n n ee n e s ec . ,
.

H I B R G A G —Sp i llway
LL E ,
f t h S yp h
. i T yp f
. R gu la t i f s o e on c e or e on o

St rag R rv i rs d F r bay p 4 88 E g i ri g R r M ay
o e —
es e o d — an o e s . n n ee n e co

3 1 9 1 3 ; al
, d i t ri al p 4 8 1 so e o ,
. .

ADA M C F Siph S p illway — p 5 4 J u r al f El t ri ity P w r

S —
, . . on s . o n o ec c ,
o e

G —
as J ly u

Siph S p ill way ; Sy t m f M t Whit y P w r El t ri C p 5 82

on
—s e o . ne o e ec c o . .

J r al El t ri it y P w r G — D 2 7 1 9 1 3
ou n ec c ,
o e as ec .
,
.

S I C K N Y G F —Siph S p ill w ay
T E , . t h Gl
. s F all s F d r N w Y rk on s on e en ee e ,
e o

S a e Barg C a al p 3 38 E g i ri g N w F b 1 2 1 9 1 4
t t — e — n . n n ee n e s e .
,
.

C R AG R W P — S yp h i S p ill w ay f a Hyd r l t ric P la t T

E E , . . on c or o e ec n ,
e n n es s e e

P w r C — p 5 6 7 E g i ri g R r d — M y 1 6 1 9 1 4
o e o . . n n ee n e co a ,
.
 C H A PT ER V

S AND GATE S — S A ND B O XE S
T hese are s tructur e s d esigned t o c o llect an d rem o ve fro m the
water the sand o r silt wh i ch is liable t o be d ep o sited in the canal s ,

flume s o r siph o ns o f the s y s tem T h e p o ints al o ng the canal

.

where such structures may be nece s sary are :

F irs t — A sh o rt di s tance bel o w the headw o rks t o st o p a s much ,

a s p o ssible the s ediment fr o m g o ing farther d o wn s tream

,
.

S eco n d —
. A t the head o f siph o ns t o prevent at least the c o arser
mater i al fr o m entering the c o nduit o f the s i ph o n .

Thi r d — A t fav o rable p o ints al o ng the canal where a dra inage

channel is cr o s sed o r is available fo r the d is charge o f the water
and material s luiced o u t .

A sand gate o r sand b o x structure is frequently designed t o

'
- -

s erve als o as a wasteway o r e s cape and an e s cape specially de

,

signed t o pr o duce a high s c o uring velo city i n the secti o n o f canal

ups tream and adj acent t o the e s cape gates u s ually fulfills the
purp o s e o f a s and gate structure S uch structures are i llustrated
-
.

by the i nlet t o the 4 f o o t s iph o n o f the K aml o o ps F rui tlands

-

sys tem B riti s h C o lumbia ( Vo l I I C hapter X ) and by the

,
.
, ,

example s pre s ented in the di s cu s s i o n o f escapes T h e pr i nciples .

o f de s ign o f s c o uring e s capes and the s tudy o f the sc o ur i ng vel o c i

t ies pr o d uced by the drawd o wn created when o pening the escape

gates pre s ented i n C hapte r I V wi ll i n general apply t o the de
, ,

sign o f sand gate structures

-
.

Ne c e s s i ty — T h e nece s s ity o f s tructures des i gned fo r the s pe

.

c ia l purp o se o f rem o v i ng san d o r silt w i ll depend o n the extent

and character o f the s ediment and o n the mean s which have been
taken in de s igning and o perating the headw o rks t o prevent the
.

entrance o f silt i n the canal s y s tem a n d the extent t o whi ch the

vel o citie s in the canal s y s tem can prevent silt dep o s iti o n .

T h e v o lume o f s ediment carried by i rrigati o n waters and it s

d istributi o n in the water h a s been c o n s i dered in the general
discu s s i o n o f silt pro blem s Vo l II C hapter I V T he finer silt
,
.
,
.

c arri ed in suspen s i o n b y the water w a s s h o wn t o be c o mparatively

1 92
1 94 I RR I GA T I ON S TR UC T UR E S

mit t en t ly In the de s i gn o f the sand trap the am o unt o f water

.

which may be wa s ted must be c o n s idered and i f o perated c on ,

t in u o u s ly the canal capacity upstream mu s t be made larger than

the capacity d o wnstream b y the am o unt t o be wasted T h e s i ze .

o f the gate Opening s and o f the cr o ss channel s depends o n the

maximum am o unt o f water whi ch i s t o be wasted T hi s type .

o f sand b o x i s i llu s trated by the struct u res used o n the A m i ty

C anal in C o l o rad o ( Fig o n the L easburg C anal R i o G rande

.
,

pr o j ect N e w M exic o (Fig

, o n the N aches P
. o wer C O C an al .

i n Washi ngt o n ( F ig .

T h e sec o nd type o f structure wh i ch may be c alled a settl i ng

,

s and bas i n c o ns i s ts e s s entially o f an enlarged basin in w hi ch the

,

vel o city o f the water is decreased t o cau s e the dep o siti o n o f the
tran s p o rted materi al T h e extent t o which the materi al is
.

dep o s ited wi ll dep end o n the reduced vel o c i ty and the length
o f time the water is in the ba s in which will vary with the length
,

o f the basin T h e de s ign o f this t y pe o f struct u re i nv o lves a

.

c o nsiderati o n n o t o nly o f the size o f the ba s i n when empty o f

dep o s ited mater i al b u t als o o f the cr o ss secti o nal area o f the bas in
,
-

when reduced b y the d ep o s it T h e vel o city mu s t be smaller

.

than the lo w vel o cities o btaine d in the canal s y stem bel o w ; and
as the bas i n i s u s ually s h o rt as c o mpared w i th the length o f
canal s o r s i ph o n in which the s e lo w vel o citie s are o btained it is ,

necessary that the vel o cit y in the sand b o x be reduced t o o nly a

fract i o n o f these lo w vel o cities In selecting th i s mi nimum
.

vel o city the vel o cities i n the canals o r si ph o ns wh i ch mu s t be

,

c o n s i dered are n o t th o se o bta ined when the canal system i s o p

erat e d at full capac i ty but rather th o se c o rre s p o nding t o the
,

minimum capacities at which the canal s w i ll be Operated durin g

the peri o d which is liable t o pr o duce max i mum silt dep o s its .

T h e extent t o which s ilt wi ll be dep o sited depends al s o as s tated ,

ab o ve o n the length o f the bas i n but the length wh i ch i t is de

, ,

s i rable t o use must be c o mparatively sh o rt T his i s due t o the .

f o ll o wing c o n d it i o ns : T h e material transp o rted by the wa t er i s

dep o s ited gradually fro m the c o arser material at the upper end
o f the ba s i n t o the finer materi al at the l o wer end as the vel o c i ty,

decreases gradually bel o w the tran s p o rting vel o city o f the di ff er

e n t s i zes o f particle s T h e dep o sited material has a tendency
.

t o co mpact and the c o he s i o n between particle s i ncreases s o t h at

'

the vel o city wh i ch is requ i red t o er o de and sluice o u t the materi al

must be co ns i derably higher than the transp o rt ing vel o ci ty of
 —
S A N D GA TE S S A N D B O X E S 1 95

the heavie s t material and greater than the safe vel o cities against
er o si o n prev i o usly given in an o ther chapter It is d i fficult t o
.

c reate these higher er o sive vel o cities fo r the e ffect o f s luicegates

, ,

even i f their capac i ty is large i s relatively small except fo r a

,

sh o rt se cti o n o f canal near them .

T h e er o s ive vel o city which will be created i n o pening the sluice

gates will depen d largely o u the area o f the Openings and the depth
at which the o penings are placed and is discus s e d in c o nnecti o n
w i th sc o uring escapes ( C hapter I V pages 1 86 t o
, The
gate o penings are placed at the b o tt o m o f the s ettling basin .

F o r e ff ective sluicing the area o f Openings and the depth o f the

b asin must be designed t o discharge at lea s t the full capacity o f
the canal with the water level at the gates l o wered sufficiently
t o ward the b o tt o m o f the canal t o pr o duce a drawd o wn in the
surface water level which will increa s e the sl o pe o f the water
,

surface with a c o rre s p o nding i n crease i n the vel o city fo r a c o n

s i d e r a b le di s tance up s tream . Where the structure is within a
sh o rt distance fr o m the headw o rks the drawd o wn will perm i t
,

f o rc i ng thr o ugh the canal and sluicegates a di s charge greater than

the n o rmal full capacity Of the canal with gates shut and thus ,

increase the sc o uring vel o city A n imp o rtant c o n s iderati o n i n

:

the o perati o n o f the slui cegates i s the fact previ o usly discussed
that the p o wer o f water t o p i ck u p and transp o rt a d diti o nal silt
will depend o n the am o unt o f silt wh i ch i t already carries i n s us
pens i o n and that the practice and experience i n India indicates
the sc o uring e ffect t o be greatest w i th clear water Under the .

m o s t fav o rable c o nd i t i o ns i t i s di fficult t o sluice o u t large settl i ng

basins espec i ally by i ntermittent o perat i o n wh i ch all o ws the
, ,

dep o sited material t o bec o me c o mpacted t o a certain extent .

T h e general practice has been t o u s e sh o rt settling ba s ins o r b o xes ,

i n s o me cases using a c o mbinati o n settling b o x and sand trap i n

which the sluicing Operati o n may be c o ntinu o us t o prevent the
c o mpact i ng o f the dep o sit .

T h e settling ba s in may be o f the f o ll o w i ng three f o rms

1 T h e settl i ng ba s in is an enlarged se cti o n o f canal o f co n
. -

s i d e r a b le lengt h ( s everal hundred feet ) with its bed depressed

bel o w the grade line o f the n o rmal canal secti o n o r with a raised
sill o r check gate acr o ss the canal at th e l o wer end o f the basin
where i t j o in s the n o rmal cr o ss secti o n Thi s check gate can be
'

used t o advantage in increasing the depth o f the basin Th e .

sluicegat es are placed at the l o wer end o f the depressed bas i n or

1 96 I RR I GA T I O N S TR UC T URE S

upstream and adj acent t o the ra i s ed s i ll o r c heck gate and may be ,

built a s a c o mb ined structure Th e sills o f the sluicegates w ill be

.

placed level with the bed o f the settling bas in The efficiency o f .

this bas in wi ll be increased if a h igher vel o c i ty is o btained by

f o rcing an excess fl o w thr o ugh the bas i n when the slui cegates are
Opened ; this i s us ually o nly feas i ble where the enlarged secti o n
is withi n a s h o rt d istance d o wn s tream fr o m the headw o rks This .

fo rm o f settli ng bas i n is illus trated by the structure built o n the

Umatilla pr o j ect in O reg o n ( F i g .

2 Th e settling ba s i n i s f o rmed by depressing the fl o o r o f the

.

canal and enlarging the cr o ss s ecti o n fo r a len gth o f canal much

sh o rter than i n the f o rm described ab o ve The s i des and b o tt o m .

are generally lined with c o ncrete T o o btain a gradual change in

'

vel o city and av o id undesirable ed di es the inlet and o utlet are ,

be s t f o rmed wi th warped s urfa ces The length o f the basin .

s h o uld be at least s i x t i mes the depth o f water in the canal The .

s lui ce gate s are placed at the l o west p o i nt o f the basin and if the ,

stru c ture i s t o be used al s o as a wasteway they are made large

en o ugh t o di scharge the full supply capacity o f the canal In .

thi s f o rm o f ba s in the sc o uring e ffect is largely c o n centrate d in

the c o ncrete l ined ba s in Th e structure is then a sluiceway and
.

wa s teway Th e extent t o wh i ch it will act as a settling sand

.

b o x depends o n the length and cr o ss secti o n of the enlarged

bas i n .

3 T h e settli ng ba s i n is a sh o rt sect i o n o f canal o r rectang u lar

.

b o x di v i ded by o verfl o w cr o s s walls int o a number o f c o mpart

ments with a sluice gate at the l o west p o i nt o f each c o mpartment
,
.

T h e water pa s s e s in s ucces s i o n fr o m o n e c o mpartment in t o the

next o ver the s eparating walls ; the vel o city being decrea s ed by
,

the greater cr o s s s ecti o nal area o f the bas in T he o bj ect o f the

-
.

o verfl o w walls is t o ski m the upper part o f water in the bas in t o ,

decrease the vel o city m o re un ifo rmly and t o gi ve a better chan ce

,

fo r the material t o depo s it T h e length o f the o verfl o w walls may

.

be increased b y placing them o n a S l o ping angle t o the di recti o n o f

fl o w instead Of at right angles T he fl o o r o f each c o mpartment
.

i s usually sl o ped d o wnward t o ward the o utlet gate t o facili tate

the sluic i ng o ut o f the material T he o utlet gate may be left
.

Open o r partly o pen during the peri o d that the water carries the
m o s t s edi ment in wh i ch ca s e i t acts a s a sand trap o r it may
, ,

be Operated o nly i ntermi ttently The area o f o pening o f s luice

.

g ate s may b e made large en o ugh t o act a s a wasteway fo r the e n

1 98 I RR IGA T I ON S TR UC T U RE S
 PL A T E IX .

t h A m i t y C a al A rka a
FI G A — Sa d t rap d w a t gat
. . n an s e es on e n Th e ns s
Vall y Su gar B t I rrigat d L a d C C l
.

e ee e n O . o o .
,

FI G . B —
.
Sa n d gat es an d w a s te way s t r u ct u r e .
U mat illa P r j ct
o e O re
p
.
,

( F a ci n g a ge 1 9 8)
 PL A T E IX .

FI G . C —
. S an d b o x wat r
o n n ew e su pply i t ak e p ip e l i
n ne Of Den vrU i
e n on
Wat r C
e O .
,
D en ve r C o l o
,
.

FI G . D.
—S an d b ox wa te r s upply i t ake p ip l i
on n e w n e ne of De n ver Uni on
Wa t r C De ve r C l
e o,. n ,
o o .
 2 00 I RR I GA T I O N S TR U C T UR E S

S an d - tra p S lu ice w ay on L e a s b ur g Can a l , Ri o G r an d e Pr oj

N e w M e xi co i — hi structure
the same type i s
e ct , ( g
F 7 9 )
. T s o f
as that descr i bed o n the A mi ty C anal , C o l o rad o
It i s l o cated .

feet bel o w the headwo rks o n the main canal o f the R io

G rande pr o j ect wh i ch diverts water fr o m the R io G rande R iver
, .

T h e s tructure c o nsist s o f f o ur channels o r sand duct s separated ,

by ribs o r partiti o n s f o rmed between the t w o fl o o rs ; each is regu

lated by a gate placed between the i nlet and o utlet ends o f the
duct T h e l o wer fl o o r i s near the level o f the b e d o f the canal
.

B at te r

E a rt h
Sca l e of Fee t
1 0 6 10

X U ]!

S e c t i on a l El vati on
e A -B
FI G . 79 .
— S an d trap l u ic way L a b u rg C a al
s e on e s n .

R io G ra d P r j t N M
n e o ec ,
. .

on the ups tream si d e and the upper fl o o r is ab o ut flu s h wi th

the bed o f the canal o n the d o wn s tream s id e Th e d i fference in .

e levati o n i s ab o ut 3 feet .

T h e inlets t o the s and duct s are placed acr o s s the bed o f the canal
t o catch the c o arser material carried near the b o tt o m o f the canal .

T h e ups tream parts o f the s and duct s fr o m the inlet t o the gate
are curved thr o ugh an angle o f 90 t o deliver the W ater thr o ugh °

the canal bank T h e inlets t o the sand ducts are pr o tected against
.

the entrance o f large material which might cause o b s tructi o n by

, ,
 — XE S
S A N D GA TE S S A N D B O 20 1

grat i ng bars placed o n a s l o pe o f ab o ut 4 5 s paced 7 inche s °

center t o center with a clear width o f 6 i nches .

S a n d Tr ap o n N a ch e s Po w e r Ca nal Wa s hi ngt on ( Fig 80) ,

.

T his structure is used o n a p o wer canal t o catch and rem o ve the

heavier material carrie d by the water al o ng the b o tt o m o f the
canal Th e canal is c o n crete l i ned T h e trap is fo rmed in the
.
-
.

fl o o r o f the canal by a gradual depressi o n i n the fl o o r of 1 8 i nches

in a di s tan c e o f 20 feet which dire c ts the mater i al int o f o ur nar
,

r o w rectangular o penings which are the inlets t o f o ur s and ducts

,
.

B er m

S ec t io n A A
FI G . 80 .
— S an d t rap . Nach es Power C a al Wa h n ,
s .

T hese Openings are 4 inches high and 2 feet 6 i nches wide ; the
t o p edge o f these Opening s is 1 4 i nche s bel o w canal grade The .

sand ducts are made o f 1 2 inch vitrified pipes c o nn ected t o the

-
,

o pen i ngs by inlet secti o ns 4 feet l o ng changing i n cr o ss secti o n ,

fr o m the dimens i o ns given ab o ve fo r the o pening at the i nlet t o 1 2

i n c hes by 1 5 i nches at the j unct io n —
T e f o ur 1 2 i nch p i pes are
h .

extended acr o s s the canal t o di s charge i nt o a well o r b o x fr o m ,

which the water i s let o u t thr o ugh a gate int o a 2 4— inch vitrified
pipe T h e o utlet o f each 1 2 inch pipe is regulated by a gate ; the
.
-

o nly a pparent need fo r this i s t o c o nfine the sluicing a ct i o n t o

three o r les s o f the s and duct s .

S ETTLI N G BA S I N TYPE OF S TRU CTU RE

Umati lla S an d G at e s a n d Wa s t e way , O r e g o n ( Fig 8 1 , and .

Plate IX , Fig B ) — T h e settling ba s in is f o rmed b y the canal

. .
2 02 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

secti o n feet i n length extending fr o m the headgates o f the

,

c anal system t o the reg ulating we ir and gates acr o ss the ma i n

canal wh i ch fo rms o n e stru cture

,
wi th the sand gates at ri ght
angles t o i t o n the upstream side . T h e crest o f the regulat i ng
 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T UR E S

S e ttlin g B a s in , S lui c e way an d S a n d G a te on Lo wer Ye ll o ws ton e

P j
ro e c t , M on tan a , North D ako ta ( Fig . 82 ) —T his structure co n

FI G . 82.
— S t an d ard s et t li g ba i
n s n s u l iceway a d gat n es . Lo w r Y ll w
e e o s tone
Pr j
o e ct , M t N D
on .
-
. .

sists o f a s h o rt settling ba s in fo rmed b y a depre s s i o n in the fl o o r

, ,

and o f sluicegates T h e o pe n ings are bel o w the n o rmal bed o f the

.
 S A N D GA TE S — S AND BO XE S 205

c anal and are of suffic i ent s i ze t o di scharge the ent i re flo w o f the

canal wi th the water level o n the upstream side o f the gate o nly
,

a sh o rt di s tance ab o ve the t o p o f the gate o peni ng leav i ng o nly ,

a small depth o f water i n the canal d o wnstream Th e structure .

i s then pra ctically a wasteway as well as a sand b o x and

slui ceway O n acc o unt o f the sh o rt length o f the basin fo rmed by
.

the depressi o n o nly t h e c o ar s er material r o lled al o ng the b o tt o m

o f the canal w o uld be caught o r settled in the basin With the .

gates fully o pened the dr o p i n water level at th e gates will extend

,

fo r a c o ns i derable distan ce upstream and pr o duce a h i gher v e lo c

i ty whi ch will pr o duce er o si o n n o t o nly o f the material dep o sited
,

in the bas i n but als o t o s o me extent i n the upstream canal which ,

i f made suffi ci ently large t o gi ve a lo w vel o city and cause settle

ment may be co ns i dered a s part o f the settl i ng basi n .

C O M B I N ATI O N S ETTL I N G S A N D B O X A ND S A N D TRAP TYPE

S a n d B ox of th e H e me t La n d
Wa te r Co (Fi g . .
— This
b o x i s built at the j unct i o n o f a c o ncrete lined canal and a w o o den -

pipe T h e b o x i s divi ded by part i ti o n walls int o thre e settling

.

wi t h G a t e

6 Pp i e

wi t h G at e
FI G . 83 .
-
Sa n d- box . Hm
e et L a n d an d Wat r
e CO .
, C alif .

ba s ins Th e water i s carried t o the b o x in the c o n crete li ned

.
-

canal and is diverted int o the first c o mpartment by the inserti o n

o f fl a s h b o a r d s acr o ss the canal It pa s ses in turn i nt o the o ther
.

c o mpartments fl o ws o ver the measuring weir and enters the pi pe

, .

B y rem o vi ng the fl a s h b o a r d s acr o ss the canal and cl o sing the

entrance t o the s ettling basin s the water will pass int o the pipe ,

directly Thi s may be necessary i n case o f o bstruc ti o n o f the

.

sluice Open i ngs and pipes .

2 06 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T UR E S

S an d Box, D en v e r Un i on Wa t e r
and CO .
, Co lor a d o ( Fi g . 84
,
.
—
Plate IX Figs C and D ) T his structure f o rms part o f the.

w o rks o f the new water supply intake o f the D enver U ni o n

Water C o Th e w o rks c o nsist o f the divers i o n dam and head
.

w o rks o n the S o uth Platte R i ver a diversi o n tunnel 70 feet l o ng

, ,

thr o ugh the ledge bel o w the i ntake chamber at the headw o rks ,

co ntinued with 2 2 5 feet o f 6 0 — inch w o o den s tave pipe incased ,

i n a 6 i n ch shell o f re i nf o r ced c o ncrete d o wn t o the sand b o x

-
, .

FIG . 84 .
— Plan o f n ew h ad w rk
e o fo r D e n
s v r Wat r S u pply
e e .
( Eng Rec ,
.
,

O c t 1 9,
.

Th e water is taken o ut o f the b o x and c o nveyed a 60 i nch in -

wo o den stave pipe Th e sand b o x b uilt o f re i nf o rced c o ncre te

.
, ,

i s trapez o idal in plan with o ut s ide dimens i o ns ab o ut as f o ll o ws

,

68 feet o n l o ngest side 4 3 feet 6 inches o n sh o rtest s i de and 40

, ,

feet wide T h e inside depth is 1 2 feet The walls are 1 2 i nches

. .

th i ck o n t o p and have a batter o f 1 2 inches on the insi de T he

,
.

flo o r is 2 feet thick rein fo rced t o p and b o tt o m The wall o f the

,
.

b o x near the river bank h as a cut o ff wall extending 6 feet t o -

prevent backwa s h fro m the sl ui cing o ut Operati o n T h e b o x -

.

is di vided i nt o three c o mpartment s by diag o nal baffle o r o verpo ur

di vi si o n wa lls placed at 4 5 t o the l o ngitudinal axi s o f the b o x
,
°
.

T hese walls are 1 6 inches w i de o n t o p battered o n b o th sides t o ,

 C H A PT E R V I

CR O SS I N G S WI T H DR AI NA GE C HA NNELS
O b j e ct of a n d Typ e s — C r o s s i ngs
. are requi red wherever it is
nece s sary t o c o nstruct a canal acr o ss a drainage channel T hey .

will be m o s t freq uent o n canals l o cated acr o s s the drainage sl o pes ,

such as on diver s i o n canal s c o n s tructed al o ng steep s ide hills

and o n main canals l o cated al o ng the f o o thills Th e natural .

drai nage channels will usually be well marked depressi o ns and -

may var y fr o m small gullies and creeks t o wide deep depressi o ns

o r streams o f c o n s iderable size In flat c o untry o r al o ng side
.

hills o f gentle and unifo rm s l o pe the need fo r cr o ssings may n o t

be i ndicated b y well marked depressi o ns but may nevertheles s
-

exi s t in which case the t o p o graphy o f the land ab o ve the canal

,

must be s tudied and a cr o s sing l o cated at the p o int m o s t favo rable

fo r the c o llecti o n o f the run o ff water -
D rainage cr o s s ings w ill
.

n o t usuall y be necessary o n the main lateral s o f the distributi o n

s y s tem as these wi ll generally be o n the ridges

,
D rainage cr o ss .

ings are made by the f o l lo wi ng meth o d s

Fi r s t — B y an intercepting artificial channel c o n s tructed u p
hill fr o m the i rrigati o n canal t o c o llect run O ff water fr o m min o r
,
-

channels and d ivert it t o a main o r c o llecting channel .

S eco n d — B y pa s s ing the i rrigati o n water o ver the d ra i nage

.

channel u s ually by means o f an elevated fl ume a n d in s o me c a ses

, ,

o f l o ng inverted s iph o n s by carry ing the l o wer part o f the pipe

line o n piers o r a bridge ab o ve the waterway o f the drainage

ch a n n eL

Thi r d — By
. pa s s ing the i rri gati o n water un d er the drainage
channel by mean s o f an i nverted S iph o n .

F ou r th — B y pas s ing the drainage water un d er the canal bed by

.

means o f a culvert o r inverted s iph o n .

Fifth — B y pas s ing the d rainage water o ver the canal b y means
o f a flume called an o v e r c h u t e .

S i xth — B y pas s i ng the d rainage water i nt o the canal and in s o me

c ases thr o ugh the canal by a s tructure called a level cro s s ing .

T h e selecti o n o f the meth o d o f cro s s ing and type o f structure

2 08
 CR O S S I N GS WI TH D RA I N A GE CH A N N EL S 209

w ill depend o n the relative elevati o n and p o s i ti o ns o f the canal

and the dra i nage channel the v o lumes o f drainage and canal ,

water the uncertai nties a ffecting fl o o d fl o w the e ffect s o n the

, ,

s afety and the o perati o n o f the system e co n o mi c c o n s i dera ,

ti o n s and o ther fact o rs .

—
Int e r c eptin g Ch an n e l an d Dive r s ion W o rk s T h i s type o f .

w o rks i s u s ed o nly o ccas i o nally In its S implest f o rm i t may be

~

used t o pr o te ct a canal o n a side hill fr o m the surface run o ff -

,

draining fr o m the uphill Sl o pe i n which case i t will c o ns is t o f an ,

i ntercepting ditch placed uphill fr o m the canal and transverse t o

the sl o pe and discharging the c o llected water at i nterval s thr o ugh
,

a culvert o r i n an o v er ch u t e acro ss t h e canal Th e o nly i nstance .

U s e t h i s S e ct i on
W h e r e t h e N at u r e
an d L a y o f t h e G r o u n d
wi ll P e r mi t

FI G . 85 — Co n c ret e
. li n ed c a al with i t rc p t i g d rai ag
n n e e n n e d t i ch . Na h
c es
,

P w r CO Wa h
o e .
,
s .

the writer kn o ws o f the u s e o f th i s type o f w o rks i s fo r the p r o .

t e ct io n o f c o ncrete lined canal s o n the f o ll o wing pr o j ects : T h e

-

p o wer canal o f the N aches Po wer C o i n Wa s hingt o n as S h o wn i n .

,

Fi g 85 ; the m a in d i ver s i o n canal o f the T iet o n C anal in Wa s hing

.

t o n and that o f the K aml o o ps F ru i tlands Irrigati o n

,
Po wer C o .

i n B r i ti s h C o lumb i a O n th i s latter system the i ntercepting ditch

.

with frequent o v er ch u t es wa s f o und necessary al o ng th o s e s e c

ti o ns o f the main canal in S idehill land sl o ping o n a c o mparat i vely
gentle and unif o rm S l o pe t o ward the canal where c o n s i derable ,

run o ff in the s pring m o nths re s ulted fr o m the rap i d melting o f the

-

sn o w by the acti o n o f warm rains o r earl y warm weather and

winds A t a few such places where n o pr o visi o n had been made
.

t o intercept the run o ff a few c o ncrete slabs o f the uphill side

-
,

Sl o pe lining were pu s hed in by the pre s sure o f the water behin d

the lining and i n s o me places the canal was filled t o o verfl o w
,
.

T hi s t y pe o f w o rk s may al s o be fea s ible where t w o o r m o re

drainage channels cl o s e t o gether can be c o nnecte d by an inter
14
210 I RR I GA TI O N S TR UC T URE S

c e p t in g di t c h cr o ss di tch o n the uphill s i de o f the canal t o d i

or

vert the fl o w fr o m these channel s int o that o f the mai n cha n nels
and u s e a s i ngle cr o s s i ng But in many cas e s o n acc o unt o f the
.
,

s ubstant i al d i versi o n w o r ks requi red especially fo r larger chan

,

nels separate cr o ssings fo r ea ch channel w ill usually be m o re

,

e co n o m i c a l .

Plume s t o Car ry Irrigati on W at e r over th e Dr aina ge Ch ann e l .

—T h i s type o f w o rk s is used when the bed o f the irrigat i o n canal

i s at a s ufficient elevati o n ab o ve the bed o f the drainage channel
t o give a waterway under the fl u me amply large en o ugh t o carry
the max i mum fl o o d flo w Of the channel Flume s are exten s ively .

used t o cr o s s drainage channels and d epre s s i o n s In man y cas es .

the fl o o d waterway will be o nly a c o mparat ively small channel at

the deeper part o f the depressi o n Where there i s any d o ubt .

regarding the adequacy o f the fl o o d waterway under the strue

t u re such as wi th c o mparat i vely S h o rt flu mes elevated at small
, ,

he i ghts ab o ve the s tream bed careful co nsiderat i o n o f maxi mum

,

fl o o d fl o ws i s ne ce s sary Where a deep w i de i mp o rtant stream i s

.
, ,

t o be cr o ssed the fl u me may in many c a s es be carr i ed acr o ss m o re

,

e co n o mi cally o n a tru s s b ridge than o n trestle T h e same type .

o f w o rks and c o n s i derati o ns will apply t o the l o wer part o f an i n

verted s i ph o n p i pe line carried o n trestle o r o n a truss br i dge

,

acr o ss the channel o r s tream .

T h e u s e and design o f fl u me s h as been d i scu s sed i n Vo l II .

,

C hapter IX .

In v e r te d S iph o n s t o Carry Irriga ti on W a t er un d e r Drain a ge

Ch an n e l s — T hi s type o f structure is preferable fo r the f o ll o w i ng
c o nditi o ns :

F i rs t — When the elevat i o n o f the canal bed is n o t at an eleva

ti o n s uffic i ently ab o ve the bed o f the drainage channel t o per mit
the u s e o f a fl u me cr o s sing wi th the necessary fl o o d area o f
waterway under the fl u me .

S ec o n d .
— When the v o lume o f fl o o d waters i n the drainage
channel is greater than the v o lume o f water carri ed by the canal .

O n acc o unt o f the uncertaintie s o n which the e s t i mate s o f the

v o lume o f fl o o d waters must be bas ed it is the s afe s t and the mo st
,

de s irable t y pe o f cro s s ing where the c o nditi o n s s tated ab o ve exist .

T h e inverted s iph o n may c o nsi s t o f a S h o rt c o nduit depre s s ed b e

lo w the bed O f the drai n age channel under c o mparat i vely little,

hydr o s tat i c pres s ure wi th sui table inlet and o utlet stru cture ;
,

or be a l o ng p ip e TIin e siph o n under c o ns i derable hydro

,
21 2 I RR I GA T I O N S TR UC T U RE S

co nd uit under lo w h y dro s tatic pre s s ure are es sent i ally the same
as th o s e u s ed fo r r o adway c r o ssings discus s ed and illu s trated
,

wi th examples in C hapter XI Fig 86 S h o ws a simple t y pe o f

. .

i nverted s iph o n co rrugated p i pe culvert used by the S acrament o

V alley Irrigati o n C O .C ali f o rni a for cr o s s ing o f lateral s wi t h
, ,

shall o w drai ns T h e lateral fl o w is c arried under the drain and

.

the inlet s tru cture may be m o dified fo r u s e as a check gate with ,

the ad d it i o n o f a w o o den gate placed at the entrance Fo r check .

gate purp o s es an o verp o ur fl a s h b o ar d gate w o uld be preferable

t o the under s h o t gate .

C u lv e rt o r S h o rt I n v e rt e d S iph o n s fo r Carryi n g Dra in a ge

Wa t e r un d er Irri g atio n Can a ls — T hi s type o f structure is u s ually
e co n o mi cally fea s ible o nl y fo r drainage channels wh o se max i mum
fl o o d fl o w i s relatively small and n o t larger than the flo w o f the
c anal .A s c o mpared with an inverted S iph o n carrying the irri
g a t i o n water under the drainage channel the uncertaintie s o f fl o o d
,

fl o ws and the added safety o btained by n o t changing the fl o o d

fl o w channel will j u s tify a greater c o s t fo r a str ucture taking the
i rr i gat io n water wh o se fl o w i s kno wn under the drainage chan
, ,

nel T h e culvert f o rm is used when the elevati o n Of the drainage

.

c hannel i s sufficiently bel o w the bed o f the canal t o Obtain the

required waterway cr o s s s ecti o nal area with o ut depre s s ing the

-

c o ndu i t bel o w the bed o f the channel T h e inverted s i ph o n f o rm

.

di ff ers fr o m the culvert fo rm in the p o siti o n Of th i s c o nduit T h e .

design o f the culvert o r i nverted siph o n is essentially the same as

that u s ed fo r r o adway cr o ssings ( C hapter XI ) T he c o n d uit .

must be placed s u fficiently lo w t o have the entire cr o s s secti o nal -

area at lea s t bel o w the usual fl o o d fl o w water level in the dra i nage
channel o r depres s i o n and preferably l o wer than the average level
o f the adj acent land ; this i s imp o rtant fo r if the c o ndu i t i s placed
,

t oo high i t wi ll cau s e backi ng u p o f the water o n the upstream

s i de whi ch may re s ult in the fl o o d ing o f land ab o ve T h e b y
,
.

drauli o c o mputati o n s inv o lve a careful study o f all avai lable data
t o est imate the maximum fl o o d fl o ws which may be expected .

T h e determinati o n o f the required cr o s s s ecti o nal ar ea may be

-

made o n the a s s umpti o n that fo r extra o r d inary fl o o d s t h e water

level at the inlet will be rai s ed wi thin a s h o rt di s tance o f the t o p o f
the canal bank Pro tecti o n o f the o utlet is neces sary where a
.

high o utlet vel o city will be o btained T h e o utlet vel o city can be
.

reduced t o a s afe value if the c o n d uit is placed su fficiently lo w t o

fo rm the o utlet a s a bas in depre s sed bel o w the natural gro und s u r
 CR O S S I NGS WI TH D RA I N A GE CH A NN EL S 213

face wi th taperi ng wings With a pr o perly de s igned o utlet the

.

vel o city thr o ugh the c o nduit o f the culvert may be as high as 1 5
t o 2 0 feet per sec o nd T h e i nlet must be des i gned t o give a
.

str o ng c o nnecti o n with the canal bank T h e liabil i ty o f o b .

stru ct i o n by large d eb ris carried by fl o o d fl o ws mu s t be co n

s i d ere d i n determining the size o f the Openings o f the co nduit ,

and may pr o hibit thi s type o f s tructure .

A simple pipe culvert in wh i ch the pipe entrance i s depre s sed

bel o w the natural gro und surface i s i llu s trated by the type o f
stru cture used t o carry small drainage fl o w under the D o d s o n

8 Gr outed Pa ving

I 1 2 C to 0
k E 3

El ev t i f I l t E n d O tl t E d
1
a on o n e El e v a t io n o f u e n

FI G . 87 — Pip e d ra in ag e c u lv e r t un de r D dso on N rt h C a al Milk Riv r

o n . e
Pr j o e ct , M t
on .

N o rth C anal the M i lk R iver pr o j ect M o ntana ( Fig

of ,
.

T h e c o n duit is 2 4 o r 3 0 inch c o ncrete o r v i trified pipe and the

-
,

i nlet is o f gr o uted pav i ng f o rm ed int o a funnel S haped entrance -

.

A n i nteresting type o f large s i ze b o x culvert c o mbined w i th a

-
,

S lu i ceway or wasteway o utlet fr o m the canal i s sh o wn by the ,

structure used at D ry S heep C reek o n the Interstate C anal o f

the N o rth Platte pr o j e ct N ebraska ( Fig 88 and Plate X F i gs ,
‘

,
.
,

A and B ) Th e culvert i s de s igned fo r a maximum drainage

.

flow of sec o nd feet ; i t i s built in fo ur rectangular c o mpart

-

ments and i s depressed bel ow the natural gr o und surface T h e

, .

i nlet has a special co n i cal funnel s hape fo rmed o f a ring o r weir ,

wall al o ng t h e edge with i nner warped surfaces T h e o utlet

,
.

f o rm s a gradually expanding s ecti o n lined with c o ncrete 6 inches

t hi c k fo r 80 feet d o wnstream T h e wa s teway o ut let fr o m the
.

c anal discharges t hr o ugh an o pening in the r o o f o f each c o m

p a r t men t and serves the purp o se o f o verfl o w S pillway wa s teway ,

and sluiceway T h e canal o utlet i s d ivi d ed by pier s int o fo ur

.

o penings each regulated b y fl a s h b o a r d s placed in gr o o ves f o rmed

,

i n the s i d es o f the piers and by a straight screw li ft ca s t ir o n, ,

-
,
-
214 I RR IGA T I ON S TR UC T URE S

ri bbed rectangular gate placed back Of the fl as h b o a r d s With

, .

the fl as hb o a r d s the d epth o f water in the canal may be regulated

and the surplus fl o w pas s es thr o ugh the under s h o t gate o pening
i nt o the culvert T h e fl a s h b o a r ds may be entirely rem o ved
.
,

and the o utlet can then be used fo r a S lui ceway .

FI G . 88 .
— D ry Sh p C r k culv rt
ee ee e on In t e rs t at e C a al
n . N o rt h Pla t t e
Pr j ect o ,
Neb .

O verch u t e s or Flu me s for Carryin g Dr ai n a ge

W a t e r o ve r
Irri gati on Can a l s .
— T h i s type o f structure requ i re s
that the bed
o f the drainage channel o r depressi o n be ab o ve the full water

supply level o f the canal T hi s co nditi o n will usually be o btained

.

o nl y fo r canals c o n s tructed o n steep s i deh i lls It i s u s ed o nly .

o ccas i o nally and u s ually fo r small v o lumes o f water On a .

few pr o j ects i t has been u s ed t o advantage t o c arry waste water

fr o m small lateral s o ver ma in laterals t o suppl y h i gh land adj acent
t o the ma in laterals wh i ch c o uld n o t be served fr o m the ma i n
,

laterals .

O v e rc h u t es are essent i ally sh o rt fl u mes o ver the canal with s ui t ,

able i nlet and o utlet structures ( Plate X F ig C ) Where a ,

. .

high vel o c i ty at the o utlet t o the flu me is pr o duced by the steep

grade o r fall at the o utlet the fl ume may be a chute w i th the o u t
,

let fo rmed as a st illing basi n o r may be pr o tec ted wi th riprap , ,

pavi ng o r c o ncrete lining A reinf o rce d c o ncrete o v e r c hu t e t o

, .

c arry Pry o r C reek o ver the ma i n canal o f the H untley pro j ect ,

M o ntana is sh o wn i n Fig 89 Pry o r C reek is a t o rrenti al stream

, . .
,

wi th a maxi mum fl o o d fl o w since the c o n s truct i o n o f the fl u me

,
 PL A T E X .

FI G . C .
—St o rm wat r c c r
e on et e flume o v erch u t e Gag C a al
e n .

FI G . D .
-
Le v l cr
e i g
os s n and was t way
e . Uma t illa Pr j ct
o e ,
O re .
 CRO S S I N GS W I TH D RA I N A GE CH A NN EL S 215

in of cubic feet per s ec o n d in A ugust 1 90 9 A de s i gn '

1 9 06 , 990 ,
.

o f w o o d en fl u me o v e r c h u t e t o carr y st o rm water o ver the E a s t

Park Feed C anal o f the O rland pr o j ect i s sh o wn in Fig 9 0 . .

pu g me an s an

—i
>l

L e ve l Cr o s s mgs t o L e t th e D r a in a g e
Wa t e r in th e Ca n a l an d
m
in S o e Ca s e s th r o ugh th e Can a 1 — A level cr o s s ing is f o rmed by
.

all o wing the drainage water i nt o the canal and either carr y ing
i t in the canal o r passing it thr o ugh the canal . T h e f o ll o wing
c o n d iti o ns will c o ntr o l the de s ign o f the cr o ssing
21 6 I RR I GA T I O N S TR UC T UR E S

1 . drainage water o ccur s d uri ng the irrigati o n peri o d and

Th e
at a time when there is a d eficiency in the available water supply .

In thi s c a Se the drainage water is valuable in s upplementing the

deficiency and at leas t part o f the drainage water can be carrie d
,

i n the canal and the exces s wa s ted thr o ugh the canal either at a
p o int directly o pp o s ite the i nlet o r at s o me wa s teway belo w if ,

the carry i ng capacity o f the canal d o wn t o that wasteway is

s u fli c ie n t .

Q u a n t i t i es i n O n e F l u me

Rd d b 25 C Y
E x c a va t i o n . .

Lum 1 44 0 E M .
'
e wo o er
B
.

att e n s 51 6 L in Ft . .

P L u rn b e r
'
O . . 1 1 22

m ax. Q 50 8 F .
. .

Elev a t ion

S ec ti on A A - S e c t i on B -B

FI G . 90 .
—Ov e rch u t e w o od en fl ume on Ea s t Park Fe e d C a al
n . O rla n d
Pr j o ect , C al f i .

2 . T h e d ra i nage
water o ccurs during the n o n irri gat ing peri o d -
,

a n d i s n o t in exce s s o f the carr y ing capacit y o f the canal

'
Ih .

thi s ca s e i t ma y be carr i ed in the canal t o the nearest was teway ,

o r ma y be pa s s ed thr o ugh the canal .

3 T h e drainage water is far i n exce s s o f the carry ing capac i ty

.

o f the canal o r o ccur s i n exce s s i ve quantities at a time when the

,

canal may be o perated at full capacit y In th i s cas e the drain age .

water must be pa s s ed thr o ugh the canal .

A level cr o s sing in its s i mple s t f o rm may be a bas i n o r reserv o ir ,

f o rmed by damming the drainage channel o r depre s s i o n int o ,

which the canal water enters and mingles with the drainage water ,

and fro m which the c o mbined supply is taken o u t T he bas in .

ma y be a small depres s i o n in whi ch the water backs u p o nly a ,

sh o rt distance u p the channel s uch as when f o rmed by u s ing t h e ,

single d o wnhill bank o f the canal fo r the damming o f the channel ;

218 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

the level cr o ss i ng u s ed o n the U matilla pr o j ect ( Fig 9 1 and Plate

.

X Fi g D ) In th i s structure the fl o o r and side S l o pes a re all

, . .

pr o tected w i th c o ncrete l i ni ng wi th cut o ff t o e walls al o ng the

,
-

edge s where neces s ary t o gu ard aga i n s t undermi ning Th e de .

pressed ba s in is f o rmed between t wo ra i s ed sill s i n the flo o r o f the

c anal and o f s ufficient depth t o gi ve a di s charge capacity thr o ugh
,

o utlet gates i n the bank o f the can al o f 300 sec o nd feet when t h e
-
,
 CR O S S I N GS WI TH D RA I N A GE CH A N N E L S 219

water level i n the basin is level with the crest o f these s ills Thi s .

permits the discharge o f this v o lume o f fl o o d fl o w thr o ugh the

canal during the peri o d when the canal carrie s n o irr i gati o n water
, ,

with o ut any fl o o d water pa s s ing d o wn s tream int o the canal .

Th e o nly purp o se apparently o f the n o tch in the upstream ra i sed

s i ll is t o drain o ut o f the canal the water held back by the S ill If .

i t were nece s sary t o Operate the canal with a small fl o w fo r

d o me s tic water a s i milar n o t c h w o uld be de s i rable in the d o wn
stream raised sill Th e o utlet thr o ugh the canal bank may al s o
.

be u s ed fo r wa s teway t o di s charge the entire full suppl y canal

c apacity o f 3 00 se c o nd feet fo r which purp o s e the upstream rai s ed
-
,

S ill will then prevent the exce s s ive drawd o wn o f the water level

Ch l
N

5 an n e

1 Sha t f

FI G . 92 .
— Au t o mat i c es c ap e fo r d rai ag
n r i g
e c os s n . S pri gd al
n e i h
D tc CO .
,

C l
o o .

i n the canal ab o ve Th e drain under the fl o o r o f the canal will

.

discharge smaller fl o w s in the dra i nage channel .

T h e s ame f o rm o f s tructure h a s been d esigned fo r a n u mber o f

level cr o s s ings and wa s tewa y s o n the M ilk R iver pr o j ect M o n ,

tana with i n s o me ca s es aut o mati c balanced gates in the o u tlet

,

o pening s thr o ugh the canal bank o f the t y pe previ o usly describ ed
,

in the d i s cu s s i o n o f sluiceways and wa s teways .

A n intere s ting t y pe o f aut o mati c escape fo r a drainage cr o s s ing

in s talled fo r the S pringdale D itch Co o f Co l o rad o is s h o wn .
-

in Fig 92 Th e structure is i nstalled at the j uncti o n o f S pring

. .
2 20 I R R I GA TI ON S TR U GT URE S

‘
d a le d it ch , wh se capacity
o se nd feet wi th Pawnee Creek
is 75 co -
, .

which i s o rdi narily dry but is s ubj ect t o sudden peri o dic fl o o d s .

A s S h o wn in the sketch the creek channel is u s e d fo r a s h o rt di s

,

tance t o c o nvey the ditch water Th e structure h as s i x aut o .

mati c fl o o dgates and t w o s lui cegate s E ach fl o o d ga t e made o f .

,

-
inch steel plate sti ffened with angles placed diag o nally and
,

al o ng the edges i s hung at the t o p t o a 1 i nch s haft and whe n

,
-

relea s ed s wings o ut Th e gate i s held i n place by a 5 i nch chan

.
-

nel placed o n the d o wnstream side wh o se l o wer end is c o nnect ed

, ,

with a p i vo t j o int t o an anch o r bel o w the Sill o f the gate and wh o s e

upper end engages w i th a catch o r tripping devi ce A b o ut V3 .

o f the ent i re water pre s s ure o n the gate i s t r an s mitted t o the

s haft o n which the gate is hung and ab o ut 3 is trans 2

,

mi t t e d t o the l o wer part o f the channel very near i t s p i vo ting

p o i nt ; be c ause O f the large leverage thus o btained o nly a co m ,

p a r a t i v e ly s mall f o rce i s exerted a t the tripping c o nnect i o n with

the upper end o f the channel T h e tripping device can therefo re
.

be released by a small o perat i ng fo rce F o r o n e o f the s i x gates .

the tr i pping devi ce is c o nnected t o a w o o den fl o at o n the upstream

Si de while fo r the o ther s t h e t r ip p in g devi ces are all c o nne cted t o
,
’

a lo g fl o at o n the d o wnstream side .

S i mple f o rms o f i nlet fo r small v o lumes o f dra i nage waters

w hi ch may be dischar ged int o the canal and n o t carried thr o ugh
the canal c o nsi s t o f a s hall o w cut ma d e in the uphill bank p r o ,

t e ct e d w i th c o ncrete l i n ing o r r o ck pavi ng extending d o wn the

'

o verp o ur c anal S l o pe o ver the canal fl o o r and up th e Opp o s i te

,

c anal S l o pe . Fig 93 s h o w s th i s f o rm o f i nlet u s ed o n the L o wer

.

Yell o w s t o ne pr o j e ct M o ntana Th e i nlet may be made with a

,
.

p i pe thr o ugh the up s tream canal bank but thi s f o r m 1 s n o t us ,

ua lly des irable becau s e o f the liabi lity o f o bstructi o n by d eb ri s .

Co mp ar a ti ve M e ri t s o f th e D ifi e r e n t Typ e s of Cr o s s in g s — A .

c o mpar i s o n o f the d i ff erent t y pe s o f drainage cr o s s ing s t o deter

mi ne the type t o be u s ed mu s t depend o n the c o nsi d erati o n s

‘

s tated ab o ve a n d o n a c o s t co mpari s o n .

T h e f o urth fifth and s ixth type s which require that the drain
,

age fl o w be carried either under o ver o r thr o ugh the i rrigati o n , ,

c anal in channe ls o f a limited S ize have the disa d vantage that

except fo r very mi n o r drainage fl o w s the safety o f the s tructure

depe nds o n the vo lumes o f maximum fl o o d fl o w s the e s t imate o f ,

whi ch i s based o n a n u mber o f uncertainties T he us e o f level .

o r inlet cr o s s i ngs fo r the additi o n o f drainage water t o the irri

 C H A PT E R V I I

DR O PS AND C HUTE S I N CANAL S

A dro p i s a structure designed t o di scharge the water i n the
canal fr o m o n e level t o a l o wer level by a vertical dr o p U sually
.

the dr o p is f o rmed o f : the breast wall acr o ss the canal ; the inlet
wi ngs an d fl o o r o n the upstream s id e; the t wo s i de walls o n the
d o wnstream si d e ; the fl o o r and water c us h i o n at the t o e o f t h e
,

brea s t wall t o rece i ve the falling water ; the o utlet w ings and the
o utlet fl o o r.

A chute i s an i nclined dr o p f o rmed by an o pen c anal placed

o n a s teep grade and lined with c o ncrete w o o d o r sheet steel s o
, ,

as t o resis t high vel o cities o r by a pipe co nnecting the upper

,

level t o the l o wer level .

T hese structures are used where i t is necessary t o adj ust a c anal

t o the t o p o graphy o r where a natural dr o p o ccurs in the surface
,

o f the gr o und o n the l i ne o f the c anal or where an excess i n grade

,

mu s t be taken up .

Th e grade t o be gi ven t o a canal wi ll depend o n the l o cat i o n o f

the canal the vel o city whi ch the material will stand with o ut e ro
,

si o n and the f o rm o f the cr o s s s ecti o n Where a canal is l o cated

,
.

o n a ridge i t i s des i rable i f p o s sible t o select fo r the grade o f the

canal a grade equal t o that o f the ridge ; i f that grade is flat the
u s e o f a c o mparatively deep cr o ss secti o n may be neces s ary t o

Obta in as high vel o c i ty as p o ssible ; if that grade i s steep the u s e o f

a shall o w and wi d e cr o s s secti o n may pr o duce a vel o city wh i ch is
n o t exce s s ive ; but the extent o which the vel o city can be regu
t
lated by changing the f o rm o f the cr o s s secti o n is n o t very great .

T h e u s e o f a flatter canal grade than the s urface grade o n the

line o f the ridge requires that the exce s s in grade be taken up
at certa in p o int s o n t h e canal by the inserti o n o f falls o r chutes .

D i rectly bel o w a dr o p the canal will be deep i n cut ; fr o m thi s

po int d o wn s tream the depth o f cut decrease s and the canal bed
if c o ntinued w o uld have t o be carried in embankment ; a s ec o nd
dr o p sh o uld be i n s erted bef o re thi s p o int is reached o n acc o unt o f
the dangers o f breaks where the canal is all in embankment .

222
 PL A T E X I .

FI G A 4 ri f dr p
e es C ma h C a al i hard pa f rmat i
o o s on o nc e n n n o on
A rka a Vall y S gar B t I rrigat d L a d C C l
. . .

ns s e u ee e n s O .
,
o o .

FI G B S ri
-
f dr p
e es C ma h C a al l k i g
o o s on o nc e n oo n d o wn s t r am
e

Arka a Vall y Su gar B t I rrigat d L a d C

. . .

ns s e ee e n s O C l o o.
p
.
,

( F a ci n g a ge 22
 FI G . C .
—S mall wo o d en d ro p . T ruck e e C ars o P ro j ect
-
n ,
N ev .

FI G . D .
— Rein fo rc e d C cr
on e te D ro p . O akley P ro j ect Idah
,
o.
2 24 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

Le t d mi n i mum depth o f cut o f canal o r cut o n upstream

side o f dr o p i n feet .

b b o tt o m w i dth o f canal in feet .

n 1 side sl o pes o f c anal .

A average ar ea of can al cr o s s s ecti o n in cut in square

'

feet .

h he i ght o f o n e dr o p i n feet .

l t o tal length o f canal co ns idered i n fe et .

H t o tal excess fall in length l in feet .

V t o tal v o lume o f excavati o n in cubic feet .

CH c o st o f th o s e elements o f a dr o p which are c o mm o n

t o dr o ps o f any height su ch as part o f the co st o f
,

the wings side wall s fl o o rs etc

, , , .

K a c o nstant depend ing on the type o f dr o p -

.

C 2 c o st o f a single dr o p .

C 3 t o tal c o st Of dr o ps in length l .

C . c o s t o f excavati o n per c ubic f o o t .

C 4 t o tal c o s t o f excavati o n .

t o tal c o s t o f dr o p and excavati o n .

T h e c o st o f a Si ngle dr o p may be expressed by the equati o n

0 2 = Cl Kh

To determi ne the value o f C and K the type o f dr o p must be

1

decided and the c o st o f dr o ps o f vari o us heights estimated .

T hese co s ts wit h t h e c o rresp o nding heights are pl o tted and the

p o i nts o btai ned j o ined appr o ximately by a straight l ine Th e .

intersecti o n o f this line with t he c o st axis w ill gi ve C; and the

S l o pe o f the l ine will gi ve K .

T h e relat io ns between the di ff erent e lements ar e

b n (d + 3
zc . d
( g
)[ ( b n (d

(Cl K h)

C3 + C4 + KH
’
—
2

To o btain v a lue of h which will give minimum t o tal c o st take ,

 DROPS A N D CH U TE S I N CA N A L S 2 25

first der i vat i ve o f C with respect t o h, place the result equal to

zer o and o btai n
?
( w+
9 11 2
it
Pr in cipl e s of D e s ign —T h e
e ffects o f a d r o p o n the fl o w o f
.

water in the c anal and the dynamic f o rces which must be specially
c o nsidered i n the d es 1 gn are the f o ll o wing :

Fi r s t .Th e e ffe ct o n the vel o c i ty o f fl o w o n the u ps tream si d e

-

o f the dr o p .

S eco n d — Effe ct o f f o rce o f impact pr o d uce d by the water fall

.

at the f o o t o f the dr o p .

Thi r d E r o s i ve effect o f edd i es and i rregular current s p r o

.
-

d u c e d at the o utlet t o the dr o p fl o o r o r water cushi o n .

F i rs t — Effe ct O f D r o p o n Ve lo city of Flo w o n th e Up s tre a m

S id e o f t h e D r op — When the water pa s ses o ver a weir wall o r
.

o ver the ra i sed crest o f the breast wall o f a dr o p beginning at a ,

sh o rt d istance up s tream fr o m the crest o f the fall the water s ur ,

fa ce begins t o dr o p d o wn s o that the depth o f water directly at

,

the crest may have a minimum value o f o nly 3 O f the full depth
2 /

Obtai ne d ab o ve T his l o cal acti o n i ncreases the vel o cit y but it

.
,

extends o nly a few feet upstream o f the breast wall ; it cann o t be

prevented and i f the increase in vel o city c o rresp o n d ing t o the de
,

c rease i n depth pr o du c es a vel o cit y which i s t o o high the bed o f ,

the c anal may have t o be pr o tected against er o si o n by a s h o rt

fl o o r o n the upstream side With o ut thi s fl o o r a s hall o w c avity
.
,

may be washed o u t o n the upstream S ide o f the breast wa ll T h e .

term depth o f water o n the crest o f a weir o r dr o p a s generally ,

used refers t o the full depth o f water meas ured a sh o rt distance

,

upstream fr o m the crest bef o re the p o int where the water su rface
begins t o dr o p A m o re seri o u s eff e c t o ccurs when the width o r
.

crest length o f the dr o p is s o large that the depth o f wat er o n the

crest requ ired t o pa s s the v o lume o f water in the canal is s o sm all
that the dr o p in the water surface causes a decrease i n the water
c r o ss secti o nal area with an i ncrea s e in vel o city which may have
-
,

a marked e ffect fo r c o n s iderable di s tance upstream and result I n

er o s i o n o f the bed and banks T hi s acti o n will n o t o ccur if the.

dr o p i s de s igned t o make the di s charge o ver the dr o p and the

c arryin g capacity o f the canal equal when the level o f the surface

o f the water i s the same at the d r o p as it is i n the c anal T hi s .

m ay be Obta i ned by three f o rms o f des i gn : (A ) B y the u s e Of

15
226 I RR I GA TI O N S TR UC T URE S

co ntracted length o f crest ( Plate XI Fig D ) ( B ) B y the u s e ,

. .

o f a rai s ed cre s t ( Fi g ( C) B y the use o f a n o tched breas t

.

wall ( Plate XII Fi gs A and B ) ,

. .

(a ) Us e o a
f C o n tr a ct e d L e n gt h o f Cr e s t o f Dr Op —Wi th t h is .

f o rm the crest o f the fall is level w i th the fl oo r o f the canal ; the

depth o f water o n the cre s t o f the breast wall is the same as the
n o rmal depth in the canal and the length is c o mputed fo r thi s
,

depth o f water and the co rre s p o nding carryi ng capacity o f the

canal F o r th i s c o mputati o n the fl o w is c o ns i dered as t hat o ver
.

a weir alth o ugh in this c as e the weir c rest i s level with the bed o f
,

th e canal and g ives a we ir o f zer o height F o r these co nditio ns o f .

FI G . 95 .
—
R a is e d c re s t Of bre as t wall f d r p t pr v
o o o e en t i ra
nc e se in v l it y
e oc

u p t r am
s e .

flow there is practi cally n o experimental data t o determ i ne the

i"
c o effi cient C i n the c o mm o nly used we ir f o rmula : Q ClH .

B ellas s is states that fo r these c o n d it i o ns there i s n o l o c al s u rfa ce

fall o f the water surface such a s o ccurs i n o rd i nary we i rs and pre
sents a fo rmula which reduce s t o ,

Q = 4 % w %

where H is the hea d o n depth o f water mea s ure d at the edge of

the dr o p .

’
Bazi n s f o rmu la fo r a we ir height o f zer o reduce s t o
Q = a mm %

T hese spe ci al values o f the c o effic i ent apparently perm i t the u s e

o f these f o rmul a w i th n o c o rrecti o n fo r the vel o c i ty Of appr o ach .

With lo w dro ps the water level o n the d o wnstream side may be

ab o ve the cre s t o f the dr o p in wh i ch cas e the c o n d iti o n s are th o se
,

o f a submerged o r dr o wned weir fo r which vari o us f o rmulae may

,
’
be used C lemen s H ers chel s fo rmula has the advantage o f s im
.

p li c i t y and w i ll g i ve result s well w i th i n the degree o f accuracy

FI G . . if
C — F t een an d o n e- half f oot plain co n c ret e d ro p . Mode s to I r igat io
r n
D is t rict C al if
,
.

FI G . D — R e in f o rc e d
. c c re t
on e d ro p . M o d es to I rri gat i on Di s t ri c t , C alif .
 D R OPS A N D CH U TE S I N CA N A L S 2 27

required . It has the f o llo wing value fo r a thin e d ge o r S harp edge

- -

weir
Q
where H i s the h ead o n the crest o f the dr o p and N i s a co effic i ent
which depends o n the pr o p o rt i o nal submergence and fo r which
values have been given in the dis cussi o n o f diver s i o n weirs Th e .

e ffe c t o f submergence i s s mall unless the depth o f submergence is

a l arge pr o p o rti o n o f the t o tal depth o f water o n the c re s t A s ub
.

mergence o f le s s than 1 5 per cent d o es n o t a ffect the discharge

.

any apprec i able extent ; submergence s o f 2 5 per cent and 50 per .

c ent giv e values o f N equal t o

. and re s pectively T he s e
.

results in d icate that fo r a pr o p o rt i o nal submergence o f less than

2 5 per cent i t w o uld be sufficiently accurate t o u s e the free dis
.

charge f o rmula .

’
T o adapt Clemens H erschel s f o rmula t o weir crests o ther than
a thin edge weir the c o efficient C u s ed fo r weirs with free dis
,

charge may be sub s tituted fo r the special value Th e

f o rmula may theref o re be written :
Q

fo r the submerged we i r o f zer o height .

T h e disadvantages o f the ab o ve f o rm Of dr o p ar e
Fi r s t — T h e length o f crest c o rresp o nds t o the depth o f water
i n the canal fo r wh i ch i t wa s co mputed and o nly w o rks c o rrectly
fo r that depth .

S econ d — L ength o f the crest wall i s less than the average w i dth
o f the canal T h i s pr o duces a c o ntract i o n in the c r o ss secti o nal
.

area o f the channel at the inlet t o the dr o p and requires an ex

p a n s i on o n the d o wnstream s i de o f the dr o p which c auses edd i es ,

making it m o re difficult t o o verc o me the resulting er o si o n at the

o utlet t o the dr o p and t o br i ng the fl o w ba c k t o i ts n o rmal

c o nditi o n .

—
(b) U s e of a Ra is e d Cr e s t With th i s f o rm a length o f breast
wall greater than the c o ntracted length o btained by the ab o ve
meth o d i s used and the crest o f the breast wall i s ra i sed t o a
hei ght which wi ll h o ld the water level o n the cre s t t o the same
height a s in the canal ab o ve Th e width o f breas t wall i s usually
.

made equal t o the average width o f the canal T h e height o f .

water H o n the crest o f the rai s ed S ill i s then c o mputed fo r this

1

selected length and fo r the requi red carrying capacity ( Fig .

22 8 I RR I GA T I ON S TR UC T URE S

Fo rthese co mputati o ns it will be suffic i ently accurat e t o use the

simple we i r f o rmula c o rrected fo r vel o city o f appr o ach when
,

nece s s ary T h e equati o n s are then

.

96

(TH) fo r no end c o ntract i o n s and n o vel o city o f appr o ach .

9
(6 ,
if
h h fo r no end c o ntracti o n with vel o c i ty o f
,

appr o ach .

vel o city head where v vel o city of appr o ach .

If D depth o f water in the canal then the crest i s raised a ,

height ab o ve the fl o o r o f the canal equal t o H D H The 2 1 .

value o f the co efficient C may be taken a s fo r a thin s harp

edge d ra i s ed cre s t such as when the raised crest i s f o rmed by
, ,

fl a s h b o a r d s placed vert i cally o r fo r a vertical rectangular wall 4 ,

t o 3 0 i nches thick with S harp edges when the depth o f water o n

,

the crest i s equal t o at lea s t tw i ce the thickne s s o f the wall ; r o und

i ng the up s tream c o rner o n a 4 inch radiu s gives a value o f ab o ut
-
,

and decreasing the depth o f water t o a value equal t o a bo ut

the t hi ckne s s o f the wall give s v alues o f ab o ut fo r sharp
co rners and fo r r o unded upstream edge ,
Where the dro p .

i s submerged t o a depth greater t han ab o ut 2 5 per cent the equa .

,

ti o n s are m o d ified as indicated ab o ve .

T h e Obj ecti o n s t o this meth o d are

Fi r s t — Th e height o f the raised cre s t is c o rrect o nly fo r the
c arrying capacity o f the canal fo r which it h a s been co mputed ;

unle s s i t is a m o vable crest wh i ch may be a d j usted fo r any he i ght ,

such as by the u s e o f fl as h b o ar ds .

S econ d — T h e rai sed cre s t i f stat i o nary h o ld s a b o dy o f water

, ,

in the canal wh i ch cann o t be drained and which fav o rs a dep o sit

,

o f s ilt when the canal i s o perated at a fracti o n o f i t s full capacity

t h a c o rresp o nding l o wer vel o city T hi s can be remedi ed by

.

maki ng a part o r the entire rai sed crest rem o vable .

Thi r d — I t i ncreases t o a small extent the height and length o f

the brea s t wa ll ; but the extra c o st o f the breast wall as co mpared
t o that o f the co ntracted length used i n the firs t meth o d may be
m o re than balanced by the sh o rter length o f wing wall s requi red
t o make c o nnecti o n s with the canal .

T h e advantage o f a ra is ed crest d r o p is that the channel is n o t

co ntra c ted wh i ch pr o duces l ess tendency fo r er o si o n by eddies at
,
2 30 I RRI GA TI O N S TR UC T URE S

the canal the b o tt o m w i dth and the sl o pe o f the s i des whi ch are
, ,

c o mputed fr o m the equatio n o f fl o w t h r o ugh n o tches T his .

equati o n der i ved bel o w c o ntai ns t wo unkn o wn quantit i es ; the

b o tt o m wi dth and the Si de Sl o pe T h e s o lut i o n o f the pr o blem is
.

o bta i ned by appl yi ng the equat i o n t o t w o special cas es fo r each ,

o n e o f wh i ch the c arryi ng capacity and the c o rresp o n d in g dept h

o f water are kn o wn . T hese spec i al values sh o uld be selec t ed t o

represent the prevalent c o ndit i o n s o f fl o w Th e general equati o n .

fo r free di scharge t h r o ugh a n o tch neglecting the vel o city o f

,

appr o a c h whi ch has little e ffect when i t d o es n o t ex ceed a bo ut

,

3 feet per sec o nd i s der i ved a s f o ll o ws

,

b b o tt o m w i dth o f n o tch .

n 1 side sl o pes o f n o tch .

H full supply depth o f water c o rresp o nding t o full

discharge Q .

H and H
1 2 depth o f water fo r special ca s e s c o rre s p o nding t o
d i scharges Q a n d Q and o btained by K utter
1 2
’
C h e zy s f o rmula .

01 c o effic i ent o f discharge .

T h e d i ff erential discharge fo r a d i ff erent i al area equal t o the w i dth

o f the n o tch at a depth y bel o w the t o p o f the n o tch where H is

the depth o f the n o t c h i s then : d Q dyC [b 2n ( H y)l\/ 2 gy

1

by i ntegrat i o n between li m its o f y H and y 0 .

—
Q g
x/2 gC AbH
"
4
»
g a f
) 5 3 5 0 1 09151
95
g
n II
- ff
)

When the vel o c i ty o f appr o ach is n ot neglected the fo rmula takes

,

the m o re co mplicated f o rm :

]
96 at
Q 10 h

2n
[
When the n o tch is submerged the fo rmula fo r flo w may be
derived by c o ns i der i ng the n o tch in t wo parts T he discharge .

o f the part whi ch is submerged is equal t o that o f an o rifice wh o se

area is equal t o the submerged area o f the n o tch and the head is ,

taken as equal t o the di ff erence in elevati o n o f the water levels .

T h e discharge o f the part wh i ch is ab o ve submergence o r ab o ve

the d o wnstream water level i s equal t o that o f a free fall fo r a
n o tch wh o se di mensi o ns are th o se ab o ve the plane of submergence .
 DROPS A N D CH U TE S I N CA N A L S 23 1

N eglecting the vel o c i ty o f appr o ach the entire d ischarge , fo r the

n o tch is o btained by a f o rmula which reduces t o
H
Q 5 3 5 C lx/H
. H ,
{ (
b H
? )
1
31 3
2

E 8 (H H .) O 4 (H
. H .)2

Where H is the d epth o f submergence ab o ve the ba s e o f the n o tch

,

o r the height o f submergence and H H is the di ff erence in

, ,

water level .

Th e c o efficient o f d i s c harge C fo r n o tch dr o ps o n the S i rhind 1

C anals in India w a s f o und by M r Burt o n t o range fr o m .

to where the c o rrecti o ns fo r vel o city o f appr o ach were made .

M r A G R eid in Punj ab Irrigati o n B ranch Paper N o 2 o n n o tched

. . . .
,

falls states that if the vel o city o f appr o ach be neglected the fo l
,

l o w ing values sh o uld be used : C fo r n o tches o n d is t rib u

1

tary c anals fo r n o tches o n main canals With the l o wer .

value neglecting the vel o ci ty o f appr o ach and fo r free fall the
equat i o n be co mes :
é
( )
%
o ta a é
5

A pplyi ng this equati o n t o two special ca s e s the results are

,

Q1 s 4 s
l

Q2
“ I?
"

a
4
5
"E 2
93

S o lving fo r b by equalizing the valu es fo r n, the result is

AH?
5é é
BH 1 /

Hz aéH i é H2 %H %
l 1

S ubstituting the value o f b in either o f the ab o ve equati o n s will

give the value o f n .

It will usuall y be sufficientl y accurate t o neglect the vel o city o f

appr o ach F o r m o re accurate results the dimensi o ns may be o b
.

t a in e d in the s ame manner by using the f o rmula in which the v e

lo cit y o f appr o ach is included .

Th e d imensi o ns Of the n o tch are o btained by the co mputat i o ns

based o n t w o depths o f water with their c o rre s p o nding di s charges .

When the n o tch is submerged fo r b o th depths o f water the fo r ,

mula for submerged fl o w must be u s ed fo r the t w o depths selected .

23 2 I RR I GA T I O N S TR UC T URE S

When the n o t ch i s submerged fo r the greater depth Selected and

n o t s ubmerged fo r the smaller depth the s o lut i o n requi res the use
,

O f the f o rmula fo r submerged fl o w fo r the greater depth and that

fo r free fl o w fo r the smaller depth .

In all c as e s the be s t d epths t o be selected are th o se wh i ch will

gi ve a trapez o i dal n o tch c o nf o rming a s nearly as p o ssible t o the
n o tch with curved s i d es the o retically c o rrect fo r all depths .

Th e depth o f water wi ll vary fr o m the larger depth c o rresp o ndi ng

t o the full supply capac i t y o f the canal t o the smaller depth co r
resp o ndi ng t o the minimum w o rking capacity o f the canal T he .

f o rm of n o tch which will be s t fit the variable flo w between the

ab o ve limits is Obtained when the dimensi o n s are co mputed fo r
depth H and H represent i ng re s pectively the he i ght o f water
1 2,

level bel o w the full suppl y level b y M the fluctuat i o n in water

level and the height o f water level ab o ve the lo w w o rki ng level
,

by M the fluctuati o n .

If H full supply depth o f water i n canal

H0 lo w w o rking depth o f water in canal
th en H 1 H — H o)
H2 -
H o) .

Wh ere there are n o diver s i o ns fro m the c anal ab o ve the dr o p ,

the n o tche s will regulate the water level s o a s t o prevent any a p

p re ci a b le dr o p d o wn in the s urface o f the water but where there ,

are intermittent diversi o n s thr o ugh lateral gates ab o ve the dr o p

t h e r e gu la t i o n i s n o t s o cl o se T h e diver s i o ns will cau s e fl u c t u a
.

ti o n s in the fl o w o f the canal which when the n o tch dimen s i o ns

, ,

are d eter mi ned fo r a full depth o f water c o rre s p o nding t o the

maximum fl o w w i th the take o ut gates s hut will cause a dr o p
, ,

i n the water level at the p o ints o f diver s i o n s result i ng i n an ,

i ncreased vel o city upstream with the p o s s ibili ty o f er o s i o n and

,

making it m o re d ifli c u lt t o d eli ver full s upplies thr o ugh the gates .

T o prevent thi s the n o tch c o uld be de s igned fo r a maximum fl o w

,

equal t o the full s upply capacity at the d ro p when the gates are
o pened but thi s may n o t be d e s irable a s it may result in the
, ,

backing u p o f the water t o a danger o u s height in the canal ab o ve

the dr o p when the canal carrie s the full capacit y wi th all lateral
,

gate s s hut The better practice is t o design the n o tche s fo r the

.

full maximum capacity o f the canal and t o pr o vi de fo r regulati o n

o f the water level by raising the base o r sill o f the n o tch with

s t o p plank s o r fl as h b o a r d s .
234 I RR I GA T I ON S TR UC T URE S

Si de o f the dr o p Where such c o nditi o ns exi st the regulati o n

.
,

may be o btained with a dr o p having a breast wall equal in length

t o ab o ut the average width o f the canal with a rem o vable o r
,

adj ustable rai s ed cre s t ; u s ually f o rmed b y di viding the length o f

the breas t wall b y pier s o r frames int o secti o n s o r panel s f o rming ,

o pening s o f such S izes wh i ch may be regulated by h o riz o ntal

fl as h b o a r d s o r gate s .

T h e deta i ls o f a standard f o rm o f n o tch o pening for dr o ps o n

large d istributaries in India acc o r d ing t o L ieutenant C o l o nel J
, .

C libb o r n are S h o wn in the acc o mpan y ing drawing ( Fig

, .

T h e vertical plane o f the pr o file o f the n o tch is fr o m 6 inches fo r

small t o 1 8 inches fo r large dro p s fro m the d o wnstream face o f the
breast wall ; this represe nts ab o ut o r a little less than t h e

th i ckne s s o f the piers o r pr o j ecti o ns o f the brea s t wall whi ch se p a

rate the Openings T h e edge s o f the piers are curved with arcs
.

o f c i rcles o n the d o wn s tream and up s tream S ide ; the center o f

these c i rcles are all in the vertical plane o f the pr o file o f the n o tch .

S econ d.
— Efi e ct O f F o r ce o f I mpa ct Pr o d u c e d b y th e Wa t er fall -

a t th e F o o t o f th e D r o p —.T hi s e ff ect is less s evere with n o tched

dr o ps than with th e o ther f o rms o f dr o ps becau s e o f the fan li ke -

spread gi ven t o the water by the lip placed at the ba s e o f the

n o tch Wi th a rai s ed cre s t dr o p the height o f fall is i ncreased
.

a small am o unt but the s maller d epth o f water o n the cre s t and
,

the l o nger cre s t length pr o duc e le s s impact f o rce and less tend
enc y fo r er o s i o n by e dd ies than with a c o ntracted cre s t Three .

meth o ds have been u s ed t o re s i s t the f o rce o f falling water : ( a )

T h e u s e o f a str o ng fl o o r with o ut a water cushi o n ( )
b .T h e u s e

o f a fl o o r pr o tected with a water cu s hi o n .

( c) T h e u s e o f a b a flle
wall o r gratings placed ab o ve the fl o o r acr o s s the path o f the
falling water t o break the fall o f the water T h e u s e o f a fl o o r
.

pr o tected by a water cu s hi o n is the usual f o rm o f c o nstructi o n .

( a ) Flo o r a n d Wa te r Cu s hi o n .
— T h e length and th i ckness o f
the fl o o r and depth o f the water cushi o n will depend o n the char
acter o f the f o undati o n and the material use d fo r c o n s tructi o n
and o n the fo rce o f impact o f the falling water which i s pr o p o r,

t io n a l t o the height o f fall a n d the discharge .W o o d will re s i s t

impact and ero si o n better than c o ncrete espec i ally when the
,

wa ter carrie s s and o r gravel and a w o o den fl o o r b o lted t o a co n

,

cre t e fl o o r may be u s ed t o advantage t o pro tect the c o ncrete ,

alth o ugh a water cu s hi o n wi ll u s uall y be m o re de s i rable T h e .

water cu s hi o n i s us ua l ly a bas in depre s s e d bel o w the d o wn s tream

 D ROPS A N D CH U TE S I N CA N A L S 23 5

bed o f the canal but may be an elevated bas i n ab o ve the canal

,

bed f o rmed by a cr o s s wall at the d o wnstream end o f the ba s in ;

,

while i t decreases the required height o f S ide walls and breast

wall i t creates a sec o ndary smaller fall which i s n o t des i rable
, , .

T h e length o f the water cu s hi o n s h o uld be at lea s t sufficient t o

rece i ve the S heet o f falli n g water at ab o ut its center ; this may
be c o mputed by a co n s iderati o n o f t h e e quat i o n o f the path o f ,

falling water i n the s ame manner as fo r d i versi o n weirs ( page

3 6) descr i bed T h e equati o n reduce s t o the f o ll o w i ng f o rm
.

x 0 3 85 C V H y
.

where H is the d epth o f water o n the cre s t o f the d r o p measured

a few feet upstream which may be c o rrected fo r vel o city o f
,

appr o ach .

C i s a co effic i ent used i n the f o rmula fo r discharge o ver weirs .

a: h o riz o ntal distance at which water strikes wh en falling

thr o ugh height y .

T h e co e ffi cient C will be ab o ut for a sharp edged raised -

crest and ab o ut
,
fo r a dr o p with c rest flush with b o tt o m o f
canal Using a value o f
. the length o f the water cush io n L
will then be —
E

where F i s the fall measured fr o m the up s tream water level t o the

d o wnstream water level .

Where the area o f waterway at the crest i s d i v i ded int o o pen

i ngs o r panels separated by buttresses o r frames fo r the inserti o n
Of fl as h b o a r d s t o u s e the dr o p as a che c k gate o r t o regulate the
height o f the rai sed crest the ab o ve f o rmula als o appl i es When
,
.

the panels are regulated by gates which d i scharge the water

thr o ugh the o pening under the l o wer edge o f the gate the vel o cit y ,

will be that thr o ugh an o ri fi ce and the di s tance o u t that the S heet
o f falling water will strike the d o wnstream water level will be

maximum when the gate is nearly cl o sed T h e head On the center .

o f the Opening may be taken as equal t o the full depth o f water

i n the canal ab o ve and the he i ght o f fall appr o aches the di ffer
,

ence in elevat i o n between the center o f the Opening and the wate r -

level in the water cushi o n T h e maximum vel o city will then be

.

appr o xi mately 1; \ /2 gH the c o rresp o nd i ng equat i o n o f falli ng

water curve i s a: 2 V H y which fo r the maximum height o f

‘

, ,

fall gives a h o riz o ntal distance fr o m the cre s t o f the breast wall
,
236 I R R I GA TI O N S TR U C T URE S

to the po i nt where it s trikes the water cu s h i o n equal t o 2 V H F .

If the length o f the water cushi o n w as o btained fo r the full fl o w

o f the canal pas s ing o ver the cre s t o f the dr o p n o t o b s tructed ,

by the gates i t w o uld receive the falli ng sheet o f water o f the

,

s maller fl o w delivered under the gates at a distance ab o ve the

d o wn s tream end o f the cushi o n equal t o V HF 0 1 ab o ut ‘

Of
'

i ts length T his marg i n i s co nsidered suffi ci ent as the v o lume

.
,

o f water thus discharged i s co mparat i vely small and w i ll p r o

du c e a mu ch sm aller i mpa c t than the full fl o w fo r wh i ch the

wat er c ushi o n i s designed A number o f emp i r i c al rules have
. .

been suggested but i t i s believed by the wr i ter that the ab o ve

,

meth o d o f dedu c t i o n i s m o re l o gical .

T h e depth o f the water c ushi o n var i es w i dely i n pra c t i c e .

It will usually average ab o ut of the he ight o f fall

me a sured fr o m the upstream t o the d o wn s tream water
level A m o re l o gi cal rule which w o uld take i nt o c o ns i dera
.

t i o n n o t o nly the height Of fall but als o the d i scharge is

Obta i ned by maki ng the depth o f the water c ush i o n equal to
the length given by the ab o ve fo rmula o r ab o ut HF , .

Where the water cushi o n term i nates at the d o wn s tream end wi th

a vertical wall at right angles t o the fl o o r th i s o bstru ct i o n p r o
, ,

du ces eddies whi c h makes i t m o re difficult t o o btai n a regular flo w

at the o utlet ; this act i o n can be decreased by S l o ping u p the d o wn
stream or Of the fl o o r o f the water cushi o n t o bri ng it
level with the bed o f the canal .

T h e fl o o r o f the water c u s hi o n o f a co ncrete dr o p 1 8 usually

made 1 2 i nches thick reinfo rced b o th ways w i th
,
t o A inch
5 -

bars spa c ed 1 2 i nches apart T here is n o uni f o rm practice re

,
.

garding the placing o f t hi s reinfo r cement ; it is placed near the

upper face o r l o wer face o f the fl o o r o r halfway between Where .

the fl o o r i s o n r o ck a thickn ess o f 6 i nches with o ut reinfo r cement

may be suffic i ent T h e fl o o r o f dr o p s o f small height and fo r
.

s ma ll v o lumes o f water s uch as used o n small laterals

,
may be ,

made 9 inche s t hi ck but s eld o m le s s than th i s and must be re i n

, ,

f o rced wi th s o me fo rm o f wire mesh Fo r very large dro ps and

.

where the f o undati o n is n o t firm s o i l it may be de s irable t o in

,

crease the thickne s s t o 1 8 o r 2 4 inches Where a p o rti o n o f the .

fl o o r fo rms part o f the f o o ting o f buttress walls brea s t wall o r ,

side walls the de s ign o f these walls and o f their f o o t in gs may

,

dete rmine the th i ckne s s and re i nfo rcement o f the fl o o r .

Fl oo rs wi th o ut water c ushi o n are seld o m used in the U ni ted

23 8 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T UR E S

are the d i fficulty o f c o n s tructi o n and the narr o w Openings

whi ch w o uld pr o bably be e as ily Obstru cted by the material
c arr i ed by the water .

Thi r d .
—Er o s ive Efi e ct o f Eddi e s an d Irr e gul ar Curr e n t s
Pr o d u c e d a t th e O u tle t t o th e Dr o p F l o or or W ate r Cu s hi on .

T h e water cus h i o n and fl oo r res i s t the i mpact o f the fall in g water

and breaks u p it s f o rce b u t d o es n o t destr o y i rregular currents
,

and ed di es wh o se er o sive act i o n is active fo r c o n s i derable di stance

bel o w the d o wn s tream edge o f the water cu s hi o n Th e extent .

o f this er o s ive acti o n will i ncrease with the height o f fall and the

degree t o which the water area i s co ntracted by the dr o p T h e .

ne cessity o f pr o tecti o n w i ll depend o n the character o f the materi al

i n wh i ch the c anal is f o rmed In s o me c ases where the materi al
.

i s r o c k o r firm s o il n o pr o tecti o n i s made but o r di narily s o me

, ,

pr o tecti o n is needed T h i s pr o tect io n c o nsi s ts o f a revetment o r

.

lini ng o f the canal bed and S ides w i th brush r i prap o r c o n crete

, , , , .

F o r average s o il c o nditi o n s th i s pr o tect i o n S h o uld exten d bel o w

the d o wnstream end o f the water c u s hi o n fo r a d i stance equal t o “

at least the length o f the water cush io n When made o f co n .

crete th i s lining i s usually 3 t o 6 inches th i ck and preferably

,

reinf o rced with a wire me s h o r o ther light re in f o rcement T o .

av o id cracking due t o settlement i t i s necessary that the co n ,

c rete lining be placed o n the undisturbed earth surface o r o n

th o r o ughly c o mpacted s o il T h e end o f the li n i ng termi nates i n

.

a cut o ff wall which extend s int o the earth a depth equal t o ab o ut

-

the depth o f water fo r an average clay l o am and t o the full

depth o f water fo r a l o o se sandy s o il .

D E TAIL S O F DR O P S AND PRI N C I P LE S OF S TRU CTURAL DE S IG N

The parts o f a dro p are
( a ) T h e breast wall .

( b ) T h e up s tream fl o o r placed at the level o f the canal bed .

( c ) T h e water cu s h i o n and d o wn s tream fl o o r .

( d) T h e s i de walls and wing walls .

( )
e T h e up s tream and d o wnstream c u t O ff walls -
.

f) T h e pr o tect i o n o f canal beds and s i des at the o utlet t o the '

water cu s hi o n .

A dr o p may i nclude all o f these parts o r may be f o rmed with

°

s o me o f the parts o mitted T h e s implest f o rm o f dr o p c o nsi s ts

.

o f : the breast wall ,

extend i ng well o n each Si de in t o the ca n al
 D ROPS A N D CH U TE S I N CA N A L S 23 9

banks t o act al s o as ou t o f walls and a S h o rt se ct i o n o f li ned canal

o n the d o wn s tream side o f the dr o p f o rmed by a fl o o r and S l o p ing
,

side walls T his type o f dr o p with o ut a water cushi o n is illus

.

t r a t e d by the n o tch dr o p o f the U S Indian R eclamati o n S erv i ce

. .

( g
F i
. T o f o rm a water cu s hi o n the up s tream e nd o f the
fl o o r next t o the breast wall sh o ul d be placed bel o w the grade o f
the canal bed and may Sl o pe u p t o be flu s h with the canal bed at
the d o wn s tream end T o prevent un d e r wa s hin g at the d o wn
.

stream en d o f the fl o o r and s ide wall s a cu t o ff wall S h o uld ex

,
-

tend int o the canal bed and banks o f the canal Th e sl o p i ng side .

walls take the place o f the usual s ide walls and w i ng walls gi ving ,

a m o re ec o n o mical dr o p In o rder t o prevent cracking due t o

.

settlement the c o ncrete side walls S h o uld be built o n th o r o ughly

,

settled sl o pes ; the transversal reinf o r cement S h o uld be co ntinu o us

with that in the fl o o r and the l o ngi tudinal reinf o r cement i n fl oo r
and S ide walls S h o uld extend int o the breast wall t o gi ve the r e
quired c o nnecti o n .

T h e structural des i gn o f the part s o f a dr o p inv o l ve a c o n

s i derat i o n o f the pressures o n the several wall s and their design

ac co rding t o the re s ulting stres s es .

T h e breast wall is designed as a reta i n i ng wall When the upper

.

edge o f the wall terminate s at the canal bed it i s designed t o r e

Sist the earth pre s s ure fr o m the cre s t d o wn t o the fl o o r o f the water
c u s hi o n
. When the brea s t wall extends ab o ve the canal bed as in ,

raised crest dr o ps n o tched dr o p s o r by piers extending up t o the

'

, ,

upstream water level the wall mu s t be designed fo r the hydr o

,

s tati c pre s s ure as well as fo r the earth pressure When the piers
.

o r frame s exte n d ing u p t o the water level f o rm the supp o rt fo r

gates o r fl a s h b o a r d s the h y dr o static pressure o n the gates o r fl a s h

,

b o ards mu s t be a d d ed t o the pre s s ure o n the piers themselves .

T h e m o s t ec o n o mical design fo r lo w breast walls i s usually that

o f a cantilever wall fi x ed at the b o tt o m H igh breast walls may
.

be m o re ec o n o mically de s igned as a vertical slab supp o rted at

the t o p t o a beam f o rmed in the cre s t o f the wall and fixed at
the b o tt o m t o the fl o o r o r may be de s igned a s a buttressed re
,

taining wall T h e m o s t ec o n o mi c d esign fo r co mparatively high

.

narr o w breast walls may be that o f a beam slab supp o rted at the
t wo ends t o the s i de walls re s i s ting a pressure varying i n i mten
,

s it y fr o m a maximum at the b o tt o m t o a minimum at the cre s t .

T h e piers o f a n o tched dr o p are usually designed as cantilevers .

When the last three f o rms o f design are used it i s imp o rtant ,
24 0 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

that the tendency o f o verturning o f the entire stru cture be in v e s

t i ga t e d and that the breast wall with the wings and side walls be
c o nn ected t o act t o gether and give a t o tal weight which w i th the ,

earth pre s sure wi ll make the resultant fall wi t hi n t he mi ddle

,

thi rd o f the fl o o r
'

I n determ i ning the earth pressure the li ab i l i ty o f saturat i o n o f

,

the s o il against the breast wall must be co nsidered A S the canal .

o n the upstream side o f the dr o p i s usually largely in fill the con ,

d i t i o n s are fav o rable fo r s o il drainage at least as far d o wn as the

d o wnstream water level A n upstream water tight fl o o r and well
.
-

puddled earth against the breas t wall will al s o decrease the li abili ty
o f s o i l s aturati o n .Fo r the s e c o nditi o n s the earth pre s s ure may
be Obtai ned fo r an earth weight o f 1 00 t o 1 2 0 p o unds per cub i c
f o o t o r fo r an equivalent fl ui d pres s ure o f 2 0 p o und s per cub i c fo o t .

T h e up s tream fl o o r prevents the er o si o n o r wa s hing o u t o f a

po c ket o n the upstream S ide o f the crest o f the brea s t wall w hi ch ,

may result fr o m the i ncrea s ed vel o city due t o the l o cal drawn
d o wn c ur ve o r dro p i n the surface o f the water as i t passes o ver
t h e c rest o f the dr o p T hi s acti o n o nly extends a sh o rt distance
. .

A length o f fl o o r equal t o the depth o f water in the c anal wi ll

usually be suffi cient ; i t is frequently o mitted with o ut harmful
results When made o f re i nfo r ced co ncrete it wi ll usually be 6
.
,

t o 9 i n c hes th i c k .

T h e d o wn s tream fl o o r water c ushi o n and the o utlet pr o tect i o n

,

have been previ o u s ly discussed T h e S ide walls are usually .

parallel with the d irecti o n o f flo w ; they are c o nnected at the b o t

t o m t o the fl o o r o f the dr o p are braced acr o ss by the breast wall
°

and j o ined at the ends t o the inlet and o utlet wings T hey may .

be designed e ither a s cantilever walls fixed at the b o tt o m o r as ,

beam slabs s upp o rted at o n e end agai n s t the breast wall and fixed
at the o ther end t o the wing wall pro vided the wing wall h as ,

s u ffi cient anch o rage o r as buttre s sed walls wi th the buttre s se s

,

u s ually o n the earth Si d e o r fo r narr o w dr o ps may be braced

,

acr o ss by tie p o sts o r braces extending fro m o n e side wall t o the

o ther acr o ss the dr o p ; the ec o n o mic design w i ll depend o n the

height and length o f the side walls .

T h e i nlet wings with the side wall s and o utlet wings encl o s e
an earth wedge which prevent s the water washing ar o und the
structure ; i t is therefo re nece s s ary that the i nlet w i ngs extend
well i nt o the banks F o r small dr o ps the o utlet wings are s o me
.

ti mes o mi tted T h e i nlet w ings are pla ced e i ther at r i ght angles
.
2 42 I RR I GA T I O N S TR UC T URE S

of dro p . Th e s h o ck of the s ec o ndar y fall is re s i s t e d b y the

outlet fl o o r .

T h e struct ure is entirel y n o n re inf o rce d ; the wa lls e s pecia l l y

-
,

the side walls are th inner than the usual gravi ty secti o n requi re d
,

H al f El v t i
e a on

1 5V: F t Co n c r e t e D r o p
Md I
.

o es to r r i g a t i o n D i s t r i ct

G d
ra e L in e

FI G . 97 — . C cr
on et e d ro p . Mod es to I rriga t i on D st i ri c t, C al if .

to res i st earth pressur e b u t the stab i li ty o f the separate walls

,

is increas ed by the buttress i ng e ff ect o f the j uncti o n o f walls

and by the c o nnecti o n s with the fl o o r A small tensile s tre s s .

in the walls is o btained whi ch is perm is s ible ,

A c o mparis o n .
 DR OPS A N D CH U TE S I N CA N A L S 24 3

of this dr o p with reinf o rced c o ncrete dr o ps indicate that it c o st

ab o ut 4 0 per cent m o re than a reinf o rced c o ncrete dr o p
. .

T h e f o ll o w i ng defects i n design and meth o ds o f i mpr o vements

are apparent
T h e dr o p has a c o ntracted crest wh i ch is n o t c o ns i dered de
sirable especially a s the crest is als o arranged fo r regulati o n
,

with fl a s hb o a r ds Th e co ntracti o n has a tendency t o pr o duce

.

eddies o r cr o ss currents ar o und the end o f the o utlet wings which ,

has required pr o tect i o n with st o ne riprap T h e rai s ed water .

c us hi o n w i th a s e c o n d a r y d r o p i s n o t de s irable and the length

'

o f the water cushi o n i s t o o s h o rt A water cushi o n depressed

.

bel o w the c a nal bed ab o ut 5 feet deep and 2 5 feet l o ng w o uld

"
, ,

give a better stru c ture T h e fl o o r o f the water cu s hi o n need

.

n o t be thicker than 1 8 i nches and the d o wn s tream o f it sh o uld

sl o pe up t o b ri fig t h e d o wnstream edge level with the canal bed

'

T h e o utlet Sh o uld be pr o tected w i t h a c o n crete lining extending

bey o nd the end o f the water cushi o n fo r a distance o f ab o ut 2 0
feet Th e up s tream fl o o r need n o t be thicker than 9 in c hes
. .

Ad j us tab l e R ai s e d Cr e s t Dr o p o n M ain Can a l o f M o d e s t o

I r gati o n Dis trict ( F ig 98 and Plate X II Fig D ) Th e breast
r i .
— ,
. .

wall o f this structure has a t o tal crest length o f 42 feet nearly ,

equal t o the b o tt o m W idth o f the canal ; it i s a buttress wall

f o rmed by the t w o side walls and t w o i ntermediate buttresses
whi ch divi de i t i nt o thre e panels each 1 4 feet l o ng Th e but .

tresses extend ab o ve the crest wall and supp o rt at the t o p ab o ve ,

full supply water level a fo o t walk Th e o penings ab o ve the

,
.

crest between the buttress walls are further divided by I beam

'
-

bra c kets i nt o smaller o penings 4 feet 8 in ches w i de regulated

, ,

by means o f fl as h b o a r d s .

Th e height o f fall fr o m the cres t o f the c o n crete breast wall ,

level with the upstream elevati o n o f the canal bed t o the d o wn ,

stream elevati o n o f the canal bed is 9 feet ; this height may be

i n cr e a s e d b y rai s ing the crest by the i nserti o n o f fl a s h b o a r d s
'

T h e water cushi o n ab o ut 1 5 feet l o ng is f o rmed o n a c o ncrete

, ,

fl o o r 1 2 in ches thick pr o tected b y a w o o den fl o o r b o lte d t o the

,

c o ncrete T h e fl o o r terminates with a cr o ss wall with its crest

.
‘

1 8 inches ab o ve the c o ncrete fl o o r F r o m the crest o f this wall

.

there is a raise t o the canal bed o f 2 feet gi ving a t o tal depth o f ,

water cushi o n o f ab o ut 3 % feet T h e upstream and d o wn .

stream wing walls are at right angles t o the structure and extend
well int o the banks t o act as cut o ff walls -
.
244 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T UR E S

Th e ent ire struct ure except the fl oo r is reinfo r ced Th e .

f o o tings and fl o o r were first c o nstructed . T o make the j o in t

Lo w e r W in g

H a lf U p s t r eam Elevat ion

ve r u l Pi e ce s 31 p m
Su pp o rt F l as h b d
oar s .

to 0
, 1 0
.
t0
.
.

E lm
e ol Bed 0 1 0ml]

El
S e c ti o n w i t h ev a t i o n S e c t i on w i t h El ev at ion
o f S id W a ll
e of B u tt r es s W a ll

F ro . 98 .
-
Re in fo rc ed co n cr et e d r p
o . M o d es to I rri ga t i on D st i ri ct, Calif .

wi th the fo o t o f each wall piece s o f o ld cable and steel fro m 1 8

,

i nches t o 3 feet l o ng spaced ab o ut 1 8 inches apart i n d o uble

, ,

r o ws o n e fo r each s ide o f wall were imbedded at least 9

, ,
24 6 I RRI GA TI O N S TR U O T UR E S

Dro p with B a m
Wall Co man ch e Can al Arkan s a s Valley
e , ,

S ugar B e e t a n d Ir r igat e d Lan d Co Co lo ra d o ( Fi g 9 9 and .

, .

—
Plate XXIII F igs A and B ) T h e structure w a s b uilt i n 1 90 7
. .
,

o n a canal which has a carrying capac i ty o f 4 5 0 cubic feet per

se co nd T h e dr o p h as a width between s i de walls o f 1 8 feet

.
,

and the height o f fall is 9 feet T h e upstream w i ng walls r un .

i nt o the banks o f the c anal o n an angle o f 30 t o the axi s

°

o f the canal and extend 6 feet 6 i nches bel o w the grade o f the

c anal T h e d o wnstream wing walls make an angle o f 4 5

°
.

w i th th i s axi s and extend bel o w the grade o f the c anal t o

,

a depth o f 6 feet T o break the f o rce o f the falling water befo re

.

i t strikes the water cushi o n a ba ffle wall i s placed at an angle

,

acr o ss the path o f the falling water and act s als o as a strut o r

FI G . 99 .
— Dr o p ; 1 8 ft . Wi d e. C ma ch C a al C l
o n e n , o o .

brace t o the s i de walls T h e baffle i s supp o rted o n the center

.

l ine o f the dr o p by a buttre s s wall which extend s ab o ve the b affl e

wall t o supp o rt als o the upper sl o p i ng part o f the breast wall .

T h e t o p o f the baffle wall is tied t o the crest o f the breast wall

with inc h r o ds spaced 1 8 i nches apart A fter striking the
-
.

baffle wall the water falls i n the water cu s h i o n which is 6 feet

, ,

d eep and 1 7 feet l o ng T h e s i de wall s and fl o o r extend fo r 1 6

.

feet bey o nd the d o wn s tream end o f the water cu s hi o n and

j o in t o the o utlet wings and cut o ff apr o n f o rming a su i table -
,

o utlet .

T h e walls are c o mparat i vely t hi n and well reinfo rced Th e .

 PL A TE X I I I .

FI G . A .
—D r p
o w thi baffl wall C ma h C a l Ark
e . o nc e na , an s as V ll
a ey .

S ugar B t I rrigat d L a d C C l
ee e n O .
,
o o .

FI G B —Drop wit h b affle wall (s am e as a b o ve )

p
. . .

( F a ci n g a ge 2 46)
FI G . D .
— N o t ch d ro p ‘
on the M ra C a al
o n . B o is e P ro j ect I d aho
,
.
248 I RR I GA T I O N S TR U C T UR E S

and reinfo rced fo r canti lever acti o n t o s upp o rt the en d s o f the

panels .

T h e fl o o r o f the water cushi o n i s f o rmed o f s lab s arched o n the

under si d e reinfo rced near b o th faces with
,
and lé inch bars -
,

s paced 8 inches apart in b o th directi o ns T h e d o wnstream fl o o r

.

i s 5 inche s thick and supp o rted o n a sub s tructure o f reinf o rced

beams re s ti ng o n reinfo rced c o ncrete p o st s T his f o rm o f fl o or
.

c o nstructi o n i s n o t nece s s ary where an average firm s o il fo u n d a

ti o n is o btainable .

T his structure is m o re elab o rate than neces s ary T h e baffl e .

wall is n o t nece s sary Th e depth o f the water cu s h i o n i s larger

.

than that c o mm o nly used fo r dr o ps o f this size w i th o ut a baffle

wall With o ut a baffle wall the S l o ping upper part o f the breas t
.

wall is o bj ecti o nable as i t w o uld discharge the water farther o u t

,

i n the cush i o n With the breast wall made vertical the water
.
,

cushi o n 1 7 feet l o ng w o uld be o f suffic i ent length

, ,
.

T h e i temized c o s t o f c o nstructi o n i s g i ven ab o ve and may be

o f value in preparing estimates o f c o s t o f s i mi lar c o mparatively

elab o rate structures built up o f thin reinf o r ced walls T h e c o st .

o f the reinf o rced c o ncrete i n place was per cub i c yard ,

o f which represents the c o s t o f the steel re in fo rcement i n

place and f o rm w o rk Th e t o tal c o s t o f the co mpleted structure
.

is o r ab o ut $ 3 1 per c ub i c yard o f c o ncrete .

S ma ll N o tch Dr o p o n H un tl ey Pr o j e ct M o n tan a ( Fig

, .

T hi s structure i s a g o o d example o f a well pr o p o rt i o ned dr o p-

,

c o nfo rming in general with the princ i ples o f de s i gn prev i o u s l y

given It is de s igned fo r a capacity o f o nl y 4 0 sec o nd feet wi th
.
-

a vel o c i ty i n the canal o f feet per sec o nd T h e c o ncrete .

line d inlet s ecti o n is l o nger than nece s s ary fo r a dr o p o f this s i ze ,

especially wi th as s mall a vel o city o f appro ach a s o btained i n thi s

c a Se .

No tch Dr o ps , N o rth Platt e Pr o j e ct , Ne b r a s ka Wyo min g -

.

O n this pr o j ect several n o tch dr o p s o f the general type sh o wn in

Fig 1 0 1 have been c o n s tructed
. T hi s s pecial d esign d iffers fr o m
.

the o thers in that the structure is built t o be u s ed als o a s a check

gate and i s c o mbine d with a lateral headgate T h e carrying .

capacity o f the canal is 1 3 6 cubic feet per sec o nd T he n o tch .

o pening i s f o rmed with gr o o ve s o n the s i d e s fo r the inserti o n o f

fi as h b o a r d t o regulate the up s tream water level when u s ed as a

c h e c kga t e T h e lateral headgate discharge s i nt o a s h o rt c o n
.
 D R OPS A N D CH U TE S I N CA N A L S 24 9

F IG . 1 00 —S mall r e in fo rc e d c cr
on e te n o t ch d r p
o . Hun t l ey Pro j e c t , M on t .
250 I RR IGA T I O N S TR U O T UR E S

crete lined secti o n i n which are placed five vertical c o ncrete p o s ts

,

t o act as ba ffles and check the vel o city o f the water deli vered
thr o ugh the gate Th e use o f a n o tch dro p where a s in th is
.
,

case i t is t o serve als o as a check gate i s n o t usually desirable

, ,

because the checki ng o f the water by raising the base o f the n o tch

'

34 1 8 C t o 0
,

ds . .

2 C to 0
. .

El ev a t io n S ec t io na l El e v a t i on

FIG . 1 01 .
— N o t ch d ro p an d la t ral h e ad ga t e
e . N rt h Pla tt P r j
o e o ec t , Neb .

with interferes with the c o rrect act i o n o f the n o tch

fi as h b o a r d s .

T h e additi o n o f baffle p o s ts t o check the vel o city o f d i s charge

thr o ugh the gate is n o t usually c o n s i d ered nece s s ary .

T h e t o tal c o s t and unit c o s t o f fi v e n o tch dro ps c o nta in in g a ,

t o tal o f 3 2 3 cubic yards is given bel o w : ,

 2 52 I RRI GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

Cl B a n

D B ar

“ O B"

FI G . 1 02 .
— Re in fo rc e dc cr t on e e not ch d r po . M ra C a al
o n ,
B i Pr j
o se o e ct , I d aho.

CO ST OF R E I NF O R C E D C O N C R TE N Q TCH D R O P O N M O R A CANA L BOI S E

E ,

P R O JE C T I DA HO ,

80 cu bi y d
c ar s

B ac k fi lli n g and p u ddli ng 1 50 cu bi y d

c ar s

C o n cr et e 47 cu bi y d
c ar s

C e me n t d li
e v e r ed 275 s a c ks

f ee t 22 M E M
. . .

N ai l
s and wir e
M i xi g n and pl a cin g

M i ll s ce a n eo us

R f
e i n o r cing s t ee l f ee t o f $6 i n c
-
h
f ee t o f -
in c h
H a uli n g a n d pl a c in g

S a d d grav l w r h aul d m il e w at r 2 m il
n an e e e e ,
e es ,
ot h r mate ri al s 6 m iles
e .

Wag f 8 h u r d y w re : C mm
es o r an lab r r
- o a e o on o e s , arp te r
c en s ,

ub f r ma
s -
o e f r ma n, o e n,
 D ROPS A N D CH U TE S I N CA N A L S 253

mediate brackets built with the piers separating the n o tche s .

T h e absence o f an up s tream fl o o r ma y be o bj ecti o nable where

the materi al is easily er o ded T h e f o rm o f water cushi o n used
.

fo r the N o rth Platte dr o p is c o nsidered preferable Pr o tecti o n .

o f the canal bed and sides i s neces s ary at the o utlet t o the d r O
p;
this i s n o t i ndicated i n the drawing but was c o nstructed in the ,

f o rm o f a c o ncrete l i ning .

F o ur o f these dr o ps t wo for a fall o f , feet and tw o fo r a

fall o f feet were c o n s tructed o n this canal The c o st o f
, .

o n e 5 fo o t fall was as i n f o reg o ing table

-
.

FI G . 1 03 .
— N o t ch d r o p . U . S I d ia S rvic
. n n e e .

No t ch Dr op fo r U S In di an R e clamati o n S e rvi ce ( Fig 1 0 3

. . .

—
and Plate XIII , Fig C ) T his n o tch dr o p de s ign i s reduced
. .

t o i ts simple s t f o rm T h e dr o p c o n s ists o f t wo parts : o f the

.

brea s t wall extending o n b o th sides well i nt o the canal bank s t o

act as cut o ff wings and the lined secti o n o f canal o n the d o wn
-

stream side t erminating with a t oe cut o ff wall In the breast

,
-
.

wall is fo rmed the o n e n o tch o pening fo r a di s charge capac i ty

o f 1 1 8 cu bic feet per s ec o n d ; the s he lf o r lip at the ba s e o f the
2 54 I RR I GA TI O N S TR UC T URE S

n o tch d o es n o t pr o j ect as far d o wn s tream as i s u s ually co n s i dered

de s irable T h e vertical gr o o ve s o n the up s tream face o f the
.

breast wall are pr o bably i nten d ed t o i ncrease the re s i s tance

again s t the perc o lati o n o f the water al o ng thi s face T h e breas t .

wall i s n o t reinf o rced T here i s n o water cu s hi o n the water

.
,

falls o n the c o ncrete fl o o r 1 2 inche s t hi ck and the s ide S l o pes o f

I nle t E n d O l
ut e t En d

H o gw xr c Ne t t i n g

H e gw i re Ne t t i n g
S ec t io n
FI G . 1 04
.
— D ro p on C arl t on la t ral
e . A m ri a B
e c n eet

S ugar C O .
, C l
o o.

the canal are pro tected by a l in i ng 9 inches thi ck fo rmi ng a ,

c o ncrete li ned s ecti o n 1 2 feet in length .

h
T e us e o f a t w o n o-
tch o pening in s tead o f a o n e w o uld pr o b
ably be preferable fo r thi s s i ze o f canal t o divide the fl o w and
decrease the f o rce o f impact o f the falling water T h e absence o f .

a water cus h i o n fo r a dr o p o f this height an d v o lume o f water is

256 I RR I GA T I O N S TR UC T URE S

Th e depth o f t h e wa t er cu s hi o n nee d n o t be greater than 2 feet

fo r the larger height o f fall .

T h e i temized c o s t o f c o nstructi o n fo r three s izes o f d r o p is

given i n the table ab o ve T h e c o ncrete mixture w a s o n e part o f .

cement t o s ix o f sand and gravel T h e cement c o s t ab o ut .

a barrel and the gravel screened and hauled ab o ut a , ,

cub i c yard .

Wo o d e n S t an dard Dr op for Lat er als o n Bo is e Pr o j e ct I d ah o , ,

Typ e N o 2 ( Fi g —
. T h e de s ign is drawn fo r a height o f
.
‘

dr o p o f 4 feet fo r a d e p t h o f water o f 2 feet side S l o pes o f 1 % t o

,
~

D at a F o r D e s i g n
6. W dB l mA pp
W
ott o i th of L at e ra of
-D p A pp
mW d l
e th o f at e r at ro a c h

W l
u Bot t o i th of L a t e ra at O ut
3 D Oep t h o f a t e r at ut e t
D p (W W )
s

h -H
W
e i gb t o i ro S to S.
C
. . .

-W d
l s L e n gt h o f at e r u s h i on
c C w i t h of ro n

d l
Lo n g i t u i n a S e

FI G . 1 05 .
-St a d ard wn o o de n dr p f lat e ral
o or s ,
yp No
T e . 2 . P ay e t t e- B i
o se
P r j e t I d aho
o c ,
.

1 and a b o tt o m wi d th o f canal o f 8 feet By m o d ificati o n s .

,

s o me o f which are in d icated o n the drawing i t is adapted t o ,

smaller o r larger s i zed d r o ps Th e cre s t o f the dr o p is d e s igned .

fo r the i n s erti o n o f fl as hb o a r d s t o u s e the structure al s o as ,

a check gate T h e length o f the cre s t between side wa lls i s equal

.

t o the b o tt o m wi d th o f the canal and i n the d rawing is d ivi d ed ,

.

i nt o t w o bays by a built u p p o s t with fl as hb o a r d gr o o ve s Fo r -

.

a cre s t length o f 6 feet o r less this p o s t i s o mitte d T h e i nlet .

and o utlet are f o rmed by s h o rt flume secti o ns in which the ,

ends o f the canal are we ll b o xe d in T h e t o tal c o s t o f 4 7 d ro ps .

 DROPS A N D CH U TE S I N CA N A L S 25 7

and 4 4 checks o n this pr o j ect and the unit c o s t per feet

b o ard measure is as f o ll o w s

To t a l cos t

H aul i g mat eri al s

n

E xc avat i d b kfilli o n an ac ng cu b ic yard s .

I t all i g s t ru t u r
ns n c es .

E g i ri g (e t i mat d )
n n ee n s e

L u mb r e f et e M B M
. .

Nail d b o lts
s an

63 $ 7 5 84
Av rag e e co s t p er s t ru ctu e r

The ab o ve figures S h o w that the c o st o f excavati o n a n d back

fi lli n g is a large part o f the t o tal c o st .

Woo d en Dr op o n Far go Wa s t e way B oi s e Pr o j e ct I d ah o , , .

O n this was teway were c o nstructed t w o dr o ps feet high o n e ,

dr o p feet high and o n e feet high T h e design i s similar .

t o that u s ed fo r standard dr o ps de s cribed ab o ve m o dified fo r ,

the greater height o f dr o p and fo r the larger capacity o f the

canal T h e dr o p is n o t used as a check gate Th e brea s t wall
. .

i s divided i nt o three panels by vertical p os ts with diag o nal

braces T h e length o f the water cush i o n is 1 4 feet fo r
. and
-
f o o t dr o ps and 1 2 feet fo r the f o o t dr o ps - .

T h e t o tal c o st o f the f o ur dr o ps w as as f o ll o w s

H au l i g mat e ri al d s uppl i
n an es

E x avat i c d b a k filli g 6 00 u b ic yar d

o n an c n ,
c s

M ak i g d i t allat i
n an ns on .

E gi r i g d up r i t d c
n n ee n an s e n en en e

Lumb r e .

H ar d w ar e .

Mis c lla eous e n

Av rag e e cos t p er d ro p

A ssum i ng lumber t o co st $ 2 0 per th o usand feet b o ard measure ,

as there are ab o ut feet o f lumber i n the f o ur dr o ps the ,

c o mpleted c o s t o f the dr o ps w i ll average ab o ut $ 5 0 per

this is much less than the c o st fo r the smaller dr o ps gi ven

ab o ve and represents m o re nearl y the c o s t fo r w o o den stru e
tures o f this type un d er average c o nditi o ns .

17
2 58 I RRI GA TI ON S TR UC T URES

W oo d en Drop o n Cor inn e Cana l Utah S ugar CO Utah ( Fig , .

, .

— T his structure i s o n e o f s e veral dr o ps o f this type u s ed

o n thi s system T h e design i llustrate s a meth o d o f brac i ng the

.

side and wing walls against earth pre s sure by anch o r r o ds ex

tendi ng fr o m the s i de p o sts t o deadmen Thi s meth o d i s o ften .

practised fo r w o o den dr o ps or s i m i lar stru ctures i n w hi ch the ,

width between s i de wall s is t o o great t o be braced w ith struts

extending between walls Th e i nlet and o utlet w i ngs and fl o o r
.

FI G . 1 06 .
— Wo o d en d rop . Co ri nn e Can al, Ut ah Sugar Co .

gi ve a go o d s ecure c o nnect io n with the earth bed and si des such ,

as is nece s sary w i th fine l o o se s o i l easily er o ded

,
.

CH U T E S O R RAPID S

A chute i s a lined canal fl u me o r pipe placed o n a s t eep gr a de

, , ,

with an i nlet and an o utlet struct ure A chute is us ed t o take .

the place o f a ser i es o f dr o ps o r as a sub s t itute fo r a dr o p It .

frequently fo rms the channel o f a wasteway o r escape .

Where the grade is n o t ve ry steep a s eri e s o f dr o ps w ill usually

be m o re ec o n o m i cal as far as c o n s truct i o n c o st al o ne is co n
2 60 I RR I GA T I O N S TR U C T URE S

lengths of channels i n w hi ch the flo w w ill be uni fo rm T h e de .

s i gn o f a chute may requi re several tria ls i n o rder t o di vi de the

'

t o tal fall between the lengths o f trans i ti o n s and lengths o f channel

o f u ni f o rm fl o w s o as t o best fit the grades o f the chute t o the
,

pro file o f the l i ne o n whi ch it is c o n s tructed Where the change .

i n vel o ci ty i s large and requ ire s a l o ng transit i o n it wi ll usually ,

be preferable t o c o n s i der the t o tal length as made u p o f sh o rter

lengths and make the co mputati o ns fo r each length T h e greatest .

c hange i n vel o city i s frequently at the upper end o f the chute ,

i n wh i ch case the i nlet structure is o ften designed t o pr o duce a

a relatively h i gh d ischarge vel o city .

T h e hydrauli c c o mputati o ns fo r the transiti o n have been pre

v i o u s ly explained ( V o l I I C hapter VI ) the l o ss i n head due
.
, ,

t o impact and eddies resulting fr o m changes in cr o ss sect i o n can

be neglected if the changes are ma d e very gradua lly as is o ften ,

the ca s e T h e c o mputat i o ns fo r the fl o w o f water i n th o se s ecti o ns

.

o f the chute i n w hi ch there i s unif o rm flo w are made with the

usual f o rm ula o f fl o w in channels except that wi th hi gh vel o ci

,

tie s c o n s iderable ai r i s ab s o rbed by the water whi ch increases it s

v o lume and requ i res a larger cr o s s secti o nal area M ea s urements
-
.

made by the R eclamati o n S ervice o n several c o ncrete rectangular

chute s o f the B o i se pro j ect in Idah o sh o w that a s much as
o f the gr o ss water area may be air T he s e mea s urements .

’
are i ntere s ting i n that they sh o w the adaptati o n o f K utter s
F o rmula t o vel o cities higher than th o s e fo r which i t is c o mm o nly
used T h e gr o ss water area including air wa s o btained by
.
, ,

di rect measurements and the net water area w as o btained by

,

co mputat i o n fr o m the mea s ured d i scharge and direct mea s ure

ments o f the vel o city T h e vel o c i ty o btained by divid i ng the

.

d ischarge by the gro s s water area gives a l o wer vel o city than
the meas ured vel o city T he measured gro s s water area and the
.

c o rresp o n d ing c o mputed vel o city will give o n e value o f the co

“ ’
e ffi cient o f r o ughness n in K utter s F o rmula w hi le the co m
”
,

p u t e d net water area and the mea s ured vel o city will give a
s maller value o f n In mak i ng the c o mputati o ns fo r the d e s i gn
.

o f a chute the required gro s s water area will be o btained by

“
,

using the larger value o f n and the actual vel o city w ill co r
,
”

re s p o nd t o the s maller value o f n T he measurements o n the .

B o i s e pr o j ect give the f o ll o wing results fo r the maxim u m dis

charges used .
 DROPS A N D CH U TE S I N CA N A L S 261

E P E R IM E NT O N C O N C RE T E C H UT E S B OI S E P R O JE C T I DA HO
X , , ,
TO D E TE R
MI N E N I N K UTT E R S F O R M U L A
’

I Bas e d M as ure m en t s o f G r s Wa t e r A r a
. on e os e

M w twy
ora as e a

V ll y m d
. .

a e o un

Liz ar dN o 1
Liz
.

ar dN o . 2

I I Bas e d
. on C mp u t
o ed Ne t Wa t r A re a C o mput e d fr m M as u r
e o e ed

V el ci t y
o

M w twy
or a as e a

V ll y m d
. .

a e ou n

Li z ar d NO 1
L iz
.

ar d No 2 .

T hese results are all fo r c o mparatively shall o w d epths I t i s .

pr o bable that fo r greater depths the di fference between gr o ss

water area and net water area which represents the am o unt o f ,

air i n the water w o uld n ot be s o large T h e average value o f the

,
.

c o efficient o f r o ughness fo r the gr o s s water area i s ab o ut the same

as that used fo r m o derate vel o cities in sm o o th c o ncrete lined
'

canals T his value may be taken as ab o ut

. fo r the co mputa
ti o ns o f fl o w i n chutes .

Measurements were made fo r depths o f water much smaller

than th o se gi ven and it was f o und that fo r very small depth s wave
,

acti o n was very str o ng ; the water w o uld pile u p at the crest Of
the wave rush ahead and draw d o wn the water s o a s t o leave
,

th e chute nearly dry bef o re the arrival o f the next wave Fo r .

the larger depths used the wave acti o n was very much decreased .

T his wave o c c urrence i s pr o bably due t o the h y draulic phen o m

en o n kn o wn as the hydraulic j ump the the o ry and extent o f ,
’
wh i ch is expla i ned i n M erriman s T reati s e o n H ydrauli cs T h e .

f o rmula given i n this treatise fo r the height o f j ump pr o bably

give s exces s ive values at lea s t fo r larger depth s o f water ; o bserva
,

t i o ns o f a number o f chutes w o uld seem t o indicate that a height

o f j ump o f 1 2 inches w o uld seld o m be exceeded .

Th e hydraulic c o mputat i o ns and the adj u s tment o f the secti o ns

2 62 I RRI GA TI O N S TR UC T URE S
2 64 I RRIGA T I O N S T R U C T UR E S

of a chute t o the surface pr o fi le are illus trated by the chute de

signed fo r the S ulphur C reek Wa s teway o n the Yaki ma pr o j ect ,

Washi ngt o n (Fi g T h e chute channel i s f o rmed o f a

.

co ncrete l ined trapez o i d al tran s iti o n s ecti o n fo r the upper 3 1 0

feet c o nnected by a warped tran s it i o n secti o n 5 0 feet l o ng t o the

,

main part o f the c hute which i s a s emic ircular li ned s ecti o n

,

feet l o ng T h e inlet t o the transiti o n is f o rmed and regulated by

.

headgate s thr o ugh which water i s deli vered with a vel o city
of feet ; the o utlet structure at the l o wer end o f the ch ute
co n s i sts o f a rece i ving b o x b ui lt in a st i lli ng ba s in f o rmed by a

sh o rt secti o n o f enlarged canal T h e rece i vi ng b o x is f o rmed o f

.

a baffle end wall Opp o site the end o f the chute and t wo s i de
, ,

walls i n which are a number o f rectangular o penings t o diffu s e

the o utg o i ng water ( Fig .

Th e transit io n i s f o rmed o f sh o rt trapez o i dal s ecti o ns fr o m 3 0

t o 5 0 feet l o ng adj usted t o the s urface t o p o graphy
,
T h e initial .

vel o city at the upper end is feet per sec o nd and i s a c ,

c ele r a t e d t o feet at the l o wer end o f the transit i o n where i t

enters the main se mi circular chute channel In the trans i tio n a .

c o nstant depth o f water o f 4 feet i s maintained and the cr o ss ,

secti o n o f the trapez o idal channel i s decrease d t o c o nf o rm w i th

the i ncrease i n vel o city by decreas i ng the width with o ut chang
i ng the s i de sl o pe T h e accelerated fl o w i n the tran s iti o n i s
.

pr o duced by dr o pping the water surface a height equal t o the

diff erence I n vel o city head plus a fr i ct io n sl o pe c o rresp o ndin g t o
the average vel o city i n the sect i o n c o n s idered Th e hydrauli c .

data fo r the transiti o n secti o n is tabulated o n the acc o mpanyi ng

draw i ng F o r the c o mputat i o ns i t i s d ivided int o five secti o ns
. ,

the last o n e o f w h i ch is warped ; each secti o n is further d i vi ded

int o t w o secti o ns by interp o lati o n T o i llustrate the c o mputa
.

ti o n the first secti o n fr o m S tati o n 7

,
50 to 8 30 80 feet i n ,

length h as an i nlet vel o city o f

,
feet per sec o nd and the water
s urface grade which i s parallel t o the grade o f the bed o f the
,

canal is ,
S ince the fricti o n sl o pe c o rre s p o nding t o the
average vel o city o f the sect io n if the secti o n is sh o rt will us u
, ,

ally f o rm o nly a c o mparat i vely small part o f the t o tal head it ,

can first be determi ned appr o ximately by tri al and when s ub ,

tracted fr o m the t o tal fall i n the length o f the secti o n i t gi ves

the d iff erence in vel o city head As s um ing fo r the first trial an
.

average vel o city in the secti o n o f 1 3 feet per sec o nd the water ,

15
§—
area is the b o tt o m width is the hydraulic
13
 D R OPS A N D CH U TE S I N CA N A L S 2 65

’
radius is and the fricti o n s l o pe b y K utter s F o rmula fo r a
value o f n equal t o is alm o st exactly this subtracted
fro m the t o tal d e s ired grade o f the water s urface leave s
which multiplied by the length o f secti o n 80 feet gives the , ,
2 2
1
di fference i n vel o city head ,
or
g
}; 5; X 80 , fr o m
which a: the vel o city at the end o f the secti o n is equal t o feet
per sec o nd T h e variati o ns in grade i n the d i fferent parts o f
.

the main s em i circular chute channel are small and pr o duce small
di ff erences in vel o cities which are pr o vi ded fo r by keeping the
,

s ame radius and var y ing the depth o f the channel which is ,

extended ab o ve the h o riz o ntal diameter by vertical s ides Th e .

radius i s 4 feet the maximum depth o f water i s

,
feet the ,

freeb o ard is 1 f o o t d o wn t o the las t 90 feet o f the channel where

it increases gradually fr o m 1 t o 2 feet at the l o wer end .

Flo w o f Wat er in Ch ut e s F o rm e d b y a Clo se d Co n d ui t o r Pipe .

— T h e hydrauli c c o mputati o ns fo r a chute f o rmed by a cl o sed

c o nduit are ba s ed in general o n the same c o nsiderati o ns o f head

l o st i n fricti o n and o f the d i fference i n vel o city head required

t o pr o duce change s in vel o city ; with the d i fference that it is
n o t necessary t o give t o the pipe the s ame grade a s the grade

c o rresp o nding t o the h y draulic grade line T h e c o mputati o ns

.

are simple s t when the t o p o graphi c c o n d iti o n s make i t p o ssible

t o o bta i n by the design o f the i nlet structure an inlet vel o city
, ,

equal t o the vel o city c o rresp o nding t o th e hydraulic gradient o f

the pipe F o r a high vel o city thi s will require the u s e o f a deep
. .

i nlet well t o o btain a head o n the inlet o f the pipe equal t o the
change in vel o city head plus the l o ss i n entrance head Where
,
.

t hi s head is n o t all o btainable fr o m the de s ign o f the inlet it ,

may be nece s s ar y t o j o in the i nlet and the pipe chute with a

sh o rt secti o n o f larger size pipe in whi ch the fl o w will be a c
,

ce le r a t e d t o the vel o city required T hese c o mputati o n s are

.

well illustrated b y the f o rm o f design used fo r several pipe chutes

o n the S u n R iver S l o pe C anal o f the S u n R iver pr o j ect i n M o n

tana T h e h y draulic c o mputati o n s are gi ven o n the acc o mpany

.

ing drawing o f o n e o f these chutes ( Fig 1 09 A and B ) .

,
.

T h e chute de s igned fo r a maximum capacity o f 890 cubic

,

feet per sec o nd c o n s ists o f an inlet well c o nnected t o the upper

, ,

end o f a pipe 8 feet in diameter and 1 94 feet l o ng c o ntinued ,

by a trans iti o n 1 6 feet l o ng tapering gradually fr o m 8 feet in

,

d iameter t o 5 feet 6 inches at the l o wer end where it j o ins t o the

,
2 66 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S
2 68 I RR I GA T I O N S TR U C T UR E S

w h ich is c o mparatively s mall the he a d require d t o pr o duce the

,

vel o city feet per sec o nd is o btained fr o m the f o rmula

Q A \/2 gh and i s equal t o 1 3 f eet whi ch i s ab o ut the head
, ,

u s ed i n the des i gn .

Thi r d — T h e fl o w i n the 8 f oo t pipe is accelerated fr o m

-

feet per sec o nd t o feet per sec o nd Th e hy drauli c gradi ent

.

requi red t o carry 890 cubi c feet per sec o nd in a pipe o f t h is

S ize if runn i ng full i s 1 f o o t i n 1 00 but the grade o f the pipe
,

and o f the sh o rt secti o n o f transiti o n is feet in 1 00 ; th is

gi ves the exce s s fall which pr o duce s the accelerated fl o w Bel o w .

its upper end the 8 f o o t pipe w i ll therefo re run o nly partly f ull ;
-

the water area decreasing with the accelerati o n T h e fricti o n .

head i n the 8 fo o t pipe is o btai ned w i th sufficient accuracy by

-

’
using i n K utter s F o rmula the average vel o city betw een the
upper and l o wer end and the c o rresp o nding water area T h i s .

vel o c ity is feet and the c o rre s p o nding water cr o ss secti o nal
-

area is square feet as c o mpared t o when running full .

T h e hydrauli c rad i u s is then and fo r n the fricti o n

head is feet in 1 00 o r feet in the t o tal length o f 2 1 0 feet .

Th e vel o city head c o rre s p o nd ing t o a change i n vel o c i ty o f

to feet per sec o nd is feet Th e t o tal head requ ired i s
.

theref o re plu s or feet ; the actual di ff erence in

elevati o n pr o vided in the invert o f the pipe i s feet but the
,

fall o btained in the water surface is ample because i t i s greater

than the fall i n the i nvert by the diff erence in diameter o f the
pipes o f
,
feet .

F ou r th — T h e fl o w i n the ma i n p i pe 5 feet 6 i nches i n d i ameter

,

and 1 1 2 6 feet l o ng i s u ni f o rm with a vel o cit y o f

,
feet per
’
sec o nd Th e c o rre s p o nding hydrauli c grade o f K utter s Fo r mulas
.

fo r n is feet per 1 00 feet .

F ifth — T h e o utlet i s de s igned t o de s tr o y the h i gh exi t vel o city

but as thi s cann o t be ent irely o btain e d it is assumed that M o f
the vel o city head will be regained ; thi s is equal t o feet .

T h e ab o ve example o f the fl o w in pipe chutes d iff er s fr o m the

m o re s imple f o rm o f chute in that the hy d raulic grade o f the main
s ecti o n o f the pipe i s s o s teep that the vel o city requ i red i n i t t o

o btain unif o rm fl o w i s greater than c o uld be crea t ed in the intake

s tructure it s elf and theref o re requ ired a s ecti o n o f larger p i pe in

,

whi ch there i s accelerated fl o w It is n o t nece s s ary that th is

.

larger s ect io n be a p i pe fo r where the t o p o graphic c o nditi o ns

,

wi ll perm i t it the accelerated flo w may be o btained in an Open

 D R OPS A N D CH U TE S I N CA N A L S 2 69

c o n d uit c o nnect i ng with a su i table tran s iti o n t o the inlet o f the

pipe chute .

F o rm s o f Co n d ui t s fo r Ch ut e s.
— O pen c o ndu i t s fo r chutes are
generally built as lined canals o r fi u mes Where the channel .

i s in ex c avati o n i t i s usually built as trapez o idal o r sem i c i rcular

c o ncrete lined canal with a minimum thickness o f c o ncrete o f
ab o ut 6 in ches Where the c o nduit i s c o n s tructed o n the surface
.

o f the gr o und i t i s c o nstructed as a bench fi ume and where it

, ,

mu s t be built ab o ve the gr o und it is built as an elevated fi u me .

Wo o den flumes are u s ually n o t de s irable fo r the leakage cann o t

be prevented and ma y re s ult i n severe er o si o n al o ng and under
the chute S emicirc ular steel fi u me s have been used and are
.

safer against leakage than w o o den fl u me s C o ncrete flumes s up

.

p o rted o n the gr o un d have been u s ed fo r a number o f chute s o n

pr o j ects o f the U S R eclamati o n S erv i ce O n acc o unt o f the
. . .

i rregularities i n fl o w which o c cur t o a greater extent w i th high

,

vel o cities and small d epth o f water a c o mparatively large free

,

b o ard s h o uld be pr o vided specially t o ward the l o wer end o f

chutes Fo r vel o cities in excess o f 1 5 feet per sec o nd a minimum
.
,

freeb o ard o f 1 8 i nches is c o n s idered de s irable T o d im i ni s h the

.

liability o f wave o ccurren ce and o f c o nditi o ns fav o rable t o the

hydrauli c j ump m o derately deep and narr o w cr o ss se ct i o ns are
,

better than shall o w br o ad cr o ss se cti o ns .

C l o s ed c o nduits fo r chutes are usually f o rmed as p i pes and

built o f w o o d reinf o rced c o n crete o r steel T he y may be pref
, .

c rable t o o pen chutes fo r very high vel o cities 2 0 feet o r greater , ,

o n acc o unt o f the i rregularities o f fl o w which may o ccur i n the

o pen chutes Pipes can als o be u s ed t o a d vantage where the

.

pr o file o f the gr o und surface o n the line o f the chute make it

difficult o r imp o s s ible t o adj u s t o pen canals Usually pipe chute s
.

are m o re expen s i ve than o pen channels .

Fo rms o f In le t S tru ctur e fo r Ch ut e s ( Plate X I V Fig A ) ,

. .

When the chutes f o rm the escape c hannel o f a wasteway the inlet ,

will u s ually be f o rme d a s the e s cape structure built t o regulate

the fl o w thr o ugh the banks o f the canal ; i t will i nclude the wa s te
gates o n the d o wn s tream side o f which sufficient fall is usually
pr o vi d e d t o give the fl o w at least a part o f the accelerat i o n which
i t must have in the chute channel .

When the chute channel is a p o rt i o n o f the canal itself i t may ,

be necessar y t o f o rm the inlet structure as a check gate t o regulate

the water level fo r up s tream take o ut s o r it may c o nsi s t o f a simple
270 I R R I GA T I O N S TR UC T URE S

tran s iti o n secti o n the i nlet o f whi ch may be f o rmed as a trape

,

z o i d a l n o tch t o prevent the increased vel o c i ty up s tream t

; hi s
fo rm is illu s trated by the i ntake stru cture fo r the chute o n the
S trawberry Valley pro j ect U tah de s igned fo r a capac i ty o f, ,

ab o ut 800 cubic feet per sec o nd ( Fi g .

— I r Io
'

1 B an k

s ec t i o n A A '

Lo n g i t u ina d lS e c ti on

To p oi B an k
’ ”
k 12 0

To p of B an

S ecti o n B B

R
e

f m B
A ll x p d d
A ll
E
e i n o rc e
os e
en t
E ge s t o b e
S q.T wi s t c d
Ch a f
m e re d ars

S c al e of Fe e t
10
“ 6
b
0
e

FI G . 1 10 — I n let en d of c hut e on S t rawb rry Vall y P r j c t Ut ah

e e o e , .

The f o rm o f the intake s tructure will depend als o o n whether

the chute channel is an o pen c o n d uit o r a pipe T h e intake fo r .

a pipe chute will o ften be ab o ut the s ame as that used fo r an i n

verted siph o n and in it s simplest fo rm may be a c o n i cal tapering
,
PLA T E X I V .

FI G . C .
-
In l e t s mall p ip e c hu t e. U mat illa Pr j o e ct , O re .

FI G . D .
-
Out l et to p ip e chut e wi th hee t m t al c u rv
s e ed b affle . T ruck ee
C ars o n Pro j ec t N e ,
v .
 D ROPS A N D CH U TE S I N CA N A L S 27 1

i nlet su ffic i ently deep t o acqu i re a head equal t o vel o c i ty head

and entrance head c o rresp o nding t o the vel o city requ i red i n the
pipe ; as i llustrated by the f o rm used fo r small chutes o n the Uma
tilla pr o j e ct O rego n ( Fig 1 1 1 and Plate X I V Fig C ) O n e fo rm
,
.
, . .

o f i ntake stru c ture fo r a large pipe c hute i s illustrated by that

used o n the S u n R iver pr o j ect M o ntana ( Fig , .

Fo r m o f O utl e t S tru ctur e — T here i s a c o nsiderable d i vers i ty

.

in the f o rms o f o utlet structures Th e mai n o bj e ct is t o destr o y

.

the h i gh ex i t vel o city and resist the i mpa ct fo rce T wo general .

types are used In o n e type the water i s d i s charged i nt o a b o x

.
,

the j et o f water stri ki ng baffle walls o r baffle p o sts and i ssues o u t

o f this b o x thr o ugh Openings o r under baffles s o as t o be d iffused
,

bef o re i t passes i n the c anal In t he o th er typ e t he water i s

.

FI G . 111 .
—’
Iyp i cal p i p e chut wi th 30—
e i p ial p i p
n . s ec es fo r i l
n et l
an d o u t e t .

Uma t i lla P r o j ct O e ,
re .

d i sc harged dire ctly in a large b o dy of water or s ti lli ng basi n

. ,

f o rmed as an enlarged se cti o n o f the canal usually with a cr o ss

weir wall at the l o wer end o ver w hi ch the water passes bef o re it
,

enters the regular canal sect i o n T h e t wo types are s o metimes .

c o mb ined by build ing a rece i v i ng b o x o r baffle p o sts insi de o f

the st i lling basin T h e u s e o f a stilli ng bas i n al o ne has the a d
.

vantage o f s implicity and if pr o perly designed i s pr o bably the

best f o rm o f o utlet T his type o f o utlet is illustrated by th o se
.

us ed o n the S trawberry V alley pr o j ect U tah ( Fig 1 1 2 ) and o n t he ,

.

U matilla pr o j ect O reg o n ( Plate X I V Fig B )

, T h e stilling ,
. .

basin o utlet o f the chute o n the S trawberry V alley pr o j ect r e

ceiv e d a fl o w o f ab o ut 800 cub i c feet per sec o nd with a c o mputed

vel o c i ty o f ab o ut 25 feet per se co nd Th e length o f the chute .

272 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

isab o ut feet T he st i lli ng bas i n has an expand i ng se ct i o n

.

end in g w i th an o verp o ur wei r wall whi ch co ntr o ls the depth o f

water i n the basi n T he crest o f the wall is 60 feet i n length
. ,

and ab o ut 2 feet ab o ve the fl oor of t he bas in Th e dept h of water .

S ec ti on o n Ce n t er Li n e

l zl S l o p e

l zl S l o p e

B an k wi t h
P d
s 8 10
'
a ve S H i gh

F IG 1 12 —S t illi n g bas i n o ut l et f h ut e S t rawb erry Vall y Pr jo ec t ,

{ It i
. . ( on e
a l

on the cres t fo r abo ut 800 sec o nd feet flo w is ab o ut feet which -

,

gives a depth o f water cu s h i o n o f feet .

Th e still i ng bas i n o n the chu t e o f the U mat i lla pro ject is e s

s e n t ially o f the same type ( P late X I V Fig B ) ,
. .

The us e o f a rece i v i ng b o x wi th a vert i cal baffle wall placed

transversely in the b o x ag ain s t whi ch the water is d i scharged ,
2 74 I RR I GA TI O N S TR UCT UR E S

cause the chute is a wasteway channel used i nfrequently and o nly

fo r sh o rt peri o ds O n s till i ng b o xes o f o ther chutes o f ab o ut the
.

s ame capacity the undersh o t baffle wall i s place d i n ab o ut the

s ame p o s iti o n but the stilling p o o l i s 3 5 feet l o ng and 1 4 feet

, ,

d o wn s tream fr o m the ba ffle wall a raised sill o r o verp o ur wall

3 feet high i s placed s o that the water di s charged again s t the
,

baffle wall is deflected back and fl o ws under i t and then up o ver ,

the o verp o ur wall .

T h e same type o f stilling ba s i n w i th baffle wall i s sh o wn by

that used fo r a chute o n the M edina pr o j ec t T exas ( Fig ,
.

T h e c hute i s a c o ncrete lined trapez o i dal cha n nel designed fo r

an o utlet vel o city o f 30 feet per sec o nd and a d ischarge o f 6 00
s ec o nd feet -
A t the l o wer end o f the chute the cr o ss secti o n
.

widens and i n the center a c o ncrete cutwater d i vi des the fl o w

S e c t io n A -A

Lo n g i t ud i
FI G . 1 14 .
—S t i ll in g b a s in wit h b affl e wall fo r chut e . M di a P r j ct
e n o e ,
Te x a s .

and pr o duces a m o re nearly equal distribut i o n o f the sh o ck o f

the water o n the undersh o t baffle by spread i ng the fl o w o n b o th
,

s ides T h e structure and the o utlet c o ncrete l i ned sect i o n are

.

reinf o rced .

T h e upward S pl a s h ing o f the water may be prevented by us i ng

i n the place o f a vertical ba ffl e wall o n e sl o p i ng upstream o r
c urved s o that the water w ill strike i t o n a m o re acute angle and
,

deflect the flo w d o wnward The cur ved f o rm w as gi ven t o .

the baffle wall o f the pipe chute o n the S u n R iver pr o j ect M o n ,

tana ( Fig 1 09) and t o a curved s teel plate baffle o n the Truckee
.
-

C ars o n pr o j ect N evada ( Plate X I V Fig D )

, ,
. .

A f o rm o f o utlet wh i ch c o mbines a large stilli ng bas in with a

baffle b o x is i llustrated by that use d fo r S ulphur C reek wasteway
 DROPS A N D CH U TE S I N CA N A L S 2 75

chute previ o usly de s cribed ( Fig

,
T his type o f receiving .

b o x w i ll destr o y the high vel o city and the 2 X 4 f o o t o utlet -

o penings in the s i de wall s w ill d i ffuse the fl o w uni f o rmly i n the

basin but may be subj ect t o o bstruct i o n by brush sticks o r large

,

material carr ied by the water In this case the chute is a waste .

way c hannel u s ed o nly o ccasi o nall y s o that the liability o f ,

o bstructi o n w o uld n o t be as seri o us as when u s ed c o ntinu o usly .

T h e u s e o f a ba ffle wall inside o f a large s til ling ba s in s o that ,

the water splash ing w ill fall insi d e the stilling basin is a go o d ,

c o mbinati o n .

F o r a p i pe chute the o utlet end o f t he pipe sh o uld be placed

,

at the b o tt o m o f the discharge b o x o r funnel s haped bas in i n -

,

o rder that the high vel o city will be de s tr o yed by o r di ffu s e d i n

the larger v o lume o f water ab o ve the o utlet T his f o rm o f .

o utlet fo r small pipe chutes i s i llu s trated by that u s ed o n the

U matilla pr o j ect O reg o n ( F i g F o r large pipe chutes the

,
.

des ign used o n the S u n R iver pr o j ect is i ntere s ting In this .

o utlet structure the water strikes the curved baffle o f the circular

well whi c h deflects the fl o w d o wnward and the water then

, ,

r i ses and escapes thr o ugh three o penings ab o ve the baffle each ,

ab o ut 7 feet 4 i nches wide with pr o visi o n fo r the i nserti o n o f ,

baffle bars made o f 3 % X 3 % T bar s spaced ab o ut 1 2 inches -

,

apart T hese bars will help i n stilling the water by d i ffusing the
.

o utg o i ng fl o w but will be o bj ecti o nable if the water carries

,

large material wh i ch may cause o bstructi o n .

REFEREN CES FO R C H APTER VII

R E F E RE N C E S O N D O R P S

M A C O N C H Y, G N o t ch F all s — P art f M e m o ra du m t h e D iff r t

. C — . o n on e en

M eth d f As c rt a i i g t h e D i ch arg e f R iv rs C a al s d O p
o s o e n n s s o e ,
n an en

Ch a l a d nne s th D is ch argn f O i fi ces

on nd Ove rfall
e etc — I rr i es o r a s ,
.

g ti a D e par t m e t G v r m e t o f B e gal C al c u t t a I d i a
on n o e n n n , ,
n .

R E I D A G — N o t ched F all s — Pu j ab I rrigat i Bra h P ap r N 2

,
. . n on nc e ,
o .

1 89 4 .

’
D ROH AN W — S m M th d , d C t
. f I rr igat i
o C t ru t i
e e o s an os s o on on s c on on

t h R ck C r k C
e o rvat i C P r j t t R k R iv r Wy m i g
ee ons e on o . o ec a oc e ,
o n

E g i ri g C t ract i g D 2 7 1 9 1 1
n n ee — n on n ec .
, .

R R NC S O N CH U :
EFE E E TEs

M U RP H Y D W — A R i f r d C
, . r t Sp illway with C
. t ra t d
e n o ce on c e e o n cen e

es —
C r t L g th p 2 7 8 E gi ri g N w S p t 9 1 90 9
en — . n n ee n e s e .
,
.

Chut es on n e
—
S t a d l y V all y I rrigat i Sy t m N ar D v r p 4 6 2 e on s e e en e .

n n ee —
E g i ri g R r d O t 2 3 1 909 n ec o c .
,
.
276 I RR I GA T I O N S TR U C T URE S

N I K O LI TC H M —C o re t e Chut e i
,
. I rr iga t i C a l — p 55 7 E g i
nc n an on na . n

n ee ri g Re c o r d — A pr il 2 3 1 9 1 0
n ,
.

,
—
H ANNA F W Re i f o rc e d C o re te Chut
. . th Boi
n Pr j e t — p 5 4 2
nc es o n e s e o c .

E g i e ri g Re c rd — M ay 3 1 9 1 3
n ne n o , .

M ain C a al o f M ed i a I rrigat i P r j
n t — p 424 E g in r i g Re
n rd on o ec . n ee n co

O ct 1 8, 1 9 1 3
W —o n
. .

CO LE , D . C c r t Chut D r p Wa t r 1 3 0
. e e e o s e Fe e t fr m C an al
o to
Res e r —
vo ir p 4 5 6 E g i ri g R rd April 1 0
—
. n n ee n eco ,
1 915 .
278 I RR I GA TI O N S TR UC T URE S

channel ; dro ps rap i ds o r chutes t o abs o rb excess grade and pre

,

vent excess i ve vel o c i t i es and i n a few cases sand b o xes o r slui ces
, , ,

to prevent or rem o ve dep o s i ts o f materi al tran sp o rted by the

water Mis cellane o us structures are : ( 1 ) th o se requi red at the
.

c ro ss in g o f dra i nage channels o r depres s i o ns w hi ch i nclude

,
 D I S TR I B U T I O N S YS TE M 279

fl u me s , i nverted s i ph o ns culverts surface inlet o r level cr o ss i ngs

, , ,

and o v er ch u t es ; ( 2 ) th o se required at r o ad cr o ssings wh i ch

i nclude bridges and culverts Wasteways escapes sand b o xes .
, ,

o r slu i ces fi u mes

,
i nverted siph o ns and drainage cr o s s i ngs f o rm
,

usually a m o re i mp o rtant part o f the d i vers i o n canal and have

been c o ns i dered i n previ o us chapters and in V ol I ; dr o ps chutes .
, ,

o r rap i ds ,
while they may be o f m o re frequent o ccurrence o n
laterals than o n the d i vers i o n canal have als o been discussed ,

i n a preced i ng chapter i n co nnect i o n w i t h the larger structures

used o n the d i vers i o n canal .

T h e stru c tures requ i red fo r the o perat i o n o f the distributi o n

system are d i s cussed i n f o ll o w i ng c hapters .

R e lati on o f M a in Ca n a l t o La te r a l s an d D i s tr i b utari e s a n d to
Dra in a ge Ch ann e l s — Th e watersheds o f many streams will
.

usually co nta i n large b o d i es o f i rri gable land o n b o th s i des o f

the stream When the available stream fl o w is suffi ci ent t o serve
.

all the i rri gable land o r where the stream fl o w can be used m o st
,

fav o rably o n sele cted parts o f the irri gable land o n b o th sides
o f the stream the i rr i gati o n pr o j e c t w i ll then c o ns i st o f t w o sepa
,

rate systems wi th separate d i vers i o n canals b o th d i verting water

,

fr o m the same stream usually at the same p o i nt by means o f a

, ,

c o mm o n d i vers i o n we i r .

T h e d i vers i o n canal c o nveys the water fr o m the p o i nt o f d i ver

si o n t o the h i ghest p o i nt o f the area t o be i rri gated which i s the ,

head o f the ma i n canal T h e main canal usually co mmands all

.

the land t o be i rri gated fr o m the main canal d o wn t o the mai n

,

dra i nage Channe l o r stream T h e area c o mmanded seld o m has .

a unifo rm S l ope but i s usually d ivided i nt o basi ns separated by

,

ridges A l o ng the l o wer part o f each bas i n i s a m o re o r less well

.

d efi n e d natural drainage channel o r a c o nt i nuat i o n o f depress i o ns .

T h e mai n canal is generally l o cated o n a flat grade al o ng the

hi gher b o undary o f the irr i gated land ; i t i ntersects the ridges at
p o i nts which are the l o cati o ns o f the head o f the main laterals ,

i s c o ntinued t o serve all the mai n laterals and usually ends as o n e ,

o f the laterals T h e main laterals are l o cated as nearly as

.

p o ss i ble o n the line o f the ridges each o n e c o mmand i ng the land ,

o n b o th s i des fr o m the watershed o r r i dge line d o wn t o the d rain

age line each basin Where a ba s i n i s divi d ed int o s ub basins

o f .
—
by se co ndary ri dges sub laterals heading at the main lateral will
,
-

run d o wn the sec o ndary r i dges T h e sl o pe al o ng these ri d ges .

“

will i n s o me c ases be steeper than can be g i ven t o the grade o f

2 80 I RR I GA TI O N S TR UC T UR ES

the laterals and may require the use o f numero us dro ps o r chute s .

T h e ma in latera ls and sub laterals are the s o urce o f supply fo r

-

the di s tributaries which c o nvey the water t o th e farms situated

o n b o th s ides o f the ridge s .

T o o bta in better regulat i o n o f the fl o w i n the di stri but i o n s ys

tem i t i s d e s irable t o e limin ate unnecessary variati o ns in fl o w in
the ma i n canal and ma in lateral s T herefo re deliveries t o farms .

sh o uld be made directly by the di s tributarie s and as far as p o s ,

s ible n o deliveri es sh o uld be made directly fr o m the ma i n canal

and mai n laterals The general c o urse Of the distributaries i s

.

fro m the ri dge o r lateral d o wn t o ward the drai nage channel .

Where the S l o pe o f the land is uni f o rm it is desirable that dis ,

tributari es f o ll o w pr o perty lines o r r o adwa y s i n o rder n o t t o ,

c ut u p farm unit s .In s o me case s this will require that a dis

tributary ru n al o ng t wo side s o f a farm u n i t in s tead o f diag o nally
acr o s s If the farm uni t i s square the length o f the l o n ger
.
,

c o urse al o ng the t wo S ides wi ll be t i mes that o f the sh o rter

di ago nal c o urs e and will c o rresp o ndingly decrease the available
,

grade al o ng the l o nger c o urs e T his will be an advantage if the

.

diag o nal s h o rter c o urse g ive s an excess in fall b u t o ther wi se ,

will pro duce a s maller vel o city and therefo re requi re a sli ghtly
,

larger cr o ss s ecti o n whi ch with the greater length wi ll make the

, , ,

co st o f earthw o rk fo r the l o nger c o urse ab o ut t imes that o f

the sh o rter co urse O n the o ther hand the S h o rt d i ago nal
.
,

c o urse wi ll cut u p the farm unit in t wo o r m o re parts whi ch wi ll ,

requi re : field bridge s t wo deli very gates t o each farm u nit in

, ,

c reasing the c o st o f the farm distributi o n s ystem and mak in g

farming o perati o n s m o re difficult and expensive A co nsidera .

ti o n o f all the i tems o f c o s t and o f the di s advantages o f the sh o rter

c o urs e will u s ually make it preferable t o l o cate the d i str i butar i es

al o ng the pr o perty li ne s whenever the t o p o graphy wi ll permit

,

i t T h e S h o rter diag o nal c o urse wi ll be neces s ary when irr egu

.

la r it ie s o r ri dges in the t o p o graphy o f the farm units fix the po si

ti o n o f the d is t ri buta ry o r when it i s nece s sary t o reach certai n
,

hi gh p o ints w hi ch can o nly be reached by us ing as S h o rt a d is t rib

utary as p o s s i ble o n a flat grade O n o n e pr o j ect i n C ali fo r n i a t o o
.

s trict ad herence t o the l o cati o n o f d i s tributaries al o ng pr o perty

lines br o ught p o rt i o ns o f them acro s s lo w gro und where the ,

canal s ect i o n was largely o r ent irely in fill and it was later fo und ,

necessa ry t o replace them by S h o rter di ago nal c o urse s whi ch

placed them al o ng the high land where they bel o nged .
2 82 I RR I GA T I O N S TR UC T URE S

small flo w whi ch makes thi s plan spec i ally des irable w here the
,

s urface sl o pe i s s o steep as t o requi re a large number o f d r o ps

o r chutes fo r laterals o f large capacities spa c ed farther apart .

The s econ d gen era l p la n w ill have the ma in canal placed l o ngi
t u din a lly w i th the sl o pe d o wn the steepe s t grade whi ch may
,
.

requ ire numer o us chutes o r dr o ps ; the laterals w i ll be placed

transversely t o the sl o pe o n a flat falling c o nt o ur grade and
, , ,

the distributar i es will r u n d o wn the steepest sl o pe w i th de

li ve ri es t o the farm units o n b o th s i des T h e steep S l o pe o f the
.

distri butar i es i s fav o rable t o a s mall s ee page l o s s and permits

the us e o f l o nger distributarie s than in the previ o us plan But .

in thi s sec o nd plan the d istributarie s extend o nly o n o n e s i de o f

the supplyi ng lateral T herefo re the laterals if spaced the
.
,

d i stances gi ven ab o ve fo r the first plan will give di stributari es o f

,

ab o ut d o uble the length which because o f the s teep sl o pe is

,

not exces s ive T he di s tributaries w ill in general deli ver to

.

t iers o f farm uni ts o n b o th sides and will therefo re be spaced in

general tw i ce as far a s i n the first plan Th e fav o rable p o si tio n
‘

o btai ned fo r the distributar i es will in many cases make it the

m o st ec o n o m i c plan b o th i n first c o s t o f c onstructi o n and in

,

the effic i ent c o nveyance o f the water .

Imp o rtan ce o f D i s tr i b u tari e s — O n m o s t pr o j ects the aggregate

length o f the di s tributar i es will be sever a l times that o f the
laterals and main canal and they serve pro bably the m os t
,

i mpo rtant f u nct i o n o f the system in de li ver i ng the water t o each

farm unit ; they therefo re deserve c areful c o ns iderat i o n in the
plans o f the distributi o n system .

O n many o lder pr o j ec t s the c o nstructi o n o f the d i stri buti o n

sys tem by the c o mpan y o r di s tri ct h as bee n c o nfined t o the main
l aterals ; th is h as requ ired the c o ns truct i o n o f d i s tributari es and in
s o me c ases s ub laterals many mi les in length by the indiv i dual
-

water user o r by an as s o ciati o n o f the water users O n o ther p r o j .

ec t s the mai n lateral s sub laterals and a few main di str i butaries
,
-

have been c o nstructed t o co n v e y t h e water withi n a c o mparat i vely

s h o rt di s tance o f the farms u s ually withi n 1 mile o r less O n
, .

many o f the n e w pr o j ects i t h as been f o und d e s irable t o co n

struct the c o mplete system w i th all the distri butarie s requi red
t o d eliver the water t o the hi ghest p o int in the b o undary o f each .

farm uni t at an elevat i o n suffic i ent t o reach the h i ghest irri gable
land i n the uni t .

T h e result o f experi ence s h o ws that c o n s tructi o n o f any part

 D I S TR I B U T I O N S YS TE M 2 83

of the system by in d ividuals o r by water u s ers is n o t des irable ;

“

it u s ually re s ult s in p o o r c o nstructi o n becau s e o f inexperience in

this kind o f w o rk in p o o r l o cati o n and in duplicat i o n o f d is
, ,

tributaries I t al s o places this a d d iti o nal lab o r and hard s hip

.

o n the farmers at a time when they have all they can attend t o

pr o perly i n the devel o pment o f their farms In the o perati o n .

and maintenance o f the sys tem similar difficulties have r e

s u lt e d where the main canal and laterals are under the c o ntr o l

o f the management o f the c o mpany o r system and the d is ,

tributari es are o perated and maintained by i ndividual farmers o r

gr o ups o f farmers Th e re s ult has u s ually been p o o r main
.

t e n a n ce p o o r o perati o n c o nsiderable fr i cti o n between farmers

, ,

o n the same d istributary and d is s at i s f a cti o n with the manage

ment o f the c o mpany T h i s i s espec i ally well dem o n s trated

.

by the experienc e o n at least o n e pr o j ect o f the R eclamati o n

S erv i ce .T hi s pr o j ect i ncludes t w o separate sys tems having the
same s o urce o f s upply and serving t w o similar b o dies o f land ,

o n e o n each side o f the r i ver T h e land i s s i milar and the t w o

.

systems are under the same central management but i n o n e ,

system the o perati o n o f the dist r ibutaries was left t o the f a rmers ,

while i n the o ther s y stem the o perati o n o f every part o f the system
i s under the s ame management O n th i s pr o j ect general dis
.

satisfacti o n re s ulted o n the system where the distributar i es were

o perated by the farmers while o n the o ther general satisfacti o n
,

prevailed .

Na tur a l Cha n n el s fo r th e Co n v e ya n ce o f Irr i gati o n W at e r .

L arge natural channels such as streams creeks o r sl o ughs are

, , ,

o ccasi o nally s o l o cated w i th respe c t t o the d i vers i o n canal o r

mai n canal s that the fl o w fr o m these c anals may be discharged

i nt o them and taken o u t farther d o wn by simple diversi o n
w o rks thus saving c o n s i derable length o f diversi o n o r main
,

c anal. T he s e c o n d iti o ns are f o und o n a number o f pr o j ects ,

such as the T iet o n pr o j ect i n Wa s hingt o n the T w i n F all s S alm o n

,

R iver pr o j ect the Twin F alls S o uth S i de pr o j e c t and the B o ise

, ,

pr o j ect i n I d ah o
, .

S maller natural channels c o m i ng acr o ss the ma i n canal can

als o be u s ed in the place o f lateral s T hey are supplied at their
.

i nter s ecti o n with the main canal thr o ugh headgate structures ,

and the fl o w is diverted fr o m them t o supply the di s tributaries

by check gate structures acr o ss the channel and distributary
-

headgates at the head o f the distributaries This practi c e .

2 84 I RR I GA TI O N S TR UC T UR E S

has been u s ed rather exten s ivel y o n the di s tribut i o n system o f

the T win F all s S alm o n R iver pr o j ect and the T win F alls S o uth
S i d e pr o j ect where the c o nditi o ns are unu s uall y fav o rable ;
,

the s e are : a c o mparatively s teep s l o pe facili tating e asy diver ,

si o n fr o m the channel s well d e fi n e d channels wh o se beds are

,
-

c o mp o s ed large ly o f gravel a n d lava r o ck which resis t the high ,

vel o cities T he advantage s o f their u s e is that under such

.

favo rable c o nditi o ns they will save c o ns i d erable c o s t they

, ,

are safe channels and u s ually give a small c o nveyance l o s s

,

with i n s o me cas e s a gain due t o c o llected run o ff o f return

, ,
-

water s fr o m irrigati o n .

In general the pract i ce is n o t des i rable e s pec i ally i f these ,

channel s are the natural o utlet fo r run o ff and undergr o und -

drainage water and if the s ys tem is o perated during the peri o d

when the s e channels may have t o carry the natural run o ff fr o m -

rain o r the melting o f sn o ws T hese c o nditi o ns will favo r water

.

l o gging and make o perati o n m o re difficult and the channels ,

will in many case s be required fo r the main arteries o f a drai nage

s y s tem .

—
Wa s te an d D r a in a ge Ch an n e l s O n m o st pr o j ects the s urface
.

o f the irrigable area i s n o t sm o o th with o ut depre s s i o ns o r ir ,

regularitie s alth o ugh i t ma y appr o ach it i n the land s o f the

,

plains o r in the l o wer lan d s o f large valleys T he i rrigable .

land w i ll usually f o rm m o re o r less well d efi n e d depres s i o n s o r -

disti nct natural channels in whi ch drainage water will c o llect

,

and if n o t o b s tructed will be carried t o the main water c o urse

o r stream T h e drainage water may be pr o duced by i rriga
.

t i o n o r by r ainfall o r b y b o th and may be either surface run o ff

,
-

o r under gr o und water T h e surface run o ff fr o m irrigati o n may

.
-

be the was te o btaine d at the ends o f fiel d s o r the waste o r surplus

reaching the l o wer end o f lateral s and di s tributaries .

S urface waste by run o ff at the end s o f fields w i ll vary w i th the

-

meth o d o f i rrigati o n and the s kill and attenti o n o f the i rri gat o r .

With furro w irri gati o n and fl o o ding in checks the waste can be
practically eliminated With the free fl o o d i ng fro m field ditches
.
'
,

which is the prevailing meth o d o f irrigati o n in the R o cky M o un

tain S tate s the wa s te cann o t be entirely prevente d Meas
, .

u re me n t s o n a number o f pr o j ects in M o ntana give an average

field waste o f ab o ut 1 0 per cent o f the water applied T hi s . .

waste is usually c o llected by s mall S hall o w d rainage d itche s at

the l o wer end o f the fiel d s and pas s e s int o o ther field di tches
,
2 86 I RRI GA TI O N S TR UC T URE S

by the r i se o f the water table w i th the c o nsequent accumulati o n

-
,

o f alkal i and waterl o gging place the t o tal area o n the p r o je ct S

,

o f the ar i d regi o n i n the U n i ted S tates at 1 5 t o 2 0 per cent o f .

the area irr i gated .

D e t ails o f Lo cati o n of Di s tr ib uti o n S ys t e m — Th e l o cat i o n i s

.

preferably first made o n map s o f the t o p o graphi c survey o f the

i rrigable area and then laid o u t in the field with m in o r mo d ifi c a ,

ti o ns where nece s s ary t o adj u s t the line s m o re c l o sely t o the t o p o g

ra p hy . T h e o nly variat io n fr o m thi s pr o cedure may be fo r
.

rather unusual t o p o graphic c o nditi o ns such as regular sl o pes

, ,

pr o n o unced well d e fi n e d ridge s and depres s i o ns when the pape r

-
,

l o cati o n may b e o mitted but a s a rule a c o mplete stu d y based o n

,

a careful t o p o grap h i c survey wi ll re s ult in m o re ec o n o mi cal and

better l o cati o n T h e greate s t value o f a careful t o p o graphi c
.

survey may be n o t fo r the l o cati o n o f the ma i n canal and lateral s ,

but fo r the l o cati o n o f the d i stri butarie s the eli minat i o n o f high
,

land areas i ncluded w i thi n the b o undaries o f the distributi o n

,

system b u t t o o hi gh t o be serve d and fo r advi s ing the settler

,

in the preparati o n o f hi s land fo r irrigati o n In Vo l I I C hapter . .

,

IX the meth o ds o f survey are c o nsi dered

,
.

I n the l o cati o n o f the system o n the t o p o graph i c maps o r paper

l o cat i o n o n e o f the m o st i mp o rtant c o nsiderati o ns is the nece s s ity
,

o f adj usting the p o s i ti o n o f the laterals and e s pecially the d is t r i b u

tari es w i th respect t o the gr o und s urface s o that the water level

,

i n them i s at a suffi cient height ab o ve the gr o und surface t o at

least make del i verie s t o the high p o i nts o r t o the upper li mit
o f the highland areas and if p o s s ible t o per mi t the installati o n
,

o f meas ur i ng b o xes .

T h e di s tributarie s sh o uld theref o re be first c o ns i d ered U s ually .

at le as t 6 inche s plus the fall nece s s ary t o reach the h igh p o i nt o n

,

a flat grade is de s irable fo r this d iff erence i n elevati o n between

,

the water level and the high p o i nt T o meet this requi rement
.
,

the p o s iti o n o f the b ed o f the d i stri butary w i th re s pect t o the

gr o un d s urface and i t s grade is fixed by fi rst pl o tt i ng o n the pr o file
the requi red elevati o n o f the water surface at the high p o ints o f
d e li veries and then c o nnect i ng these by a li ne w h ich g i ves the ,

grade l in e o f the water s urface i n the distri butary Where this .

will bri ng the canal m o s tly i n fill as i s o ften the cas e i t wi ll

, ,

us ually be m o re ec o n o mical t o place the canal m o re nearly in

b a lanced cut and fill w i th check gates at each p o i nt o f delivery ,

bui lding u p the banks o f the distri butary fo r a sh o rt distan ce

 D I S TR I B U T I ON S YS TE M 2 87

upstream t o perm i t the backing u p Of the water O n m o st dis

,
.

tributar i es and practicall y always o n th o se carrying a single

i rrigat i ng head a check gate i s necessary at e very delivery
,

gat e .

T h e laterals must be l o cated and their p o s i t i o n i n cu t o r fill

fixed t o make the divers i o ns thr o ugh the distributary headgates
w i th the requ i red o r de s ired di fferen ce i n elevati o n between water
levels Where feasible it is de s i rable t o have the water level
.
,

i n the lateral when Operated at its minimum capacity ( usually

,

n o t less than to o f its full capacity ) at least 6 i nches ab o ve ,

the full s upply water level at the head o f the distributar i es T his .

will largely eliminate the u s e o f check gates wh i ch are usually ,

c o nsidered detr i mental in that the checking o f the water i ncreases

,

s eepage l o s ses enc o urages s ilt dep o s its and may cause the o ver
, ,

fl o wi ng o f the banks resulting i n s o me cases i n breaks A s a rule .

,

h o wever the eliminati o n o f check gates i s o nly p o s s i ble o n laterals

,

o r p o rt i o ns o f laterals which serve distributaries o n steep grades ,

and i n c o untry w ith flat sl o pes high kn o lls o r high land areas i t
,

w ill usually be necessary t o maintai n the water level i n the lateral

by means o f check gates u p t o its n o rmal full supply level and t o
u s e a very flat grade fo r the d i stributar i es U nder these c o n .

dit i o n s the mi ni mum de s irable di fference in elevati o n between the

f ull supply water level i n the lateral and that at the head o f the
di stri butary may be taken as 6 i nche s .
.

T h e p o s i t i o n o f the canal sect i o n i n cut o r fill fo r a ma i n c anal

o r lateral i s determi ned much i n the same manner as for a d i s

tri butary by l o cating o n the pr o files the requi red water surface
,

elevat i o ns at c o ntr o lling high p o i nt s and fr o m this the grade o f

,

the bed o f the canal U sually the ma i n canal and the larger
.

part o f the laterals will be in balanced cut and fill sect i o n and the ,

distributaries wi ll have a small excess o f fill o btai ned by b o rr o w

i n g fr o m each s i de and preferably fr o m high p o i nts o r hi gh
areas .

T h e f o ll o w i ng extract s taken fr o m the i nstruct i o ns fo r the r e

s urvey o f the i rrigable lands o n the L o wer Yell o wst o ne pr o j ect

M o ntana a s s tated by R S S t o ckt o n the then Irrigati o n

, . .
,

M anager are o f special i nterest as representing pra ct i ce learn ed

,

by experience o n this pr o j ect

1 D etermine if water will run fr o m the given turn o ut t o the
.

hi gh p oi nt of each farm unit o r tra ct sh o wn o n the appr o ved

pl o ts .
2 88 I RRI GA TI O N S TR UC T URE S

2 . If s o me o f the land is ab o ve water make rep ort as t o whether

,

same can be irrigate d fr o m an o ther turn o ut o r by rai s i ng banks o f

la t eral a reas o nable am o unt o r by extending acr o ss an a d j acent
farm uni t T h e am o unt t o be spent i n s uch a ca s e w o uld depend
.

o n the acreage t o be reclaimed In d ec i d ing o n the land ab o ve

.

the water assume that kn o ll s n o t o ver 1 6 acres i n extent

,
1

o r ridges n o t o ver 2 00 feet wide wi ll be levelled d o wn by the

o wner .

3 If s o me o f the land is ab o ve water o r d o ubt exi sts as t o

.

watering any p o rti o n o f the tract run o u t the head d i tches on a

,

grade n o t flatter than o f a tenth t o 1 00 feet A ssume .

the head ditche s 1 5 feet deep and carrying 1 f o o t o f water and

1
,

fo r an y c o n s iderable p o rti o n o f the land the water surface sh o uld,

be 6 fo o t ab o ve the gr o und surface b u t d o e s n o t need t o be that

1
,

much ab o ve the highe s t kn o ll o r ridge when I n 1 00 feet or s o the

water w o uld be well ab o ve the gr o und in the field ditches Where .

p o s s ible the head d itch grade is taken f o o t bel o w grade o f

lateral t o take u p l o s s o f head in tur n o ut ( delivery gate ) whi ch ,

might be h o wever o nly 1 0 o r / 1 0 o f a f o o t fo r a turn o ut b o x

, ,
1

1 2 i nche s by 1 8 inche s delivering 3 sec o n d feet o f water In -

.

cases where there is n o t en o ugh fall and every b i t o f head must

be s aved the grade o f the ditch is taken o ut 1 % t o 2 feet bel o w
,

the t o p o f the bank o f the di s tri butary T h i s i mp lies checking .

the di s tributary t o wi thi n ab o ut f o o t o f the t o p o f the bank

fo r a fa i r head o f water in the head ditch S uch a head di tch .

s h o uld be extra wide and deep s a y 2 feet deep s o that in places

, ,

where field lateral ditche s take o ut fr o m the b o tt o m o f the head

ditch they will have a better fl o w o f water .

D e s ign o f Can a l Cr o s s S e c ti o n s fo r Di s tr ib u ti o n S y s te m .

T h e pri nciples o f des i gn are i ncluded in the general d i scussi o n o f

canal cr o s s s ecti o n s presented in V ol II C hapter VI S maller
,
.
, .

di s tributarie s will u s uall y have the f o rms and d i men s i o ns g i ven

-

fo r farm ditche s i n Vo l I C hapter V I I .

, It i s e s pec i ally im.

p o rtant that di s tributarie s and lateral s have a large part o f the

water cr o s s secti o nal area ab o ve the gr o und surface ; thi s is o b
-

t a in ed with c o mparatively shall o w wide d itches A n excess .

o f fill will o ften be nece s s a ry but it s am o unt may be reduced

,

by us ing mi nimum width s fo r the t o m o f the bank T h e to p .

width o f bank is u s ually s electe d a little larger fo r a canal s e c

ti o n all i n fill than fo r o n e largely in cut t o give additi o nal ,

safety again s t breaks T he minimum c o mm o nly used fo r d is

.
 I RR IGA TI ON S TR UC T UR E S

an extra fall o f 6 i nches T h e land wh i ch must be rej e cted b e

.
,

cause unsui table o r unde s irable must be determ i ned fr o m a ,

physical and chemi cal s ur vey o f the s o i l T h e rati o o f the .

net area irri gated t o the gr o s s i rrigable area i ncluded i n the

system w i ll depend o n a number o f fact o rs .

M r D on H B ark o f the U S D epartment o f A gr i culture

. .
, . .
,

f o und fr o m a survey o f ab o ut
,
acres o f well settled i rri
gated land in Idah o that the net area o f i rrigated and cult i
,

v a t e d land w as 9 1 per cent o f the gr o ss area T h e surveyed area

. .

apparently did n o t include t o wn s ite s land made unfit by water ,

l o gging o r by the u s e o f alkali o r land rema ini ng i d le o r d ry

,

farmed T he result gi ves a per cent o f waste o r n o n irri gated

. .
-

land smaller than i s generally assumed A c o mm o n estimate .

o f the net i rrigated land o bta i ned after full devel o pment i s 80
, ,

per cent o f the gr o ss i rri gable area and when the climat i c
.
,

c o nditi o ns are fav o rable fo r dry farm i ng such as o n certai n

s ystems i n the S acrament o V alley o f C alif o rnia where dec i du o us

trees cereals beets will yield pr o fitable cr o p s in n o rmal years

, ,

wi th o ut irr i gat i o n the per cent o f net i rrigated land may be

,
.

c o n s i derably s maller .

S iz e o f Far m Unit s an d Pla n o f S ubd ivi s io n — T h e s i ze o f .

the farm uni ts will a ffect the number o f distributari es requi red
t o make the deli veries O n m o st pr o j ects and e s pec i ally th o se
.

o f the R eclamati o n S erv i ce the average farm unit i s fr o m 1 0 t o

2 0 acre s fo r land planted t o o rchards and fr o m 4 0 t o 80 acres

fo r land planted t o alfalfa o r diversified field cr o ps T hese .

have been f o und t o be the m o st desirable s ize fo r new settlers

with limi ted means .

T he i rri gable area i s u s ually sub d iv i ded i nt o squar e o r rec

t a n gula r farm units t o c o nf o rm with the secti o n and sect i o n
lines o f the U S land surveys Th i s meth o d facilitate s t h e
. . .

s ub d i vi s i o n s urveys and i s well adapted t o fairly unif o rm sl o pes ,

b ut when used where the t o p o graphy is i rregular s o that many

o f the farm unit s are di vided by ri dges d epre s si o n s o r drainage , ,

c hannels it will requi re m o re c o mplicate d and expensive farm

,

d istributi o n s ystems than fo r farm units adj u s ted t o the t o p o g

r a p hy ,
with upper and l o wer b o undari es l o cated al o ng the
ri dge s and drainage line s Except o n a few smaller s y s tems o f
.

hi gh priced land t he c o mplicati o n s and difficultie s o f s ubdivisi o n

,

i nt o farm unit s o f i rregular s ize a d j u s ted t o the t o p o graphy hav e

been regarded as t o o great t o ad o pt t hi s system o f s ubdi vi s i o n .
 D I S TR I B U T I O N S YS TE M 29 1

M ET H O D S O P ERATI O N S O F DI S TRIB UTI O N SYS TE M A S

OF
AFFE CTI N G T H E RE Q UIRED C ARRYI N G CAPA CITIE S :
C O N T I N U O U S F L O W — R O TATI O N FL O W
DELIVE RY O N DE M A N D

Pr in cipl e s of M e th o d s of When the ent i re dis

O pe r a ti o n .
—
t rib u t i o n system i s o perated o n the co n ti n u ou s flow ba s i s water ,

i s r u n in the main canal laterals and distributari es all o f the t i me

,

during the i rri gat i o n seas o n and the fl o w during a peri o d o f

,

deficiency i s pr o rated t o the d i fferent bran ches a cc o rding t o the

area which they supply .

O p er a ti on by r o ta ti on may i n clude
Fi r s t — R o tat i o n between the water users o r gr o ups o f water
users o n each distributary w i th co ntinu o us delivery at the head
,

o f the distributary ; in which c ase the entire fl o w o f the d i s t ri b u

tary is used i n turn by the water user o r gr o ups o f t wo o r m o re

water users fo r a peri o d o f time pr o p o rti o nate t o their acreage .

S econ d — R o tati o n between di s tributari es served by the same

lateral co mbined usually with r o tat i o n between water u s ers o n
each di s tributary U sually the water carried by the lateral wi ll
.

be divided between gr o ups o f distri butari es by Operating the

lateral in se cti o n s w i th the entire fl o w g o ing t o each secti o n in turn .

Fo r i n s tan ce i f a lateral serves

, acres with a capacity o f ,

80 sec o nd feet i t may be d i v i ded i nt o f o ur se c t i o ns each o f which

-
, ,

supplies a number o f d i stributaries co mmand i ng a t o tal o f ab o ut

M o f the t o tal area o r ab o ut acres each receiving the e n ,

tire fl o w fo r M o f the t i me Thi s peri o d o f t i me may be 1 week

‘

o u t o f every 4 w e eks o r 5 days o ut o f every 2 0 days or o ther

,

su i table t i me per i o ds depending o n the frequency o f r o tati o ns

,
.

In each secti o n the fl o w may be d i v i ded between all o f the d i s

tributaries supplied by that sect i o n pr o p o rt i o nately t o t he area
, ,

co mmanded by each di s tr i butary o r may be div i ded and r o tated ,

between gr o ups o f these di s tri butari es ; fo r i nstance i f the de ,

sirable i rrigating head i s 1 6 sec o nd feet the fl o w may be d i vided -

,

and r o tated between gr o ups o f five distributari es each dis ,

tributary receiving o n e i rrigating head fo r a peri o d o f time p r o

p o r t i o n a t e t o the area i t serves and the i rr i gat i ng head in each
,

distri butary i s as s igned t o each o f i ts water users i n turn fo r a

fixed t i me per acre irrigated .

Thi r d
.
— R o tati o n between laterals by Operating the main canal ,

either c o ntinu o u s l y fo r its entire length o r by d i viding it int o ,

secti o ns and with o r with o ut r o tat i on bet ween di s tributaries

,
.
29 2 I RRI GA TI ON S T R UC T URE S

The meth o d o n the M o dest o di s trict has been t o practise ro tat i o n

between laterals with r o tati o n between di s tributari es durin g
, ,

the peri o d when the av ai lable stream flo w de creases bel o w ab o ut

M the capac i ty o f the s y stem .

Deli ver y on dema n d at the t ime and i n such quant i t i es as r e

que s ted by the water u s er cann o t be o btained i n pract i ce but ,

ma y be appro ached by the enfo rcement o f certai n restri cti o ns

‘
whi ch will gi ve s u fli cie n t ti me t o di s tr i bute the perio d o f maxi
mu m demand o ver a l o nger interval T hi s may be o btained b y
.

’
requiring several day s n o tice fro m the water u s er an d by l imit ing
the am o unt o f water he is entitled t o receive With o ut such .

re s trict i o n s the required large capacity o f the sys tem as a wh o le

,

w o uld i n m o s t cas es make the c o st o f the system pr o hi bitive .

T h e peri o d o f maximum demand wi ll be sh o rtest and m o st i n

tense when a large part o f the area is planted t o the same cr o p
and fo r S hall o w r o o ted cr o p s e s pecially cereals whi ch require
,

i rrigati o n withi n a s h o rt peri o d at certain stages o f the i r gr o wth .

D e livery o n demand can be m o re nearl y appr o ached fo r d i vers ified

cr0 p s wi th an ample water s upply a c o mparatively s h o rt diver
, ,

s i o n canal and a small s y s tem It h a s been used successfully

.

o n a number o f pr o j ect s in C o l o rad o where a large part o f the

,

water supply was fr o m st o rage re s erv o irs and a fixed quantity

fo r the entire s ea s o n w as app o rti o ned t o each water user wi th the ,

privilege o f u s ing it at s uch time s a s he de s ires It is frequently .

us ed during the early peri o d o f d evel o pment o f irrigat i o n s y s tem s ,

when a c o mparatively s mall part o f the i rri gable land i ncluded

in the pro j ect is irrigated .

—
M e th o d s o f O pe r a ti on U s e d in Pra ctice O p era ti on by con
ti n u ou s flo w m o d i fied o n a few sy s tem s by de li very o n demand
,

duri ng the peri o d o f ample supply is the prevalent meth o d o n the

,

s y s tems in M o ntana Wy o mi ng Was hingt o n and Idah o In

, ,
.

s ystems m o re recently c o n s tructed in the s e states espec i ally ,

s everal in s o uthern Idah o and s o me o f th o se o f the R eclamati o n

S e rv i ce and o n a number o f o lder pro j ect s o perat i o n by r o tati o n

, ,

between water u s ers h as been in tr o duce d t o a limited extent .

O p er a ti on by r otati on is pr o bably the prevalent meth o d i n U tah ,

C ali fo rnia N e w M ex i c o and A riz o na

,
O n the B ear R iver C anal
.

s y s te m in U tah r o tati o n is practi s ed o n the di s tributarie s ; the

water u s er rece i ve s the water o nce a week ; a minimum i rrigating

head o f sec o nd feet is delivered fo r 1 h o ur fo r each acre
-
,

but he may us e and o ften d o es us e d o uble the head fo r half the

294 I RRI GA TI O N S TR U C T URE S

alfalfa is ab o ut 7 5 per cent o f the t o tal area i rri gated and

.

where shall o w r o o ted cr e p s are o f m i n o r o r n o c o n s iderati o n .

T h e interval between irrigati o n s o f 4 weeks may be l o nger th an

i s de s irable e s pecially fo r p o r o us sandy s o ils
,
.

O n the irrigati o n s y s tems o f s o uthern C al i f o rn i a supplyi n g ,

citru s o rchards o r walnut o rchards with i n s o me cases a smaller ,

acreage i n alfalfa o perat i o n by r o tati o n between water users and

,

usually between pipe distri butaries is necessary o n acc o unt o f the

small o rchard un it s usually n o t o ver 1 0 acres and the h i gh duty
, , ,

wh i ch o n a c o ntinu o u s fl o w bas i s w o uld gi ve a stream t o o small

t o i rrigate wi th A c o mm o n all o tment is eq u i valent t o 1 mi ner s
.
’
i nch c o ntinu o us fl o w t o fr o m 5 t o 7 acres ; the general pract i ce i s
t o accumulate the right t o the fl o w fo r a peri o d ranging fr o m 3 0
t o 60 da y s u s ually ab o ut 3 0 days and u s e a head o f fr o m 2 5 t o
, ,
’
1 00 m i ner s inche s ( M t o 2 sec o nd feet ) usually 4 0 t o 60 m i ner s
-
’
,

i nche s fo r a length o f time depend ing o n the acreage generally

, ,

o f 24 h o urs fo r each 1 0 acres .

S e le c tio n B e tw e e n O pe r at i o n b y Con tin u ou s Fl o w an d R o ta

t io n .
— Th e co n ce n s u s o f Opin i o n o f i rr i gat i o n engi neers and super
i n t e n d e n t s i s that Operat i o n by r o tati o n i s i n general preferable ,

and i ts u s e is gradually be ing extended t o replace co nt i nu o us

fl o w o perati o n T here i s n o d o ubt that it ca n be applied a d
.

v a n t a ge o u s ly t o a large number i f n o t the maj o r i ty o f i rriga

t io n s y stems o n which Operati o n by c o nt inu o us fl o w i s n o w

practised ; but there are certai n co nditio ns w h i ch w ill requ ire
c o nt inu o u s fl o w o perat i o n .

T h e c o nditi o ns m o st fav o rable t o co nt i nu o us fl ow are an

ample water supply c o mparatively large farm uni ts t o gi ve all o t
,

ment s o f water suffic i ent fo r ec o n o mical irrigati o n heads with ,

which r o tati o n can be practi sed o n each farm unit irrigat i o n ,

meth o ds which req u ire a c o mparatively small irrigating head ,

s o il texture o r t O p o gra p h i c features which requi re a small head .

S o me o f these co nditi o ns are o btained o n many o f the sys tems

i n Was h i ngt o n O reg o n Idah o M o ntana Wy o ming and B r i ti s h
, , , , ,

C o lumb i a where the land served is e i ther steep and r o lling c o m

, ,

p o sed o f light s o il easily ero ded such as s o me o f the o rchard

,

f oo t hi ll land s in Was h ingt o n which require irrigati o n by furro ws

,

w i th small head s ; o r where the land is d i vi ded int o c o mparatively

lar ge h o ldi ngs o f 80 t o 1 60 acres o r m o re i n w hi ch case each farm
'

unit will have an all o tment o f at least 1 t o 2 sec o nd feet co n -

t in u o us fl o w O n s o me o f the o lder s ys tems with ample wa t e r

.
 D I S TR I B U T I O N S YS TE M 2 95

supply o ften pr o tected by excessive c o urt decree s c o mpar a

, ,

t iv e ly large i rr i gati o n heads may be o btainable even fo r smaller

farm units but thi s usually results i n the head being u s ed o nl y
,

part o f the time and wa s ted the re s t o f the t i me In greater .

detail the c o nditi o ns m o st fav o rable t o and the special a d

vantages o i c o ntinu o us fl o w are :
1 When a canal s y stem includes c o ns i derable w o o den fl u m
.

'

i ng i n which ca s e a c o ntinu o us fl o w is d e s ir ab le t o keep the

,

fl u me s water tight and i n g o o d c o nditi o n and t o pr o l o ng their

-

life
.

2 O n heavy clay s o ils subj ect t o cra c ki ng o r dr yi ng i n which

.
, ,

c ases a c o ntinu o us fl o w i n the ditches may pr o duce a smal ler

seepage l o ss and fewer breaks than a r o tati o n fl o w .

.3 C o ntinu o us fl o w requires smaller distr ibutaries and strue

tures and in s o me ca s es smaller laterals T his advantage i s .
,

h o wever very small fo r u s uall y the di s tributaries must be made

, ,

o f a certain minimum capacity which w o uld permit r o tati o n .

.4 C o ntinu o us fl o w is m o re c o nvenient when d o me s tic and

s t o ck water is o btained fr o m the irrigati o n system T his i s the
.

pract i ce o n a number o f pr o j ect s where gr o und water i s n o t

,

easily o btainable ; b u t usually o nly during the early peri o d o f

settlement F o r these c o nditi o n s r o tat io n delivery requires the
.

u s e o f st o rage tank s T h e di s advantages o f c o ntinu o us fl o w

.

o perati o n are i ndicated by the advantages o f o perati o n by

r o tat io n .

T h e c o ndit i o n s wh i ch make o perati o n by r o tati o n m o st de

sirable are small farm units i rrigati o n meth o ds which require
,

c o mparatively large irrigating heads and peri o ds o f deficient

,

flow . O ther c o ntr o lling fact o rs i n the select i o n o f the meth o d

o f o perati o n are the f o ll o wing advantages :

.1 T h e irrigating head which it g i ves i s usually the size o f

stream best adapted t o the prevailing meth o d o f irrigati o n and ,

i s fav o rable t o equal distributi o n o f water o n the land with a ,

minimum l o s s by de ep perc o lati o n It als o decreases the seepage

.

l o s s i n the c o nveyance o f water o ver the farm because o f the ,

s maller pr o p o rti o nate l o s s in c o nve y ing a large stream and makes ,

it p o s s ible fo r the water user t o i rrigate his farm in a c o mpara

t i v e ly sh o rt time .

.2 T h e deli ver i es are usually made acc o rd i ng t o a fixed schedule

which enables the water user t o plan his o ther w o rk and carr y o n
h i s farming o perati o n in a businesslike w a y with o ut c o ntinu o us
296 I RRI GA TI O N S TR U C T URE S

interrupti o n s t o attend t o irrigati o n T h is make s him appreciate .

the full value O f the water and the large head will usually make it
nece s sary fo r him t o devo te h is be s t e ffo rt s t o it s pr o p er us e
with a minimum o f surface waste unless the head be t o o large ,

fo r hi m t o handle pr o perly .

T h e decreas e in l o s s by s eepage deep perc o lati o n and surface

, ,

was te will reduce the t ime o f irrigati o n by a greater rati o than the
incre as e i n land F o r ins tance with an irrigati o n head o f 2
.
,

s ec o nd feet i n free fl o o ding fr o m field di tche s

-
the time o f irriga ,

ti o n will be less than M of the time required w i th a head o f 1

s ec o nd f o o t -
.

3 R o tati o n between d i str i butar i es and betwee n lateral s o r

.

s ecti o ns o f lateral s will u s ually decrease the c o nveyance l o sses

o f the distributi o n system and wi ll give per i o d s when the ditches

are dry during which repa irs and maintenance w o rk can bes t be
,

d o ne M o s s and aquatic plants will be better co ntr o lled i f n o t

.
,

kil led during the d ry peri o d .

4 T h e c o st o f o perati o n will be mater i a lly decreased e s

.
,

p e c ia lly by r o tati o n between gr o ups o f distributar i es w hi ch ,

c o ncentrate s the w o rk o f the ditch tenders .

5 A fewer number o f s tructures fo r the measurement o f water

.

are nece s s ary becau s e man y o f the d i s tributaries will each carry
,

a s ingle irrigati o n head which can be measured by a single

,

meas uring structure at the upper end o f each d is tributary .

O n s ys tem s where the change is ma d e fr o m c o ntinu o u s fl o w

o perati o n t o r o tati o n o perati o n di s sati s facti o n may result
,

at first but if the sy s tem is made rather elastic dur i ng the early
,

s tages o f i t s i ntr o ducti o n a n d if the i rrigating head and i nterval

,

between irrigati o ns be adj usted t o the irrigati o n meth o d a n d

cro ps the re s ults will be a m o re ec o n o mical us e o f water and a
,

feeling o f equal treatment o f the water us ers .

ARRYI N G CAPA CITY O F D I S TRIB UTI O N SYS TE M

C

G en er a l Co n s i d e r a ti on s — T h e capacity o f the irrigati o n

system c o nsidered as a wh o le must be based n o t o nly o n a care
, ,

ful c o n s i d erati o n o f all ava ilable d ata o n the duty o f wate r ,

e s peciall y seas o nal d uty but o n estimate s o f the maximum us e

,

o f water T h e variat io ns in u se dur i ng the irrigati o n s eas o n

.
,

a s far as m o nthly u s e is c o ncerne d are repre s ented b y the m o nthly

,

s ea s o nal duty but e s timate s o f capacity based o n data o f the

,

max imum m o nthly us e may in s o me cas e s be c o n s iderab ly less

29 8 I RR I GA TI O N S TR UC T URE S

M o untain S tates where a large part the land i s planted t o

of

cereals and is le s s n o ticeable where alfalfa w i th o rchards o r

,

d i vers ified cr o p s are gr o wn .

When the s upply is ample thro ugh o ut the seas o n o r when there ,

are n o su d den fluctuati o ns in the stream fl o w and the land is

planted t o diversified o r deep r o o te d cr o ps then there wi ll be n o,

sudden variati o ns in the u s e o f water and especially for larger

,

sy s tem s the maxi mum u s e will be very nearly the same a s the
average daily u s e fo r the m o nth o f maximum u s e .

T h e capac i t i e s t o be c o n s i d ered in the d e s ign o f the system are

F i rs t — T h e capacity o f the diver s i o n canal at the p o int o f
divers i o n .

S econ d — Th e capacity o f the ma in canal at the head o f the

.

di s tributi o n s ystem .

Thi r d . T h e capacit i es o f the laterals

-
.

F ou r th — T h e capacitie s o f the di s tributaries

Ca pa city of D ive r s i o n Ca n a 1 —
. T h e capacity o f the d i versi o n
canal i s u s ually made the s ame fro m the upper end at the p o int
o f d i versi o n t o the l o wer end at the head o f the distributi o n

s y s tem except in s o me ca s es when fo r a sh o rt di stance the upper

,

end is given a surplus capacity d o wn t o the first escape o r sand

sluice ; this may be necessary fo r cl o s er regulati o n o f the fl o w
o r t o sc o ur o u t material dep o s ited i n thi s sect i o n o f the canal .

Where the divers i o n canal i s l o cated al o ng steep side hi lls with ,

r o ugh r o cky irregular t o p o graph y requi ring expens i ve co n

,

s truct i o n with numer o u s fl u me s o r siph o ns greater ec o n o my may

,

re s ult by using fo r the firs t year s o f devel o pment temp o rary ,

w o o d fl ume s built o n ly fo r part o f the ultimate capacit y ; but

fo r r o ck excavati o n and permanent c o ncrete c o nstructi o n it will
generally be m o re ec o n o m i cal t o c o n s truct fo r the ultimate
capacity o btained fr o m gener o u s e s timates i n o rder that n o
,

expensive enlargement s be nece s s ary .

T h e capacity o f the diver s i o n canal will be based o n est imates

o f the max i mum u s e as determined fr o m the study o f the gr o s s

m o nthly seas o nal duty o n S imi lar pro j ects and the fact o rs a ff ect
ing the maximum us e a s stated ab o ve Es timate s may al s o be
.

bas ed o n a Si milar study o f net m o nthly s ea s o nal duty t o whi ch ,

must be added an all o wance fo r the c o nveyance l o s s es T he .

c o nveyance l o ss will gradually decreas e the fl o w i n the canal

sy s tem fr o m the head o f the divers i o n canal d o wn t o the p o ints
o f delivery ; t o c o rre s p o nd with this the capacity o f the diversi o n
,
 D I S TR I B U TI O N S YS TE M 2 99

c anal co uld be made de creas i ng but as the estimates o f c o nvey

,

ance l o s s es are necessarily uncertain and as they will decrease '

e i ther by the natural pr o ce s s o f silting o r by impr o vements made

t o st o p them the usual and de s i rable practice i s t o make the
,

c apacit y o f the divers i o n canal unif o rm fr o m i t s upper t o its l o wer

end except fo r unusually l o ng canals

,
.

Capa c ity o f M a in Cana l .

—T h e capac i ty o f the mai n canal at
the head o f the di s tributi o n system wi ll be ab o ut the same as that
o f the diversi o n canal T h e fl o w in the main canal and in the
.

main laterals d iverting fr o m it will usuall y be c o ntinu o u s s o that ,

the capacity o f the main canal may be decreased bel o w the head
o f each main lateral by the n o rmal supply d i verted by that

lateral It is de s irable t o make n o reducti o n i n the carrying

.

c apacity fo r the expected seepage l o ss T h e capacity thu s O b

.

t a in e d fo r each o f the di fferent sect i o n s o f the main canal will

then permit carry ing a surplus e qual t o the seepage l o s s T his
,
.

small surplus capacity is desirable t o all o w fo r the variati o ns in

fl o w pr o duced by the regulati o n o f the main lateral headgates .

Ca pa city o f M a in L at e ra ls — T h e main lateral s are i n m o s t cases

Operated c o ntinu o u s ly thr o ugh their entire length but there are
,

several pr o j ects n o tably s o me i n the S a n J o aquin and S acra

,

ment o Valleys where r o tati o n o f fl o w is practi s ed o n the mai n

laterals by dividing each lateral int o secti o ns which will i n clude
,

the heads o f gr o ups o f s ub— laterals o r distributari es wh o se c o m

b i n e d capa city must equal the c apacity o f the main lateral .

When a ma i n l ateral is Operated c o ntinu o u s ly d o wn t o i ts l o wer

end i ts capacity may be dimini s hed bel o w the heads o f sub laterals
,
-

and distributar i es but i t mu s t be de s igned fo r a c o mparatively

,

l o wer duty than that o f the main canal in o rder t o o btain su ffi cient
ela s ticity fo r variati o ns in fl o w pr o duced by the cl o sure o r regu
lati o n o f headgates .

When r o tat i o n i s practised o n the main lateral the capac i ty

,

o f the ma i n lateral mu s t remain the same d o wn t o at lea s t the

beginning o f the last r o tati o n secti o n fr o m which p o int i t may

’
,

be d iminished d o wn t o r e q u ir e d s i ze o f wa s te channel at the l o wer

end O n the M o d est o irrigati o n s y stem this meth o d o f o pera
.

ti o n is used o n all the main laterals and r o tati o n between laterals

,

i s practised when the stream fl o w decrea s es t o le s s than ab o ut o n e

half the full supply capacity o f the main canal ; this h o wever d o es
, ,

n o t requ i re an y lar ger capac i ty than that required dur i ng the full

supply peri o d .
3 00 I RR I GA TI O N S TR U C T URE S

T he capac i t i es o f the s ub laterals are o btained o n the same basis

-

as the main laterals when Opera t e d c o nt i nu o usly and o n the S ame ,

b as is as di s tri butaries when O perated b y r o tati o n .

Capa city o f D i s trib u tar i e s — T h e di s tributaries are usually de

.

signed fo r o perati o n by r o tati o n in whi ch case the carryi ng,

c apacity o f each di s tributary w ill depend n o t o nly o n the area and

number o f farm unit s served but al s o o n the peri o d o f t i me that

,

the water i s in the lateral F o r instance if a di s tri buta ry receives

.
,

water fo r M o f the time it s capacity must be twice that o b

,

t ain e d o n a c o ntinu o us fl o w ba s i s .

When the d istri butary is t o be o perated by c o ntinu o us fl o w ,

i t s capacity is determine d fr o m a duty at least equal t o and pref

e r a b ly l o wer than that o f the lateral s i n o rder t o permit the use

o f a surplus fo r S h o rt peri o ds .

T h e minimum capacity o f any d i s tributary must be n o t l e ss

than a s ati s fact o ry irri gati o n head and when larger must be pref
,

e r a b ly a multiple o f the i rrigat ing head T h e s i ze o f the i rri

.

gating head will depend o n the meth o d o f i rrigat i o n F o r furr o w .

i rrigati o n it will range fr o m a fracti o n o f a cubi c f o o t per sec o nd

t o usually n o t o ver 1 M s ec o nd feet ; a s atisfact o ry head i s ab o ut 1
-

cub i c f o o t per s ec o nd Fo r the field fl o o ding meth o d it will

.

range fr o m ab o ut 1 t o 4 s ec o nd feet ; 2 sec o nd feet i s a de - -

s irable head . F o r check fl o o ding a head less than 4 sec o nd

feet is seld o m u s ed alth o ugh with small checks 2 sec o nd feet
,
-

and even 1 sec o n d f o o t may be u s ed ; usually the head will range

-

fro m 1 0 t o 2 0 sec o nd feet ; a s ati s fact o ry head i s 1 4 t o 2 0 sec o nd

-

feet .

S ugge s te d Va l ue s o f Carryin g Capa ci ti e s B a s e d o n Pra cti ce .

T he ab o ve c o n s iderati o n s S h o w that the capacit i es o f the d if

fe ren t parts o f the s ystem are all related s o that the c o mb ined
capacity o f the di stributarie s diverting fr o m a lateral must be
at le as t equal t o and u s ually greater than the capacity o f the
lateral ; the s ame relat i o n mu s t exi st between the c o mb ined
capacity o f the lateral s divert ing fr o m a main canal and the
capac i ty o f the main canal .

T he car rying capacit y o f every part o f the system must be

based o n the area s upplied and o n the c o n s i d erati o ns pre s ented
ab o ve T he e s t i mate s s h o uld be ma d e after a c o mplete study
.

o f the seas o nal duty c o nveyance l o s s e s and o ther facto rs o n

,

pro j ects a s nearly simi lar as po s sible Fro m a study o f the .

maximum u s e o f water o n a number o f irri gat i o n system s the ,

3 02 I RR I GA T I O N S TR U C T UR E S

T he later als are usually des i gned fo r relat i vely larger maxi mum
capacities t o gi ve a certa in am o unt o f ela s ticity i n o perati o n .

T h e excess c apa ci ty t o pr o v i de thi s elast i c i ty i n a lateral S h o uld

be a certa in percentage o f the fl o w o f water actually deli vered
—
at the head o f the lateral usually ab o ut 4 0 per cent of th i s fl o w . .

B u t the rate o f fl o w del i vered is le s s than the rate o f fl o w di verted

at the head o f the d ivers i o n canal by th e c o nveyance l o ss in
the di vers io n canal T heref o re the maximum capac i ti es fo r
.

the laterals may be bas ed o n the sugge s te d rates o f maxi mum

c apac i ties g i ven ab o ve fo r divers i o n canal s de c rea s
,
i ng the
areas o f th o se rate s ab o ut 1 0 per cent where a c o mparat i vely
.
,

large co nveyance l o ss o f 2 0 t o 30 per cent is expected and ab o ut

.

2 5 per cent where a s mall c o nveyance l o s s is expected

. .

T h e di s tributarie s are usuall y de s i gned t o perm i t Operati o n

by r o tati o n in wh i ch ca s e the i r capacitie s will be based o n a rate
,

i n which the acreage per sec o nd f o o t will be ab o ut M that o f

-

the mai n canal ; the capacity must never be le s s than at leas t

o n e irrigat i o n head and preferably t w o .M r H N S avage. . .
,

f o rmerly superv i sing engineer for the N o rthern D i vi si o n o f the

R eclamati o n S erv i ce whi ch i ncludes M o ntana parts o f Wy o ming
, ,

and N o rth D ak o ta state s that i n man y pr o j ect s o f this divi s i o n

,

the main canal s have been de s i gned fo r a capacity of 1 s ec o nd

foo t t o 80 acres the laterals fo r 1 s ec o nd f o o t t o 60 acre s and
,
-
,

the di s tributaries fo r 1 se co nd fo o t t o 4 0 a cres but n o t less than

-
,

4 se c o nd feet
-
.
 C H A PT ER IX
C HE CK GATE S
O b j e ct of an d Typ e s.
—
check gate is a
A s tructure placed acr o s s
a canal t o co ntr o l the fl o w and depth o f water i n the up s tream
secti o n o f the canal It i s generally u s ed t o rai s e the water level
.

i n the c anal i n o rder t o d i vert part o r the entire fl o w thr o ugh o n e

o r m o re lateral headgates o n the upstream s ide o r t o st o p the fl o w
,

o f water d o wn the canal and divert it thr o ugh a wasteway o r

sluiceway .

A che c k gate may be bu i lt as a separate structure but i s o ften ,

c o mbined o r built with an o ther stru cture It i s frequently

.

built as a co mbinati o n structure with a lateral headgate o n o n e

side o r o n each s i de up s tream o f i t and i s then c o mm o nly c alled
,

a divi s i o n b o x at least when the structure i s small such as whe n

,

used o n the laterals o f the distri buti o n sy s tem D r o ps e s .

,

p e ci a lly th o se o n the di s tr i buti o n laterals o ften o c c upy a po s i

,

t io n fav o rable fo r a che ck gate and the structure i s then bui lt

,

a s a c o mbined check gate and dr o p by f o rming the check gate

at the i nlet t o the dr o p A sl ui ceway o r wa s teway w i ll o ften

.

be built t o advantage as o n e structure with a c heck gate j ust -

bel o w it.

T h e u s e o f c heck gates is primarily t o c o ntr o l the depth o f

water i n the canals o f the di s tributi o n system T hese canals .

are u s ually built partly in cu t and partly in fill appr o ximating ,

a balanced cut and fill secti o n T his se c ti o n with t h e canal

.

full will h o ld the water level ab o ve the natural gr o und surfa ce ;

the pr o p o rti o n o f the v o lume o f water thus carried ab o ve t he
gro und surface depends o n the f o rm o f the cr o ss secti o n and has
been s h o wn t o be greater fo r br o ad shall o w canals than for
narr o w deep canals under similar c o ndit i o ns (Vo l II page .
,

B u t there are always t i mes when canals are o perated at partial

fl o w ; the water level may then d r o p bel o w the gr o und surfac e ,

i n which ca s e check gate s are necessary t o ra i se the water level

t o deliver water thr o ugh the headgates ab o ve When the lan d
.

surface sl o p es d o wn away fr o m the canal at an inclinati o n

303
3 04 I RR I GA TI O N S TR U C T UR E S

suffic i ent t o bring the gro un d s urface l o wer than the lo w water
s upply level i n a c o mparativel y sh o rt distance the necessity fo r ,

check gates is n o t s o great ; but unle s s the waste s trip o f land

a d j acent t o the canal is n o t t o be c o n s idered it will usually be ,

de s irable t o have check gate s ; h o wever they w ill b e placed at ,

farther intervals than where there is little s l o pe away fr o m the

c anal .

C he ck gates may be divide d int o classes o f t w o general t y pes

the o verp o ur and the under s h o t T h e o verp o ur type regulates .

the depth o f water i n the canal by h o riz o ntal fl as h b o a r d s o ver ,

which p o urs the water n o t d iverted ab o ve T h e undersh o t t y pe .

regulates the fl o w with gate s which all o w the water t o pass under
them T h e s pecial advantages o f each are the f o llo wing :
.

F i rs t — T h e o verp o ur check gate is better adapted t o the m ea s

.

u r e me n t o f the water .

S econ d — T h e undersh o t check gate is u s ually easier t o o perate

.
,

as it i nv o lves less lab o r than the rem o val o f fl a s h b o a r d s .

Thi r d — T h e i ncrea s e o r decrease i n the depth o f water i n the

.

canal ab o ve the check gate re s ulting fr o m the variat i o ns i n the

fl o w o f the canal due t o an increase o r decrea s e i n the v o lume o f
water delivered thr o ugh the lateral gates ab o ve the check gate
will be smaller with the o verp o ur type than with the unders h o t
type T his is illu s trated by the f o ll o wing example :
.

C o nsider a canal o f the f o ll o wing dimen s i o ns and carrying

c a p a c it y z B o t t o m wi d th 1 0 feet ; depth o f water 5 feet ; side
, ,
'

sl o pes 1 M t o 1 ; grade 5 feet i n

,
n,
f ull supply
carrying capac i ty 300 cub i c feet per sec o nd A ssume that
,
.

the canal is being o perated at M full capacity o r 1 5 0 cubic fee t

per sec o nd o f w h ich 50 cubic feet per sec o nd are being diverted
,

thr o ugh o n e o r m o re lateral headgate s ups tream fr o m the check

gate ; the remaining 1 00 cubic feet per s ec o nd pas s ing thr o ugh
the check gate int o the secti o n o f canal o n the d o wn s tream side
o f the check gate a n d that the water is maintained t o the full
, ,

supply depth o f 5 feet at the check gate If fl as h b o ar ds are .

us ed fo r the regulati o n and if the net length o f fl as h b o a r d b e

,

tween side wall s is 1 5 feet the depth o f water p o uring o ver the
,

cre s t fo r a fl o w o f 1 0 0 cubic feet per sec o nd is by the we ir f o rmula

feet It may n o w happen that the lateral hea d gate s ab o ve
.

are S hut with o ut changing the fl as h b o ar ds in the check gate ; the

re s ult w ill be a fl o w o f 1 50 cubic feet per s ec o nd at the check ga t e ,

whi ch will increa s e the d epth o f o verp o ur t o feet pr o ducing a

3 06 I RR I GA TI O N S TR UC T URE S

s tandard pr in c i p le s o f de s ign previ o u s ly pre s ented in the d is cu s

si o n o f hea d gate s .

T h e h y d raulic de s ign inv o lve s a c o n s iderati o n o f the hydr o

s tatic pre s s ure s a n d the e ff ect s o f the fl o wing water The flow .

thr o ugh o r o ver the gate s and the e ffect o f the variat io ns in the
canal fl o w have been di s cussed ab o ve .

In the o verp o ur type o f gate the fl a s h b o a r ds are i n s erted e i ther

,

i n vertical gr o o ves o r in gr o o ve s s l o ping d o wn s tream o n a sl o pe

var y ing fro m ab o ut 3 feet h o riz o ntally t o 5 feet vertically t o ,

ab o ut 5 feet h o riz o ntally t o 7 feet vertic a lly T h e advantages

.

claimed fo r a sl o ping face are :

Fi rs t.
— T h e vertical d o wnward c o mp o nent o f the hy d r o s tatic
pre s s ure i ncreas e s the s tabi lity o f the structure w h ich is ,

specially nece s s ary fo r light w o o den structures .

S eco n d — T h e upper fl a s h b o ar d s have a lesser tendency t o fl o at

.

u p when the water level o n the d o wnstream side rises u p t o

nearly the water level o n the up s tream side .

Thi rd —. T h e fl as h b o a r d s can be made m o re water tight becau s e

-

S il t o r o ther tran s p o rted material has a better chance t o catch in

the cracks between fl a s h b o a r d s .

T h e fl o o r o n the d o wnstream s ide mu s t be made at least

sufficiently l o ng t o receive the sheet o f o v e r p o u rin g water at
ab o ut i t s center ; thi s will be Obtained as fo r a d r o p o n the
, ,

ass u mpti o n that the full depth o f water in the canal is the
maximum height o f fall and that a surplus fl o w o f 1 f o o t in
depth o ver the crest i s liable t o o ccur ; this will give a length o f
d o wnstream fl o o r mea s ured h o riz o ntally fr o m the crest equal
, ,

to D where D is the full depth o f water .

With b o th types o f check gates it is de s irable n o t t o make the

net width o f o pening betwee n the s i d e w alls o f the structure t o o
‘

small fo r the c o ntract io n has a ten d ency t o pr o duce cr o ss

,

currents o r eddie s at the o utlet increasing the er o s ive e ff ect

, .

U sually a w i dth equal t o ab o ut the average width o f the canal

is u s ed . T h e fl oo r s h o uld be place d at least 6 inche s and pref
e r a b ly 1 f o o t l o wer than the canal bed in o rder t o f o rm a s h all o w
,

water cus h i o n and s o that it w ill be n o t higher than the canal

bed o n the d o wn s tream side in case there s h o uld be s o me er o s i o n
o f the canal bed d o wnstream fr o m the s tructure .

When the material in w h ich the check gate is built is p o r o us ,

there i s a greater tendency fo r the water t o find its way aro und or
un der the structure whi ch may ca use als o an uplift pre s sure
,
 CH E CK GA TE S 30 7

on the undersi de o f the fl oo r o f the structure T o make t he .

structure safe against the u n de rfl o w o r fl o w ar o und the s i des ,

the path o f creep o r perc o lati o n must be made equal t o 4 o r 5

t i mes the full water depth fo r clay l o am s o il s and 6 t o 8 t i mes ,

fo r l o amy s o i ls and sand y s o ils T h e depth o f cu t o ff wall at

‘
-
.

the upstream end i s usually made equal t o n o t less than half

the depth o f water fo r average sand y l o am s o il and n o t less ,

than the ent i re depth o f water for o pen sandy or gravelly s oil .

T h e uplift pressure must be c o nsidered with the o ther hydr o

stat i c pressures and the weight o f the s tructure and the design
,

sh o uld give a resultant wh i ch w i ll fall w ithin the m i ddle third

o f the base .

F la s h b o ar d Ch e ck G at e o n Pa wn e e Ca n a l o f Ar ka n s a s Valle y
S u g ar B e e t a n d Ir r ig at e d Lan d CO Co lo r a d o ( Fi g .
—,T his .

if Ro s d 4 x 6 B eam

Fr o n t El va t ion
e
Net t in g El
S e c t i on on Ce n t er L i n e
e v a t i on

t o ff W ll a

Pl an

FI G . 1 16 .
—Ch e ck a t e
g on P aw e C a al A rka a V all y Su gar B
ne n . ns s e e et

I rrigat e d L a d C n o .

structure is built o n a canal wh o se capacity i s 2 00 cub i c feet

per sec o nd and represent s a g o o d type o f reinf o r ced c o ncret e
c heck gate T h e channel f o rmed between s i de walls i s divided
.

by three co ncrete buttre s s es 4 inches th i ck i nt o f o ur bays

, ,

each 5 feet w i de T h e net w i dth o f the stru cture i s a l i ttl e

.

greater than the average width o f the canal which is a desir abl e ,

feature Th e fl a s h b o a r d s are supp o rted at their ends o n sl o p

.

i n g shelves f o rme d in each o f the s i d e walls and o n the up s tream

face o f the buttre s s es fr o m which pr o j e cts the edge o f an i r o n
,

bar partly i mbedded in the c o ncrete which divides the fa ce

, ,
3 08 I RRI GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

of the buttre s s in t w o parts t o guide the placing o f the fl as h

b o ards T h e fl as h b o ar d s f o rm a sl o ping face o n which the
.
,

hydr o static pre s s ure h a s a d o wnward c o mp o nent whi ch is ,

specially neces s ary in thi s case t o increase the stability o f the

light structure f o rmed o f thin reinf o rced c o ncrete walls and fl o o r
, .

T h e fl o o r is extended bey o n d the j uncti o n with the s i de walls and ,

w ith the si d e walls and wing walls at each end h o lds a wedge o f
earth which increas e s the weight o f the structure Th e wing
,
.

walls are c o nnecte d acr o s s by a reinf o rced c o ncrete tie beam ,

which i ncrea s e s their stability against earth pre s sure T h e .

wall s and fl o o r are c o mparative ly thin and reinf o rced with h o g

F ro n t El S e c t io n
ev a t i o n
No t e Dp O u r t a ln
l l
e th of ad es

wi t h L o c a S o i
C on d it i on s

FI G . 1 17 .
— T i mb e r fl a s h b o a rd ch k
ec at e . S a ram
c en to Vall y e

I rrigat io n CO .
,
al if .

wire nett ing with ad d iti o nal r o d s i n the s i de and w in g wall s .

T h e reinf o rcement in the fl o o r gives it sufficient strength t o act

if necess ary as a fl o o r s lab d i vi ded int o spans by the buttre s s
wa ll s aga i n s t an upli ft hydr o static pressure o n the under Si de o f
the fl o o r .

Timb e r O ve rpo ur Fla s h b o ar d Ch e ck G at e o f S a cr ame n t o Va ll e y

I rigat io n Co mpan y Calif o rn ia ( Fig
r — T h i s structure i llus
, .

trates a type very c o mm o nly u s ed o n s mall and large laterals .

In thi s case the s t ructure f o rm s t w o o penings each 4 feet wide ,

regulated with fl as h b o ar ds placed o n a S l o pe o f ab o ut 3 fee t

h o riz o ntal t o 4 vertical T h e wi d th o f the s tructure betwee n
.

s i d e wall s is made ab o ut equal t o the average wi d th o f the

310 I RRI GA TI O N S TR UC T UR E S

of the structure is equal t o the b o tt o m w i dth o f the canal ; it

w o u ld be preferable t o make it equal t o ab o ut the average wi d th
o f the c anal t o av o id the c o ntracti o n in water area .

C O S T O F L AS H O AR D C H C K G A BOI P R O JE C T
F B E TE , SE

C amp ma i te a c lab r d u ppl i

n n n e, o an s es .

P r para t i
e p fa mbl i g pla t
o n , ex ens es o ss e n n

E c avat i b kfilli g d p u dd li g 3 00 u b i yard

x on , ac n an n ,
c c s

C cr t :
on e e

S a d d grav l i l u d i g Op gravel p it r i g h aul i g

n an e ,
nc n en , s c ee n n , n .

C m t : 3 87 ack t 6 4 c t s
e en s s a en

H au l i g n .

Wat e r f c r t or on c e e .

F rm : Lu mb r 2 1 1 2 E M
o s e .

Lab r o

Mi i g d placi g c r t
x n an cu b ic yard n o n c e e, s

R i f r m t St l
e n o ce f t f M i ch
en : f t f Mi h
ee ee o n ,
ee o nc

L ab r f pla i g d h au l i g o o c n an n

Re pai r to e quipm t d d pr ci at i
s en an e e on

E g i ri g up ri t d t d acc u t
n n ee n ,
s e n en en an o n s

O p ra t i g brid g : L ab r
e n e o

The hec k gate structure al o ne c o ntains

c -
cub i c yard s of
re i nf o rced c o ncrete with 2 04 sack s o f cement ; t h e lining con
tains cub i c yards o f c o ncrete with 1 83 sacks o f cement .

T o perm i t lay i ng during freezing temperatures 3M p o unds o f ,

salt were used fo r each cubic yard o f c o ncrete l in ing .

C ement w as hauled 5 M mi les water M mile gravel and sand , ,

2 M mi les steel 1 2 miles ,

.

Un d e r s h o t Ra d ia l Ch e ck G ate of th e Yo lo Wa t e r a n d Po w e r CO .
,

Ca lif o rn i a ( F ig — T h e radial gate o r T a int o r gate a s i mple

.
,

f o rm o f which i s illustrated i n th i s s tructure has been ad o pted on a ,

number o f the m o re recent irri gati o n pr o j ects Because o f the .

u n d ersh o t fl o w i t is h o wever better adapted fo r u s e o n headgate

, , ,

o r deli very gate structures than fo r u s e o n check gate structures -

.

It has many advantage s o ver the c o mm o n fo rm o f strai ght lift

rectangular gate placed in vertical gro o ves It i s m o re easy t o .

o perate requi res a c o mparatively s mall lifting f o rce and will

, ,

permi t the us e o f wide gate Opening wh i ch w o uld be a special ,

advantage i n lo ca li ties where canals must be o perated at a time

o f the year when water carr i es i ce A c o s t c o mpari s o n o f this .

S pecial design with a structure divided by p i ers i nt o smaller

,
 CH E CK GA TE S 31 1

o pening s regulate d b y vertical rectangular gate o f the o rdinary

t y pe sh o wed that fo r the same character o f c o nstruct i o n the
,

radial gate type w a s less e x pen s ive .

T h e structure i s used o n a c o n c rete l i ned c anal o f the Yo l o

Water Po wer C o T h e radial gate c o n s i s ts o f a curved
.

w o o den fa ce supp o rted against the three curved r i bs o f the ,

framew o rk and bra ces which transm i t the pre s sure t o the
,

axle Th e framew o rk i s bui lt o f stru ctural angles and the

.

w oo den fa cing is made o f h o riz o ntal b o ards planed with radial ,

edges T o pre s s the fa cing against the curved ribs and al s o t o

.
‘

o btain water tightness ir o n bands are placed o pp o s i te ea ch r i b

-
,

S ec t io n a l

on e f or
ld i ng Pl ank s

De t a ils of

Ga t e St ern a n d S tan d

FI G . 1 19 — Un d e r s h o t ra d ial h k gat
c ec e . Y l Wat r
o o e P w rC
o e O .
,
C alif .

on the up s tream side o f the fac i ng ; o n e end o f each r o d i s flattened

and is b o lted thr o ugh the b o tt o m plank t o the l o wer end o f the
rib ; the o ther end i s threaded and c o nnected t o the upper end
o f the r i b by means o f a sh o rt piece o f angle with a S l o t which

permits drawing the b o ards t o gether by screw i ng the nut on the

threaded end T o prevent leakage between the s i des o f the
.

facing and the s i de wall rubber belting is fa s tened t o the edges

,

o f the b o ards and bent s o as t o pre s s again s t the s i de walls .

T h e lifting dev i ce i s piv o ted j u s t bel o w the o perating wheel

t o permit the necessary swing o f the gate stem .

Co mb in e d Un d e r s h o t R a d ia l Ch e c k G ate a n d D r o p onLa tera l

o f U n iv e r s ity F a rm C a lif o rni a P late A
, ( g
F i 1 20 a n d X V F i g
.
) ,
. .
312 I RR I GA T I O N S TR UC T URE S

T his structure is b uilt o n a c o mparativel y s mall lateral T he .

rad i al gate c o nsi s ts o f a curved w o o d en face bui lt o n a t imber

framew o rk which bears agai n s t and is b o lted t o a s pe cial c astin g
,

u s ed fo r axle beari ng T h e axle pas ses thro ugh w o o den bl o cks

.
,

le a r s n ce

D e t ai l !
b Bl
0
R ub er e t i n g o n G at e

K—I s ifl fi
' '

I9 —
"
>l

D e t ai l of

Cas t i n g f o r Axl B e ear i ng

X B e i D IO I C ln s B s rs th ro u gh o ut
B "

H
e r t i c al

o ri z o n t a lB
ar s 18 O t o 0 .
ar s
"
.

l2 0 t o C. .

S e c t i o na l El ev a t io n

FI G . 1 20 —C mbio ne d h a d gat e
e a nd d r p U i v rs i ty F arm
o , n e . Da vi s ,

wh i ch are b olted t o the s i de walls T he w o o den bl o cks were .

used t o adj u s t the p o s i ti o n o f the axle s o that the gate w o uld

fit cl o sely between the s i de walls T h e li fting dev i ce is O f the .

Wi n d lass t y pe f o rmed o f a 2 i nch galvani zed ir o n water pi pe

,
-
,

aro und which the lifting chains are w o und a n d o f an o perating ,

 CH E CK GA TE S 313

lever arm c o nnected t o the p i pe w i th standard elb o ws T h e .

pipe rev o lves in a special bearing f o rmed o f plate s b o lted t o

the c o ncrete s tandar d s In the place o f the s e s tan d ar d s each
.

s upp o rt c o ul d be f o rmed o f a secti o n o f pipe embedded at the

l o wer end in the c o ncrete s i d e walls and c o nnected at the upper

end t o a Te e fitting o f such S ize that the axle pipe w o uld pa s s
,

thro ugh it .

Aut o matic U n d e rsh o t Ra d i al G at e u s e d o n th e Ca n a l s o f th e

Turl o ck Irr i g a ti o n S ystem Ca lif o rn i a ( Fig 1 2 1 and Plate X V
, .
,

.
—
Fig B ) A number o f these s tructures have been i n s talled t o
.

maintain aut o matically an appr o ximate c o nstant depth o f

'

water in the canal s T his was deemed desirable i n o rder t o

.

maintain m o re unif o rm d eliveries thr o ugh the delivery o r take

o u t gate s and t o prevent the tr o uble caused by the burr o win g

g o pher s ; becau s e when the canal s are o perated at parti al fl o w

with a c o rre s p o n d ing small water depth the g o phers burr o w in,

the bank ab o ve the water level and f o rm channels which may ,

re s ult in c o n s i d erable l o s s by leakage and in breaks when the

“

depth o f water is i ncrea s ed t o full depth .

T h e c h annel o f the structure between the side walls i s d ivided

b y buttre s s walls int o three o r m o re O p enings o r bays T h e main .

Opening in the center is regulated b y the aut o matic radial check

gate a n d the smaller o penings o n each side are regulated by
,

fl a s h b o a r d s o ver which the water p o urs

, T h e radial check gate
.

i s f o rmed o f a curved w o o d en face built o f a d o uble layer o f

1 X 6 i nch bo ards with lapped j o ints nailed t o the w o o den
- ‘
,

ribs o f the framew o rk T h e radial arms o f the framew o rk j o i n

.

t o a sleeve o f 4 inches galvanized ir o n pipe 9 i nches l o ng wh i ch

-
,

f o rms the bearing fo r the axle made o f 3 in ch galvanized i r o n

,
-

pipe T h e gate is c o unterbalanced and o perated by a c o nnec

.

ti o n t o a s y s tem o f t w o levers with a c o ncrete bl o ck c o unter

weight a n d a fl o ating tank T h e levers are c o nnected t o gether
.

at o n e end o r piv o ting p o int and o perate o n t wo fulcrums ; the

gate is hung t o the upstream end o f o n e o f the lever s the c o unter ,

weight is place d near the piv o ting p o int o r c o nnecti o n p o int o f

the t w o l evers a n d the fl o at i s hung t o the up s tream end o f the
,

s ec o nd lever T h e fl o at i s a galvanized ir o n tank which fits

.
-
,

int o a c o ncrete circular well built in the bank o n o n e si d e o f

the s tructure T h e well i s c o nnected at the b o tt o m t o the water
.

o n the up s tream si d e o f the check gate by an inlet pipe 4 inches

'

i n diameter with a piv o t j o int f o rmed b y t w o elb o w s whi ch permit ,

314 I RR I GA T I O N S TR U C T UR E S

the r a i s ing o r l o wering o f the upper end o f the pipe A simi lar .

c o nnecti o n i s made by means o f 2 inch o utlet pipe wi th the -

wate r o n the d o wn s tream si d e T h e aut o matic regulati o n i s .

o bta i ned by the adj u s tment o f the i nlet and o utlet pipes T he .

up per end o f the inlet p ipe is rai s ed u p t o nearly the desi red
water level in the canal ; the o utlet pipe i s adj u s ted s o as t o

k
- m
‘
s s l —s i

2 x 12 x 9 8

C o un t e r W e i gh t

Tan k F lo a t
S ec t io n a l El v
e a ti o n B -B

FI G . 121 .
— Au t o mat i c u nde s r h t ra d ial gat
o e . T url k oc
I rriga t io n D i t ri t C al i f
s c ,
.

carry o ut o f the well the water entering it thr o ugh the inlet p i pe
with the gate held a t the c o rrect p o s iti o n A rai s e i n the water .

level pro duced by an increas ed fl o w in the canal w ill i ncrease

, ,

the fl o w entering the well ; t hi s will i ncreas e the depth o f water

in the well and the greater fl o tat i o n fo rce acting thr o ugh the
,

lever s will rai s e the gate ab o ut s uffici ently t o permit the exce s s
fl o w t o go thr o ugh wi th o ut a material variati o n in the water
 C H A PT E R X
A ERAL H EAD GATE S
L T AND D ELI VERY GATE S

O b j e ct o f an d — L
ateral headgate s are structures used
Typ e s
at the head o f main lateral s s u b laterals and d istributar i es to
,
-

c o ntr o l and regulate the water entering them D eli very gates .

are the structures placed at the p o ints o f deli very t o the ir

r iga t o r
. O ther term s c o mm o nly u s ed t o den o te the same types o f
structures are : lateral turn o ut s and farm turn o uts ; als o la t eral
take o uts and farm take o uts .

T hese structures are placed thr o ugh the banks o f the c anal fr o m
whi ch the supply is taken and may be separate structures o r
, ,

may be built a s c o mp o s ite structure s usually with a check gate

, ,

i n which case they may c o n s i s t o f a check gate w i th an adj acent

S ingle lateral o r delivery gate o n the upstream Si de t h r o ugh ,

o n e o f the bank s o r o f t w o a d j acent lateral gates

,
o n e t h r o ugh ,

each bank T h e check gate and the lateral headgates may als o
.

be f o rmed t o serve as dr o p st r uctures When the c o mp o site .

s tructure d i vide s the fl o w between t w o o r m o re laterals o r di s

tributaries o f ab o ut equal s i ze s o that n o part o f the structure

,

can be pr o perly called the check gate then the terms s o met i mes
,

used are bifurcati o n gates an d d i visi o n gates .

T h e term bifu r ca ti on ga tes is m o re pr o perly appli ed t o a

struct ure whi ch divides the fl o w between t w o main laterals ,

and the term di vi s i on ga tes t o a structure which di vides the flo w

between t w o o r m o re smaller laterals o r d istributaries .

Th e di fferentiati o n between the types o f struct ures included in

th o se terms is largely dependent o n the required s i ze and capacity ;
fo r in s tance o n pr o j ects where large irrigating heads are de li vered
, ,

the c o rresp o nd ing delivery gate s tructure will have as large o r

even larger capacity than the d istributary headgate s tructure
used o n pr o j ects where di fferent irrigati o n practice is o btai n ed .

In the s ame way a m ai n lateral headgate structure o n o n e pr o j ect

may be smaller than a small lateral headgate o n an o ther p ro
j e c.t T here are h o
,
wever certain,
general principles o f de s ign

which will apply t o all s ize s o f s tru ctures and these are co n ,

31 6
 L A TE RA L H E A DGA TES A N D D EL I VE R Y GA TE S 317

s bel o w for the t wo d i sti nct types o f structures : the o pen

i d er e d
channel type o f headgate and the culvert type o f headgate .

In general a lateral headgate structure will have certain parts

s i milar t o th o se Of the main headgate structure or regulat o r at
the head o f the diversi o n canal A n i mp o rtant di fference is .

that the main regulat o r i s placed o n the r i ver bank where i t is

subj ect t o great fluctuati o ns i n water level s and t o large hydr o
stat i c pressure pr o duced by fl o o d fl o ws while the maximum ,

hydr o stat i c pressure o n the face o f the lateral headgate is o nly

that due t o the full depth o f water i n the canal which makes i t ,

p o s s i ble i n the o pen channel type o f lateral headgate t o cl o se

the entire waterway u p t o the full water supply level w i th gates
w i th o ut the panel wall generally required in the main regulat o r
,

structure A n o pen type lateral headgate i s als o similar i n

.

f o rm and mak e u p t o a check gate structure , but will usually

- -

di ff er fr o m i t i n the o perat i o n o f the gates and in s o me cases i n

the f o rm o f the i nlet and o utlet Th e principles and details o f .

de s ign presented i n the d i s cu s si o n o f the main headgates and

-

especially o f the check gates are theref o re applicable t o the des i gn

o f lateral headgates .

O PEN TYPE OF L T A E RAL H EAD GATE S TRU CTURE

G e n e r a l Fo rm Part s —T his
type c o n s ists e s sentially o f a
an d .

rectangular channel o r s h o rt fl u me sect i o n with suitable i nlet a n d

o utlet w i ngs built i an o pen eiI t thr o ugh the canal bank The
n,
.

rectangular c hannel i s f o rmed o f a fl o o r and t wo s i de walls and ,

fo r a w i de structure the waterway may be d i vided i nt o t w o o r

m o re bays by frames p i ers o r buttresses o n t o p o f w hi ch is
, , , ,

usually a f o o t walk o r platfo rm fo r the o perat i o n o f the gates

-
,

and i n s o me cases a bri dge fl o o r o r slab fo r r o ad cr o ssing rangi ng ,

i n w i dth fr o m 1 0 t o 1 2 feet wide when used o c ca s i o nally such ,

as when o n pr i vate r o adway and 1 4 t o 1 6 feet o r m o re when u s ed

,

o n a public r o a d way T his c o mbinati o n makes the structure

.

essent i ally o f the culvert type .

In b o th the o pen channel type and the culvert type vari o u s

f rms are given t o the i nlet and o utlet depending o n the p o s i
o l -
,

t i o n o f the w i ngs Th e usual f o rms fo r th e i nlet are : ( 1 ) Wing s

.

at right angles t o the side walls ( 2 ) Parallel wings usuall y in .

the same plane as the side walls ( 3 ) F laring w i ngs f o rming an .

,

angle w i th the s i de walls o f the structure n o t greater than

318 I RR I GA T I O N S TR UC T UR E S

When r i ght angle w i ngs are used the entrance is set

-

well back in the b ank and the appr o ach is f o rmed by shap ing
,

the earth t o it s natural sl o pe o f rep o s e ; thi s w ill u s ually require

a length o f wing wall equal t o 1 M o r 2 times the full depth o f
water ab o ve the fl o o r o f structur e When parallel wings o r .

flaring wings are u s ed they extend o ut fr o m the i r c o nnecti o n

,

with the s ide walls and the i r upper edges are sl o ped d o wn t o be
,

bel o w the s urface A t the ir j uncti o n with the s ide walls cut o ff
.
,
-

walls f o rming a c o llar ar o und the structures are Often u s ed t o

give the desire d length o f path o f perc o lati o n ar o und the structure .

R ight angle wing s at the i nlet d o n o t f o rm an entrance as well

-

shaped as the parallel o r flar i ng wings but are m o re ec o n o mical ,

.

T h e o utlet may be fo rmed as the inlet o r may c o nnect with the ,

earth canal with warped surface s R ight angle wings with rip
.
-

rap pavi ng o r li ning o f the adj acent canal sect io n are very co m
, ,

mo n ly use d .

Un d e r s h o t an d O ve rpo ur G at e s — T h e struct u re may be either

o verp o ur o r undersh o t depending o n the me t h o d o f o perat ing
,

the gates Th e advantage s and disadvantages o f the t wo

.

types o f gates have been pre s ented i n the discussi o n o f check

gate s T h e o verp o ur type was s h o w n t o be preferable fo r a
.
‘

check gate structure because with var i ati o ns in the canal fl ow

-
,

up s tream fr o m the structur e a m o re nearly c o nstant water level

c o uld be maintained i n the canal T h e unders h o t type is pref
.

c rable fo r a headgate structure because any fluctuat i o ns i n the

,

water level o f the supply canal w ill pr o duce a s maller variati o n

i n the discharge thr o ugh the gate It i s theref o re i mp o rtant
.

that check gates be o f the o verp o ur type and lateral headgates o f

the un d ers h o t type Variat i o ns t o thi s rule are s o metimes made
.

with certain special types o f structures and when s ilt pr o blems

must be c o n s idered F o r instance when the water in the supply
.
,

canal carr i e s much s ilt and becau s e o f the flat grade o f a certa in
,

lateral i t i s des ired t o keep the s ilt o u t o f this lateral then an

, ,

o verp o ur type hea d gate wi ll be d e s irable In the fo ll o wing .

d iscu s s i o n the under s h o t type is S pecially c o nsi d ered .

H yd r a uli c Co mput ati o n s — T h e main d imens i o ns o f the

structure w ill depe nd o n the req uired capacity and the n e t
pressure head whi ch pro duce s the fl o w thr o ugh the o pen i ng o f
the unders h o t gate T h e required capacity w ill be that o f the
.

lateral T he available di ff erence i n elevati o n between the

.

water levels o f the s upply canal and o f the lateral w ill o nly i n
3 20 I RR I GA T I O N S TR UC T UR E S

eral or distri butary T he s e are the m o st unf av o rable c o ndi tio ns

.

o f o perati o ns,
and if the ab o ve desirable req u irements can be
o btained then when the s uppl y canal i s o perated at ful l fl o w o r
,

i t s water level checked u p t o full d epth the gate o penin g s are,

regulated t o co rre s p o nd with the increa s e in vel o city and be ,

c ause O i the grea t er hea d cl o s er regu lati o n o f fl o w thr o ugh the

,

structure is o btained A surplu s i n the di ff erence in elevati o n

.

ca n be used t o advantage fo r the i n s tallati o n o f a measurin g

device e s pecially i n the ca s e o f delivery gates

,
.

—
Po s itio n o f S tru ctur e T h e s tructure must be placed with the
gate o pening at leas t bel o w the lo w water o perating level in the
supply canal and it will usually be de s irable that it be subm erged
at the o utlet t o decrea s e exit vel o city and t o pr o duce m o re fav o r
able c o n d iti o ns fo r the measurement o f water T o o btain thi s .

last requirement it i s nece s s ary t o p lace the entire gate o pen ing -

bel o w the lo w water level in the lateral o r d i s tributary t o which

water is deli vered A c o mm o n assumpti o n is that a lateral o r
.

distributary will u s ually n o t be o perated with a smaller fl o w

than M o r M o f i t s full fl o w T h e fl o o r o f the s tructure is
.

c o mm o nly placed o n the s ame level o r a little l o wer than the bed
o f the supply canal but in certain case s such as when a d is
, ,

tributary is supplied fr o m a relatively large deep canal it may ,

be m o re ec o n o mical a n d equally s ati s fact o ry t o place t h e fl o o r

o f the structure nearer the t o p o f the bank .

Dime n s io n s of G a t e O p e n in gs a n d G at e s — T h e height o f the

gate o pening is determine d as in d icated ab o ve by the p o s i
, ,

ti o n o f the fl o o r and the requirement fo r s ubmergence T h e .

t o tal width is then o bta ined fr o m the kn o wn area a n d the height ,

and may be divi ded int o a number o f b ay s separated by piers

o r buttre s ses each regulate d with a gate T h e gate s m o s t .

c o mm o nly used are vertical rectangular gates o f w o o d o r s t e el

usua lly n o t o ver 4 t o 6 feet wi d e o perated when o f large s i ze by

,

either a lever o r a screw lif t o r rack and pini o n li fting devi ce .

Th e rack and p i ni o n de v i ce o n acc o unt o f it s rapid acti o n and its

,

greater effi ciency is well a d apted Th e us e o f radial T ai nto r

,
.

gates h a s been ad o pte d fo r the larger hea d gate structures o n a

number o f pr o j ects They are specially well s uited fo r thi s p ur
.

po s e o n acc o unt o f the eas t o f Operati o n the un ders h o t di s charge

,

and the large width o f gate Opening which they permit Th e us e .

o f T aint o r gate s i n the place o f rectangular gates wi ll r ed uce the

number o f pi ers and l ift i ng devi ces and wi ll d o away wi th the

 LA TE RA L H E A DGA TE S A N D D EL I VE R Y GA TE S 32 1

upper part o f the piers and si d e wall usually nece s s ary fo r the
gate frames and lifting devices o f rectangular gates .

Provi s i o n s t o Pr e vent U n d er mi n ing o r Washin g Ar o un d th e

S tru ctur e — T h e safety o f the structure agai nst these acti o ns
will depend largely o n the care taken in b a ckfi llin g the structure ,

as well a s o n the length o f the path o f creep under o r ar o und

the structure T o o btain the required length o f the path o f
.

creep c u t o ff t o e walls and wing wall s must e x tend well int o t h e

,
-

bed and bank s A large number o f structures which have

.

pr o ven t o be stable indicate the f o ll o wing rule :

Fi r s i
.
— M ake the length o f fl o o r mea s ured d o wn s tream fr o m
the gate o pening t o the o utlet end equal t o n o t less than 2 o r 3
times the height o f gate ; the greater length being used fo r easily
er o ded s o il .

S econ d — M ake the path o f perc o lat i o n ar o und o r under the

structure equal t o 4 t o 5 times the full depth o f water o n the fl o o r
o f s tructure at the inlet fo r clay l o am s o ils and fr o m 6 t o 8 times ,

fo r average l o am y s o il s and sandy s o ils .

Thi r d — M ake the depth o f cu t o ff t o e wall at the inlet t o the

-

structure equal t o the full depth o f water o n the fl o o r when in

sandy s o ils and M this d epth when in clay s o i ls T h e depth o f .

o utlet cut o ff w all except in very p o r o us s o il ea s ily er o ded

-
,
can ,

usually be made less than that o f the inlet t o e wall .

Ex a mpl e s o f O p e n Ch ann e l Typ e o f H ea d g at e — A b i furcat io n

headgate structure fo r the divisi o n o f t he fl o w between t w o
mai n laterals o n the T win F alls S alm o n R i ver Water C O I d ah o .
, ,

i s sh o wn in Fig 1 22 . T h e capacity o f the larger lateral is 1 7 5

.

s ec o nd feet and o f the smaller 7 5 sec o nd feet

-
, T h e fl o w i n each
-
.

lateral is regulated by T aint o r gates Th e c o ntr o l by un d er s h o t

.

gate s is in this case desirable because any variati o n in the fl o w

,

reaching th i s p o int o f divi s i o n sh o uld usually be app o rti o ned

ab o ut equally between the t w o laterals If h o wever the fl o w .
, ,

i n the lateral was a relat i vely small fracti o n o f the entire fl o w ,

then the structure acr o s s the ma i n lateral w o uld be essent i ally a

check gate and sh o ul d preferably be o f the o verp o ur type O n .

t hi s pr o j ect the d ivi s i o n o f fl ow between main laterals has in

general been made with the same type o f bifurcati o n w o rks
P
( late X VI Fig A ) , . .

T h e type o f hea d gate used o n the S o uth S a n J o aqu i n i rriga

ti o n system C alif o rnia is S h o wn in Fig 1 2 3 T his structure is
, ,
. .

designed fo r a lateral capacity o f ab out 75 cubic feet per sec o nd

21
3 22 I RR I GA T I ON S TR UC T UR ES

S ec t i o na l El evat i o n B -B
FI G 1 22 — Divi s io n ga t es ma i lat e rals
fo r t wo n Tw i n F all S alm o
s n R iv r
e
I d a ho
. .

Wa rt e CO .
,
.

8 111 B o ar d s

S ec t i on A A
FI G . 1 23 — La t eral headga t e ih d
w t ro S uth o S an Jo aq uin I rrigat i on
Dis t ri t c ,
al if .
 PLA TE X VI .

FI G . C —D ive rs io n ga t es an d d ro p s fo r s mall la t e rals . Umat illa P r j ec t

o ,
Ore .

FI G D —Tai ntor ch ck te d p ip d livery gat u ed by Twin

e an e e e s Falls
Salmon Itiv er Lan d Wat er CO Idaho
. . a
. .
,
 L A TE RA L H EA DGA TE S A N D D EL I VE R Y GA TE S 323

and c o mb i nes w i th i t a dr o p i n canal grade o f 1 f oo t Th e

'

stru cture i s ent i rely built o f w o o d w i th sub s tant i al w i ngs and

cut o ff walls at the i nlet and o utlet T h e gate o pen i ngs are
-
.

separated by w oo den frames and are regulated by screw lift

w o o den gates Th e fl o o r o f the structure i s placed ab o ut 8
.

i nches bel o w the bed o f the lateral wh i ch i nsures th i s m i n i mum ,

depth o f water cushi o n .

Plate X VI Fig B sh o ws an o pen channel type o f small lateral

,
.
,

' "

o 68 U
1 Bi ll of M at e r i a l

S e c t io n B -B

d
e in f or c e d by
S p ac e 8

FI G . 1 4
2 — D iv i i
s on gat es an d d r p
o s fo r s mall lat e ral s on U ma t illa
Pr j o e c t, O re .

headgate used by t h e Tw i n F alls S alm o n R i ver Water C o o f .

Idah o .

Fig 1 2 4 and Plate X VI Fig C S h o w d i v i s i o n gates fo r t w o

.
, .
,

small laterals each carrying ab o ut 2 0 t o 30 cubi c feet per sec o nd

,
.

T h e structure f o rms t w o o pening s b o th regulated by fl as hb o a r d s , ,

and serve als o the purp o se o f dr o p s o n b o th laterals .

Fig 1 2 5 sh o ws a simple type o f delivery gate o n the O rland

.

pr o j ect C alifo rnia Th e irrigating head delivered t o farmers

, .

ranges fr o m ab o ut 5 t o 1 2 sec o nd feet and th i s structure may -

3 24 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T UR E S

be used t o deliver 1 5 t o 2 0 sec o nd feet T h e t o tal and average -

.

c o s t o f c o n s tructi o n fo r 3 95 structure s o f this type c o ntaining ,

4 7 7 cubic yards o f c o ncrete is a s f o ll o ws : ,

CO ST OF 395 D E L IV R Y G A
E TE S O N O R L AND P R O JE CT CA I F O R N I A ,
L

l
0 13 8 8 1 fi c a t i o n T O t aI
C os t p e r
C os t
s t r uct ur e

Sup ri t d
e n en e n ce

Equ ipm t d pr ia t i en e ec on

D es ig n

Mi lla u u ppl i
s ce n eo s s es

L ab r : E avat i
o xc on .

B u il d i g f rm d pla i g r i f r m
n o s an c n e n o ce en t

Mix i g d pla i g r te
n an c n co n c e

F i i hi g n s n

H au l i g a d d grav l n s n an e

H auli g wa t r n e .

Mis c lla u e n eo s

B a ck fillin g
H auli n g mat e ri al
Ceme nt

Lumb e r fo f rm s r o

Mi lla e u ma te rial — gu i d
s ce n o s es ,
b lto s ,
etc

al lab o r d mat rial

To t an e co s t
Ge e ral xp e
n e ens

U S E g i e ri g p
. . n ne n ex ens e

To t al c o s t 16 $30 58

L ab r c s t as f ll w
o o o o s : Fo re ma $ 1 00 p er m t h
n on ,
2 -
h r
o se te am s p er
da y ; arp e t e rs
c p n er d y ; lab re r
a od s an p e r d ay .

U it c s t o f ma t e rial s
n o as f o ll w C em e t o s : n p er barr l ; re i f r e n o ce

me nt p er lumb e r p r e as t i r n gu id es
c - o

ah e c .

Av e rag e h aul 2 M m il : es fo r grav l ; e m il e s fo r ce me nt and s uppl ies ,

A S imi lar
type o f w o o den delive ry gate u s ed al s o fo r a p p r o xi
mate me as urement o n the s ystem o f the Yo l o Water Po wer
C O C ali fo rnia is presented i n the chapter o n M easurement o f
.
, ,

Water .

A c o mb i nat i o n o f small distributary check gate with deli very

gate us ed by the S acrament o Valley Irrigati o n C O C alifo rnia .
, ,

is sh o wn i n F ig 1 2 6 T wo f o rms o f c o nstruct i o n are sh o wn

. .
326 I RR IGA T I O N S TR UC T UR E S

diff eri ng in the t y pe o f check gate When the distri butary is .

les s than 5 feet wide at the ba s e o r carrie s le s s than 5 sec o nd

feet the regulat ing gate in the check is a strai ght lift undersh o t
gate and the c o mbined structure is e s s entially a d i vi s i o n bo x .

O n larger distr i butaries sl o p i ng fl as h b o a r d s are used o n the

c h e c kga t e .

Culv e rt Typ e o f Lat e r al H e a d gat e — S mall structur es o f th i s

.

type c o nsist o f a single sh o rt pipe tube , o r o f a sh o rt rectangular

culvert thr o ugh the bank o f the s upply canal w ith sui table ,

i nlet and o utlet and a sli de gate at the inlet t o regulate the fl o w .

L arger structures may c o n s i s t o f t w o o r m o re tubes o r O f a

rectangular culvert divided i nt o t w o o r m o re c o mpartments .

In the s maller structures the i nlet may be fo rmed by surr o unding

the end o f the tube with a c o ncrete bl o ck w i th i ts upstream ,

face shaped t o the canal s i de sl o pe A r o und th i s bl o ck may be

.

placed riprap o r c o ncrete linin g extending o n b o th s i des and u p

,

t o near the t o p o f the bank T o prevent settling and cracking

.

o f this lining by the water washing under i t o r by the settle

,

ment o f the earth backi ng it is d e s irable t o extend the l ower end

,

bel o w the canal grade and t o pr o v i de al o ng the t wo s i de edges o f

the slab cu t o ff walls o r r i bs extending well i nt o the bank t o
-

firm material A n o ther fo rm fo r a p i pe inlet co nsi s ts in plac i ng

.

the gate frame ve rtically i n whi ch case i t s tands away fr o m the

,

bank and requ ir es a fo o t walk reach i ng fr o m the t o p o f the bank

-

t o the li fting dev i ce ( Fi g A number o f manufacturers

.

i n the West make gates and gate frames specially des i gned fo r
th ese type s of lateral or deli very gates .

Where the ab o ve fo rms o f stru ctur e a re n o t used an d espe ,

ci a lly fo r larger s tructures the face o f the entran c e t o the tube o r

,

c ulvert i s placed back i n the bank t o be ab o ut i n the same vert i cal

plane as the t o p edge o f the water s urfa ce Th e appro ach t o the .

o pe n i ng can then be made i n fr o nt o f r i ght angled w i ngs by s hap -

i ng the earth t o it s natural sl o pe o f rep o s e ( Fi g 1 3 1 ) o r by us i ng .

parallel o r flar i ng wi ngs i n the same manner as fo r the o pen type .

Plac i ng the entran ce t o the structure back i n the bank f o rms a

ba s i n i n fro nt o f the gates i n whi ch the c o mparatively s till water
,

when the gates are cl o s ed fav o rs the dis po s iti o n o f se d iment ;

h o wever n o tr o uble need be expected unless the water carri es
,

much s i lt and the gates are cl o s ed fo r suffic i ent l o ng i ntervals t o

perm i t the packing o f the s ilt again s t the gates Th e ch o ice .
 L A TE RA L GA TE S A N D DEL I VE R Y GA TE S 327

between the t y pes des cribe d ab o ve will depen d l argel y o n the

c o mparat i ve c o st .

T h e hydraul i c c o mputat i o ns and the fact o rs determin i ng the

p o siti o n o f the tube o r culvert b o x i n the bank are essentially the
same as th o se d i scussed i n the o pen channel type o f structure .

T o utilize the full c r o s s —

secti o n o f the tube o r culvert and t o p r o
duce co nd i t i o ns fav o rable t o the measurement o f water the tube ,

o r culvert i s u s ually pla c ed t o pr o duce submerged d i scharge fo r

all stages o f water levels at the i nlet and o utlet When these .

water levels have been determ i ned the area o f the cr o ss secti o n,
-

FI G . 1 27 .
—Pip e d e l iv e ry ga t e . W in F all S alm
s on Riv r Wat r C
e e O . I d aho .
,

of the tube culvert i s determ i ned fr o m the f ormula Q

or

CA x/2 gh o r fr o m c o mputati o ns o f the entrance and exi t l o ss o f

head and the l o ss o f head due t o the fricti o nal res i stance i n t h e
tube o r culvert T h e ab o ve f o rmula i s generally used w i th values
.

fo r the c o effi cient o f di s charge C wh i ch depend o n the f o rm o f the

,

i nlet and o utlet and the length o f the tube T h e values given .

i n Vo l II C hapter X fo r sh o rt tubes and s h o rt p i pes may b e u s ed

.
, ,

fo r purp o ses o f c o mputati o n S pecial values fo r small w o o den

.

b o x culvert deli very gates are g i ven in the chapter o n M easure

ment o f Water (C hapter XIII ) A fter the determinati o n o f the
.

c r o ss sect i o nal area the number o f tubes o r c o mpartments and the

-
328 I RRI GA T I ON S TR UC T URE S

dimensi o ns o f the cr o s s secti o n mu s t be s elected T h e ch o i ce .

between o n e o r m o re pipes o r between a culvert o f o n e o r m o re

,

c o mpartments must be based largely o n a c o s t c o mpar i s o n in

, ,

w hi ch the c o st o f the gates and lifting devices may be an i m

p o rtant fact o r T h e b o tt o m o f the pipe o r fl o o r o f the culvert
.

l
Ca n a G r

E n d El ev ti
a on
La n d S id e

W Pl t Det a i l o f ei r a e

FI G 1 28 — S mall d is t ri b u t ary
h ad gat e e an d m a ri g w i r u d by
e su n e se
S u th r Alb r t L a d
.

o e n e a n CO .
,
C a ad a
n .

must usually be placed at ab o ut the same level o r l o wer than the

bed o f the canal b u t seld o m l o wer than ab o ut 1 f oo t bel o w the
,

bed in o rder n o t t o pr o duce an exce s sive earth pre s s ure o n the

culvert o r pipe and n o t make the height o f i nlet and o utlet walls
t o o great .

FI G . 1 29 —S mall di t ribut ary h ad ga t

. s e e us ed by th e S ac ram en to Vall ey
I rriga t io n CO .
,
C al if .

Fig 1 27 and Plate X VI F ig D sh o w a standard type o f

.
,
.
,

p i pe deli very gate u s ed by the T win F alls S alm o n R iver Water

C O Idah o
.
,
T hese are made o f riveted steel pipe either 1 2 1 8
.
, ,

o r 2 4 in ches i n d i ameter w i th a cast i r o n screw lift gate at the

,
-

i nlet S maller deli very gates are made o f 6 8 o r l o inch machi n e

.
,
-

banded w o o d pipe with a w o o den straight lift gate at the inlet .

Fig 1 28 S h o ws the type o f pipe distributary headgate with

.
330 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T UR E S

8 feet l o ng , feet l o ng10 T h e t o tal c o s t and unit

,

co st o f 1 59 b o x delivery gate s in s talled o n the B o ise pr o j ect ,

I dah o were , as f o ll o ws :

COS T OF 1 59 D E L IVE R Y G ATE S BOI S E PR O JE CT I DA H O

, , .

T ota l c os t
Un
i?33 131
08 p er

H auli g ma t e ri al
n

E xc av at i d b ac kfill
o n an cub ic yard s

I t alli g s t ruc tures

ns n

E g i e r i g a d u p rv i i
n ne n n s e s on

fee t o f l u mb r t e a M . E . M .

Na ils a d m is cella us
n ne o .

To t al . . 28
C os t p er M . E . M . of l u mb r e

C o s t per s t ru ctu e r .
$ 1 4 : 98

d
L ong i t u in a l Sec tion

Gr os s -s ec t i o n

FI G . l3 1 .
—
Del ive ry ga t e . T url k I rriga t i
oc on D s tr ct,
i i Calif .

A s i mple type o f large reinfo rced c o ncrete delivery gate used o n

the T url o ck Irrigati o n D i s trict system is sh o wn in Fig 1 3 1 O n . .

t hi s pr o j ect irri gating heads o f 1 5 t o 2 5 cubic feet per sec o nd are

c o mm o nly de li vered I t can be used as a lateral o r distributary
.

headgate t o deliver c o n s iderably larger v olumes than a s ingle

irri gat i ng head T h e structure c o nsi s ts o f the rectangular re
.
 LA TE RA L H EA DGA TE S A N D D EL I VE R Y GA TE S 33 1

i nf o rced co ncrete culvert b o x w i th i nlet and o utlet end walls .

T h e inlet mu s t be s e t back i n the canal bank and the appr o ach ,

c hannel i n fr o nt i s f o rmed with the natural sl o pe o f the earth .

T h e gate i s made Of N O 1 4 gauge galvanized S heet i r o n st i ff ened .

,

wi th h o ri z o ntal angles near the b o tt o m and al o ng the t o p T he .

gate slides i n gr o o ves between t wo metal plates r i veted t o the

, ,

gate frame with a spacer in between and is Operated with a rack ,

and pini o n lifting device T h e structure c o ntains c ub i c .

yards o f c o n crete ; its c o st as rep o rted is as f o ll o ws

G rav l 6 91 t
e ons . .

C m t 5 barr l
e en ,
e s .

S a d 1 cu b i yard
n ,
c .

R i f r m t C li t Wir 3 X
e n o ce en ,
n on e 12 i hm h
nc es NO .

6 d 1 0 w ir
an 30 1 q ar f t es s u e ee

G a t i plac
e n e .

F rmo d lab r
s an o .

E avat i b k fi ll
xc on , ac

Mi lla us ce n eo s

I u ra c
ns n e

T he type o f di s tributary o r lateral headgate desi gned fo r the

S acrament o Valley Irrigati o n C O C alif o rn i a sh o wn i n F ig .
, ,
.

1 3 2 di ffers fr o m that used o n the T url o ck i rri gat i o n sy s tem

,

i n the additi o n o f i nlet and o utlet wings w i th fl o o rs i n between ‘

T hese f o rm better shaped entrance and o utlet b u t i ncrease co n ,

s i d e r a b ly the c o st o f the struc ture T h e arched r o o f and side .

walls o f the culvert c o ndu i t are rei nf o rced l o ngitudinally with

-
i nch r o ds 1 2 i nches center t o center held i n pla ce during co n
, ,

structi o n by i nch transver s e r o ds spaced 5 feet apart T h e

-
.

thin fl o o r i s reinfo rced with wire mesh O n a number o f the R e c .

la ma t io n S erv i ce pr o j ects the same type o f re i nf o r c ed c o ncrete

lateral headgate has been u s ed with rectangular b o x c ulvert ,
‘

co n duits and in s o me cases with flaring i nlet w i ngs T h e o utlet .

flaring w i ngs are o ften o mitted A n example o f a d o uble co m .

p a r t m e n t lateral headgate o f the same type is i llustrated by the

structure designed fo r the Flathead pr o j ect M o ntana F ig 1 33 , ,
. .

T h i s structure i s designed fo r a capacity o f 6 5 cubi c feet per

sec o nd C u t o ff walls are f o rmed at the j unct i o n o f the inlet
.
-

wings with the culvert b o x t o pr o vide ad d iti o nal precauti o n

.

again s t creepage o f the water ar o und the structure Th e inlet .

o f each c o mpartment i s regulated w i th a standard r e c t a n gu

3 32 I RR I GA TI O N S TR UC T URE S

lar gate and a sec o nd s e t o f gro o ves fo r fi as h b o ard s is

pr o vided fo r emergenc y regulati o n Between the o utlet wall
.

and a sec o ndary d o wnstream t o e wall the canal secti o n is pr o

a length o f 1 0 feet w i th gr o uted pavi ng and depressed

t e ct e d fo r
ab o ut 1 8 i nches bel o w the canal grade Pro vi s i o n is als o made
.

t o increase the depth o f this bas in by ra i s ing the cre s t o f the t o e

wall wi th flas hb o ard s T his st illi ng basin is desirable at the
.
3 34 I RR IGA TI O N S TR UC T URE S

A go o d example o f a large re i nf o rced c o ncrete lateral headgate

is i llus trate d by Fig 1 3 4
. T his structure des i gned fo r a main
.
,

l ateral of the S alt Ri ver pro j e ct A riz o na is f o rmed of three

, ,

r j
“

re ctan gular co mpartments each regu late d wi th a screw li ft ga t e

, ,

sli d in g i n metal gui des extended t o supp o rt the cro ss channel

,

o n wh i ch the Operating wheel o pera t es .

 C H A PT E R XI
R O AD AN D RAIL R O AD CR O SS I N G S W I T H CA NAL S , CUL V ER T S ,

I NVERTED S I PH O N S A N D B RI D GE S

G e n e r a l D e s cripti on an d Type s —A
c o nsi sts o f a pipe
cu lver t ,

b o x o r arch c o nduit placed under t h e r o a d wa y w i th i ts fl o o r o r ‘

,

b o tt o m at ab o ut the s ame elevati o n as the bed o f the canal and ,

o f inlet and o utlet walls t o c o nnect the ends o f the co ndu i t w i th

the sides and b o tt o m o f the canal .

A n i n ver ted s i p hon i s essent i ally a culvert ; i t d i ffers i n that the

c o ndu i t i s placed deeper bel o w the bed o f the canal wh i ch may ,

require a di fferent f o rm o f i nlet and o utlet structure .

B r i dges are u s ually made either o f t i mber o r o f reinf o r ced co n

crete T h e type o f timber bridge m o st c o mm o nly u s ed i s the
.

simple str inger type w i th on e o r m o re intermediate p i ers for wide

,

canals T i mber truss bridges are o cca s i o nally u s ed fo r wi de

.

canals when i t i s desirable t o e li mi nate the u s e o f piers R e i n

,
.

f o rced c o ncrete bridges depending o n the f o rm o f design are

, ,

c o mm o nly flat slab T beam o r girder bri dges A rched c o ncrete

,
-
,
.

bridges are used in a few ca s es when su ffic i ent clearance ab o ve the

t
,

water surface can be Obtain ed fo r the ri s e o f the arch S teel .

truss br i dges have been u s ed i n very few cases and o nly fo r the
cr o s s ing o f very w i de canals .

S e e ct ion o f Typ e o f S tru ctur e

l — T h e select i o n depends o n the
relative p o sit i o ns o f the canal and the r o adway o n the capacity ,
‘
o r s ize o f the canal o n the t r a fii c i mp o rtance o f the r o adway
, ,

and o n the c o st .

When the cr o ssing i s made with a railway the elevati o n and ,

p o s iti o n o f the tracks are fixed and cann o t be adj usted t o fit the
structure ; this w i ll als o apply i n m o st cases t o i mp o rtant highway
r o ads But o n less i mp o rtant r o ads such as cr o ss r o ads o r farm
.
,

r o ads o f light traffi c the elevat i o n o f the r o ad surface may b e

,

raised t o permit the u s e o f a bri dge i nstead o f a culvert o r siph o n ,

and the alignment may be s h ift e d b y i ntr o ducing curves t o cr o s s

the canal at right angles When the canal is small a change in
.
,

i t s alignment may be preferable t o a change in the r o ad align

ment O n large canals skew bridges mu s t oft enb e u s e d
. .

335
33 6 I RR I GA TI O N S TR UC T UR E S

Where the full water supply o f the canal is l o wer than the s ur
face o f the r o adway e it h er a bri d ge o r culvert may be u s ed T h is
'

.
,

c o nditi o n will usually be o btained when the canal is all o r nearly

all in cut and the r o ad surface is at o r near the natural gr o und

,

level Where the canal is in deep cut a bri d ge cr o s s ing at the

.
,

gr o und level w ill req uire a c o mparatively l o ng bridge and fo r ,

s mall c anals at least the cr o s s i ng may be m o re ec o n o m i cally made

'

with a culvert .

Where the full water supply level is higher than the surface o f
the r o adway an inverted siph o n mu s t be u s e d T his c o ndi
,
.

t i o n w ill u s ually o ccur where the canal is partl y in fill and the
r o adway i s either at the gr o und s urface o r in cut .

T h e final selecti o n will be determined fr o m a c o mpar is o n o f

firs t c o st and ultimate c o s t Th e c o mpari s o n must include a
c o nsi d erat i o n o f the l o s s in head thr o ugh the di ff erent t y pe s and
s izes o f the structure s fo r which the f o rmulas presented in
,

Vo l II C hapter X may be referred t o

.
, , .

Th e f o ll o wing d is cussi o n and the example s selected pre s ent

s o me o f the general principles o f pr o p o rti o ning a n d o f hydraulic

des i gn and the s uitability o f each type Th e details o f structural .

de s ign are excluded as these can be o bta ined fr o m s o me o f the

,

s tandar d text b o o ks o n th i s subj ect

-
.

Culv e r ts a n d I n v e r te d S iph o n s — The s e may be clas s ified .

acc o rd ing t o the f o rm o f the c o nd ui t and the material o f which i t

is bui lt Th e f o rm s o f c o nduit are : T h e c i rcular f o rm o r pipe
.
,

the arche d f o rm a n d the rectangular b o x , .

T h e pipe culvert may be ma d e o f cement v i trified clay w o o d , , ,

re inf o rced c o ncrete s teel c o rrugated ir o n o r cas t ir o n pipes

, , ,
-
.

Cemen t p i p e i s usually the hand tamped cement m o rtar pipe -

,

made in s izes u p t o 36 i nches i n d i ameter F o r culvert purp o s e it .

i s s eld o m use d fo r s izes greater than 24 inche s and fo r s i zes o f 1 8

i nches and ab o ve it is de s irable t o s trengthen the pipe with h o o p s
,

of inch w i re spaced ab o ut 6 inches apart T h e p i pe is used

-
, .

i n highway cr o ssings fo r the o rdinary c o n d iti o n o f highway

traffic T h e minimum depth o f b a c kfi ll o n the r o o f o f the pipe
.

s h o uld be fr o m 1 t o 1 % t i mes the diameter and never less

than 1 8 i nches T h e pipes mu s t be carefully bed d ed and laid

.
,

t o o btain a unif o rm d i s tributi o n o f the external pre s s ure T he .

b o tt o m o f the trench mu s t be well gra d ed and the b a ckfill ,

material th o r o ughly tamped u p t o at least 6 inche s ab o ve the t o p

O f the pipe T h e pipe mu s t n o t lay o n pr o j e ctin g r o cks and t h e
.
33 8 I RR I GA T I O N S TR UC T UR E S

espec i ally railway cr o s s ings and m o re ec o n o mi cal than the

,

m o n o lit hi c p i pe Under such favo rable c o ndi t i o ns i t may be

.

cheaper than vi trified clay pipe at leas t fo r diameters ab o ve 1 8

,

i nches . M o n o lithi c p i pe will usually c o st m o re than re i nf o rced

c o ncrete b o x culverts A number o f rai lr o ad c o mpani es make
.

special c o ncrete pipe fo r use at the ir cro s s i ngs ; fo r o n e o f these

c o mpa ni es reinf o rced c o ncrete p i pes 24 3 0 and 36 i nches i n
, ,

d iameter in lengths o f 1 2 feet and ab o ut 3 i n c he s th i ck are used

, , .

Pla i n s teel p i p e is seld o m used fo r culverts T o have suffic i ent .

s t iff ness i ts t h i ckness must be several times that o f c o rrugated

p i pe ; therefo re i ts c o s t i s c o n s i derably greater It sh o uld be p ro .

t ec t e d against c o rr o s i o n by a c o ating o f a s phalt o r c o al tar , a p -

pli ed h o t usually by heating the pipe and d i pping i t i n the

,
’
mi xture A mi nimum depth o f b a ckfill o f half the d i ameter i s
.

necessary A minimum thi ckness o f metal o f

. o f an i nch i s

usually spec i fied fo r d i ameter s o f 3 6 t o 4 8 i nches .

Cor r u ga ted p i p e i s made o f relat i vely t hi n metal i n s i zes rang ,

i ng fr o m 8 i nches t o 84 i nches in diameter Fo r the smaller pipes .

1 6 gauge metal is used ; fo r p i pe s larger than 1 8 inche s i n diameter

1 4 gauge is used ; and fo r p i pes larger than 4 8 i nches 1 2 gauge is
used To increase i ts resi s tance t o c o rr o si o n a number o f manu
.
,

fa ct ur ers u s e a metal appr o ac h ing wr o ught ir o n i n c o mp o siti o n ,

b ut made by a special pr o cess wh i ch rem o ves practically all

the i mpur i t i es T his metal c o mm o nly kn o wn as Ingo t Ir o n h as
.
, ,

b een i n u s e fo r les s than 1 0 years s o that the claims o f the ,

manufactur ers have n o t yet been dem o nstrated by actual expe

ri e n c e . I n the discuss i o n o f steel p i pes fo r p i pe l i nes ( Vol II .
,

C h apter X ) ev i dence is presented whi ch i ndicates that under

,

certai n c o ndi ti o ns at least it s rust res i st i ng pr o perties are n o t

, ,
-

as great as generally assumed T h e p i pe has the advantage o f

.

st iffne s s and l o ngi tudinal s trength w h ich make s i t espec i ally well
,

adapted where a firm fo undati o n is n o t o btai nable o r where

se ttlement may be expected Its relat i vely light weight i s a
.

great advantage i n transp o rtati o n and hauli ng It may be used .

wi th a mi nimum depth o f b a ckfi ll o f 6 in ches but 1 2 i s preferable ,

.

T h e pipe must be placed in the trench with the l o ng i tud i nal j o ints
at the t o p and b a ckfi lle d with material fr o m which r o cks have been
rem o ved T h o ro ugh c o mpact ing o f the material is required at
.
,

leas t fo r the l o wer half o f the pipe When the pipe is used a s an .

i nverted s iph o n o r culvert depre s s ed bel o w the water level it is ,

necess ary t o make the j o ints tight by s o ldering T h e S acra .

 ROA D A N D RA I L RO A D CRO S S I N GS 3 39

ment o Valley Irrigat i o n C o u s ed a co nsiderable am o unt o f

.

c o rrugated pipe fo r r o ad culverts u p t o a canal capacity o f ab o ut

1 0 cubic feet per sec o nd ; the minimum depth o f earth c o ver i ng
w as 1 f o o t and where there was m o re than 2 feet pres s ure head
,

o f water i t w a s f o und necessary t o s o lder all the s eams and j o ints

, .

Cas t i r on p i p e i s o bta i nable i n s i zes fr o m 3 i nches t o 84 i nches

-

in d i ameter ; but o n acc o unt o f i ts relat ively greater th i ckne s s and

,

c o st in larger s i zes i t i s seld o m used fo r culverts fo r sizes larger

,

than 4 feet T h e lighter weight o f water p i pe made i n lengths o f

.

1 2 feet i s c o mm o nly used ; fo r culvert purp o s es th i nner pipes a r e

made i n lengths o f 3 t o 4 feet S pecial culvert pipe is al s o made
.

o f three segments re i nf o rced with pr o j ect i ng ribs o n the o utside

. .

T h e m i n i mum depth o f b a ckfi ll may be as small as 6 i nches .

T h e selecti o n o f the kind o f pipe t o u s e w ill depend o n the

spec ial p r o pert i es fav o rable t o c erta in l o cal co nditi o ns and o n
'

the c o st .

Ad apt ab ility o f Kin d s O f Pipe — C ement hand tamped p i pe and

.
-

v i tr ified clay p i pe sh o uld n o t be used at l o cati o ns where there i s

danger o f water freezing in the pipe ; th i s may happen i n reg i o ns
o f lo w w i nter temperature s ,
when the culvert i s o n a c anal in
wh i ch water may be carr i ed o r c o llect ed dur i ng the w i nter o r ,

when the culvert p i pe i s placed bel o w the c anal bed i n t h e f o rm

o f an i nverted s i ph o n wh i ch cann o t be empt i ed o r dra i ned o ut .

C ement hand tamped p i pe and vi trified clay p i pe sh o uld n o t b e

-

used i n s o ils whi ch bec o me s o ft by the act i o n o f the seepage water

fr o m the canal and subj ect t o unequal settlement ; th i s i s m o re
l i kely t o o ccur i n clay s o i ls and o ther retent i ve s o i ls T hes e .

p i pes o n acc o unt o f t h eir lo w co st have been used t o a co n

, ,

s i d e r a b le extent even o n s o me o f the i rr i gat i o n pr o j e cts i n t h e

n o rthern states where winter temperatures are very lo w but ,

usually o nly i n s o i ls wh i ch drai n readi ly and when the pipes will

be empty during the freezing peri o d C ast — . i r o n p i pes are r e
quir ed by certain railr o ads but o n acc o unt o f their high c o st they
,

are practically never used fo r highway cr o ssings M achine .

banded w o o d en p i pes and c o rrugated steel p i pes have the a d

vantage o f l o ngitu d inal strength which makes them specially
,

de s irable where the culvert pipe i s subj ect t o settlement T hey ar e .

n o t li able t o be damaged by fr o s t and are theref o re specially

well adapted i n c o ld climates fo r i nverted s i ph o ns o r culverts ,

w h ich are n o t drai ned o u t in the w i nter Th e w o o den pipe will

.

usually be cheaper but is o btained o nly u p t o 2 4 i nches i n diam e

,
34 0 I RRI GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

ter and i ts li fe is usually c o n s idered sh o rter than that o f co r

,

rugated pipe alth o ugh un d er certain fav o rable c o nditi o n s such a s

, ,

when placed in retentive s o il free fr o m alkali and c o ntinu o u s ly

,

wet o r m o i s t well c o ated machine banded w o o d pipe h a s in

,
- -

s o me case s been f o un d i n go o d c o nd i ti o n nearly 20 years after it

w as i n s talled .

R einf o rced c o ncrete p i pe h as the advantage o f durab i l i ty and

s trength but unle s s the pr o j ect is near a manufacturing pipe plant
,

will usually n o t be ec o n o mical un l e s s a sufficient ly large quantity

o f the pipe i s req u ired fo r c u lvert and o ther purp o ses t o j us t if y

the purchase o f the equipment .

Co mpar ative Co s t o f Culve rt Pip e s — T h e appr o x i mate price s

.

o f the di ff erent kind s o f pipes i s given in the acc o mpanying price

li s t :

T he prices given are nece s s ar ily Onl y o f general value a n d s ubj ect,

t o c o n s iderable variati o ns .

T h e pr i ces fo r hand tamped cement pipe in clude the c o st o f the

-

pipe a m o derate haul o f ab o ut 2 mi les fr o m the pipe yard and

, ,

the c o st o f placing the pipe in the trench and ma king the j o ints
but n o t the c o st o f trench i ng .

T he pri ce s fo r vitrified cla y p i pe i nclude the same item s as fo r

the cement pipe but n o t railro ad tran s p o rtati o n
,
.

T he price s fo r c o rrugated i r o n and w o o d banded pipe are the

-

appro ximate fact o ry price .

T he prices fo r reinf o rced c o ncrete pipe i nclude the s ame c o st

i tems as the cement han d tamped pipe and are o nly o btain
-
,

able fo r the c o nditi o ns s tated in the d i s cu s s i o n o f its u s e fo r

c ulverts .
3 42 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

Th e C alif o rnia S tate H ighway C o mm iss i o n u s es c orrugated

pipe culverts with plain e n d walls fr o m 1 2 up t o 36 i nches in ,

diameter F o r larger capacitie s b o x c ulverts and br i dges are

.

used T h e S acrament o Valley Irrigati o n C o i n C alif o r ni a used

. .

c o rrugated pipe fo r r o ad cr o s s i ngs o n di s tri butar i es u p t o a maxi

mum required capacity o f 1 0 sec o nd feet A t the s e cr o ssi ngs t he -
.

width o f the r o adway is at least 1 6 feet T h e pipe is lai d with its .

b o tt o m a few i nches bel o w the b o tt o m o f the ditch with n o i nlet

and o utlet wall s and the pipe extended su ffi c i ently t o pass bey o nd
,

the natural s l o pes Of the fill A minimum depth o f 1 f o o t o f co v

.

eri ng is used O n a large deep drain o n thi s pr o j ect 6 f o o t co r

.
-

rugated pipe with end walls w a s used ( Fig O n the M ilk .

R iver pr o j ect smal l lateral culverts under the railway were f o rmed
o f 2 4 inch cast ir o n pipe
-
w i th simple end walls and gr o uted
-
,

rip rap inlet s and o utlet s ( F ig

-
.

FI G . 1 37 .
— C u lv e rt u nde r railro ad . Tu rl o k C alif
c ,
.

Exa mpl e s of Pi pe In ve rt e d S iph o n Cu lve rt s — T hese difi e r

fro m the plain pipe culverts o nly in the p i pe line being placed
l o wer and in the fo rm o f i nlet and o utlet structure T h e siph on
.
.

culvert railro ad cro s s ing o n the T url o ck sy s tem C al ifo rn i a ,

( g
F i . c o n s i s ts o f cast iro n p i pe laid o n a reinfo rced c o ncre te
-

bed and o f the inlet and o utlet reinfo rced c o ncrete s t ructures
,
.

T he s e t wo stru ctu res are practically the same ; each i s f o rmed

with warped wings .
 RO A D A N D RA I L R OA D CRO S S I N GS 3 4s

Th e siph o n culvert o f the S o uth S an J o aquin Irrigat i o n Dis

t ri ct ( F ig used at a c o unty r o ad cr o s sing i s f o rmed o f t wo
.
,

l i nes o f co rrugated p i pe w i th i nlet and o utlet structures i n wh i ch ,

the s i de wi ng w a lls are f o rmed with their l o wer part on a 2 t o 1

sl o pe t o co nfo rm w i th the canal sl o pes and their upper part
vertical Thi s f o rm o f wi ng i s pr o bably easi er t o c o n s truct than
.

the warped wings .

FI G . 1 38 — I n ve rt e d s ip h u
on n de r co u ty r a d
n o . S ou t h S an J aqu i
o n

I rri gat i on Sys t m C al if

e ,
.

Bo x Cu lve rt s an d ndu i t o f the culvert

Ar ch e d Cu lve rt s — Th e co

may be a single c o mpartment rectangular b o x o r i t may be d i ,

vi d e d i nt o t wo or m o re c o mpartments separated by d i v i s i o n
'

walls Th e f o rm and d i men s i o ns w i ll depend o n the requi red

.

c apac i ty the ava i lable head r o o m and the requi rements for
, ,

ec o n o mi c de s i gn Th e c o nd ui t 1 s usually made o f w o o d o r re i n
.

f o rced co ncrete Wo o den c ulverts will u s ually c o st fro m 3 0 to

.

5 0 per cent less than re i nf o rced c o ncrete culverts but the i r useful
.
,

life will depen d o n the kind o f w o o d the th i ckness o f the timbe r ,

plank i ng the strength o f the framing and the s o il chara c ter and
, ,

c o nditi o ns .
344 I RR I GA T I O N S TR U C T U R E S

Wo o den culverts o f s elected redw o o d with planki ng n o t less

, ,

than 2 inches thi ck built in retentive s o ils c o ntinu o usl y m o ist

, , ,

free fro m alkali ma y be expected t o have a useful life o f 1 5 t o 2 0

,

y ears ; un der le s s fav o rable c o n d iti o ns the useful li fe will pr o bably

be n o t o ver 8 t o 1 0 years Wo o d en culverts made o f fir o r pine
.

have a useful life ranging between 4 t o 1 0 years Whi le n o t

,
.

permanent the l o wer c o s t o f w o o d en c ulverts w ill j ust i fy the ir

,

u s e in many cases fo r the smaller size s .

In reinf o rced c o ncrete b o x culvert s the s i des r o o f and fl o o r ,

are re inf o rced c o ncrete s lab s d e s igned t o resist the bend ing ,

m o ment due t o the external pre s s ures T h e cr o ss sect i o nal area .

-

o f the culvert is determ i ned fr o m the hy d ra u l i c c o mputat i o ns .

T h e pr o p o rti o ning o f depth t o width and the divi si o n o f the

W8. . 2 252 1 2
.

S t rength

8
. b
o th u p

Long itu di na l S ec t i o n DW ’
E
Tgar
- m en t

1 2 O.to 0 .

l
Out et in 81m m: “ l
I n et

H lf P l I l H a lf Il n et S e c t io n —A A
El ev
°

a an n et
a t i on

FI G . I S QA .
— Bo x cu lv e rt , railr a d c ro os s n i g . Milk Riv r P j e r o ec t , M ont .

c o ndui t i nt o t wo o r m o re c o mpartments i s determi ne d large ly

fr o m the requirement s fo r ec o n o mic de s ign .

A rched culverts are u s ually built o f pla in co ncrete L i ttle o r n o .

ec o n o my i s o btained fro m the u s e o f reinf o rcement T h e greater .

v o lume o f c o ncrete in an arched culvert will usually make the

b o x culvert m o re ec o n o mical .

Exa mple s o f B o x Culve rt s — A small s i zed b o x c ulvert for rail -

r o ad cr o s s ing O i the i nverted s i ph o n type u s ed o n the M ilk R i ver ,

pro j ect M o ntana is illustrated by Fig 1 3 9A T hi s structure is

, ,
. .

heavily reinfo rced .

A li ghter des i gn o f a s i m i lar type o f structure w i th s impler inlet

and o utlet structure s used o n the O rland pro j ect C alif o rnia is
, , ,

sh o wn by Fig 1 39B T hi s s tructure i s u s ed fo r canal capacity

. .

o f 3 0 cub i c feet p e r sec o nd .

 I RR I GA T I O N S TR UC T URE S

f o rced r f oo t hi ck and a 9 i nch fl o o r S mall cracks

1 5 i nches ,
-
.

have Oc curred at the j unct i o n o f the w i ngs wi th the b o x pr o babl y ,

because o f the lack o f reinfo rcement anch o rage .

L arge sized b o x culverts are essentially the same as re i nf o r ced

-

c o ncrete slab br i dges o f which examples are presented f u rther

,
.

A ddi ti o nal examples of culverts are als o sh o wn i n the d i s cussi o n

o f culverts used at drainage cr o s s i ngs with canals .

Typ e s of Bri d ge s — T h e ty pe s o f br i dges used fo r h i ghway

.

cro ssin gs are :

.1 T h e w o o den s tri nger br i dge which has a w o o den plank ,

fl oo r nailed t o s tringers spanning the distance between abutments

o r piers .

.2 T h e reinfo rced c o ncrete flat slab bridge wh i ch h as a flat ,

S lab fl o o r o f unif o rm thi ckness reinf o rced t o carry the l o ad ,

o ver the s pan .

.3 T h e re inf o rced c o ncrete T beam s lab bri dge whi c h has a -

,

relat i vely thin fl o o r slab s upp o rted o n reinfo rced c o ncrete beams
, ,

built m o n o lith ically with the slab and spanning the distance
between supp o rts .

.4 T h e I beam str i nger br i dge s i m i lar t o the T beam type

-
,
-
,

with I beams t o carry the l o ad o ver the span T h e fl o o r slab is

-
.

supp o rted o n the I beam s o r it may be bu i lt t o i ncase the I beams

-
,
-

i n the c o ncrete ; a m o di fi cati o n o f thi s la s t f o rm c o ns i sts o f arches

f o rmed between the I beams by bui lding the fl o o r o n arches o f
-

co rrugated i r o n supp o rted o n the l o wer flange of the I beams

,
-
,

and s panning the wi d th between them .

.5 T h e reinf o rced c o ncrete gi rder br i dge h as deep re in f or ced

c o ncrete beams o r girders f o rmed at each s ide o f the bri dge fl oo r ,

acting als o as rai ling o r parapet wall s and desi gned t o ca rry
a cr o ss the span t h e t o tal l o ad transmi tted by t he fl oo r whi ch ,

may be eit her a flat Slab a T beam slab o r an I beam slab s up ,

-
,
-
,

p o rted by and bui lt wi th these main gi rders .

.6 T h e plain c o ncrete and reinf o rced c o ncrete ar c h bri dges .

.7 W o o den and steel trus s bridges .

—
W o od e n S tr in ge r Br id ge s T his type o f bri dge is that m o st
exten s ively used o n i rri gati o n systems Fo r small canals it will .

be a s ingle S pan supp o rted at each end o n abutments ( Plate

,

X VII F ig B ) Example s o f t h i s type are sh o wn o n pages 1 7 1

and 1 7 2 Vol I T he maxi m um span may be determined fr o m
. .
,

. .
,

the maxi mum c o mmerc i al length o f s tringers and is usuall y n o t ,

g reater than 2 0 feet F o r large canals the

. length o f the b ridge
 PL A TE X VII .

FI G . A —Box
. cu lv rt
e fo r rai lr ad r
o i g
c os s n . Uma t illa Pr j o e ct , O re .

FI G . B .
—
Wo o d en s t ri g r bri dg e
n e . T ru k
c e e- C ar s on Pr j
o e ct , N ev .

( F a ci n g p a g e 3 46 )
3 48 I RR I GA T I O N ‘
S TR UC T URE S

D IM N S IO NS
E FOR S ANDA RD M U I P E S P AN H I G H W A Y B R I DG E O N
T LT L D ODS O N
S O U H CANA M I K RIV R P R O JE C M O N ANA
T L, L E T, T

s t r i n g e rs

900
Gn u ! or Bro k

— l to Str inger wlth 2 M S pike.

b b
at A ter nate Beari ng.
J s e ru m to o ot Dougm ru . Grad e ou ppm cb u t o . not

El e v a t i on

FI G . 1 41 .
— Mul t ipl e s pa w n o oden ri g r highw ay b ridg e
s t n e . Milk Riv r e
P r j ec M o t
o t, n .

F ig h o ws the standard mult i ple span highway bridge

. 1 42 s

used by the S acrament o Valley Irrigati o n C O C al if o r n i a .

,
.

O reg o n p i n e 1 8 used fo r the s tringers fl o o ring sway braci ng , , ,

bridging fence guard and railing ; and redw o o d fo r all o ther

,

p ieces O n e line o f bri d ging is used at the center o f each span

.

and spreader bl o cks placed between str ingers at the ends o n the
middle bent cap T h e f o ll o w i ng sizes o f stringers are used : Fo r
.

1 3 and 1 4 f o o t S pan s 3 X 1 4 in ch stringers ; fo r 1 4 1 5 1 6 and

-
,
-

1 7 f o o t spans 4 X 1 4 in ch s t rin ger s ; fo r 1 8 1 9 and 2 0 f o o t spans

-
,
- -
,

4 X 1 6 i n ch str ingers
-
.

R e inf orce d Co n cr e te Br idge s — These have been used t o a .

smaller extent than w o o den bri dges ; the m o st c o mm o n type is

the simple flat slab but fo r larger spans the T beam s lab the
,
-
,
 R OA D A N D RA I L RO A D CR O S S I N GS 34 9

I beam slab and the gir d er type have been used T o di s tribute
-
.

the l o ad and reduce i mpact o n the bridge the r o ad bed material ,

-
,

macadam gravel o r earth is lai d o n the fl o o r slab t o a depth o f

, ,

at least 1 2 inches .

T h e reinf o rced c o ncrete Slab i s usually built m o n o lithically

with the abutments T h e abutment s u s uall y c o n s ist Of the co n
.

c rete abutment wall and wings In s o me ca s es n o wings are .

used and the slab is supp o rted o n abutment c o ncrete s ills T h e .

t o tal length o f the bridge is determined fr o m the c o n s iderati o ns

stated ab o ve for w o o d en s tringer bridges T h e d ivisi o n o f the .

S id El v
e e a t i on

En d V i e ws

t o Pos t Oa p
1 Nai
8111 with
l ed

S e ct io n El e v a t ion

FI G . 1 42 — M u l t ipl e s pa w d s t ri g r highway brid g

n oo en n e e . S a ram
c en t o
V all y I rrigat io C O C al if
e n .
,
.

length i nt o spans and the selecti o n o f the type o f reinfo rced c o n

crete br i dge is an ec o n o mi c pr o blem which is w o rked o u t by ,

c o st c o mparis o ns Within certain appr o xi mate li mits the adapta

.

b ilit y o f the di fferent type s can be stated fo r general average

c o nditi o ns F o r single span bri d ges o f the usual wi d th fo r c o un
.

try r o ads 1 8 t o 2 4 feet the s lab type is m o re ec o n o mical than

, ,

the o ther types u p t o a maximum s pan o f ab o ut 1 4 t o 1 6 feet

,

( F igs 1.4 3 and F o r larger single s pan s the T beam o r -

I beam slab can be u s ed ec o n o mically u p t o ab o ut 24 t o 30 feet

-
.

Fo r larger s pans and fo r narr o w bri d ges wh o s e width is less than

3 50 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

the span the re in fo rced girder type w i ll be m o re e co n o m i cal .

T hese li mi t s indi cate the s electi o n o f the type o f bri dge fo r a

s i ngle span b u t n o t the ec o n o mic s pans fo r multiple span bridge
, ,

whi ch w ill depend o n the height de s ign and c o s t Of i ntermediate,

p i ers T h i s i s illustrated by desi gns made fo r standard flat

.

’
slab br i dges o f the Yo l o Water and Po wer C o s I rri gat i o n .

S ystem ( F ig the s e designs S h o w that for br i dge lengths

.

between abutment wall s greater than 1 2 feet ranging fr o m 1 4 t o ,

24 feet i t is m o re ec o n o mi cal t o us e an intermediate p i er

,
A .

c o mpari s o n o f the design o f a t w o span flat slab br i dge with that -

,

o f a single s pan T beam slab bri d ge sh o ws a small di ff erence i n

-
,

El v e a t i on

FI G . 1 43 — Fla t s lab b ri dge . Tu rl o ck I rrigat io n Dis t rict , C alif .

co st in fav o r o f the t wo s pan de s i gn up t o ab o ut 20 feet ; b u t fo r

-

a hi gher center pier o f heavier design the co st w o uld pr o bably ‘

be in fav o r o f the T beam bridge -

.

A rch br i dges o f pla i n c o ncrete and small s pans u p t o ab o ut ,

8 feet are essentially culverts c o mm o nly f o rmed o f a f ull semi

,

c ircular arch s upp o rted al o ng each edge o n an abutment o r side

,

wall The ir c o st i s u s ually greater than that o f a b o x culvert

.
,

and they are seld o m u s ed o n i rri gat i o n w o rk A rch bridges o f .

re info rced c o ncrete are adapted t o wide s pans but the requi red ,

head ro o m fo r the ri s e o f the arch is o nly o bta i nable where the

c a nal i s i n c o mparatively deep cut ; firm f o undat i o n fo r t h e
352 I RR I GA T I ON S TR UC T URE S

a c c o unt o f the he i ght o f intermediate p i ers T h e bridge may be .

a c o mbinati o n w o o d and steel bri dge u s ually o f the K ing p o s t ,

type fo r spans u p t o ab o ut 36 t o 4 0 feet a n d o f the H o we tru s s ,

type fo r greater s pans o r may be a steel tru s s bridge usually o f

, ,

the Warren o r Pratt t y pe T h e pin c o n n e ct e d Pr a t t truss has

.
-

the advantage O f ease Of erecti o n .

D E S IG N O F CUL VERT S A ND B RI D GE S
Lo a d s — T he culvert pipe s except th o s e o f re i nf o rced
us e o f ,

c o ncrete o f large diameter is usually bas ed o n experience and r e

,

s ult s Obta i ned in pract i ce L arge reinf o rced c o ncrete pipes b o x

.
,

culverts and bridges must be des i gned t o resist the stresses due
t o dead l o ad live l o ad an d i mpact
,
.

T h e external pres s ure pr o duced by these l o ads o n the r oo f o f a

culvert i s subj ect t o uncertainties which d o n o t exi st usually
with bridges T h e re s ultant external pressure i s dependent o n a
.

number o f fact o rs o f which the depth o f b ackfi ll i ts character

, ,

and c o ndit i o n the am o unt o f m o i s ture it c o ntai n s and the

, ,

degree o f c o mpactne s s Obtained in plac ing and tamp i ng it are

m o st i mp o rtant T he u s ual a s sumpti o n is that the earth fill
.
-

d i s tribute s the l o ad s o that the external pres s ure i s exerted v e r

,

tically and unifo rmly o n the r o o f surface o f a b o x culvert o r o n ,

the h o ri z o ntal pr o j ecti o n o f a pipe culvert .

Th e dead l o ad may include : ( 1 ) the weight o f the bridge fl o o r

o r culvert s labs ; ( 2 ) the weight o f the earth c o vering at least in ,

the ca s e o f culvert s and c o ncrete bri d ge s ; ( 3) the weight o f the

rai ls and track in case o f a railro a d cr o s s ing Th e live l o ad mu s t .

be the maximum t o which the structure will be subj ect F o r .

.

c o untry r o ad s the ma ximum l o ad will be a tracti o n engine o f

1 5 2 0 o r even 25 t o ns
, ,
F o r farm r o a d s the heavie s t l o ad may
.

be as much as 8 t o 1 0 t o n s in case o f sugar beet hauling b u t u s u

, ,

ally is under 6 t o n s F o r bri d ge s the live l o ad is usually co n s id

.

ere d as an equ i valent c o ncentrated l o ad In B ulletin N o 4 5 o f . .

the O ffice o f Public R o ad s o n D ata fo r Us e in D esigni ng C u lvert s

,

and S h o rt S pan B ri d ges by C h H M o o re fi eld the li ve l o ad

,
. .
,

fo r s lab t o p culvert s and bridges up t o a maximum s pan o f 1 6

feet is assumed t o be p o und s c o ncentrated at the center
,

o f the s pan o n a strip 1 fe e t wide

,
T hi s is c o n s i d ered sufficien t
.

fo r all o rdinary highway traffic u p t o and including a l5 t o n -

 ROA D A N D RA I L R O A D CR O S S I N GS 3 53

r o ller To pr o vide fo r impact thi s live l o ad i s i n creased 5 0 per

.
,

cent F o r farm bri d ge s s ubj ect t o the u s ual farm l o ad s the

.
, ,

live l o ad may be taken a s half that g i ven ab o ve with an all o w ,

ance fo r i mpact o f 2 5 per cent .

F o r culverts w i th a depth o f earth c o ver i ng o n the r o o f n o t le s s

than half the span o r width o f slab and at least 3 feet the live ,

l o ad may be c o n s i d ered as a unif o rmly di s tributed l o ad Of 1 5 0

p o und s per square f o o t fo r heavy highway tra ffic and 7 00 t o ,

p o unds fo r railr o ad tra ffi c T o make an all o wance fo r .

i mpact the live l o ad fo r a highway cr o s s ing may be i ncreased

,

2 5 per cent and fo r a railr o ad cr o s s ing 5 0 per cent

. .

T h e C alifo rnia S tate H i ghway C o mm i s s i o n uses fo r standard

slab culverts and fo r reinf o rce d c o ncrete bridges u p t o 2 0 f o o t -

span the l i ve l o ad o f a 2 0 t o n engine o n f o ur wheel s w i th 1 2 —

,
-
fo o t
wheel base and wheel s spaced 6 feet center t o center ( rear tires ,

2 4 inches w i de and fr o nt tires 1 2 inche s wide ) T h e rear weight .

is p o unds per wheel and the fr o nt weight i s ,

p o unds
per wheel .

Pr in c iple s of D e s ign o f Cu lv e rt s an d S h o rt S pan S l ab Br id g e s .

—T h e f o ll o wing di s cu s s i o n is largely lim i ted t o the determ i nati o n

o f stres s e s i n pipe and b o x culverts and the de s ign o f s h o rt span

flat slab bridge s F o r the structural design o f the details and o f

.

abutments o f piers o f rei nfo rced c o ncrete T beam and I beam

,
- -

slabs o f arches w o o den and steel tru s s bri dges standard text
, , ,

b o o k s may be c o nsulted .

Pipe Culve rt s — T h e results o f the tests and i nvest i gati o ns

.
‘

made by Pr o f A N T alb o t de s cribed i n B ulletin N o 2 2 o f the

. . .
,
.

U niver s ity o f Illin o is sh o w that the external pressure o n a

,

pr o perly bed d ed pipe may be c o n s idered as a vertical l o ad dis

tributed unifo rmly o ver the h o riz o nt al pr o j ecti o n o r o ut s ide diame
ter o f the pipe Th e lateral pressure may pr o duce s i de re s trai nt
.
,

which will decrease the ben d ing m o ment o n the pipe devel o ped by
the vertical l o a d ; b u t thi s e ff ect is neglected and a s sumed t o
o ff s et the i ncrea s e in ben d ing m o ment which ma y result fr o m

the unequal di s tributi o n o f pres s ure o btained in practice Th e .

vertical l o a d ing tends t o sh o rten the verti cal diameter o f the

pipe and lengthen the h o riz o ntal diameter pr o ducing p osit i ve ,

bending m o ments at the t o p and b o tt o m o f the pipe a nd equal

negative bending m o ments at the t w o s ides U sing the f o ll o w i ng .

n o tati o n fo r a p i pe ring o f un it length :

23
3 54 I RR I GA T I ON S TR UC T URE S

d di ameter o f pipe .

W t o tal vertical l o ad in p o un d s o n the h o riz o ntal p r o je c

ti o n o f the pipe ring .

M bend i ng m o ment for the p i pe rin g o f uni t length .

T hen
M 1 /1 6 Wd .

T he re i nfo rcement of rei nfo rced co n crete p i pe de s i gned t o re ,

s i s t the p o s itive and negative bend i ng m o ments must be shaped

and placed s o as t o be near the insi d e face o f the p i pe at the t o p

and b o tt o m and near the o utside at the t w o s i des .

R e ct an gular B o x Culve rt s — Tw o meth o ds o f analys i s

c o mm o nly used Th e first meth o d assumes a reacti o n fo r the
.

b o tt o m slab equal t o the vertical l o ad and a lateral pressure o n ,

the sides equ a l t o o f the vert i cal l o ad ; and the bending

m o ments are o btained a s fo r s imply supp o rted beams T h e .

s ec o nd i s that presented by T u r n e a u r e and M aurer i n their b o o k

o n Principles Of R einf o rced C o ncrete and i s as f o ll o ws fo r a ,

unif o rm l o ad ( Fig 1 4 5 ) .

Le t l l w i dth o f c ulvert .

l g height o f culvert .

I 1 m o ment o f in ertia o f t o p and b o tt o m as s umed equal .

1 2 m o ment o f inertia o f s ide s .

p vertical l o ad and fo undati o n reacti o n per uni t area .

15 +a
29 11 3 I I 12
2

8 ll lg
T. 1 .

l
M p ll
2
a
g
For a s quare culvert with unif o rm secti o n :
1 FI G . 1 45 .

Fo r equal vertical and lateral l o ad s an d a square culvert

1
M . M.
1
Pl 2

12
Reinfo rcement fo r negati ve m o ments at the c o rners is ne ces
s ary . When it is o mitted as is o ften d o ne at leas t for small
,
 C H A PTE R XII
S P CI L T P S O F DI TRIB UT I O
E A Y E S N SYS TE M S : W O O DEN FLUME ,

WO O D P P , AND C M T PIP
EN I E E EN E DI S TRIB UTI O N SYS TE M S
S pe cia l Co n d iti on s Favo ra b le fo r th e s e S y s te ms
great — Th e.

maj o ri ty o f irrigati o n distributi o n systems c o ns i st o f o pen canals

o r di tches in earth but there are s pec i al c o nditi o n s an d di fficulties
,

w hi ch have led t o the c o nstructi o n o f a number o f s maller i rr i

ga t io n s y stem s u s ua lly fo r area s under acre s in extent bui lt ,

largely o r entirely either o f w o o d en fl u me s o r w o o den pipes as in

,

s o me secti o ns o f ea s tern Washingt o n s o uthern I d ah o n o rtheast

, ,

O reg o n and B riti s h C o l u mbia ; o r o f cement pipe as u s ed fo r many

,

years i n s o uthern C ali fo rn i a and m o re recently in the ab o ve

named states S o me o f the s e s pecial c o nditi o n s are the f o ll o win g :
.

1 T h e t o p o graphy o f the c o untry alth o ugh n o t e s pec i ally

.
,

r o ugh is irregular having n o general gradual sl o pe and n o we ll

, ,

f o rmed c o ntinu o u s ridge s Th i s requi re s that laterals pa s s s uc

.

c e s s i v e ly fr o m ri dge s t o d epre s s i o n s
,
making i t nece s sary t o u s e
e i ther fl umin g o r pipe s fo r at lea s t a c o n s i d erable p o rti o n o f the
laterals .

2 T h e t o p o graphy is r o ugh and steep which fo r an o pen di tch

.
,

system w o uld require laterals placed al o ng the irregular c o nt o urs

wi th o ther lateral s running d o wn the steep grades al o ng bro ken
ri dges wi th numero u s dro p s o r chutes t o ab s o rb the exc ess fall o r
,

c o ncrete li ned canals t o resist the high vel o citie s and numero us
,

S iph o ns o r elevated flumes t o cr o s s the depres s i o ns T he s e .

c o nd i ti o n s may be s pecially fav o rable t o pipe o r fl ume systems ,

as the steep grades w o uld permit the u s e Of s mall s i ze pipe s o r

fl u mes whi ch may be m o re ec o n o m i cal than Open canal late rals

,
.

Pi pes are usually preferable t o fl umes especially fo r deep d e pre s

,

s i o ns w h ich w o uld requi re flu mes o n high trestles .

.3 T h e v o lumes o f water t o b e co nveyed are small the water is ,

valuable and the seepage l o s s e s mu s t be prevented Th e ch o ic e

,
.

i s then between cement li ned canal fl u mes o r pipes , ,

T hes e .

co ndi t i o n s are Obta in ed w h en the wate r is valuable clue t o it s ,

35 6
 T YPE S OF D I S TR I B U T I O N S YS TE M S 357

scarcity o r t o the high c o s t o f d evel o pment as b y pump i ng st o r,

age o r d i ffi cult and expensive c o n s tructi o n

,
.

In additi o n t o the i r a d aptabilit y t o the ab o ve c o nd i t i o ns p i pe

,

system s have special advantage s ; they d o away w i th bri dges and

3 58 I RR I GA TI O N S TR UC T UR E S

o ther structures required o n o pen canal s ; they d o n o t o ccupy any

land wh i ch is wasted ; they d o n o t c o llect dirt o r rubb i sh that co l
lect s in o pen canals O n acc o unt o f the co st p i pe syste ms are
.
, ,

h o wever feas i ble o nly fo r the c o nd i t i o ns stated ab o ve

,
.

l —
Wo o d e n F ume S ys te ms A c o mplete w o o den flume system
.

w ill c o n s i st o f mai n fl u mes and lateral fl umes supp o rted o n mud ,

S ills o r elevated o n trestles and rangi ng fr o m the larger s i zes d o wn

t o the smaller sizes 8 X 8 i nches in c r o ss sect i o n
, T h e des i gn O f .

fl umes has been fully di s cussed i n Vo l II C hapter IX i n wh i ch a .

, ,

n umber o f examples are gi ven E xamples o f s mall flumes are also.

S h o wn i n Vo l I C hapter VI I o n F arm D i tches and S tru ctures

.
, ,
.

S tandard s i zes o f small w o o den flu me s used on the Ti et o n ,

pro j ect in ea s tern Wash i ngt o n are gi ven i n the a cco mpany in g ,

drawi ng ( Fig .O n this pr o j ect the r o lling t o p o graphy Of a

large part o f the land has requi red the extens i ve u s e o f co ncrete
p i pes and w o o den fl u me s fo r s ub laterals -
.

Flume systems are expen s ive b o th i n first co st and ult i mate ,

c o sts es p ecially when the average height o f trestles i s large and

, ,

may be less ec o n o mi cal than w o o den pipes .

Pipe S ys t e ms — T h e k i nds o f p i pe m o s t c o mm o nly used are

w o o d banded p i pe and c ement m o rtar o r cement c o ncrete hand
- - -
,

tamped p i pe Vitri fied clay pipe has been u s ed o nly t o a very

.

li mi ted extent fo r a few p i pe lines o n s o me p r o je ct s i n s o uthern .

C alifo rni a ; i t is usually m o re expensive than the hand tamped -

c ement and i s m o re di ffi cult t o lay S teel p i pe has been used .

fo r di stribut i o n lines o n a few s y s tems o f the high pressure type -

descri bed further R einf o rced c o ncrete pipe h a s been used o n a

.

number o f pr o j ects fo r separate pipe lin es and in a very few c ases

fo r the larger part o f the di s tribut i o n system ; they are well adapted
t o t o p o graph i c c o nd i ti o ns wh i ch pr o duce depressi o ns deeper than
c a n be cr o ssed wi th the n o n reinfo rced pipe and for maxi mum
-
,

pressure heads n o t exceeding ab o ut 1 00 feet .

T h e c ement hand tamped p i pe exten s i vely used in s o uthern

-
,

C alifo rnia and in m o re recent years used fo r the ent i re d is t ri b u

ti o n s ystem o f at least o n e pro j ect i n B ri t i sh C o lumbia o n e i n C o lo ,

rad o o n e in Idah o and fo r a large part o f a number o f s maller

, ,

system s i n o ther state s is the cement m o rtar o r cement c o ncrete

,
- -

p i pe hand tamped i n metal m o ulds made i n 2 fo o t lengths which

,
-
,
-
,

are j o ined in the trench T h e sizes c o mm o nly used are 6 8 a n d

.

1 0— i nch i nside diameter fo r private distributing line s and 1 0 t o

, , ,

3 0 o r even 3 6 and 4 8 inches fo r the laterals and main lines o f the

3 60 I RR I GA TI O N S TR U C T URE S

A hi gh -
pre s s ure d i s tributi o n s y s tem made entirely o f w o o d p i pe s ,

delivering water t o each 5 o r lO—acre tract will c o s t fr o m ab o ut $4 0 ,

t o $ 7 5 an acre T h e larger c o s t w a s o btaine d in B ritish C o lumbia

.

fo r pr o j ect s irrigat ing steep r o llin g land s where several pipe lin e s
were un d er pressure head s excee d ing 2 00 feet and where the pri ces ,

o f w o o d ban d ed pipe were ab o ut 50 per cent

-
greater than in .

C ali f o rnia O reg o n Wa s hingt o n and I d ah o

, ,
.

T hese average c o sts are nece s s arily o nly r o ughly appr o x i mate .

T hey d o n o t include the c o s t o f the main d i versi o n canal fl u me o r ,

pipe fro m the p o int o f diver s i o n t o the beginning o f the dis t rib u
ti o n system whi ch will vary greatly depen d ing o n the length
, , ,

t o p o graphi c c o nditi o n di fficulty of co nstruct i o n and type o f

,

c o nstructi o n .

A c o mpari s o n o f c o st must n o t o nly co nsider first c o st b u t al s o ,

ultimate c o s t which is dependent o n the durability o r life o f the

,

s y s tem a n d i ncludes depreciati o n annual ma intenance and r e

,

pa ir s and the interest o n the capital inve s ted

, .

T h e average useful life Of a well c o n s tructed w o o den fl ume

s ystem ranges fr o m ab o ut 1 0 t o 1 2 years when bui lt o f fir and

1 3 t o 1 5 years when built Of redw o o d ; during thi s time renewal

o f mu d s ill s repai rs tarr in g and calking will represent the items
, ,

o f ma i ntenance .

T h e life o f a machi ne banded w o o den p i pe when f ull o nly part

-
,

o f the time a n d buried i n t h e s o il is very variable ; i t depends ,

largely o n the pres s ure the kind o f w o o d the c o ating and o n the
, , ,

character o f the s o il In s o me in s tances n o tably when placed

.
,

in dry p o ro us s o ils pipes have had t o be renewed in 4 o r 5

,

y ears o r even less Pipes kept full o nly part o f the time and made
.

o f selected fir free fr o m sapw o o d well c o ated o n the o utsi de

, , ,

will gi ve a pro bable average u s eful l ife fo r the system o f 1 0 t o 1 5

y ears and when made o f redw o o d 1 5 t o 2 0 years Pipe li nes
,
.

wh i ch can be kept c o n s tantl y full buried s ufficiently deep t o ,

prevent freez i ng and under sufficient head t o Obtain saturati o n

,

o f the w o o d preferably n o t less than 3 0 o r 4 0 feet head will have

, ,

a much l o nger li fe Where the s e c o n d iti o ns can be a pp ro xi

.

mate d fo r m o st o f the s y s tem the average life o f the system w ill

,

pro bably be twice the range o f value s gi ven ab o ve .

T h e item s t o be c o nsidered i n the s tudy o f the ult i mate c o st

fo r flume and pipe s y stem s may be summarized by the fo ll o wing
appro x i mate figures :
 T YPE S O F D I S TRI B U T I O N S YS TE M S 36 1

Fo r w o o d en flu me s , us e u f l l if e 1 0 to 1 2 y ar e s
Pe r cen t .

Av rag a e e n nu al mai t a n en n ce : r pai r

e s ,
t arri g alk i g
n ,
c n ,
etc .

Si k i g f
n n un d f orr wal en e s .

I n t e re s t on c ap it al i v e t d n s e

To t al a nnu al cos t

Fo r w o o d en p ip es e mp ty part of the t im e, u s e u f l l if e 1 0 to 1 5 y ar e s fo r fi r ,
1 5 to 2 0 y ars e fo r r dw d :
e oo
Pe r c en t
dw d
.

fo r re oo

M ai t a n d r pa ir
en n ce a n e s

Si k i g fu d f r wal
n n n or en e .

I t r t
n ap it al i v t
e es on c n es ed

Tot al a n nu al co s t .

Fo rw o o d en p ip e s a lway fu ll s ,
us e u f l l if e 20 t o 3 0 y ars
e fo r fi r , 30 t o 4 0
y ar e s fo r r dw
e ood :
Pe r c en t
dw d
.

fo r re oo

M ai t a n en n ce a n d r pai r e s

Si k i g f
n n un d f r wal
or en e

I t r t
n e es on c ap it al
To t al a n nu al co s t

T hese figure s are in the appr o x i mate rat i o o f 1 and 2 ; they ,

i ndicate that a w o o den pipe sy s tem kept full o f water o nly part ,

o f the time will be m o re ec o n o mical than a fl u me system as l o ng as ,

i ts fir s t c o s t is le s s than times the c o st o f the flume system ,

and that a w o o d en pipe system in which the pipe lines a r e always

' '

full will be m o re ec o n o m i cal when the c o st d o es n o t exceed twice

,

the c o s t o f a flume s y s tem .

H igh pre s sur e Pip e S ystem — H igh —

-
pressure sy s tems are used .

when the land is steep and irregular pr o ducing high pressures on ,

the pipe s O n e f o rm o f such a s y stem c o n s i s t s either o f a high line

.

main canal o r main pipe line l o cated al o ng the upper part o f the
lan d t o be irrigated and fr om which the pipe laterals take o u t t o
,

suppl y s u b lateral s o r t o directly supply the farm s o r o r chard s in

-
,

the valley bel o w A n o ther fo rm c o nsists o f a mai n pre s sure pipe

.

line placed in the tr o ugh o f the valle y with branches extendin g ,

u p the s ide s o f the valle y al o ng the ri d ge s where p o ssible t o s u p ,

, ,

ply smaller lateral s o r the farm s o r o rchards T h e water i s de

, .

livered fr o m the supply lateral t o the irrigat o r either thr o ugh a

valve take o ut l o cated at the high p o int o f the land served or
, ,
362 I RR IGA T I O N S TR UC T URE S

when the co nsumer has a pressure p i pe system of d i stri but i o n ,

thro ugh a service c o nnect io n made between the supply lateral

’
and the ma in pipe O f the irrigat o r s system ( Fig T hi s d i .

rect c o nnect i o n gi ves the c o n s umer water under pressure but ,

requi res a d o me s t i c suppl y meter fo r the measurement o f the

wa ter Where the delivery is made thr o ugh a valve take o ut a
. ,

measuri ng weir b o x can be fo rmed aro und the valve as illu s trated ,

by the pres s ure take o ut b ox for t he lo w pressure s ystem (F ig -

.

When the ma i n pi pe li ne is pla ced al o ng the trough of the valley ,

wi th laterals and s u b lateral s extending laterally t o supply the

-

farm uni ts o n each side the s ystem is similar t o a d o mest i c supply

,

system A few s uch s ystems in the n o rthwest supply i rrigatio n

.

an d d o m e stic water thr o ugh the same pipes S uch a co mb i nat ion .

—W re wou pi p e with t wo rvice co ct i s

Y
F
I G. 1 47 i
R i p pl e W i th U mo n ‘
on
nd
the ri ght ; S ta d ard
n
t vp e s
Co
of se
rp o rat io c ck o n
n o
nn e on
t h e l ft
e
.

( Pa c i fic C o as t Pi p e Co ) .

ma i ntai ns the pi pe l ines co nstantly f ull thr ough out t h e ye ar ,

which is fav o rable fo r a l o ng li fe but it requires that the pipe li ne s

,

be pro t ected aga i ns t freez ing by be in g buried t o a depth o f us u

ally n o t o ver 3 feet and where i t is n ecessary t o carry the p i pe
,

a bo ve the gr o und i t must be pr o tected by means o f b o xi ng s ur

ro undi ng the pi pe with the s pace in between filled wi th well

p a cked s a wdust It is n o t always p o s s ible and o ften n o t des irable
.

t o c a rry t he d o me s t i c water and the i rrigat i o n water in the same

pi pes I n many cas e s the s o urce o f supply may be s o po llute d
.

tha t ei ther an o ther s o urce is de s irable fo r the d o mestic water o r ,

t he wa te r mus t b e treated o r filtered t o purify i t i n which cas e i t ,

wo uld be un ec o n o mi cal and n o t practicable t o p uri fy the irriga e

t i o n wa t er as well as the d o mesti c water .

H i gh pre s s ure s ystem s o f the ab o ve descri pt i o n have been co n

-

s t ru cted fo r s o me O f the o rch a rd land s o f Washi n gt o n Idaho , ,

36 4 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T UR E S

upper end t o t he o utlet the pipe line i s e s s entially a chute fro m

, ,

which the water is usually taken o u t by means o f o verfl o w take

o u t b o xes l o cated a t p o int s o f delivery o r p o ints o f c o nnecti o n
,

with s u b lateral s T hese b o x es fulfill the same purp o s e s as check

-
.

gates o n Open canal s T hey check the fl o w and rai s e the water
.

level up t o the required height fo r divers i o n o r deli very A single .

b o x o f thi s type may o n flat grades regulate the pressure fo r

, ,

deliveries at t wo o r m o re p o int s ab o ve i n whi ch case i t may ,

be called a pressure regulating b o x W h en there is distinct .

change i n grade fro m a steep t o a flat grade o r when depre s s i o ns ,

FI G . 1 48 — Pro file s of pip l i

e n es fo r lo w pr r p ip e ys t m s
es s u e s e .

o ccur in the length o f the pipe line the size o f the pipes the po
, ,

s it i o n o f o verfl o w take o ut b o xe s and pressure regulating b o xes

mu s t be determined o nly af ter a careful c o nsi d erat i o n o f the p o

S i t i o n o f the hydraulic grade line s n o t o nly fo r full supply b u t
,

als o fo r partial s upply Deliveries fr o m the sect i o ns o f pipe l ine

.
,

whi ch are acro s s depres s i o ns and therefo re under pressure are ,

made thro ugh a valve take o ut b o x .

S o me o f the features o f design are i llustrated by the aec o m

panying diagram (Fig 1 4 8) c o ntaining t wo s ketch pro files made
.
,

u p t o present the range o f pr o blem s which may o ccur in practice .

 T YPE S OF D I S TR I B U TI O N S YS TE M S 365

The meth o d of des i gn and co mputat i o ns a s used fo r s i milar pr o b

lems o n the pr o j ect o f the Fru i tlands K aml oo ps I rri gati o n p r o j
e ct i n Br i t i sh C o lumb i a are as f o ll o ws

T h e first pr o file is fo r a p i pe l i ne s o s i tu ated t h at the upper

,

p art i rr i gates f o o thill land o n a s t eep S l o pe and the l o wer part

i rri gates flat ben ch land A ssume that the p i pe l i ne is
. feet
l o ng and serves a stri p o f land extend i ng o n each s i de ab o ut
,

}4 o f a mi le i nclud i ng a t o tal acreage o f ab o ut 2 4 0 acres T h e full

,
.

supply capac i ty o f the p i pe i s ba s ed o n a maximum u s e o f 1 sec o nd

f oo t t o 80 acres and i s theref o re 3 s ec o nd feet If the pipe line i s
,
-
.

di mensi o ned t o c arry th i s fl o w fo r the hydrauli c grade line co n

,

n e ct in g the upper end o f the pipe A with the l o wer end B the grade ,

i s 2 5 feet i n feet and the diameter is 1 0 i nches ( s ee Vo l I

,
.
,

page T h i s i s the min i mum diameter that co uld be used but ,

fo r the t O p o gr a p h i c co nd i ti o ns ex i sting in th i s example the maxi

mum pressure head w ould be ab o ut 50 feet which i s greater than ,

the pipe c ou ld stand A n o ther i mp o rtant c o nsiderati o n i s the e f

.

feet o f var i at i o ns o f fl o w i n the pipe li ne o n the means and regula

t i o n o f deliveri es fr o m the pipe F o r c o nditi o n o f full fl o w the e n
.

t i re p i pe line w o uld be under pressure and deli very at any p o int ,

on the pipe w o uld be made thr o ugh a valve o r pressure take o ut .

But i f the pipe li ne i s o perated at part i al capacity such a s fo r , ,

i nstance ,
capac i ty the co rresp o nd i ng hydrauli c gradient
,

i s 3 feet per feet and the hydrauli c grade line o ccup i es

—
then the p o s i t i o n A B th i s results i n a gravity fl o w i n the secti o n
1

—
‘

o f pipe l i ne A A I and pressure fl o w i n A

— B Fo r thi s c o nditi o n
l .

o f part i al fl o w any take o ut ab o ve A 1 wh i ch fo r full fl o w w a s under

,

pressure w o uld n o w requi re s o me means o f checki ng the fl o w i n

,

the p i pe t o make a delivery While it w o uld be p o ssible t o check

.

the flo w in this se cti o n o f p i pe by the u s e o f gate valves the co st ,

w o uld usually be excessive and in the maj o rity o f ca s es w o uld

c reate pressures i n the pipe lines much greater than the pipe c o uld

stand .

T h e ab o ve c o ns i derati o ns theref o re sh o w that the dimen s i o ning

o f the p i pe li nes mu s t be based o n t w o requirements

Fi r s t —
. A ny var i ati o n i n fl o w sh o uld pr o duce a relat i vely s mall
c hange i n the p o s i ti o n o f the hydrauli c grade line .

S eco n d — A flat hydrauli c gr ade line sh o uld be used where

by d o i ng s o the pressure head o n the pipe may be decreased
t o what the pipe w i ll safely stand Fo r i nstance i f i n the
.
,

a bo ve example a 1 4 i n ch p i pe is used the co rre s p o nding

-
,
3 66 I RR I GA T I O N S TR UC T URE S

hydraulic gradient fo r the full fl o w o f 3 sec o nd feet is ab o ut -

feet per —
feet (A B ) and fo r partial fl o w o f 1 sec o nd
g ,

f o o t i s ab o ut fo o t per —
feet ( A B ) This s o luti o n 3 .

gi ves a maxi mum pressure head o f o nly 1 2 feet and o nly a sh o rt ,

—
secti o n o f pipe A sa 4 i n which there may be either grav i ty flo w
4 3,

o r pressure fl o w depend i ng o n the v o lume o f fl o w in the p i pe line

, .

T h e flo w i n the pipe secti o n ab o ve A fr o m A t o A w ill the n 2, 2,

a lways be gravi ty flo w and take o ut s fr o m it at M and N will b e

o f the gravity o verp o ur type and the pipe line sub s ect i o ns A t o M -
,

M t o N and N t o A can then be dimen s i o ned o f smaller diameter

, 2

fo r the c o rresp o nding hydraulic gradients F o r these sect io ns .

the hydrauli c gradients measur ed fro m A t o M M t o N and N, , ,

to A are greater than required fo r a 1 0 inch p i pe b ut n o t great

2,
-
,

e n o ugh fo r an 8 inch pipe w hi ch is the next smallest size ; there

-
,

f o re 1 0 inch p i pe wi ll be used and the h y drauli c grad i ents co r

,
-

resp o nding t o full flo w o ccupy then the l o wer p o sit i o ns sh o wn in

the pr o file T h e fl o w in the pipe secti o ns bel o w A fr o m A t o B
.
3, 3 ,

wi ll then always be pres s ure fl o w and take o uts fr o m i t at P an d ,

Q will be Of the pre s s ure valve take o ut type It i s p o ss i ble t o .

a dmi t int o the pipe line a greater fl o w than that fo r which i t is

designed ; but th i s w o uld result i n a rise Of the hydrauli c grade

—
li ne (A B ) wi th perhaps a c o rresp o nding danger o us increase in
2 ,

pressure head T o av o id this a safet y o verfl o w stand sh o uld

.

be placed near A wi th the o verfl o w cre s t at an elevat i o n a l i ttle

2,

hi gher than A 2 .

T h e sec o nd s ketch pr o file i s w o rked o u t in the same manner by

a c o nsiderati o n o f the ab o ve requi rements such that the secti o ns ,

o f pipe line i n which there wi ll be a variat i o n fr o m gravity t o

pres s ure fl o w and vi ce ver s a will be co nfined t o sh o rt sect io ns ,

which include n o p o i nts o f del i very o r in whi ch the vari at i o ns in ,

hydrauli c grade l i ne are s o small that an o verfl o w press ure regu

lating b o x o f n o t exce s s ive hei ght such as at I can be used t o , ,

c heck the fl o w fo r the valve take o ut H ab o ve i t when the p i pe ,

li ne is o perated at partial flo w .

T hi s type o f system requ i re s relat i vely large p i pes when co m ,

pared with a pressure pipe s ystem but it i s made o f hand tamped ,

-

c ement m o rtar pipe wh o se relat i ve c o st is much smaller than

-

that o f o ther kinds o f p i pe s requi red fo r pre s s ure p i pe systems .

U nder t O p o gra p h ic c o nditi o ns fav o rable t o i ts in s tallati o n i t w ill ,

be m o re ec o n o m i cal and has the advantage o f aut o mat i c regul a

t i o n Thi s advantage may be f urther explain ed by a co nsi dera
.
3 68 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

structure is m o st c o mm o nly used as an o verfl o w deli very an d

measuring b o x descri be d further ( Fi gs 1 5 3 and

,
.

1 49 .
—Tak ut lat ral h ad gat fr m c c r t l i d c a al
eo or e e e o on e e ne n . Kam
l p Fruit la d I rriga t i y t m Brit is h C lumb i a
oo s n s on s s e , o .

Bo w ! l

FI G . 1 50 — Pip e t ur no ut . C vi a I rriga t i
o n on CO .
,
C al if .

usually fo rmed as a regulating pressure b o x wi th

A di vi s i on box is
the bran ch c o nnecti o n made i n the upstream c o mpartment o f the
box T h e c o nnecti o n may be made directly with the head o f
.
 T YPE S OF D I S TR I B U TI O N S YS TE M S 3 69

the branch p i pe li ne placed i n the s i de wall as i llustrated by ,

the pipe turn o ut o f the C o vina Irrigati o n C o o f S o uthern .

C alif o rnia ( F ig I t will usually be preferable t o intr o duce

.

pr o visi o n fo r measuring the water by in s erting a weir o r o rifice

in the side wall fo r each branch with a receiving basin o r co m
p a r t me n t t o whi,
c h the branch will be c o nnected Weirs with o ut .
,

FI G . 1 51 .
—Pi p e li ne d iv i i
s on box Kaml p F ru it la
oo s n ds I rriga t io n Sys t e m
Brit h C l u mb i a
is o .

end c o ntracti o ns with length s pr o p o rti o nate t o t h e d is ch a rge s in

,

the branches are u s ually preferab le fo r they will maintain aut o

, ,

mat i ca lly the pr o per divi s i o n o f th e fl o w i rrespective o f variati o ns

,

in the fl o w T hi s f o rm o f s tructure is illustrated by the t y pe o f

.

divi s i o n b o x used b y the K aml o o ps F ruitlands s y stem ( Fig .

The deli ver y box thr o ugh which the irrigat o r i s served will pref
e r a b ly be f o rmed t o be used als o as a measuring b o x T wo types .

24
3 70 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T UR E S

of b o xes are used dependi ng o n whether the deli very i s made fro m
,

a pipe li ne o r secti o n o f pipe l ine in whi ch there is a free gravi ty

fl o w o r fr o m o n e w h ich is under pre s sure T h e first type is the .

overflo w d eli ver y mea s u r i n g box and the sec o nd type i s the va lve or

pr es s u r e deli ver y mea s u ri n g box T h e fir s t t y pe is an o verfl o w

.

pressure regulating b o x with an o rifice delivery thro ugh a si de

d
Lo n g i t u i n a lS ec t ion T ra n s v
ers e S ec t i o n

1 52 — Typ i c al
i r b f valv t ak u t fr m pr u r p ip l i
we ox or e eo o es s e e ne .

Kaml p F ru t la d I rriga t i Sy t m Bri t i h C l mb i a

oo s i n s on s e , s o u .

wall ofup s tream c o mpartment A go o d example i s the

t he .

—
b o x used o n the K aml o o p s F rui tland s s ystem al s o that u s ed by
the A zusa Irrigati o n C o i n S o uthern C alif o rnia ( Fig . .

Th e s ec o nd type is made by cutt ing a h o le in the t o p o f the s upply

p i pe o n t o p o f wh i ch is cemented a valve o f the type used fo r
, ,

o rchard o r farm cement p i pe di s tribut i o n sy s tems de s cri bed in ,

Vo l I C hapter VII ; aro und i t is placed o r b u ilt a measuring we i r

.
,
3 72 I R R I GA TI ON S TR UC T UR E S

level may be kept fairly c o nstant Th e accura cy o f the measure .

ment will depend o n the quantity s p i lling o ver the crest and the
length O f the o ve rfl o w crest A m o derate i ncrease i n pressur e .

w i ll n o t aff ect the a c curacy very greatly especially as i n thi s ,

case an 8 i nch press ure head is used ; fo r i n s tance an in crease i n

-
,

pressure head o f 1 inch o r 1 2 per cent will increase the v o lume .

delivered 6 per cent I t w o uld be feasible t o u s e a we i r plate in

.

’
the place o f the mi ner s i nch plate b u t w i th a we i r plate the ,

quant i ty O f water delivered c o uld n o t be adj usted as eas ily and ,

Gre at of O ve rfl o w W all

Pl
i t

at e

lld e Gat e

Long itu in a d l Section V er t i ca l S ec t i o n

In ch Pl
ate

— D e l iv e ry ’
FI G . 1 53 m i r s i h v e rfl w
an d ne nc o o b o x fo r t ak e u t fr m
o o
li u d r pr s s u re Kamlo o p s F ruit la I rriga i Sys t m
gi i h
po ne n e no e . n ds t on e ,

r t s C lumb ia
o .

the increase i n fl o w w o uld be aff ected t o a much greater extent

by an i ncreas e i n depth o f water o n the crest
’
.

De live ry an d M in e r s In ch O v e rfl o w B o x o f Az u s a Ir rigati o n
C O S o uth ern Calif o rn ia ( Fig
.
,
— T his b o x di ffers fr o m the .

prev i o us o n e i n that instead o f deliver i ng the water thr o ugh an

o r i fice adj ustable i n s i ze by a slide i t i s deli vered t h r o ugh a ,

number O f Open i ngs all 5 i nches high but o f di ff erent widths each
, ,

cl o sed by a verti c al s liding gate T h e pre s s ure o n the center o f .

o pen i ng is 4 i nches w hich is the c o mm o nly accepted head fo r

,
’
the so uthern C alifo rni a m iner s inch .
 T YPE S OF D I S TR I B U TI ON S YS TE M S 3 73

Th ewater del ivered thr o ugh the o r i fices d i scharges i nt o a ,

receiving bas i n t o which the ir rigat o r c o nne cts h i s p i pe l i ne or

,

flu me T h e bas i n may be a rectangular b o x built as a part o f

.

the o verfl o w b o x o r may be f o rmed o f a secti o n o f large s i zed

,

12 C e me n t Pp
i e

C a men

FI G . 1 54 . De live ry ’
a n d m in e r s i ch v rfl w b x
n o e o o on p ip e l i ne. Az u a
s
I rrigat io n CO .
,
S u th r C al if r ia
o e n o n .

c ement p i pe spl i t l o ngi tud i nally i n t w o and cemented t o the

,

s i de wall o f the o verfl o w b o x ( Plate X V III Fig A ) I n the ,

. .

i llustrati o n the upper half sect i o n o f pipe has n o t been put i n

place T h e three smaller o rifices are o pened and the fo urth
.

cl o sed .
 C H A PT E R XIII
M EA S U RI N G DEVI CE S

T his chapter is c o ncerned with the structures u s ed o n i rr i gat i o n

systems fo r the mea s urement o f i rr i gati o n water T h e princ i
.

ple s o f o perat i o n o f the devices are pre s ented and special emphas is
i s lai d o n the types o f dev i ces and the c o ndit io ns for which each
i s best adapted F o r a m o re c o mplete discus s i o n o f the hydrauli c
.

laws principles experiment s f o rmul ae and co e fli cie n t s pertain in g

, , ,

t o the di ff erent types o f weirs the reader is referred t o the

,

s tandard b o o ks o n hydrau lics and t o s o me o f the references given

at the end of the chapter .

N ce s s ity fo r M e a s ur e me n t o f Wat er
e —.T h e measurement o f
irrigat i o n water by means o f dev i ces u s ed s pec i ally fo r this pur
p o se h as been largely l i mited t o th o se pr o j ect s where the value
o f water created by a demand in exce s s o f the supply h as made
, ,

it ne cessary t o o btain a m o re nearly equal divis i o n o f the water

than co uld be Obtained by the crude meth o ds o f o perat i o n and
distributi o n prevail ing o n th o s e s y stem s which are fav o red w ith
an excess i ve supply O n many s y stems where these crude meth
.

o d s prevail the divisi o n o f the water between the laterals and

dis tributaries is made b y eye o r by a r o ugh measurement o f the

canal cr o ss secti o n with fl o at measur ements o f the vel o c i t i es ,

and the fl o w del ivered t o the water users is app o rti o ned by an
equally r o ugh d ivis i o n o f the fl o w i n the di s tributary o r by a ,

r o ugh mea s urement taken at the d elivery gate o r in the case o f a

,

d is tri butary carryi ng a single irri gating head by app o rti o ning
,

the entire head t o each u s er in t urn fo r a time pr o p o rti o na t e t o

the acreage in h is h o lding While an experienced ditch tender
.

may be able t o make fairly cl o se estimate s o f the fl o w o f wa t er

i n canals these crude meth o d s c o mbined with the difference i n
,

experience and j udgment o f the d i tch tender s will lead t o unequal

d i vi s i o n with i n s o me cas e s very great variati o n s A s l o ng as
.

there is an abun d ant supply t o s ati s fy all reas o nable demand s ,

a n d pr o vided the water user pay s fo r the u s e o f water n o t acc o rd

i ng t o the quantity used b u t o n a flat rate per acre there will be

,

little fric ti o n o r tro uble between the water users an d the o ffi ci als
37 4
PL A TE X V III .

FIG . D .
—Recta n gular we i r wi th en d co t ra ct ions
n .
 M E A S UR I N G DE V I CE S 3 75

of the water c o mpany but a large waste and excess i ve us e will

,

generally re s ult T hese c o nditi o ns are h o wever seld o m o b

.
, ,

t a in e d and th ere i s practically n o s y stem de s i gned o f suffi ci ent

,

c apacity t o meet the abn o rmal demands I n the maj o r i ty o f

.

sys tem s there are peri o ds o f defic i ent fl o w and excess i ve demands
when i t i s nece s s ary t o distribute the water in a c co rdan c e w ith
schedules which w ill pr o duce equ i table d ivi s i o n .

With the devel o pment and extens i o n o f i rr i gat i o n in many ,

l o cal i t i es the stage has been reached where the available water
supply i s n o t su fficient t o supply all lands su i table fo r irr i gat i o n ;
i t i s then necessary t o eliminate all preventable waste by a care
ful u s e o f water which can o nly be Obta i ned by the i ntr o du ct i o n
,

o f a system o f o perati o n based o n measurement o f water Th e .

i mp o rtance o f this i s apparent when a careful study o f the average

i rrigati o n practice indicates that o f the water d i verted fr o m
streams fo r irrigati o n 4 0 per cent i s l o st by c o nveyan c e befo re
.

i t is delivered t o the water user and o f the am o unt del i vered

,

2 5 per cent i s l o st by deep perc o lat i o n 2 5 per c ent by s o i l evap

.
, .

o rati o n and 1 0 per cent by surface r u n o ff

, . T h e t o tal o f these
-
.

l o sses i s ab o ut 7 6 per cent o f the water diverted and by the best

.
,

prevailing practice may be reduced t o ab o ut 2 5 t o 30 per cent .

T h e mea s urement o f i rr i gati o n water i s o f special i mp o rtance

when the water user pays fo r the actual am o unt o f water used ;
becaus e the water u s er will the n have j ust cause t o d i spute a
water bill bas ed o n crude meth o ds o f measurement O n many
.
.

systems i rrigat i o n water is paid for at a fixed rate per a cre i nde
pen d ent o f the quantity used but th i s pract i ce i s i n many c as es
,

being replaced by payment fo r the v o lume o f water used .

Lo c atio n s o n a n Irr i gati o n S yst e m Wh e r e M e a s u r e me n t o f

W te a r i s N e ce s s ary — M easurements o f the fl o w o f water may
.

be nece s s ary at the f o llo wing places o n an irr i gat i o n system : ( 1 )

A t the head o f the d i vers i o n canal (2 ) A t the head o f main
.

c anals laterals and distributar i es A t m scellane us p i nts

, , ( )
3 i . o o

o n a canal lateral o r d istributary ( )

4 A t p o ints
. o f del i very t o

the irrigat o rs .

M easurements at the head o f the d i vers i o n canal are ne cessary

Fi rs t — T o c o ntr o l the am o unt o f water admitted i n the canal
system and i n s ure that n o t m o re water i s adm i tted than the
s y s tem can carry .

S econ d — To regulate the fl o w i n acc o rdance w i th the demand

o r supply .
3 76 I RR I GA T I O N S TR UC T UR E S

Thi rd — To have the neces s ary info rmati o n regar d ing the
am o un t d i verted in case o f law s ui ts -
.

F ou th
r — T o s tud y c o nveyance l o s se s .

M easurements at the heads o f laterals and di s tributaries and

o n the supply c anal o r lateral fro m which these branches
,

take o ut within a sh o rt di s tance fr o m the p o int o f d ivi si o n are

,

necessary
F i rs t — T o d i vide the flo w equitabl y .

S eco n d — T o regulate the fl o w in acc o rdance w i th demands .

Thi d r — T o stu d y c o nve y ance l o s s es M easurements at d iff er

.

ent p o in ts o n the canals laterals and d i s tributaries may be n e c e s

,

s ary t o study and l o calize the c o nveyance l o s ses i n certain s e c

ti o ns o f canal s .

M ea s urement s at the p o ints o f deli ver i es are specially necessary

when the water is charged fo r acc o rding t o the v o lumes used .

T hey are le s s nece s s ary w i th a pr o per s y stem Of r o tati o n i n ,

whi ch case the fl o w turned int o the di stributary may be a single

i rrigating head all o tted in turn t o each water user fo r a peri o d o f
t ime pr o p o rti o nal t o the acreage o f his h o lding o r t o the shares
he o wns o r fo r the time requ i red t o give him the v o lume he wishes
t o purchase . Where the distributary carries t wo o r m ore heads ,

measurements will be requi red t o di vide the fl o w .

Type s o f M e a s ur in g D e vi c e s — T h e types o f mea s uring devices

.

may be divi ded int o three classes

Fir s t
.
—T h o se that give e s s entially the rate o f fl o w ; thi s in
eludes : ( 1 )rating stati o n s and rating fl u me s ( 2 )weirs ; ( 3 )o rifices ,

gate o penings and tube s o r culvert s

,
.

S eco n d — T h o se that mea s ure the quantity o r v o lume o f water

in a given time ; thi s i nclude s the fo ll o wing types o f meters : ( 1 )
the Venturi meter ; (2 ) the De t h rid ge meter ; ( 3 ) the G rant
M ichell meter ; (4 ) the H ill meter ; ( 5 ) the H anna meter .

Thi r d — S o me o f the dev i ces o f the first type u s ually rat i ng ,

s tati o ns o r fl u me s and weir s each c o mbined wi th an aut o mati c

,

regi ster w i th wh i ch v o lume as well as rate o f flo w can be Obtained .

M easurements o f the rate o f flo w are usually all that are neces

sa ry at the hea d s o f canals laterals and di s tributaries and at dif
, ,

fe re n t places o n the s e part s o f the s y s tem where mea s urement is

nece s sary T hese meas urements are primaril y t o o bta in pro per
.

Operati o n o f the sy s tem A t s o me o f the ab o ve p o ints it may

.

be desirable t o Obtain al s o a c o ntinu o us rec o rd o f the flo w b u t ,

when a canal s ys tem is pro perly o perated the fluctuati o ns in

378 I RR I GA TI O N S T R UC T UR E S

To btai n th i s re lat io n between d epth o f water and c or resp o nd

o

i n g discharge it i s nece s s ary t o rate the s tati o n

, T hi s is d o ne .

by taki ng a s erie s o f meas urement s which will give the d i s charges

c o rre s p o nd i ng t o d epth s o f water included in the range co m,

mo n ly used in the o perati o n o f the canal T he re s ults are pl o tted .

and a curve drawn thr o ugh the di s charge p o ints Thi s curve is .

kn o wn as the rating curve ; with i t the d ischarge c o rre s p o nding

t o any depth o f water can be o btained and fr o m it a rating table ,

may be prepared T h e discharge mea s urements req ui red t o

.

o btain the rating curve when u s ing a current meter are made as

f o ll o ws : T h e cr o ss s ecti o nal area o f the stati o n is first divi d ed by

-

i mag i nary vertical lines int o partial o r elementary areas wh o se

c r o s s sect i o n i s Obtained b y s o un d ings taken usual ly with a ro d , ,

or,
if r o d current meter is used with the current meter itself ,

( F ig. T h e number o f vertical s t o be u s ed i n dividing the

cr o s s secti o nal area will depend o n the average w i dth o f the cr o ss
-

secti o n and o n t he f o rm o f the cr o ss secti o n It wi ll be less fo r .

FI G . 1 55 — Ra t in g s a io
t t n d iv i d ed i n to part ial areas .

a rectangular fl u me secti o n than fo r an earth canal secti o n .

U sually at least s ix t o e i ght vertical s are desirable T h e aver .

age vel o c i ty fo r each elementary area is then Obtai ned and the
c o rresp o nd i ng discharge i s the pr o duct o f this vel o city and the
elementary area Th e t o tal di scharge is the s u m o f the partial
.

discharges .

T h e current meter wi th which the vel o cit i es are o bta i ned

c o nsi s ts o f a wheel wi th cups wh i ch when placed in water , ,

gi ves a rate o f revo lut i o n s pro p o rti o nate t o the vel o city o f flo w .

T h e number o f rev o luti o n s i n a g i ven time are o btained thr o ugh

a s o unding device attached t o the meter and the relati o ns between
rate o f rev o lut i o ns and vel o cit y are kn o wn fro m experi mental
rating o f the meter Fo r a full presentati o n o f the u s e o f current
.

meters and the prin ciples and meth o d s o f measurement o f flo w

“River D ischarge by H o yt and G r o ver publi shed by Wiley and
,

”
, ,

S o ns i s spec i ally rec o mmended

,
T he meth o ds O f meas urements
.

are e s s entially the same fo r canal flo w as fo r river di scharge .

 M E A S UR I NG D E V I CE S 37 9

Th e m o st co mm o n meth o ds o f o btaining the mean vel o c i ty in a

vertical li ne w i th a current meter are : ( 1 ) by h o lding the current
meter at and at o f the water depth and taking the mean o f

the t wo co rresp o nd i ng vel o cities ; (2 ) by h o lding the meter at

Of the water depth ; (3 ) by m o ving the current meter sl o wly d o wn ,

then u p the water depth and repeating on e o r m o re t i mes Th e .

first meth o d i s usually c o nsidered preferable Th e se co nd meth o d

.

gi ves slightly greater res ults ; i t is m ore Often used for shall o w
depths .

M easurements by fl o ats require a stretch o f c anal wi th un i f o rm

c r o ss sect i o n o f at least 1 0 0 feet in which the vel o city o f a fl o at i s

o btained b y taking the time required t o travel between t w o s t a

ti o ns T h e fl o ats d o n o t o ften travel in straight lines ; i t is there

.

f o re di ffi cult t o Obtain rel i able vel o cities fo r the di fferent parts o f

the stream and the mean vel o cities o f flo w can o nly be o bta i ned
,

by apply ing certain co e fli cien t s o f d o ubtful a c cura cy .

M e th o d o f In stallati o n T h e accura cy o f measurements

— .

Obtained at a stat i o n which has been rated w i ll depend o n the

permanen cy o f i ts cr o ss secti o n the c o nditi o ns o f fl o w and the
,

fa ct o rs whi ch may a ffect the accuracy o f the rat ing curv e In .

an earth c anal i t i s s o metimes difficult t o Obta i n a site where the

c r o ss secti o n will n o t be changed b y er o si o n dep o s i ti o n o f silt o r
'

gro wth o f vegetat i o n To o btain a permanent stat i o n i t is o ften

.

necessary o r desirable t o line a sh o rt se cti o n o f the c anal wit h

co ncrete o r t o in s tall a rating flume A rating flume co nsists o f a
.

sh o rt fl ume wh o se length i s generall y n o t less than 1 2 feet n o r

,

less than twice the average width o f the canal o r flu me and wh o s e ,

w i dth and depth are ab o ut equal t o the average w i dth and de pt h

o f the canal T h e i nlet and o utlet are c o nne c ted t o the eart h
.

c anal w i th suitable wings and cut o ff walls ( Fig -

T rans
.

v e r s ally the fl o o r sh o uld be perfectly level and l o ngitudinally it

sh o uld be s e t t o the grade o f the ditch T h e fl o o r sh o uld b e

.

placed ab o ut Of a f o o t ab o ve the bed o f the d i tch s o that all silt

,

may be c arried thr o ugh and n o t change the f o rm o f the cr o ss

secti o n T h e gauge ro d sh o uld be placed at a distance fr o m
.

the upstream end equal t o ab o ut o f the length o f t h e

.

flu me . T o Obtain a c o ntinu o us rec o rd o f the stream fl o w as is ,

o ften desirable at imp o rtant rating stati o ns o r fl u me s an aut o ,

mati c register i s necessary Th e c o mm o n types o f regi s ters a re

.

described bel o w T h e u s e o f a register requires a fl o at well

.
,

u s uall y 1 2 X 1 8 inches in cro ss secti o n Fo r a canal stat i o n

.
3 80 I RR I GA TI O N S TR UC T URE S

the well i s placed i n the canal bank and c o nnected t o the

canal by means o f a sh o rt pipe Fo r a rating flume the fl o at well
.
,

is bui lt wi th the fl u me o n o n e si d e a n d c o nnected with the water

, ,

b y an Opening o r a number o f smaller o rifices thro ugh the si de wall

near the b o tt o m o f the fl ume .

T o o bta i n accurate results a rat i ng stat i o n o r flu me mus t be

,

s elected s o as t o o btain a un i f o rm fl o w free fr o m cr o ss currents

,

and l o cated suffic i entl y far up s tream fro m check gates o r delivery
gates t o be bey o nd the influence o f backwater o r drawd o wn p ro
d u ce d by the o perati o n o f check gates l ateral headgates and ,

0 R f
W
e i n o rc i n g B ar s
G aug e "

B
I s o. t o 0 . o th a ys
Pl f
at or mfor
G au ge B e co nd e r

D oo r

d
L on g i t u i na l El vat i on
e

FI G . 1 56 — Rat in g flu me . C l o o . F u l
e I ro n CO .
, Pu bl Co l
e o, o .

delivery gates T o o bta in a unifo rm flo w a s trai ght c hannel with

.
,

unifo rm cr o ss sect i o n and sm o o th banks fo r a distance o f at least

1 00 feet upstream fr o m the stati o n o r fl u me i s necessary T he .

d i s tance upstream fro m c heck gates lateral o r delivery gates ,

requi red t o be beyo nd the e ff ect o f backwater o r drawd o wn w ill

depend o n a number o f fact o r s s uch as the S l o pe and s i ze o f the
,

canal the he i ght o f checki ng the capac ity o f the deli very gate
, , ,

etc T o be beyo nd any appreciable e ff ect may req ui re a distan ce

.

o f several th o usand feet fo r a large canal T h e best l o cati o n .

fo r a rat i ng s tati o n o r flu me will therefo re be above a dr o p n o t

u s ed as a check gate O ther seri o us cau s e s whi ch may destro y
.
3 82 I RR I GA TI O N S TR UC T URE S

of the water i n the upstream channel is s o small that th i s vel o c i ty

o f appr o ach can be neglected T h e o nly measurements requ i red
.

are then that o f the length o f the weir and that o f the depth o f
, ,

water o ver the weir T h e c o rre s p o n d ing fl o w may be c o mpu t ed

.

wi th the we i r fo rmula b u t is generally Obta i ned by referr in g t o

,

tables .

T h e we i r m o st c o mm o nly used i s the C ipp o le t t i we i r ; i t h as the

advantage that the fl o w is pr o p o rti o nal t o the length o f the we i r ,

s o that a weir table prepared fo r a unit length o f weir may be used

fo r o ther length s by multiplying the quantit i es glv e n i n the

table by the rati o o f the de s ired length t o unity .

—
M e th o d o f In s ta lla tio n a n d Us e A weir measurin g device may .

c o n s ist o f a simple we i r b o ard placed acr o ss the ditch ( Pla t e

T. & G .

U p - s t r e am F a c e B ott o m
S ti ll P d
in g on

(3 S ec ti o n
FI G . 1 57 — . S t a d ard
n d esig n ir
fo r C ip p o le t t i w e s on s ys t e m of wi
T n
S alm on R e iv r Wa r
t e CO , . I d aho .

X VIII Fig B ) o r o f a we ir b o ard s e t in a b o x o r sh o rt flume s e c

,
.
,

tio n which may be bu ilt as an extensi o n o f a delivery gate strue

ture T he we i r b o ard may be made o f w o o d metal o r c o ncre te
.
,
.

When made o f w o o d o r c o ncrete it is de s irable t o u s e a metal plate

t o f o rm the edge s o f the cre s t and the s ides When the device is a .

si mple we i r b o ard place d in the earth ditch the b o ard must ex

, ,

tend s uffi c i ently far int o the bed and sides o f the d i tch and mus t ,

be well puddled in p o siti o n t o prevent the water wash i ng un der o r

aro und the b o ard Large weir b o ards must be braced with
.

p o sts again s t the water pre s s ure and will u s ually require p ro ,

t e c t io n o f the bed and s ide s o f the ditch o n the o utlet s i de o f the

 PL A T E X I X .

FI G . A —
. Cip p o let ti w ir
e b ox t o m eas u re d i charg e
s of p u mp i g plan t
n .

FI G . B — Cip p o le t t i
. w ir i
e ncr t li d t i
con e e ne s ec on of lat ral
e . D av i s an d
W b r C a al Sy t m Ut ah
e e n s e
p
, .

( F a ci n g a ge 3 82 )
3 84 I RR I GA TI O N S TR UC T UR E S

end c o ntract i o n it gives n o advantage o ver the simpler f o rm con

,

sisting o f a weir b o ard with o utlet exten s i o n and increases the c o st .

Shi pl p
a

12 W in g

FI G . 1 59 —C ip p o le t t i we i r b o x fo r l-ft . w ir e .

A suppressed we i r requi res s o me means o f pr o viding free ci r cu

lati o n o f air un der the sheet o f falling water ; thi s is usually O h

l l l

ao

Typ ica U l p s tr ea m El evati on

Gn dc o f h un l

T y p ica l Lo n g i tu d in al S ec tibn
FI G . 1 60 — S t a n d ard su ppres s ed r c t a gular
e n we ir s U . S R lama t i
. ec on

S vi
er ce .

by admitt i ng the air thro ugh an Opening in o n e o r b o th s i d e

t ai n e d
walls near the crest o n the d o wnstream side ( Fig .

When the weir is placed a sh o rt di stance bel o w a deli very ga t e ,

 M E A S UR I NG DE V I CE S 385

the weir b o ard is placed in a s h o rt fl u me secti o n

'

or s tilling b o x
built as an exten s i o n t o the gate s tructure ( Fig
. It is then

usually neces s ary t o pro vide baffles t o pro duce a unif o rm flo w

befo re the water reaches the weir b o ard .

25
3 86 I RR IGA T I ON S TR UC T URE S

Th emeasurement o f the depth o f o verp o ur water o ver the we ir

mu s t sh o w the true elevati o n o f the water surface ab o ve the weir
crest D irectly at the cre s t and fo r a sh o rt di s tance ab o ve it the
.

water surface curves d o wn T his requi res that the measure

.

ment fo r the depth o f water be taken in the still water o n o n e si de

o f the we i r n o tch o r fo r a relative ly s mall we i r fr o m 4 t o 6 feet ,

u ps tream fro m the weir b o ard E xperiment s o n C i p p o le tt i we i rs

.

made in Punj ab In d ia indicate that at a distance o f 1 f o o t t o on e

, ,

s ide o f the ed ge o f t h e n o tch the water level was n o t aff ected by

the draw o f the water t o ward the n o tch T h e p o int o f depth .

FI G . 1 62 — I s o m e t ric s k e tch of C ip p o le t t i w ire aut o ma t ic

r eg is t r e .

me a s urement o r gauge is o ften placed in th i s p o s iti o n o n the weir

b o ard at o n e s ide o f the n o tch When a c o ntinu o us rec o rd o f the
.

fl o w is des i red an aut o mati c register must be used

, T hi s i s .

placed at the t o p o f a fl o at well built o n o n e side o f the flu me b o x

0 1 s e t i n the bank o r s i de o f the di tch up s tream fr o m the we i r
"

b o ard (F ig .

T o s l ui ce o u t silt dep o s ited i n the stilli ng bas in ab o ve the wei r

'

b o ard it is de s i rable t o make the entire weir b o ard rem o vable o r ,

preferably t o make o nly the l o wer part rem o vable which insures ,

t hat the p o s i t i o n Of t he we ir cres t is n o t changed .

3 88 I RRI GA T I O N S TR UC T U RE S

w i th the edges bevelled t o a 4 5 sl o pe o n the d o wn stream side

°

and c o vered with N o 24 galvan i zed ir o n plate T hi s f o rmed

. .

nearly sharp edge s with a radiu s o f curvature o nly a little greater

,

than the t hickness o f the galvanized i ro n ( ab o ut inch ) ,

yet i t appeared t o have been suffi cient t o make the actual

di scharges ab o ut 5 per cent greater than the c o mpute d .

discharge .

T h e ab o ve req ui rements will insure a c o mparat i vely small v e

lo c it y o f appr o ach which can be neglecte d with o ut pr o ducing an
,

apprec i able erro r When the water cr o s s s ecti o nal a rea o f the
.
-

n o tch is that o f the channel the err o r intr o duced by ,

neglect ing the vel o city o f appro ach is ab o ut 2 per cent T he .

requi rements ( 2 ) and (3) insure a rati o o f cro ss secti o nal are as o f -

at lea s t
F o r a we i r with o ut end c o ntracti o ns the requirements excepting ,

th o s e regarding s ide c o ntracti o n s are e s s entially the s ame when

,

the discharge is Obtained fro m c o mputati o ns o r tables based o n

the general accepted F ranc i s fo rmula H o wever the exhaustive .
,

study o f we irs with o ut end c o ntracti o n recently made by Pr o f , .

R R Lyman h a s re s ulted in the pre s entati o n by him o f d iagrams

. .
,

and table s which will permit the accur ate measurement o f water
wi th weirs with o ut end c o ntracti o n s fo r heights o f weir less than
,

that pre s cri bed by the ab o ve requirements T h e table re .

,

pro duced i n part further take s int o acc o unt the vel o city o f
,

appro ach whi ch wi th lo w weirs and large depths o f water is

,

c o ns iderable .

T h e accuracy o f we i r mea s urements will als o depend o n the

extent t o wh i ch the f o ll o wing in s tallati o n requirements are met :
1 T h e weir when in s ta lled o n a ditch sh o uld be placed i n a
.

se ct io n o f ditch w h ich is s traight fo r at least 5 0 feet upstream fr o m

the weir and the center line o f the ditch s h o uld be perpendicular
t o the weir b o ard a n d pa s s thr o ugh i ts center T h e cr o ss secti o n .

o f the channel s h o uld n o t be s maller than the cro ss secti o n o f the

we i r b o x o r b o ard in o rd er t o have sl o w vel o city and fairly calm

water ab o ve the weir If the weir b o ard mu s t be placed near a
.

take o ut gate the vel o city o f appr o ach mu s t be made unifo rm

,

by means o f baffle s .

2 T h e weir mu s t be s e t hi gh en o ugh t o give t o the o verfl o wing

.

sheet a free fall H o wever where the required fall fo r thi s is n o t

.
,

o btainable the d o wn s tream water level may be ab o ve the we i r

,

c rest a s high as 1 5 per cent o f the depth o f water o n the crest

.
 M EA S UR I N G DE V I CE S 389

w i th o ut i ntr o duc i ng an exces s ive err o r With greater s u b me r g .

ence the weir can still be used and give fairly accurate results by
the applicati o n o f certain c o efficients .

3 In letting water in a weir b o x thr o ugh a pipe i t sh o uld d is

.
,

charge preferably at the b o tt o m o f the b o x and the depth o f the ,

b o x sh o uld be s ufficient t o pr o duce a calm b o dy o f water o n the

up s tream side o f the wei r In s o me cases th i s requires the u s e o f
.

baffle b o ard s t o break u p the vel o city o f the appr o aching water .

4 T h e crest o f the we i r sh o uld be level fr o m end t o end and

.
,

the weir b o ard placed vertically T h e i mp o rtance o f hav i ng the .

weir b o ard placed exactly vertical i s n o t great and i s sh o wn by ,

the f o ll o wing results o f experiments made by B azin o n thin edged -

we i rs inclined at vari o us angles .

R E A IV
L T E D IS C HARG E OF I N C L I N E D WE I R S AND V R I C A W I R S E T L E BY BAe
’
S

E P RIM E N
X E TS

V rt i al
e c we ir . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

h 1 o ri z t al t on o 1 v rt i al e c

U p t r am i l i at i
s e f t h w ir
nc 2 h
n on o e e . o riz t al t on o 3 v r t i ale c

1 h o r i z o t al t n o 3 ve r t ic al

1 h o riz ont al t o 3 v rt i al e c

2 h o riz on t al t 3 v r t i al
o e c

D w t r am i l i at i
o ns ef t h w ir 1 h
nc n on o e e o riz on t al t 1 v e r t i al
o c

2 h o rz i on t al t 1 v e r t i al
o c

4 h o riz o n t al t o 1 v e r t ic al

Fo r mu lae an d Ta b l e s fo r M e a s u re me nt o f Flo w o f Wa t e r O ve r
We ir s number o f
.
—
A fo rmu lze have been d erived ; th o s e m o s t
c o mm o nl y used are the f o ll o wing :
I F o r mulas fo r free d ischarge when vel o cit y
. of appr o ach is
negligible .

( a ) R ectangular we i r with e n d c o ntracti o n s ( F rancis

fo rmula) ,
%
Q (L 0 2 H )H .

( ) R ectangular we i r with n o end c o ntra cti o ns ( F rancis

b
f o rmula ) ,
%
Q 3 3 3L H
.

( c) C ip p o le t t i we i r ,
”
Q LH

II F o rmul ae fo r free discharge when vel o city o f appro ach must

.

be c o n s idere d .
 I RR I GA T I O N S TR UC T UR E S

(d) Rectangular weir with end c o ntracti o ns ( F rancis

fo rmula ) ,
” r
Q 3 3 3 (L . h) h ]
( e) Rectangular weir with o ut end c o n t racti o ns ( F ranci s
fo rmula )
Q 3 B3L [ ( H
. h)
,
gé ’i
h ]
(f ) C i p p o le t t i weir ,
”
o B 3 67L ( H
. 1 5 h) .

In the ab o ve fo rmul ae the f o ll o wing n o tati o n h as been used

Q rate o f flo w o ver we i r i n cub i c feet per se co nd .

L length Of we ir crest i n feet .

H head o r depth o f o verp o ur o n t he crest i n feet ,

mea s ured where n o t a ffected by drawd o wn curve .

h vel o city head c o rresp o nding t o vel o c ity o f appr o ach

2
v
v, and equal to
29

III F o rmul a fo r submerged di s charge

. .

When the water level o n the d o wnstream water level rises ab o ve

the weir cre s t the we i r is said t o be submerged A s previ o us ly
, .

s tated a submergence o f as much as 1 5 per cent o r even 2 0 per

,
.

c ent . will pr o duce very li ttle e ffect o n the fl o w C lemens H er .

schel fro m a s tudy o f experi ments o n we i rs with o ut end c o ntrae

,

ti o n s made by J B Fr ancis and Ft eley and S tearns h a s derived

. .

the fo ll o wi ng f o rmula :
Ql
in which N is a c o efficient wh o s e value depend s on the pro po r
d
t io n a l s ubmergence where d is the d epth o f s ubmergence
E
.

T his fo rmula give s the fo l l o wing relati o n

Q’
N ”
or Q, We
Q
i n whi ch fo r equal head ( H ) and equal lengths o f we i r OI is the rate
o f fl o w fo r a submerged we i r and Q is the rate Of flo w fo r a free d is

charge weir T heref o re t hc rate o f fl o w o ver a submerged we i r i s

.

equal t o the rate o f flo w o ver a free di s charge weir Of the same

length and under the s ame head multiplied by a c o e ffi cient ( N
While the ab o ve fo rm ula was deri ve d fo r a rectangular weir
with n o end c o ntracti o ns experiment s made by J C S tevens o n
,
. .
3 92 I RR I GA T I O N S TR UC T URE S

in whi ch the we i r b o ard is placed T h e vel o city o f appr o ach i s

.

largely co ntr o lled by the height o f the weir and i ts e ffect is ,

i ncluded i n the values gi ven T h e results o f the w o rk o f Pro f

. .

Lyman make i t p o ss i ble t o Obtai n accurate measurements W ith

weirs wi th o ut end c o ntracti o ns where the high vel o city o f
,

appr o ach and relat i vely large depth o f water o n the crest w o uld
result in err o rs o f c o ns i derable magnitude if their us e was c o m
b in e d w i th the usually accepted F ranci s f o rmula .

D I S C H A R G E T AB L E F O R C PPO L E TTI W I R 1 F OO T I N L E NG T H
I E ,

( F o t he r l e g ths m ul t i ply v al u es g iv by l e g t h i n f e e t )
or n en n

Fo r a l foo t wei r us e d e p ths f wa te r n o t gre ate r tha 4 i hes

-
o n nc .

F or a 1 lf foo t we i r u e d e p t hs o f wate r t g re ate r t ha 6 i ches

-
s no n n .

Fo r a 2 foo t we i r u e d e p t h o f wa t e r
-
s s t gre a t e r t h a n 8 i ch es
no n .

Fo a 3 foo t we ir us e de p t hs of wa te r n o t g re at e r t h a n 1 2 in ches
r -
.
 M E A S UR I NG D E V I CE S 3 93

DI S C H A RG E T AB LE FOR R E C T ANG U L A R W E I R S WI H FU
T LL C O N T R A C IO N ST

Di s c h a rge in bi f t
cu c ee p er s e co n df or
3 94 I RR I GA TI O N S TR UC T UR E S

DI S C H ARG E AB L O R RE C ANG UL A R W I R WI H N O E ND C O NT R A CT I O NS
T E F T E T

FO R 1 F O O L E NG H O F W I R AND D I FF R N H I G HTS O F W I R C R E S T
T T E E E T E E

B Y R R L Y M AN . .

( For an y l g t h f w i r t h d i h arg e i Ob t a i d by m ul t i plyi g t h e values

en o e e sc s ne n

g iv by t h l gt h f w i r i fee t )
en e en o e n

0 9 60
3 96 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

One advantage o f an o r ifice dev i ce o ver a weir dev i ce which ,

may be s tated here is that a variati o n i n the head o n an o rifice

,

Wi ll pr o duce a c o rre s p o ndingly smaller vari ati o n i n the rate o f

fl o w thr o ugh the o ri fice than an equal pr o p o rti o nate vari at i o n in
depth o f water o ver a we i r wi ll pr o duce i n the rate o f flo w o ver
the weir A 1 0 per cent i ncrea s e in the head will i ncrease the
. .

fl o w thro ugh the o rifice o nly 5 per cent wh i le w i th a we i r the .

,

fl o w i s i ncreased 1 5 per cent .

Fr e e Di s ch ar ge O pe n in gs . r
’ h —
M in e s In c M ea s ur e men t I t
isseld o m p o ssi ble t o Obtain su ffi cient fall t o o btain free discharge
except fo r s maller Openings such as are c o mm o nl y ass o ciate d ,

with devi ces use d fo r the deli very and measur ement o f water i n
’
miner s inches .

’ ’
A miner s inch devi ce is f o rmed o f a m i ner s i nch b o ard placed
directly i n the ditch o r acr o s s the stream t o be measured o r in
’
stalled in a b o x o r structure T h e miner s i nch b o ard c o ntain s
.

e i ther a single l o ng Opening usually regulated in size by a slide

,

o r a number o f Openings o f diff erent sizes each cl o sed by a gate ,

.

T h e delivery thr o ugh the o ri fices i s made by mai ntai n i ng a co n

stant head o n the center o f the o rifice T h e head depends o n the .

’
value o f the mi ner s i nch w hi ch vari es wi th d i fferent state s
,

( see C hapter V V o l I pages 70 t o

, .
,
In A ri z o na M o ntana , ,
’
and O rego n 4 0 miner s inches are equi valent t o 1 cub i c f o o t per
,

sec o nd ; thi s requi re s a 6 inch pressure head In Idah o N e

-
.
,

braska N evada N e w M exic o N o rth D ak o ta S o uth D ak o ta and

, , , ,
’
U tah 5 0 miner s inches are equi valent t o 1 cubic f o o t per sec o nd ;
,

thi s requi re s a 4 inch pressure head In C alif o rn i a as defined

-
.
,
’
by statute 4 0 miner s i nches are equi valent t o 1 cub i c fo o t per
,

se c o nd but o n a number o f systems i n s o uthern C ali fo rni a 5 0

,
’
miner s i nches t o 1 cub i c fo o t per se co nd are used .

I n s o me s tates the fo rm o f the o rifice is specified by law Fo r .

’
instance in C o l o rad o a mi ner s i nch i s de fined by laws O f 1 868
as the fl o w t h ro ugh an i nch o ri fice un der a 5 i nch pre s sure meas -

ur e d fr o m the t o p o f the o ri fice and the pr escribed height o f the ,

’
o ri fice is 6 i nches except fo r fl o w s under 1 2 mi n e r s i n c h e s when the

o rifice may be s quare A s a result the head o n the center o f the

.
,
’
o p ening vari es and the value o f the miner s i nch vari es c o rre
’ ’
s p o n d in gly fr o m ab o ut 3 5 m i ner s i nches t o 4 3 mi ner s i nches

fo r 1 cubic fo o t per s ec o nd T h e c o mm o nly accep t ed equivalent

.

’
is miner s inche s t o 1 cub i c f o o t per s ec o nd .

’
In Brit i s h C o lumb i a the legal v alue o f the miner s inch is the
 M E A S UR I N G D E V I CE S 3 97

flo w thr o ugh an o ri fice 2 i nches h i gh X lg i nch w i de made in a ,

2 inch plank the head o n the t o p o f the o pening being 7 i nches ;

-
,

t h is gives a pressure head o n the center o f the o pening o f 8 i nches

’
( g
F i . A s defined by law miner s i n c
,
hes are equ i valent
t o 1 cub i c f o o t per sec o nd .

V ari ati o ns in the f o rm o f the o r i fi ce affe c t the a ccura cy o f the

measurements o nly t o a small extent T o measure sm all fl o ws .

the he i ght o f the o rifice may be o nly 1 i nch ; fo r larger fl o ws the

height may be 2 3 4 o r 5 inches T o o btain accurate measure
, , ,
.

ments the j et c o ming thr o ugh the o rifice must t o u ch o nly the
up s tream edges and clear the d o wn s tream edges s o as t o dis ,

charge freely i nt o the ai r U sually i t i s des i rable t o make the

.

Bl k
ll d O
oc t o F it
B e ve e ri fi c e

l -

— ’
FI G . 1 63 Mi r i ch b ard
. ne s n o s et in a flume b o x .

o ri fice i n a thin plate o r t o bevel the edges Of the b o ard o n the

d o wn s tream side A n o ri fice f o rmed with sharp square edges in
.

a b o ard 1 inch thick need n o t be bevelled In settin g the b o ard .

a cr o ss a d itch o r in a b ox a d i stance equal t o at least 2 o r 3

,

t i mes the height o f the o pening must be all o wed o n the upstream
side o f the b o ard fr o m the l o wer edge o f the o rifice t o the bed o f
,

the ditch o r fl o o r o f the b o x a n d fr o m the ends of the o ri fi c e t o

,

the sides o f the ditch o r b o x (Fig .

’
S p e ci a l Typ e s o f M in e r s In ch B o x e s — When pla ced at the
’
p o int o f d e livery fr o m a di s tributary the i nstallati o n o f a mi ner s
,

i nch device will co mbine with i t the deli very gate and a very
de s irable feature may be pr o vi ded t o maintain a pra ct i c ally
c o n s tant head o n the center o f the Open i ng by the u s e of an o ve r
3 98 I RR I GA T I O N S TR UC T UR E S

flo w p i llway cre s t T h e s tructure is then what is kn o wn as the

s .

F oo te measur ing b o x ( Fig 1 64 and Plate XX Fig A ) . I t c on ,

. .

sists essentially o f a check gate acr o ss the ditch the deli very gate ,
’
w h ich c o ntro ls the flo w admitted int o a bas in the mi ner s inch ,

o ri fice f o rmed in o n e si de o f the ba s in adj u s table i n s i ze by a

, ,

s li de and an o verfl o w S pillway f o rmed by a lo w side o f the bas in

,

wi th i ts crest at a height ab o ve the center o f the o ri fice equal to

the de s ired pre s sure head With this devi ce the flo w admi tted
.
,

i nt o the basin i s appr o ximately regulated by the del i very gate

and the excess fl o w pas s e s o ver the s pillway cre s t back in t o the
ditch T he structure i s fo rmed o f a s h o rt flume secti o n di vi ded
.

b y a parallel o verfl o w spillway wall int o t w o c o mpartments .

T h e main c o mpartment is a rectangular channel in line wi th and

FI G 1 64 —Fo o t e ’ ’
s m in e r s i h m a u ri g
nc e s n an d de l iv ry
e b ox ( Bull 24 7 ,
A gr Exp S t U iv
. . . .

. . a .
,
n . of C ali f ).

of ab o ut the same cr o ss s ect i o nal area as the supply d i tch wi th

-

a check gate near the inlet T h e smaller c o mpartment fo rms the

.

’
bas in fro m which the water is taken o ut thr o ugh the m i ner s inc h
o ri fice T he fl o w fr o m the suppl y ditch i s admitted in t o thi s
.

bas i n thro ugh the delivery gate place d j u s t upstream o f the check
gate T he i n s tallati o n o f this device wi ll requi re at leas t abo ut
.

9 t o 1 2 inches d iff erence i n elevat i o n between the full supply

water level i n the s upply di tch and the water level at the o rifice
o utlet T h e accuracy o f the aut o matic regulat i o n O f head wi ll
.

depend o n the length o f t he s pillway cre s t Fig 1 64 sh o ws the . .

design o f a b o x experi mented with at the U nivers ity F arm at

D avi s T h e tests s h o w that with the water level maintai ned
.

e xactly at the same level as t h e s pillway cre s t with d is ch arg e s ,

PL A T E XX .
 M E A S UR I N G DE V I CE S 3 99

’
rangi ng fr o m 2 0 t o 1 50 miner s inches the actual fl o w wa s ab o ut
,
’
4 per cent le s s than the miner s inch
. measurements gave .

T h e F o o te b o x has been u s ed o nly t o a very l i m i ted extent but ,

the same principle o f head regulat i o n by a spillway o verfl o w

c rest has bee n u s ed o n del i very b o xes fr o m g rav i ty pipe li nes
under n o pressure T hese have been used extensively o n several
.

sy stems i n S o uthern C alif o rnia ; al s o o n a system i n British C o

lumb i a and have been described i n th e d iscuss i o n o f gravity
,

p i pe line d istributi o n systems i n the preced i ng chapter Fig

-
. .

1 54 sh o ws such a b o x which was repr o duced at the U n i ver s ity

,

F arm at D av i s and o n which a series o f tests fo r ac c uracy sh o w

,
’
that the actual fl o w was ab o ut 1 per cent greater than the m i ner s
.

i n c h measurements gave .

S ub merg e d Or ifi ce s an d G a t e O pe n in gs — T h e measur i ng de
vi ce may be an o rifice o f a fix e d s i ze o r an o ri fi ce adj ustable i n
size i n wh i ch case i t is usually a gate o pen i ng
,
.

When an o ri fice o f a fixed s i ze i s used the devi ce usually c o n

,

sists Of a sharp edged rectangular o ri fice f o rmed i n a b o ard which

-
,

is e i the r placed i n a vertical p o s it i o n directly a cr o ss the d i tch o r

I s part Of an o rifice b o x T h e dev i ce w ill o nly measure the rate
.

o f fl o w and i s usually placed a sh o rt distance bel o w a del i very

,

gate with which the flo w i s re gulated

, .

T h e dimen s i o ns o f the o r i fi ce are co ntr o lled by the des i red

capacity and the am o unt o f fall available It i s usually made .

fr o m 3 i nches t o 1 f o o t i n he i gh t and 1 t o 4 feet i n w i dth

,
.

T h e dimens i o ns o f t h e o rifice bo ard must be made su ffic i entl y

large t o o btain c o mplete c o nt racti o n and a small vel o city o f ,

appr o ach Practically full c o n tr acti o n is Obtained when the dis

.

tan ce fr o m the edges o f the o rific et o the sides and bed o f the chan
nel i s equal t o 2 o r 3 times the he i ght o f the o ri fice T o o h .

tain submergence the b o ard o r b o x must be i n s talled t o place the

o rifice well bel o w the O utlet Water level T o o btain a vel o city
.

o f appr o ach su fficiently small that i t may be n e glected and n o t

appreciably affect the accuracy o f the mea s urement the c ro s s ,

s e c ti o nal area o f the ap r o ach channel sh o uld be at least ab o ut

p
6 t i mes that o f the o rifice T h e device must be i n s talle d
.

’‘
s II ffi cie n t ly far d o wn s tream fr o m the delivery gat e t o o btain a p o o l
'

of fairly still water o n the up s tream s ide o f the o rifice .

" T o o btain an accurate mea s urement o f the rate o f fl o w the ,

p’
u s tream and d o wn s tream water level mu s t be mea s ure d w h e r e v

t h eWat e r is c o mparative ly s t i ll T h e u p s t re a m ga u ge i s usuall y

.
‘
400 I RRI GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

placed o n the up s tream face o f the b o ard o n o n e s i de o f the o rifi ce

and the d o wnstream gauge i s placed o n o n e o f the s i de walls or
wing walls o f the b ox at least 1 t o 2 feet away fro m the o r ifi ce
,

wall .

Fig 1 6 5 sh o ws the standard des i gn fo r submerged co ntracted

.

o rifices o f the U S R eclamat i o n S ervice F o r th i s type o f devi ce

. .
,

with sharp edge s and full c o ntracti o n the c o effic i ent o f d i scharge ,

i n the f o rmula Q CA is u s ually between and

( s ee V o l II C hapter III page
.
, ,

A submerged o rifice o f adj u s table size i s usually the gate o pen

G ra d e of

y l
T p ica L o ng i t u i n a d lS ec t i o n

Dm i en s io n s Lum b er fo r S u bm d e r ge

FI G . 1 65 .
—S ta n d ard su b m e rg e d o ri fic e box . U . S Reclamat io Se rvic e
. n

i ng in a delivery gate structure T h e s ingle gate structure i s then .

a vertical gate place d in a rectangular channel f o rmed o f a fl o o r

and t wo side wall s with wings and c ut O ff walls at the inlet and
, ,
-

o utlet T h e gate a s usually placed f o rms an o pening i n which the

.

t w o side s and b o tt o m are flu s h o r nearly flu s h w i th the s i des an d

fl o o r o f the b o x T he Opening has then n o c o ntract i o n o n the
.

s ides and b o tt o m In s o me case s a lo w gate si ll i s placed whi ch

.

pro duces pa rt i al c o ntracti o n o n the b o tt o m Fig 1 6 6 sh o w s a . .

standard fo rm o f deli very gate 3 feet wide used by the Yo l o , ,

Water and Po wer C o O f C alifo rnia t o deliver heads as grea t .

4 02 I RRI GA TI O N S TR UC T URE S

the pla ce o f measurement o f the i nlet and o utlet water level s .

Fo r these reas o ns i t w i ll u s ually be desirable t o us e c o effi cients

o bt ai ned by cal i brat i ng the type o f stru cture fo r the c on d i

t i o ns o f fl o w under which i t is t o be u s ed A rather limi ted .

n umber o f experiments have been made t o determine the c oeffi

c ient o f discharge M erriman states that with c o ntracti o n s u p

.

pressed o n the ends and b o tt o m the c o efficient o f d i scharge is ,

pr o bably ab o ut E xperi ments made by the Yo l o Wat er

and Po wer C o C alifo rnia gi ve an average c o effic i ent o f d is
.
, ,

c harge fo r the i r standard headgate o f ab o ut T he e x pe ri

ments made by C B S tewart at the U niversity o f Wisc o ns in o n
. .

sh o rt tubes 4 feet square with s ubmerged di scharge sh o w that

, , ,

fo r the s h o rte s t tube s u s ed ab o ut 4 inche s in length which gi ves

, ,

pra ctically o rifice c o nditi o n and with s uppressed c o ntract i o n on

,

sides and b o tt o m a c o e fficient o f di s charge o f ab o ut

, was o b
t a in e d ( s ee Vo l II C hapter III page
.
, T h e m o st exten s i ve
,

experiments and th o s e m o st directl y appli cable t o the c o nd iti o ns

o btained in practice are th o s e made o n lateral headgate s in

Punj ab In d ia T hese experiment s gave the f o ll o wi ng co effic i ent

,
.

o f discharge :

C 0 0 0 7 4 10

in wh i ch w wi dth o f gate o pen i ng i n feet ( s ee Vo l II C hapter .

,

III p age
,
T his value w as o btained fr o m measurements o f
the inlet and water level s sufficiently far up s tream and d o wn
stream fr o m the gate t o minimize the e ffect o f vel o c i ty o f appr o ach .

It may be taken as the m o s t reliable general value thus far o b

t a ine d. Th e f o rmula o f d ischarge is then :

Q
This f o rmula was fo und t o be n o t applicable with the same deg ree
o f accuracy when the e ff ective head wa s less than
,
feet u nless ,

the vel o city o f appro ach i s negligible .

S ub me r ge d S h o rt T u b e D e li ve ry G a t e T h e de li very gates .
-

o f the p i pe o r b o x culvert type may be used fo r the appr o xi mate

measurement o f water as well a s the regulati o n o f flo w when the

devi ce is rated s o that the c o efficient o f d i s charge is kn o wn fo r the
co nditi o n s o f flow T here will s el d o m be s uffic i ent fall t o o btain
.

free d ischarge at the o utlet ; it will therefo re be u s uall y d e s irable

t o place the s tructure s o that t h e o utlet is entirely submerged .

T he fl o w w i ll then be that o f a s ubmerged tube when the in let

 M E A S UR I N G DE V I CE S 4 03

o pen i ng i s fully o pened and w i ll be i ntermediate between the .

,

fl o w o f a s ubmerged tube a n d submerged o rifice when the i nlet i s

partly o pened F or the submerged tube c o nditi o n the co efficient
. ,

L o n g it u d ina lS ec t i o n a l El e v a t i on
8 x 10 T -
u rn o ut

De t a i l s éf Ga t e

S t ri p s ,

Ga t e De ta i ls (3
513233 ,

I n lc-t El v
e a t io n

FI G . 1 67 — l\1 b e
.
'
d el i v ery gat es . Will is t o P r j n o ect , N . D .

D i s c h arg e i n S ee . Ft .

FI G . 1 68 .
— Ra t in g cu r v es fo r 8 in . by 1 0 in . t ur n out . Will is t on
P r j ct N
o e , . D .

of d i scharge i n the f o rmula Q CA x/ 2 gH w i ll depend largely o n

the f o rm o f the inlet and the length o f the tube F o r the c o n d i .

ti o n intermediate between submerged o rifice and submerged tube

4 04 I R R I GA T I O N S TR UC T UR E S

the c o effi cient o f di s charge will depend al s o o n the size o f the gate
o r i nlet o peni ng .

T h e rates o f d i s charge fo r the c o mm o n type o f b o x culvert

deli very gate o r take o ut has been determi ned by experi ments
made by the R eclamat i o n S ervi ce o n t wo sizes o f take o uts used
on the Willi st o n pr o j ect N o rth D ak o ta T h e des i gns o f the take
,
.

o uts are sh o wn by Fi g 1 6 7 and the rating curves by Fi gs 1 68 and

. .

1 69 . A study o f the results sh o ws a variati o n seld o m larger than

5 per cent fr o m the quantitie s given by the curve
. T h e co effic i ent .

o f discharge fo r the i nlet full y o pened averages very c l o se t o

fo r the smaller turn o ut 8 X 1 0 inches i n cr o ss secti o n and ab o ut ,

8 fo r the larger turn o ut 1 2 X 1 8 inches in cr o ss se ct i o n T hese .

c urves and co e ffi ci ents sh o uld be u s ed fo r turn o uts o f the same

Di s c h a r g e i n S ec F t
. .

FI G . 1 69 .
— Ra t in g curv es fo r 1 2 in . b 1 8 in t . u r ut
no . Will is to n
P r j ct N
o e , .

type and ab o ut the same relative pr e p o rti o ns o f length t o si ze o f

o pen in g F o r appr o xi mate result s the c o efficient o f d i s charge for
.

standard sh o rt tubes ( Vo l I I C hap t er II I pag e 7 1 )may be use d

.
, , .

S PE CIAL D E VI CE S
Ke nn e dy G a u ge O u t le t ( F ig devi ce was o ri gi nated .
-
T hi s
and patented by R G K enne d y , f o rmerly E ngineer in C hi ef o f
. .

Irrigat i o n i n Punj ab India It c o n s ists o f a c o nduit f o rmed o f a

, ,
.

bell m o uth cast i ro n i nlet c o ntracting t o a t h r e at and c o nnected

-
,
-
,

t o a c o nical shaped o utlet made u s ua lly o f sheet metal , T he .

t h r e a t is c o n s tructed t o f o rm a gr o o ve ( M 2 M ) ar o und the j et -

3

o f water and is c o nnecte d t o an upright vent s haft K

,
extending 1,

ab o ve the water level with it s upper end o pen t o the air T he .

406 I RR I GA T I O N S TR UC T UR E S

T he mai n a d v a n t a ge s the d evice are

'
of

Fi r s t — I t can be u s e d where o n ly a s mall head is available fo r

the i nstallati o n o f a devi ce .

S econ d — T h e flo w i s n o t affected by variati o n s in the o utlet

water level .

Thi r d — A vari at i o n i n the i nlet water level pr o d uces a rela

t iv e ly small var i ati o n i n fl o w .

T h e main di s advantages are

Fi r s t — I t i s n o t specially desi gned t o be used fo r fract i o ns o f
i ts full capacity .

S eco n d — T h e co st w ill pr o bably be exce s s ive fo r general u s e .

T h e c o nditi o ns m o st fav o rable t o i ts u s e w o uld be o btained

where i t is desired t o deliver a relatively c o nstant fl o w fr o m a
canal i n which relatively large vari ati o ns i n water level o ccur .

T h e dev i ce mea s ures the rate Of fl o w o nly and w ill therefo re re ,

qu i re a n aut o matic register where a rec o rd o f the v o lume de

livered i s desired i n which ca s e o n e o f the types of meters
,

de s cri bed further will u s ually be preferable .

T h e devi ce w a s manufactured in the U nited S tates fo r a sh o rt

time by W N M atthews B r o s o f S t L o u i s M i ss o uri i n sizes
. . .
,
.
, ,

ranging fr o m the smaller s ize o f to sec o nd feet capacity -

t o the larger s i ze fr o m to sec o nd feet capacity T he -

.

pri ces ranged fr o m $3 2 fo r the smaller size t o $54 fo r the

larger size A s far a s kn o wn t o the writer the i r us e i n the
.
,

U nited S tates has been limited t o a few installat i o ns fo r e x pe r i

ments and dem o nstrati o n s .

V en turi M e t e r —
. T h e Ventur i meter i s a sh o rt tube f o rmed o f a
truncated reducing c o nical inlet c o nnected by a s h o rt thr o at sec
,

ti o n t o a truncated expanding c o ne o utlet T h e measurement Of .

the rate o f flo w thro ugh the tube i s based o n the fact that fo r
every rate o f fl o w there is a c o rre s p o nding di ff erence between the
pre s s ure head at the inlet and that at the c o ntracted t h r e at .

T his is expres s ed by the f o ll o wing equati o n o f fl o w deri ved by ,

’
applicati o n o f B ern o uilli s the o rem ( F ig 1 7 1 ) .

CA 1 A 2

Where i nlet area .

thro at area .

pres s ure head at i nlet .

press ure head at thr o at .

c o efficien t o f di s charge to
 M EA S UR I NG DE V I CE S 407

T h e Venturi meter invented by C lemens Herschel i n 1 887 is

, ,

the result Of the practical applicati o n fo r the measurement o f

water o f the pr o pertie s Of c o nvergin g tubes based o n experimental ,

w o rk ma d e by G B Venturi in 1 7 97
. . .

T h e meter as c o mmercially manufacture d is equipped with a

FI G . 1 71 .

rec o rding mechanism wh i ch n o t o nly measures the rate o f fl o w

,

but als o registers the quantity o f water discharged It has been .

exten s ively used fo r the measurement o f fl o w i n pipes and i s n o w ,

made in a special fo rm de s igned fo r u s e o n irrigati o n s y stems

,
.

When used o n a pipe line the tube i s inserted t o f o rm part o f the

,

or d er

FI G . l7 2 .
—Ve n t u ri m et r f i rri ga t ion c a al
e or n s .

pipe li ne and the rec o r d ing mechan i sm c o ns i sts es s enti ally o f a

mercuri al U tube o n e branch co nnected w i th the i nlet and the
-
,

o ther t o the thr o at and o f the cl o ckw o rk and gear which rev o lve

a rec o r d ing drum T h e variati o ns in rate o f fl o w give a resultant

.

m o ti o n t o fl o ats placed in the mercurial tube which transmitted ,

408 I RRI GA TI ON S TR UC T URE S

thr o ugh gearing and c o mbined with the cl o ckw o rk m o ti o n p ro

d uce an integrating rec o rd o n the cy lin d rical drum .

T h e special f o rm devel o ped fo r u s e o n i rri gati o n canals i s sh o wn

i n Fig 1 7 2 and Plate XX F igs B and C T h e tube i s made o f a
.
,
. .

c a s t ir o n thr o at with c o nical pieces made o f galvanized ir o n o r

-
,

cast i n c o ncrete o r made o f w o o d staves T h e tube is placed

,
.

directly in the ditch A t the inlet and the thr o at are c o nnec t e d
.

vertical pipe s o r fl o at chambers in each o f wh i ch is placed a fl o at , .

T h e resultant m o ti o n o f the fl o at c o rre s p o ndi ng t o vari at i o ns in

,

the rate o f fl o w are tran s mitted t o the rec o rding dev i ce and
,

c o mb i ned with the cl o ckw o rk m o ti o n g ive s a rec o rd o n a chart o f

the rates o f fl o w and the quantity o f water p assed thro ugh the
meter in a given t i me .

T h e present appr o xi mate pr i ces o f Ventur i irri gat i o n mete rs

delivered t o principal p o ints in the We s t are as fo ll o ws :
C apa i ty i c
c n se f
o n d - ee t 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 75 1 00 1 25
C t i d llar
os n o s 1 1 3 1 32 1 5 0 1 6 8 2 00 2 3 1 2 63 3 7 4 40 5 4 7 7

The well shaped tapered entrance and o utlet result s in a very

-

small fricti o n l o s s T h e man uf acturers guarantee that the l o ss

.

o f head w i ll n o t exceed 4 i nches when o perated at the i r ma x imum

rated capacities T he accuracy O f Ventur i meters co mpares

.

fav o rably with that Of any o ther devi ce A test fo r accuracy .

made o n a standard 1 5 sec o nd f o o t capac i ty Venturi irrigati o n

- -

meter by a b o ard o f engineers app o inted by the pro j ect manager

O f the S alt R iver pr o j ect A riz o na w i th fl o ws ranging fr o m
, ,

cubic feet per sec o nd t o cubic feet per sec o nd sh o wed that ,

the meter readings average per cent le s s than the weir read .

ings and per cent larger than current meter measurements

. .

T h e main advantages o f the Venturi i rrigati o n meter are :

F irs t — I t meas ur e s the rate o f fl o w and regi sters the quant i ty
.
~

o f wa t er pa s s ed thr o ugh in a gi ven time .

S econ d — I t s in s tallati o n pr o duce s o nly a small le s s o f head .

Thi r d — I t is equally well adapted fo r small and large fl o ws .

F ou rth — I t can be used with s ilty o r muddy water

. .

F ifth — T h e mea s urement cann o t be tampered with o r altered .

S i xth — T h e accuracy is equal o r greater than that O f any o ther

device T he m o st seri o us disadvantage is the c o st whi ch may
.
,

be exces s i ve fo r extensi ve us e o f the meter .

—
De thri d ge M e te r ( Figs 1 7 3 and l7 4 ) T his mete r was inven ted
. .

by J S De t h ri d ge C h i ef Engi neer o f the S tate R ivers a n d Wa t er

. .
,
410 I RR I GA T I O N S TR UC T URE S

water encl o sed i n a v o lume equal t o that between the o utside

face o f the drum and the o uter edge s o f the vane s is cub i c
feet T his w o uld be the v o lume pas s ed thro ugh the structure fo r
.

o n e rev o luti o n o f the wheel i f there were n o leakage T h e leak

.

age wi ll depend o n the di fference i n up s tream and d o wnstream

water levels and o n the depth o f water o n the upstream s ide .

T he result s o f te s t s made at the U ni versity F arm at D avi s C ali

,

f o rmi a sh o w that the actual v o lume o f water pas s ed thro ugh fo r

,

o n e rev o lut i o n was cub i c feet fo r a relatively s mall d epth o f

 M E A S UR I N G DE V I CE S 41 1

water i n the channel ,

cubic feet fo r a greater depth and ,

c ubic feet fo r the max imum depth used .

Plan s furni s hed by the S tate R ivers and Water S upply C o m

mis s i o n o i A u s tralia i ndicate that the structure i s placed rela
t iv e ly hi gh in the ditch t o i n s ure a small depth o f water i n the
;

c hannel . In the s e plans the h o riz o ntal shaft o f the meter i s 8

i nche s ab o ve the full supply water level T h e test s made at D avis .

i ndicate that these c o nditi o ns are necessary fo r accurate measure

ments and that when they are o btained the meter measurements
will be su fficiently accurate .

G r a n t M i ch e ll M e te r ( Fig 1 7 5 and Plate XX Fig D )

.
—T his ,
.

meter was o riginated in A u s tralia where it has been used t o a ,

c o n s i derable extent It c o n s i s ts o f a f o ur bladed fan fastened

.
-
,

t o the l o wer end o f a vertical s pin d le which tran s mits the re v o lu

FI G .
'

1 75 .
—G ran t Michell l 2 - in . m et r
e .

placed bel o w the c anal bed and built o r b o lted d o wn i nt o

the d o wn s tream part o f a b ox di vided i nt o t wo parts by a ba ffle
wall o pen at the b o tt o m and extending ab o ve the water surface .

T h e water passes do wn thr o ugh the o pening and i mparts a r o tary

m o ti o n t o the fan T h e gear b o x f o rms the rec o r d ing devi ce
.
,

which c o ns i s ts o f a series o f dials giving a c o ntinu o us rec o rd in

acre inches and fracti o n s o r in cubic feet Th e fan S pindle and .

gear b o x are rem o vable and p o rtable and can be u s ed fo r several

b xes T h e di s charge d epen d s o n the size o f the o ri fice plate
o .

a n d o n the di ff erence in elevati o n i n the water surface upstream

a n d d o wn s tream .

T h e s tandar d sizes o f meters a s den o ted by the diameter o f the

,
412 I RR I GA TI ON S TR UC T UR E S

circular Opening are s , inch 1 8 inch 2 1 inch 3 9 inch and 66

12 -
,
-
,
-
,
-

inch T h e c o rresp o nding capac itie s a s given by the manu

.
,

fa c t u r e r s with 3 i nche s l o ss o f head are and

,

5 0 cubic feet per sec o nd T he s e meters are n o w made in the

.

U nited S tates by A in s w o rth S o ns o f D enver C o l o rad o wh o , ,

qu o te as f o ll o ws fo r the s maller size s

i hm
1 2- nc e te r br z
,
on e

18 i h m
-
nc et e r br z
,
on e

T hese pr i ces i nclude the bracket and o ri fice plate T he meters .

will give suffi ciently accurate rec o rds fo r c o n s iderable variati o n s

i n the rate o f fl o w o r l o s s in head T his is illustrated by the fo l
.

l o wi ng tests made o n the meters suppli ed t o the S tate Ri vers

C o mm i ssi o n o f Vi ct o ri a A ustralia ,

M ANE OF Two 2 1 - I N C H M E TE RS ,
1 Y AR IN
E US E

M ANE OF T wo 2 1 - INC E M E TE R
S, 2 Y A RS I N
E US E

Fo r all rate s o f fl o w except the l o west in each serie s the registered

, ,

fl o w is smaller than the flo w measured by the weir averaging ,

ab o ut 5 per cent less fo r the firs t s eries a n d

. per cent fo r the ,
.

sec o nd seri es T he manuf acturers state that the meters are de

.

signed t o regi ster ab o ut 3 pe r cent lo w t o av o i d o vercharging .

c o nsumers .
 I RRI GA TI O N S TR UC T URE S

wi th d ischarges va rying fr o m to cubic feet pe r sec o nd ,

gi ve an average registered discharge o f per cent less than .

the actual d i scharge .

T hi s meter is less liable t o be Obstructed by sticks wee ds or ,

FI G . 1 77 —H an n a s elf reg is t e rin g m et er . ( He s s Fl um e CO .

, De n v e r , Co l o .
)

FIG . 1 78 —H a n n a s e lf reg is t erin g m e t er .

( Hes s Flum e CO .
,
De n v r C l
e , o o .
)

si m i lar materi al transp orted by the water than the G rant M i chell ,

but is equally li able t o cause the dep o s it o f c o ars er s ilt o r sand

i n the pa rt o f the b o x bel o w the o pening .

H ann a S e lf r e gi s te rin g M e te r ( F igs

- 1 7 7 and —
.T his
mete r i nvented by F W H anna is manufactured by the H e s s
, . .
,
 M EA S UR I NG DE V I CE S 415

Flume C O .
, of retai l pri ce i s $5 0 Th e
Denver , C o l o rad o . Th e .

meter i s a special type o f aut o mat i c register which when used in , ,

c o nnecti o n with a rating stati o n o r flume a weir ( Fig a , .

submerged o rifice o r a free di s charge o rifice will register the

, ,

quantit y o f water passed o n a c o unter directl y in acre feet T h e ,

-
.

meter co ns i sts o f a cl o ck a spherical planimeter attachment and

,

Ja n 1 1 .
-
.

C o un t e r W ei g ht

F l o at

FI G . 1 79 — Han n a m et r e u s ed in c o n n e c t o n i
wi t h Cipp o le t t i w ir e .

F lum e C O , Den e ,
. v r C l ) o o .

a fl o at dri ven cam T h e cl o ck dri ves a sect i o n o f a S phere

.
,

which i n turn drives a cylindrical drum m o unted o n a shaft , ,

which carries a w o rm gear t o dri ve a rec o r d ing device T h e cam .

i s c o nnected t o the same axis as the fl o at wheel and bears against ,

an arm extending fr o m the frame which carr i es the cylindrical ,

drum T h e cam i s o perated by the fl o at and fl o at wheel and

.
,

its m o ti o n shifts the p o int o f c o ntact between the cyli nder and

Ty p e No 2 . .
-
Jnn JlJ O

FI G . 1 80 — Ha a m nn et e r us ed in c o n n e ct o n i ih w t su bm rg e e d o ri fi ce .

( H es s F lu m e CO , D e n e ,
. v r C l ) o o .

the sphere su ch that the i ntegrated rec o rd Wi ll c o rresp o nd t o

,

the discharge T h e shape o f the cam is mad e t o co rresp o nd with

.

the d is charge curve o f the rating stati o n fl ume weir o r o rifice , ,

.

F o r the submerged o rifice the meter i tself i s supp o rted o n fl o ats

placed in fl o at wells c o nnected with the upstream side o f the o ri
fi ce and the cam i s Operated b y a fl o at placed in a fl o at well co n
n e ct e d with the d o wnstream side o f the o r i fice ( Fig Th e .
 416 I RR I GA TI O N S TR UC T UR E S

. m o ti o n of the cam c o rre s p o n d s then to the di ff erence in water

levels .

G AUGE S A ND AUT O M ATI C RE GI S TER S

G auges may be d i vi ded i nt o t wo clas se s

Fi rs t — T h o se whi ch are graduated in feet and inche s o r in
feet and dec i mals .

S econ d — T h o se w h i ch are graduated t o read the fl o w directly

in cub i c feet per sec o nd .

G auges o f the first c lass are generally u s ed at rating s tati o n s and

TE i
n
s
g

k
r
a
M

FI G . I S L — te S ward wa t r gaug e es . FI G . 1 82 .
—E n am e ll ed gaug e .

T i eto n P r j ct Wa h
o e , s .

flumes and wi th o ri fices t o read the depth o f water Vari o us .

f o rms have been devi sed t o permi t accurate readi ng o f the water
level Fig 1 8 1 sh o ws the f o rm O f gauges devi s ed by W G
. . . .

S teward A ss i s t a nt E ngi neer U S R eclamati o n S e r vi ce B o i se

,
. .
,

pro j ect Idah o O n e f o rm i s for a w o o den gauge ; the o ther fo r a

,
.

gauge marked o r s tamped i n s o ft cement T h e design fo rmed of .

S l o ping and vertical li nes gi ves intersecti o ns wh i ch permit direct

readi ng t o MO o f a f o o t Fo r the w o o den gauge the design i s
.

f o rmed with s a w cuts abo ut M i nch wi de and inch deep A n .

enamelled gauge designed fo r us e o n the T iet o n pro j ect Washi ng ,

t o n i s sh o wn i n F ig 1 82
,
T h i s gauge i s graduated t o re ad
. .

di rectly i n tenth s and hundredths o f a fo o t .

41 8 I RR I GA TI O N S TR UC T UR E S

G auges the sec o nd clas s graduated t o read the fl o w di re ctly

of , ,

are Often used fo r weirs Fig 1 83 sh o ws t w o s t y les o f enam

'

. .

e lle d gauges with black markings o n a wh it e backgr o und designed

, ,

fo r the T iet o n pr o j ect Washingt o n

,
Fig 1 84 sh o ws an enam . .

I
S DE E L EVAT O N I
war n v
co es na mes/ s o

END ELEVATIO

JV Poe/rm” of s t ave/ a at ”m mm

FI G 1 86 — A u t o ma t i c r gi t r ( Bull 86 O ffi c e
e s e of Exp S t a
U S D p t Agr )
. . .
. .
, ,

. . e . .

e lle d gage fo r a 3 f o o t we i r in w hi ch the graduat i o ns g i ve the

-
,

fl o w i n cub i c feet per s ec o nd w i th the c o rre s p o nding fl o w i n min

’
e r s i n ch e s T hi s s tyle o f gauge w a s made fo r the O akley pr o ject
. ,

I dah o and c o s t ab o ut 25 cent s apiece

,
.

A ut o mati c registers are u s ed at rating stati o n s a n d weir s when

 M E A S UR I N G DE V I CE S 419

i t is des i red t o have a c o nt i nu o us rec o rd o f the vari ati o ns i n water

level with which the c o rresp o nding rates o f fl o w and t o tal v o lume
,

o f water i n a g i ven time are Obtained T here are var i o us makes .

and types o f aut o mati c registers I n general they co nsist o f .

a cl o ck a fl o at w i th c o unterweight and a cylinder o r drum

, , ,

t o which i s fa s tened a sheet o f paper o n which the depth o f water

at di fferent times i s re co rded by a penc i l o r pen .

T h e registers m o st c o mm o nly used i n i rrigat i o n w o rk ca n be

gr o uped i nt o t w o cla s ses In o n e clas s the cylinder i s placed .

verti cally and i s r o tated by a cl o ck wh i ch gives i t o n e rev o lut i o n

a week ( Fi g T h e pencil i s c o nnected t o the fl o at wh i ch i s
.
,

placed i n a well o r b o x built o n the side o f the we i r b o x o r rating

fl u me o r canal and c o nnected with the water thr o ugh an o rifi ce .

T h e fluctuati o ns i n water level cau s e rises and falls o f the fl o at

and c o rre s p o nding m o vements o f the pencil wh i ch are rec o rded ,

o n the sheet placed o n the drum .

T h e o ther cla s s o f register di ffers fr o m the first class i n that

the c y linder i s placed h o riz o ntally and i s r o tated by the fl o at in
stead O f by the cl o ck and the pencil i s carried parallel wit h the
cylinder by c o nnecti o ns w i th the cl o ck ( Fig I n each ca s e .

the rec o rd o btained i s the resul t o f t wo m o ti o ns wh i ch gi ve an

irregular line sh o w i ng the flu ctuat i o ns and gi vi ng the depth o f
,

water at any time .

T h e c o st o f reg i sters ranges fr o m ab o ut $4 0 f u p war d and fo r ,

that reas o n they are seld o m used fo r the measurement o f water

delivered t o i rrigat o rs T hey are h o wever o f much value i n .
, ,

the Operat i o n o f a system when installed at the head Of laterals .

RE FE REN CE S FO R C HAPTER XIII

CA RP N R E TE M ea u re m e t d D ivi i
,
L G . .
— Th e
f Wa t r— B u ll s n an s on o e . 2 7,
S t at A gr C ll ge F rt C lli C l rad — 1 894
e . o e ,
o o ns ,
o o o .

B N O N R J— E p r i m t
E T , . G au gi g t h Supply E t ri g R jb
x e en s on n e n e n a ah as

by M a o f t h e H ad gat
ee ns— Pu j ab I rrigat ion Bra ch P ap r N es n n e s O . 8
1 89 7
—In s t ruct io n s
.

J OH N O N C
ST , fo I s t all i g We irs M e a u ri g F l u m s
. T . r n n , s n e

an d Wa t r R g i t r — p 1 3 1 E g i
e r i g N ws — A u g 2 9 1 90 1
e s e s . n n ee n e .
,
.

F LE M NG B P— Th M a u r m t o f Wat r f I rri gat i —B u ll 5 3

I , . . e e s e en e or on ,

Wy m i g E p rim t St at i L aram i Wy — 1 902

o n x e en on , e, o . .

FOR I R S ’
T E —F arm r
, W i r B u ll 34 M o t a a Agricul tural E p i
— . e s e s .
,
n n x er

m t S t at i B z ma M t — 1 902
en on , o e n, on

A Diagram f C mp u t i g t h Fl w f Wat r Ov r Cip p l tt i W i r —p

.

or o n e o o e e o e e s .

1 57 E gi —
ri g N w F b 8 1 906
n n ee n e s e . .
,
4 20 I RR I GA TI O N S TR UC T UR E S

K E NN E D Y R G — O t h e D i t ri b u t io Of Wa t r fo I rri gat io by M a u re
,
. . n s n e r n e s
—
m e t Pu jab I rrigat io Bra ch P ape r o
n N 1 2 — Ju 1 906 n n n . n e, .

HOR ON R
T E — We i r E p ri m t C e ffi i t s d F rm ulas — Wat r
,
. . x e en s ,
o c en an o e

S upply P ap e r NO 2 00— U S Ge o lo g ic al S u rv y Wa s hi g t D C . . . e , n on, . .

—1 907 .

M A E Au t ralia I rri gat i Dit ch Wa r M r p 3 4 6 E g i

D ,
E .
-
An s n on te ete -
. n

ri g N w — M ar h 2 6 1 908
n ee n e s c ,
.

A H g V t ri M t r R gi t ri g 62 5 C b i F t P S c d Div i I la d
u e en u e e e s e n u c ee er e on , s n

P mp i g Pla t M ad ra I d i a p 5 7 7 E gi ri g N w — N 2 5
u — n n , s , n . n n ee n e s OV .
,

1 909 .

SAN O RD G O F M a ur m Wa r , i 91 . .
— Th e e s e en t o f te to F arm Un t s p
— .

Op rat i ed M ai t a c C fr P w ll on i S an n en n e o n e en c e , o e , Wyo m n g— U . .

R lamat i Se rvic — N v 1 90 9
ec on e o .
,
.

S T V NS J C —E p ri m t
E E S mall W i r d M a u ri g M d u l es — p
,
. . x e en s o n e s an e s n o .

1 7 1 E gi ri g N w — Au g 1 8 1 9 1 0 n n ee n e s .
,
.

S T V N J S — Hyd r m t ry
E E A id t
S Su ,
fu l O p rati — p 3 1 4
. . o e as an o cc e s s e on .

A m r S c Civ E gr V l L XX I 1 9 1 1
e — . o . n o .

G BB A S Gibb s M dul —Pu j ab I rrig Bra h P ap r N 1 3— J

. . .
,

— ’
I ,
. . o e n . nc e O . an .
,

1 91 1 .

HANNA ,
F . W .
— I rri ga t io n M a ag m n e en t —p . 2 90 E gin n ee ri g N n e ws

Feb . 1 5, 1 9 1 2 .

GI BB A ,
f t h C ip p l t t i W i r f
. A rt ai i g t h D i charg f
S — Us e. o e o e e or s ce n n e s es o

I rrigat i Wat r C u r — Pu j ab I rri gat i Bra h P ap r N 1 4

on e o s es n on nc e O .

M arch 1 9 1 2 ,
.

ST W A R D W G Wat r M e as u ri g D vic
E — —
,
J u r al f I d ah S ci t y f
. . e n e es o n o o o e o

E gi r — Ju 1 9 1 2
n n ee s n e, .

S V N J
TE C
E — A N w C ti u u
S ,
Wat r S ag R r r p 1 66
t d .
— . e on n o s e e ec o e .

E gi ri g N w — July 2 5 1 9 1 2
n n ee n e s ,
.

S T W A
E R D W G — S m M t h d Of M a uri g I rrigat i Wat r U S
,
. . o e e o s e s n on e on . .

ec —
R lamat i Se rvic p 2 1 5 E g i ri g d C rac i g Au g 2 1 t t — on e . n n ee n an on n .
,

1 91 2 .

LY M AN R R — M a u r m t o f Fl wi g S t re am — B u ll 5 U t ah E gi
, . . e s e en o n s .
,
n

nee ri g E p e ri m t S t at i
n U iv rs ity f Ut ah S al t L ak e Cit y Ut ah
x en on , n e o , ,

Se pt 1 9 1 2 .
,
.

WI N S O R L M — M e as ure m e t d Dis t ribut i o Of I rri gat i n Wa t r

,
. . n an n o e

Ci r 6 Ut ah A gricu l t u re C ll g e L o ga
.
,
—
U t ah 1 9 1 2 o e ,
n, .

S TE W A RD W G — M e as u ri g d R rd i g Dev ices f I rrigat i S y

,
. . n an e co n or on s

te m — p 3 9 0 E g i
s r in g N e w s — Aug 2 9 1 9 1 2
. n n ee .
,
.

H O S A R G Au t ma t i Re g is t e r Wa t e r M e as u ri g e vi
— D — E g i ee r
'

E ,
. . o c ,
n ce n n

i g R n rd — Se p t 2 1 1 9 1 2 eco .
, .

L Y M AN R R — Wh y I rri ga t io Wat e r Shoul d b e M a u re d —p 7 22

. . n e s .

E g i ri g N w —O t 1 7 1 9 1 2
,

n n ee n e s c .
, .

G ibb M d u l f I rriga t i n W o rk —E n g i e ri g—J 1 7 1 9 1 3

’
s o e or o s ne n an .
,
.

A N w M dul e C t a t D i h arge D vice f I rri ga t i W rk p

o
—e or o ns n sc e or on o s .

50 2 E g i e ri g N e w — M ar h 1 3 1 9 1 3
n n e n s c ,
.

W RI G H A E — M e th d T, d D vi f r M e a u ri g Wa t r fo r I rri ga
. . o s an e ces o s n e

t io — E g i n e ri g d C o t ra t i g — M ay 2 1 1 9 1 3
n ne n an n c n ,
.

ST W A R D W G AND LO NG W L L J S E p rim e t o W i r Di charge

E —
,
. . E ,
. . x e n s n e s

p 1 04 5 V l LXX V I T ran s A mer So c Civ E gr Dec 1 9 1 3

.
,
— o .
,
. . . . n . .
, .
 I ND E X

Am ri a B t S gar C d r p
e c n ee u O .
,
o s on B i
o se pr j e ct chutes valu e f
o , , s o n

C arl t la t ral 2 5 5 on e ,
i o c r e te 2 6 0
n c n ,

A m i ty C a al a d t rap d cap n ,
s n an es e ut l t s t ru tu r
o o f 2 73
e c e ,

tr ct u r 1 94 1 9 7
s u e, ,
d e l iv e ry gat e wo o d en b o ,
x, c os t
A r h d d k d iv r i w i r Uma
c e ,
ec e s on e ,
o h 33 0
t i lla pr j t 66 o ec ,
div r i w rk 1
e s on o s ,

d v r i iw i r 64
e s on e ,
h a d ga t f 1e es o ,

Ea t P ark F d C a al O rla d
s ee n ,
n w ir O g 3 9 56
e ,
ee, ,

pro j e t 68 c ,
dr p o t ch M ra C a al
s ,
no , on o n

A rka as Vall y S ugar B e t

ns e e 25 1
I rri ga t e d L a d C he k n O .
,
c c s t a d ard wo
n o d en , 2 55
gat e P aw ee C a al 30 on n n ,
?
w o o d en , o n F arg o wa s te way ,

d r p wit h ba ffl e wall C ma h
o ,
o nc e 257
C a al 2 46 n ,
fis h la d d e r 1 1 6 ,

s a d t rap n d e s c ap A m ity an e, B ox c u lv e r t s s ee R o a d c r o s i g s
,
s n .

C a al 1 94 1 97 n , ,
Brid g fo c a al c ro s s i g s 3 35
es ,
r n n ,

A u t ma t i
o ap e S pri g d al D i t h
c, es c ,
n e c d a t a fo r d es i g i g fl t s lab n n a re

CO .
,
219 i f rc e d r t e 35 5
n o co n c e ,

ga te f S p ill w ays 1 7 8
s or , l ad s fo r d e s ig f 3 52
o n o ,

Milk Riv r pr j e t 1 7 8 e o c , ,
1 90 r i f rc d c c r e t e 3 48
e n o e on ,

B e ll e F o u rch pr j t e o ec ,
1 7 9, d i g Of 3 5 2 es n ,

1 81 T u rl o c k I rri ga t i D i s t ri on ct ,

ra d i al he k ga t e T u rl k c c ,
oc 350
I rri ga t i D i t ri t 3 1 4 on s c , Y l Wa t r
o o e an d Pwr o e CO .
,

re gi t r 3 7 6 s e s , 3 50
A z u a I rriga ti C d l ive ry
s on O .
,
e an d yp s o f 3 4 6
t e ,
’
m in e r i h b 3 7 2 s nc o x, w d t ri g e r typ e 34 6
oo en s n ,

m u l t ipl pa Milk Riv r e s n ,

e

B a ckfillin g, lat e ral he a d ga t e s t ru e pro j t 3 4 7 ec ,

tu r es , 32 1 S ac ram e t V all y I rriga n o e

Ba ffl wall e d r p 2 37 2 46 on o s ti CO 347 on .
,
, , ,

s t ill i g b f nhu t 2 7 3 2 7 4 ox or c es wi d t h f 3 4 7 o ,
, ,

B ar Riv r C a al C c rib wei r 5 1

e e n O .
, ,
Bru s h d l o os
an r o c k d iv r i e e s on

d r p 2 58 o ,
w i r 42 e s ,

r t a ti fl w 2 92
o on o ,
B u rra d ive rs io wei r 6 3 n ,

B ll F u r he pr j t aut o ma t i
e e o c o ec , c

S p i llw ay ga t 1 79 1 81 e, , C a al c apacit y
n s ee C arryi g n ca
,

v rfl w p illway a d u lv r t
o e o s n c e , p a c it y .

C a al
n s i rib ut i s y t m 2 88
fo r d s t on s e ,

B i fu r a t ic on gat es , s ee H a d gat
e es of C apay d iv r i w ir Ca h
e s on e on c e

lat e ral s . Cr k 6 1 ee ,

Bl ow- O ff s on ce me nt i li p pe ne d is C arryi g c apa city Of d i t ib u t

n ,
s r a

t r i b u t io n s y t m 37 1
s e , ri 3 0 0 302 es , ,

B i e pr j ec t
o s o , c h e ck ga t e , 30 9 d i t rib ut i o s y t m 2 91 2 96
s n s e , ,
4 24 I N DE X

C arryi g c apaci ty f d iv r i
n o , e s on Ch ut es inl t s truc tur f Uma t illa
,
e e o r,

c a al 2 98 3 0 1 n , , pr j ect 2 7 1 o ,

ma i a al 2 99 3 0 1
n c n , , on d is t ri b u t i s ys t e m 2 7 8 on ,

mai la t ral 2 99 3 0 2
n e s , , o p cha el typ 2 69
en nn e,

C m t p i p d i t ri b u t i
e en yt m e s on s s e s fl o w in , 2 5 9
3 5 6 , 3 5 8 , 363 S t rawb rry V all y pr j
e e o ect ,

acces s ri t o 367 o es ,
270
a i r s t a d fo 3 7 1 n s r, Sulp hu r C reek was teway 264 ,

bl ow O ffs f 3 7 1 -
or, o ut l t t ruc t u
e fo 2 7 1
s re r,

co d it i
n s fav o rabl e t o 3 6 3
on ,
B i pr j c t 2 7 3
o s e o e ,

d l ive ry a n d m e as u ri g b x f
e n o o r, M d i a pr j ec t 2 7 4
e n o ,

37 0 S t rawb rry V all y pr j ct e e o e ,

ig Of 3 63
d es n , 271
d iv r i b x fo 368
e s on o r, S unRive r pro j ec t 2 7 4 ,

par t f 3 63 s o , Su lphur C ree k w as teway 2 63 ,

pr ur r gula ti g b x f 3 68
es s e e n o o r, Uma t illa pr o j e c t 2 7 2 ,

t a k u t fr m c a al f
eo 3 67 o n o r, C ip p l t t i we i r 3 8 1
o e ,

Cha i e s hu tt s fo
no n llap ibl er r co s e ex p e ri m e t s o n b y S te v ns
n 3 87 ,
e ,

w ir 7 3 e , by S tew ard a d Lo gwell 3 87 n n ,

Ch k ga t 2 7 7 303
ec es , , fo rm u la fo fl o w ove r 3 89 r ,

au t ma t ic ra d ial gat 3 1 3
o e, t abl e fo d i s h arg e o f 3 9 2
r c ,

c os t f re t 3 1 0
o c on c e, Ti e to pr o j c t d e li v e ry ga te
n e d an

d ig esf 305 n o , w e i r b o x 3 85 ,

fl as h b o a r d s fo r , 3 06 Twi F all s S alm o R iv e r L a d

n n n

flo o r f 306 o , Wa t e r CO 3 82 .
,

u p li f t pr e s s u re on , 3 06 Ya M a S un y id pr j e t 383 n s e o c ,

Obj ec t o f 2 77 3 0 3 , ,
C las i fi a t io n o f irrigabl e are a 2 89
s c ,

o v rp u r t yp e
e o 30 4 , ,
306, 30 7 , C l lu m ri b d a m 4 9
ea c ,

Cl o s ed we i rs 1 3 ,

B is e pro j ect 30 9
o ,
c mpared with Op e w i r 1 4
o n e s ,

P aw ee C a al 30 7
n n , s e a ls o D ive rs i o
e we i r n s .

S ac ram t o Vall y I rri ga t i en e on C o llaps ibl d ive rs i w i rs 69

e on e ,

CO .
,
308 C ro k e r Huff ma 77
c n,

u n de sr h t t yp e 304 3 1 0 3 1 1
o , , ,
La s V ga s pr o j c t 7 1
e e ,

U iv e rs ity F arm rad i al ga t

n ,
e, M o o re w i r o C ache C ree k 70
e n ,

31 1 Mu rru mb id g ee Ri v r 7 3 e ,

Y l Wa t r
o o e Pwr o e CO .
,
Cha o i e s hut t e rs fo 7 3
n n r,

rad ial gat e, 310 ne c es s i t y f 1 0 1 2 1 4 86 90

o r, , , , ,

Chut es ,
222 P rewi t t re s e rvo i r pro j ec t 7 6 ,

l
c o s ed co n d u it o pi p typ r e e, 2 69 S u t l e j Rive r 86 ,

fl o w in , 2 6 5 C ma che C a al d ro p 2 46
o n n ,

S un Riv e r pro j ec t ,
265 , 2 7 1 , C c re t e a d mas ry gravi ty di ve r
on n on

2 74 s io wei rs 1 5 20 2 1 55
n , , , ,

Uma t i lla pro j e c t ,

271 B o is e Rive r 1 3 9 5 6 , , ,

eco n o my Of c mpare d wi th ,
o B u rra wei r 63 ,

d r ps 2 5 9 o ,
o t ra t i
c n c rac ks i 6 1 63
c on n, ,

i l e t t ru t ure fo 2 69
n s c r, N r th Pla t t Riv e r 2 3 9 56
o e , , ,

S t rawb e rry Vall y pro j c t e e , R i G ra d e R iv e r 39 5 7

o n , ,

2 70 S al t Rive r 5 7 ,
42 6 I N DE X

i rib u t i
D st on ys t m s p ial t yp s
s e , ec e D iv r i
e s on w ir e s , c ri b ,
cons t ru t i c on

of l f pr es s u r
,
ytm
o vr e s s e ,
o f, 47
bl ow o ffs 3 7 1 -
, a he r Rive r 5 0
Fe t ,

K e c h e lus La k e 48
'

c o n d it io n s fa v o ra b le t o , 3 6 3 e ,

de i l v e ry an d m e a u ri g s n d e ig Of 1 4
s n ,

b o x , 3 70 o i mpe rvious f u d a ti
n o n on, 14
i
d e s gn o f, 363 d rai ag e f fou d a t i o
n o n n, 20 ,
divi is o n b o x , 3 63 56
part f 3 63 s o ,
d y am i fo r e
n c c s ,
1 4 , 32
pr u re re gulat i g
es s n b o x, fl o r l e g th a
o ,
n nd t hick n es s ,

36 8 40
ak out fro m c a al 3 6 7
t e n ,
s a ic fo rces 1 4
t t ,

p i p e ys t e m s 3 5 8
s ,
t he o re t ic al c ro s s s t io ec n,

os t
c Of c mpar d wi th o e grav i ty typ 1 5 e,

w o d e flu m 3 5 9
o n e, upward pres s u re d u e t i o n

w d flume s y t m 3 5 6
oo en s e , ,
fi l t ra t i n 2 0 o ,

358 o u p e rv i o u s
. fo u d a t i 15 n on, ,

l if e o f, 360 2 1 , 59
w o o den p ip e s ys t em , 3 5 6 , 358 apro o flo o r 40 60 n r , ,

l ife o f 3 60 ,
d y am ic f r ces 32
n o ,

Di v e r i
s on c a al c apaci ty 2 98 30 1
n , ,
fl o o r thi ck es s weigh t n ,
and

Di v e r i
s on w ir 1 e s ,
l e g th 24 2 6 4 1 60
n , , , ,

ab s e f 9 1 19
n ce o , ,
I d ia typ e of wei rs
n n ,
20,
ar h d typ e 64
c e ,
2 7, 2 9
Eas t P ark F e d C a al O e n ,
r pat h f p e rco la t i o 23
o n, ,

la d pr j t 68
n o ec ,
riprap flo o r exte s i n on , 2 6,
bru h d l o os e ro k 4 0 42
s an c , ,
32, 4 1
l d typ e 1 3
c os e ,
t h r t i al c r
eo e c os s s e ct i on , 16
c bbl 42
o e, u n derfl o w , 1 5 , 2 8, 4 7
c llap s ible 69
o ,
pward hyd ro s t at ic pres
u

C r k r Huff ma 77
oc e n, s u re 1 5 2 2 2 4 2 8 5 3 , , , , ,

Las V e ga s pr j c t 7 1 o e ,
e ar t h e mba km e t f e d n n s or n

M re wei r o n C a h C r k
oo c e ee ,
t e s io s 2 6 1 0 7 7 1 2 0
ex n n , , , , ,

70 ec o m ic c o s id e rat i o n Of l o a
on n c

Mu rrumb id gee Riv r 7 3 e , tio 9 n,

Ch a i hut t r f 7 3 no ne s e s o r, eff c t
e flood fl w l v l 1 0 l l
on o e e , ,

c s s i ty f 1 0 1 2 1 4 86 90
ne e o r, , , , ,
fl o w Of w a t e r v r 1 9 3 2 3 4 o e , , , ,

P r wit t r rv i r pr j c t 7 6
e es e o o e ,
3 6 , 37
S ut l j Riv r 86e e ,
f u d a t io s t rippi g 4 8
o n n n ,

con cr t d ma
e e an y 55 s onr ,
fram d typ e 1 3 5 2 64
e , , ,

B i Riv r 39 5 6
o se e , ,
grav ity t yp t h o r ti al ros s e, e e c c

B u rra w i r 6 3 e ,
s ec t i 1 5 20 on , ,

c t rac t i c rack i 6 1 63
on on s n, , h e i gh t f 8 o ,

N rt h P la t t Rive r 2 3 9 5 6
o e , , , i mpa t Of ice a d t rees o es t
c n n cr ,

R i G ra d Riv e r 3 9 5 7
o n e , , 1 5 , 42
S al t Ri v r 2 58 e , ,
I n d ia n typ e we i r ,
2 0, 2 7
Y ak ima Rive r 6 3 9 56 , , , l e gth f 1 1
n o ,

c rib 44 ,
l oc a t i n o f 9 1 1 1 2
o , , ,

B ar Riv r 5 1
e e ,
l o e ro ck fill I d i an type
os ,
n , 20 , 2 7
 I NDEX 427

D iv r i
e s on w ir l r k fille s ,
oos e oc ,
D iv i i
s on , c m t p ip l i
b o x fo r e en e ne

J amra 2 1 o, d i t rib u ti
s ys t m 3 68 on s e ,

L agu a 2 1 2 7 2 9
n , , ,
gat es , 316
Okhla 2 7 ,
al s o He ad gat es f la t ral
s ee or e s .

O g typ 2 1 32 3 7
ee e, , ,
D d o N o r th C a al ee Milk Riv r
s on n , s e

B i e pr j ct 1 39
o s o e , ,
pr j ect o .

fl o w ve r 3 2 3 4 3 7
o , , ,
D ra i ag e ch a
n el u s d f
, c v ey nn s e or on

c ffici t f 3 5
oe en s o ,
a ce o f i rri gat i wa t r
n on e ,

curve of falli g wa t r 3 6 n e , 2 83
f rm f 3 8
o s o ,
c ro i g wit h i rri gat i
ss n s on c a aln s ,

N rth P la tt pro j c t 2 39
o e e , ,
208
R i G ra d pr j c t 3 9
o n e o e ,
culv rt u e s n de r i rriga t i on ca

S al t Riv r pr j c t 5 7 e o e ,
n a ls ,
212
Yak i ma Su y id pr j t nn s e o ec , Do d s on N rth C a al 2 1 3 o n ,

6 , 39 I n te rs ta t e C a al 2 1 3 n ,

op e typ e 3 1 0 1 3 1 4 5 2 69
n , , , , , , fl u me s o ve r d ra i ag e ch a el n nn ,

p s it io o f 8
o n ,
210
r i f r d o c re t 6 4
e n o ce c n e, i nrc ep t i g cha e l d di
te n nn an

C o rb e tt t u l d iv r i n nne e s o ve r i w rk 2 0 9 s on o s ,

wo rk s Sh h o R iv r 6 5 , os ne e ,
Na h P we r C 2 09c es o O .
,

Th r ee Mi l e F all Um t illa s ,
a i v e r te d i p h s 2 1 0
n s on ,

Riv e r 6 6 ,
l v l ro i g s 2 1 5
e e c ss n ,

riprap pav i g fl r t i
or n oo ex en s o n U ma t illa pr j t 2 1 8 o ec ,

t o pr o t e c t t r am b d 26 s e e , ,
Spri g d ale D i t h C 2 1 9
n c O .
,

32 , 4 1 L we r Y e ll ows t o e pr o j e c t
o n ,

r o lle rw a y do w ns t r am fa
e ce , 32 , 22 0
39, 4 5 o bj e c t o f, 2 08
s ite o f, re qui r m e e n ts fo r g oo d o v e r ch u t e fl umes to c arry
l o cat i o n, 12 rai age wa t r 2 1 4
d n e ,

S k w l ocat i
e on , 8 re i f r d c o c r t P ry r
n o ce n e e, o

s t e pp e d d ow ns t re am fa ce , 32, C re k 2 1 4 e ,

40 , 4 5 wo d Eas t P ark Feed

o en ,

su bm rg e c f e ff t
e n d e o , ec on e C a al 2 1 5 n ,

S ig 19 n , t yp s Of 2 0 8 e ,

t yp e s o f 1 3 , m rit f 22 0 e s o ,

wat e r cu s hio 4 1 n, s ys t e m ed f 2 85s ,

ne o r,

whe o t eed d 9 1 1 9
n n n e , ,
Dr p d ow
o s u rfa e u rvn i a al c c e n c n

w d en fram 5 2
oo e, fl o w pr d u c ed by a s p i ll w ay o ,

K e rn Rive r 53 , 1 60
Div rs i o w rk s g e ral c s id ra
e n o , ne on e D ro p 222
s ,

tio s 1 n , baffl wall fo e s r, 2 3 7 , 2 46

ge ral layo u t 1
ne , br as t wall
e , d es ig n o f, 23 8,
B is e pr j t 1
o o ec , 239
N rth P latt e pro j ect 2
o , c on t r ct ed l e g th
a n of c es r t fo r ,
S al t Riv r pro j e t 2 e c ,

Si rhi d C a al 85
n n , c os t of c o n cr ete, 24 5 , 2 4 7 , 2 5 0 ,
T ru ck ee C ar npr o j e c t 3 -
so , 2 52 , 2 55
Y ak ima S u ys id e pr j t 6 nn o ec , w d 2 57oo en ,

l oc at i re qui re m t s fo 1 2
on , en r, d es ig Of 22 5
n ,

s i l t pr o bl e m s a t 84 87 de t ail f d th i r
s o an e d es ig n, 2 38
, ,
4 28 I N DE X

D ro p s , m ic height o f 2 2 3
e c on o ,
F arm un i t pla
s , n of s u b d i vi io n s , 2 89 ,
e my o f c mpared wit h
co n o , o 2 90
hu t s 2 5 9 c e ,
i z f 2 90
s e o ,

e ff c t o n u p s t re am a al v el
e c n oc F a th r Ri v r c rib w i r 50
e e e e ,

i ty , 2 2 5 Fi h la dd r 1 1 1 4
s e s , ,

e os r iv e effe c t o f ed d e s a t o u t e t , i l B o i e pr j ct d iv r i
s o e e s on w rk o s ,

2 38 1, 1 16
fl or o an d wa t r e cus hi o n o f, 2 34, Y aki ma Su y id pr j t d i nn s e o ec

2 40 ve r i w rk 1 1 5 s on o s ,

flo w v r 2 2 6 22 8 2 35
o e , , ,
Fla hb ard
s a d va t ag f 1 2 7
o s ,
n es o ,

gra t i g s 23 7 n , u s e Of f he k ga t 30 6 30 7 or, c c es , , ,

Hu t l y pr j ct 2 48
n e o e , 3 0 8, 3 0 9
i mpact t f t o f 2 34 a oo , div r i e s on 70 , 7 1
l o c at i Of 2 2 3 on , h ad ga t
e es of d iv r i e s on wo rk s ,

M d t I rri ga ti
o es D i s t ric t
o on ,

F l w
o ofwa t r i v r t h r u gh
e n, o e ,
or o ,

not ch ,
2 2 9 , 2 4 8, 2 5 1 , 2 5 3 chut 2 5 9 2 65 es , ,

h r u gh 2 3 0
fl ow t o , d l iv ry b
e e3 7 6 40 2 o xes , ,

M ra C a al 2 5 1 o n . d iv r i w i rs 1 9 32 34 3 6 37
e s on e , , , , ,

N rth Pla t te pr j c t 24 8
o o e , c urv Of fall i g wat e r 36
e n ,

U S I d ia R lamat i
. . n n ec on d r p s 2 2 6 22 8 2 3 5
o , , ,

s e rvic 2 53 e, t h 2 30
no c ,

rais d c r t 22 7 24 3
e es , ,
ga t p i g 9 3 7 6 3 95 4 02
e o en n s , , , ,

wat r cu hi f 2 34
e s on or, h a d ga te
e f d ive r i w rks s o , s on o ,

wi g d s id walls 2 40
n s an e ,

la te rals 3 1 9 32 7 , ,

Eart h e mba k m e t e n n x te n s o n s i at m e as uri g w i rs 3 89 n e ,

d i v rs io w i rs
e n e ,
2 , 6 , 77 s o ur i gc s lui e s n t di v rs i c a e on

n ee d fo r , 1 0 , 1 2 0 wo rk s 92 ,

Eas t P ar k Fe ed C a al ar h n ,
c ed d iv r e s i ph o n s p i ll w ay 1 7 0 ,

s io we i r 6 8 n ,
Fl u m f esd ra i ag e r
or, i g 2 10 n c os s n s ,

o v e r c h u te fl ume fo r d rai ag n e s p e i al typ c f d is t ri b u t i o s ys e o n

w a te r 2 1 5 ,
t e m, 3 5 6 , 3 5 8
Es apes fro m c a als 1 8 1
c n ,
F ram d w i r 1 3 5 2 64
e e s , , ,

ac t i f 1 85 on o ,
F ri t ici ga t e b e ari g
on n n s , 5 , 1 43
Am i ty C a al 1 97 n ,

c apaci ty f 1 85 o ,
G a t e li ft i n g d ev ic e s
-
,
1 48
d ig f 1 85
es n o ,
b ev l g ar 1 5 7
e e ,

Do d N rt h C a al 1 88 1 90
s on o n , ,
c la s s f 1 49es o ,

ff c t fe a al fl w 1 60
e o ,
on c n o ,
fri ti co e ffi cie t 1 48
c on n ,

l c a ti o f 1 83 on o ,
h i t 1 52
o s ,

L w r Y ll w to pr j t 20 4
e e o s on e o ec ,
hyd ra u li Op ra t d 1 02 c e e ,

i ty f 1 83
n e c es s o r, i li d pla e las s 1 5 3
nc ne n c ,

s c u ri g a t i o il t d p i t
n c on o n s e os s , l eve r la s s 1 5 0
c ,

1 83 , 1 87
'
Ope ra t i g f rce 1 5 8 n o ,

S pri gd al Di t h
n e c CO .
,
219 p owe r o p e ra t i g ma ch i ry
-
n ne ,

U ma t illa pr j t o ec ,
20 1 , 2 1 8
pulley las s 1 5 6 c ,

F all s , s ee D r p o s and Chu t es . r a c k an d p in i o n ,

1 50 , 1 5 2
4 30 I N DE X
H ad ga t
e fo d iv r i
es ca al r e s on n , H ad gat
e es of la t ral woo d ee s , n b o x,
S al t Ri ve r pr j ct headw rk 3 o e o s , ,
329
Y l o Wa t e r P w r C 40 1
o o e O .
,

id wall Of 1 3 6
s e s , d iv i i gat s 3 1 6
s on e ,

Si rhi d C a al 86 n n . f U ma ti lla pro j e c t 3 2 3

o ,

u b t ru t u r e
s s f 1 33
c o , gat s d ga t lift s s e G a tes
e an e , e

T ruc k ee C a r pr j t h a d
-
s on o ec e d Lif t i g d vic es
an n e .

w rk s 3 1 2 1 1 22 1 2 7
o , , , , Obj t o f 2 7 7 3 1 6
ec , ,

t yp s Of 1 2 1
e ,
o pe ch a e l typ 3 1 7
n nn e,

u d rs h t typ 1 2 2 1 2 7
n e o e, , d i m s i s o f ga t o p i g
en on e en n s ,

u pl ift hy d r t at ic pr u r 1 3 6 os es s e, 32 0
wi g wall Of 1 36
n s , ge e ral fo rm d part s o f 3 1 7
n an ,

Y ak ima Su ys id pr j t nn e o ec hyd raulic co mput a t io s 3 1 8 n ,

hea dw rk 6 1 22 o s , , Orla d proj ect d el ive ry ga te

n ,

Yuma pr j c t h a dw rk 1 2 1 o e e o s , 32 3
Head ga te f la t l s o e ra s
‘
p s i t io of s t ru c ture 3 2 0
o n ,
'

b k filli g Of 3 2 1
ac n ,
S ac ram e to V alley I rriga tin on

b ifurc at i gat 3 1 6 on es ,
C o mpa y d elive ry ga t e n ,

Twi F all s nS alm Riv r on e 32 4

La d d Wa t r C
n 32 1 an e O .
, S ou t J o aq ui I rri ga ti
h San n on

ulv rt typ
c e 32 6 e, y t m h a d ga t 3 2 1
s s e e e,

Fla t h a d pr j ct d ubl
e o e , o e T a i t r ga t s u
n o Of f 320 e , se , o r, ,

c mpar tm t 33 1
o en , 32 1
fl w t hr u gh 32 7
o o ,
T wi nall s S alm o n Rive r
F
S ac ram e t V all y I rriga t i n o e on La d Wa t e r C O 3 2 3
n .
,

C c r t b 33 1 O .
,
on c e e o x, un d e rm i i g o f 3 2 1 n n ,

rr ugat d p i p 3 2 8
co e e, yp s f 3 1 6
t e o ,

S al t R iv r pr j t larg e o ec ,
e H adwo rk s s ee Dive rs io wo rk a d
e ,
n s n

t ri pl mpart m t 3 3 4 e co en ,
He a d ga te s fo d ive r io n r s

S u th A lb r ta La d CO p ip
o e n .
,
e c a al n .

d w i r 328
an e ,
Hem e t La d Wa te r CO s a d b o
n .
,
n x,

Tu rl c k I rri ga t i
o D i t ri t on s c ,
1 97 , 2 05
c c r t b x 3 30 on e e o ,
Hi ghway c r i g , ee R ad c ros s os s n s s o

c t f 33 1 os o ,
i gs n .

Twi F all nS alm Riv r s on e Hi ll m t r 3 7 6 4 1 3

e e , ,

La d Wa t r C w od
n e O .
,
o en Hun t l y pr j c t t ch d r p 2 4 8
e o e ,
no o ,

pi p 3 2 6 e, ove hut flum f

rc P ry r e e or o

w d b 329 oo en ox, C re k 2 1 4 e ,

cos t o f, 3 2 9 , 3 30 r t ati fl w
o 2 93
on o on ,

de l ive ry ga t e s 2 77 3 1 6 , ,
Hyd r t a t ic uplift pr u r
os h ck es s e on , c e

m e as ur m e t o f w a t e re n ga t 306 es ,

t h ro ugh 3 7 6 4 0 2 , ,
d iv r i w ir 2 0 22 28 5 3
e s on e s , , , ,

O rla d pr o j ct 323
n e ,
hea d ga t s 1 36 e ,

S a ram e t o V alley I rri ga t i

c n on

CO .
, 3 2 5 , 3 2 8 , 33 1 I n d ia n t yp e o f d ive rs i o n we i rs ,
20 , 2 7
S h Alb r t a La
o ut e nd CO .
, 328 29
Turl c k I rri ga t io
o n D s t r ct ,
i i I n te rs t a t e C a n al
lve rt ro s s in g fo , cu c r

33 0 d ra i ag e ha nn l 2 1 3 n c e ,

T wi n F all Salm o s n R i ve r h ad ga te s t o 2 1 2 3 1 25
e , , ,

La nd Wa t e r C O , . 32 6 no t h d r p s o n 2 48
c o ,
 I N DE X 43 1

I n ve r te d ipho culve rt f r a d
s n, s or o Lo o s e r k I d ia
oc n n t yp e of we ir s ,
2 0,
c r i g s 3 35 33 6 3 42os s n , , ,
27
d ra i ag c r s i g 2 1 0
n e o s n s ,
J amra wei r 2 1 o ,

I rrigabl ar a c la i fic a t i
e ef 2 89 ,
ss on o ,
L ag u a we i r 2 1 2 7 2 9
n , , ,

t p r
ne t ag i rri ga t d 2 89
e ce n e e ,
Okhla w i r 2 7 e ,

Lo w r Y ll w t
e pr j t l v l
e o s on e o ec ,
e e

J amra w i r e e 21 c r i g wi th d rai agos s n n e

ch a l 2 2 0
,
nn e ,

v rfl w p illway 1 66
o e o s
Kaml p oo s ru i t la
F n ds I rriga t i o n a d ba i
s n d luic way 2 0 4 s n an s
,

e
P ow r C O e .
,
es cap e an d s a nd
,

b o x, 1 9 1
Ma s on ry c c r t grav ity d iv r
or on e e e
p ip e li ne s ys t m e ,
de li v ry e b ox
i w ir 1 5 2 0 2 1 5 5
s on e s , , , ,
fo r , 3 7 0 , 3 7 1
B i Riv r 3 9 5 6
o se e
d ivi i b f 369 s on ox or,
B u rra w i r 63 e
, ,

t ak u t t ruc t u r fr m a al
,

t ra c t i c ra ck i 6 1 63
eo s e o c n
con on s n, ,
o f, 3 67
N rth Pla t te R iv r 2 3 9 5 6
o e
valv
l ive ry b o 3 7 0 e de x,
R i G ra d R i v r 39 5 7
o n e e
, , ,

K ee ch elu s L ak c rib d m 4 5 4 8
, ,
e, a , ,
S al t Riv r 5 7 e
K edy gau g ut l t 404
en n e o e ,
t h o re t ic al c r
e t io im
,

os s s ec n on
K r Riv e r w o d e fram d ive r i
e n o n e s on
p rv i u f u d a t i 1 5
e o s o n on ,
wei r 5 3 ,
p rvi ou f u d at i 2 0
on e s o n on , ,

21
Lag u a d ive r io n wei r 2 1 2 7
n s , , ,
29 Y ak ima Riv r 6 3 9 5 6 e , , ,

L a s V ga I rri ga t i
e pr j t
s on o ec ,
c o lla p al Div r i w i r
s ee so e s on e s .

s ibl wei r 7 1 e ,
M a u r m t f i r i gat i wa t
e s e en O r on er ,
374
he a d ga t es o f d iv rs io e n wo rk s ,
l cat i s o ys t m wh r on on s e e e n ec

1 25 ary 3 7 5 es s ,

a ral hea d gat s s e e H e a d ga t f

L te e ,
es o n e ce s s i ty fo r , 3 7 4
la t ral e s . M a u ri g d vi
e s 3 74
n e ce s ,

L a t e ral f d i t r ib u t i
s o y t m 277
s on s s e ,
a ut ma t ic r gi t r
o e s e s , 3 7 6, 3 86 ,
c apa ity f 2 99 3 02c o , ,
41 6
r s s s ct i Of 2 88
c o e on , C ip p o le t t i w ir e s , 3 8 1 , 3 82 , 383 ,
lo ati c f 2 87 on o ,

rela t io n t ma i c a al d d i o n n an s con d iti ons c on t ro lli g n us e o f,

t r ib u t ari s 2 7 9 e , 3 77
s e e al o D is t rib u t i s ys t m on s e . de l iv ry b o e 3 7 6 4 02 xe s , ,

Le a b urg C a al a d t rap 1 9 4 2 00
s n ,
s n , ,
D t h id ge m t r 3 7 6 408
e r e e , ,

L v l c r s i g s wi th d ra i ag
e e os n ha n e c n gat e p i gs 3 7 6 395 398 4 0 1
o en n , , , ,

ls 2 1 5
ne ,
gau g 4 1 6 es ,

L w e r Y e ll ws t o e pr j t 2 2 0
o o n o ec ,
G ra t Mi hell m e t r 3 7 6 4 1 1
n c e , ,

Spri gd al D i t ch C
n wi t h e O .
,
Ha a m et r 3 76 4 1 4
nn e , ,

aut ma t ic ap e ga t 2 1 9
o es c e, Hill m t r 3 7 6 4 1 3 e e , ,

Uma t illa pr j t 2 1 8 o ec ,
K d y ga u g e o u t l t 40 4
en n e e ,
’
L at i
oc f d i t r i b ut i
on o s y t m 2 86 s on s e , Min r i h b e s 3 97
nc , o xe s ,

d i v r s ion wo rk s 9 1 2 ’
e , , F o o t e s m e a u ri g a d d s n n e

L gway
o 1 17s , l iv e ry b o 398 x,

B o i pr j t 1 1 1 8
se o ec , , val u f 396 es o ,

L o g we i r s 4 3 , o ri fi 3 7 6 39 5 3 99 4 00
ce s , , , ,
4 32 I N DE X
M a ri g
e su n de v ices ra t i g flu m , n es , Na h c es P owe r Ca al n , s a nd t rap ,

3 7 6 , 3 7 7 , 3 78, 3 7 9 3 80 , 38 1
a io s 3 7 6 3 7 7
s t t n , , Na tural d rai age ch a l n nne s , fo r co n

a d va t ag s o f 38 1 n e , v y e Of i rri ga t ie an c on w te a r ,

i s talla t i o f 3 7 9
n on ,

m e th d f u e 3 7 8 o o s ,
Ne tare a i rriga t d 2 89 e ,

re t a gular we i r w i th d co
c n s ,
en n N rt h Pla tt e pr j t b x ulv r t
o o ec , o c e

t ra t i s 38 1 389 3 93
c on , , , d ra i ag ro s i g 2 1 3 n e c s n ,

wi th u t d tra c t i o s 38 1
o en con n , d iv e r i w i r 2 3 9 56
s on e , , ,

3 84 , 3 89 , 39 3 h a d ga t s of I t e rs t a te C a al
e e n n ,

b e d l i v e ry b s 3 7 6 4 02
tu e o xe , ,

t yp e s Of 3 7 6 ,
ch d r p 2 48
n ot o s ,

Ve t u ri m t e r 2 7 6 40 6
n e , , c uri g l uic i d iv r i
s o n s es n e s on

we i r 3 7 6 389 39 1
s , , , w ir 2 e ,

M ed in a pr j ect chu t e tilli g ba i

o ,
s n s n , N tch d r p 229 2 4 8 2 5 1
o o s , , ,

2 74 fl ow t h r u gh 2 30 o ,

Milk Riv r pr j t aut ma t i p ill

e o ec ,
o c s Hu t l y pr j c t 2 4 8
n e o e ,

w y ga t 1 88 a es , M ra C a al 25 1
o n ,

b ulv rt railr ad r i g
ox c e ,
o c os s n , N o rt h Pla t t pr j t 2 4 8 e o ec ,

344 U S I d ia R clama t i
. . S n n e on er

es cape l ic w ay
and s u e ,
1 88 vice 2 5 3 ,

and s p illway 1 90 ,

h a d gat es t D d
e C a al a o s on n Og ee d iv e rs ion we i rs ,
2 1 , 32, 37 , 39
he adw rk 1 24 1 2 6 o s , , B o is pro j ec t 1 e , , 39, 5 6
p i pe d ra i ag cu lv rt 2 1 3 n e e , e x te n t o f u s e , 2 1 , 38
ra ilr ad u lv rt 342 o c e ,
fl r l e g t h a d thi k es s 40
oo ,
n n c n ,

w d
oo brid g mult ipl pa
en e, e s n ,
fl w o v r 32 34 3 7
o e , , ,

34 7 c oe ffi ie ts f 35 c n o ,
’
Mi r i h b
ne s 3 97 nc , o xes ,
cu rve o f falli g wa t e r 36 n ,
’
F t m a u ri g
oo e s e s n an d de l iv e ry f o rm s f 38 o ,

b o x , 3 98 N o rth P lat t e pro j e t 2 3 9 c , ,

valu es O f, 3 96 R io G ra d e pr o j e c t 3 9 n ,

M od es to I rr iga t i o n D st i ric t , co n S alt Rive r pr j ec t 5 7 o ,

c e te r d r p 24 1
o ,
Yakima Sun n y id e pr j ec t s o ,
6,
map of d i s t r i b ut i o n s ys t m e 39
2 78 O khla d iv e rs i wei r 2 7 on ,

r i f o r d c o c r t d r p 24 3
e n ce n e e o ,
O p w i r 3 1 3 5 2 69
en e s , , , ,

r t t i fl w o 2 92 2 93
o a on o n, ,
c mpared with cl
o o s ed w ir e s ,

M o re c llap s ibl e wei r

o o Ca h on c e 14
C reek 7 0 ,
n ee d fo r , 1 0 , 1 2 , 1 4
M vabl d ive r io we i r s C ll p
o e s n s ,
ee o a als o Dive rs i we i rs
s ee on .

s i bl e w e i rs . T ru k e e C ars o c 3 -
n,

M u rrumb id g R ive r d iv r i
ee ,
e s on w d e fram e 5 2
oo n ,

w rk s 7 3 o ,
O pe ra t i Of d is t rib u t i s ys te m
on on ,

u ri g s l u i s 1 0 8
s co n ce ,
29 1
i u fl o w m et h d f 2 9 1
co n t n uo s , o o ,

Na hc es P w r C a al i t r p t i g
o e n ,
n e ce n d ma d fl w m t h d Of 2 92
e n o ,
e o ,

cha l f d rai ag w a t r
n ne or n e e ,
r t a t i fl w m e t h od f 2 9 1
o on o ,
o .

20 9 s l ct io
e e O f m th o d O f 2 94
n ,
e ,
4 34 I N DEX

R io G ra n d e pro j ect , d ive r i s on w rk o s , Ro a d and railro ad c ro s s i gs p i pe n ,

woo d en ga te fo 1 42 r, culve rt s d es i gn f 353 , O ,

s a d t rap
n , o n Lea s b u rg C a al n , reinf o rced co n cre te pi pe 33 7 ,

1 9 4 , 2 00 t ee l p i p e 3 38
s ,

Riprap fo r flo o r exte n s o n i of w ir e s , v i t r i fi e d c lay p i p e 3 3 7 ,

2 6, 3 2 , 4 1 wo o d en s t ave m a c h i e , n

Riv e r ban k pro t ec t io n at h ad w rk

e o s , ba d ed p ip e 3 37
n ,

p i pe i nve r t ed s ipho c ulv e rt s n ,

b ed pro te c t io n at t oe of w ir e s , 335 , 3 36
S o u th S J aqui an o n I rri ga
R o ad an d ra ilr o ad c ro s s in gs ,
2 7 9 , 3 35 ti D is t r ic t 3 4 2
on ,

b ox culv r ts 3 43 e , T url c k I rri ga t i

o on D st i ri ct,

d at a f d ig ni n g 3 5 5
or es , 342
d e ig s f 35 4n o , se e l ct i yp e 335
on of t ,

l ad s f d i gn o f 3 5 2
o or es , Roc k fill I d i a t ype d ive rs i o wei rs
n n n ,

M il k Rive r pr j ct 34 4 o e ,

O rla d pr o j ct 344
n e , R o lle rw a y d o wn s t ream face on

U ma t i lla pr o j ect 34 5 , d ive rs i o n we irs 32 , , 39 ,

brid ges 3 35 ,
45
d at a f d es ig n in g fl t lab
or a s Ro t a tio n flow m ethod of Ope ra tio n,

reinf o rced c c ret 3 5 5 on e, 291

l a d s f d ig f 3 5 2
o or es n o , a dvan t ages of 2 95 ,

r e i f rc e d c c r t 3 4 8
n o on e e, B e ar Rive r C an al s ys te m 2 92 ,

d s ig f 35 2 3 55
e n o , ,
Hu t ley pro j ect s ys te m 293
n ,

T u rl c k I rri ga t io D i t ri t
o n s c , M o d es to I rriga t io n Di t ri s ct

3 50 s ys te m 292 2 93 , ,

Y o l Wa te r
o Pwr o e CO .
, T e mp e C a n al s ys t em 2 93 ,

3 50 where us ed 2 95 ,

yp es of 346
t ,

wid t h Of 3 4 7 ,
Sa ram e
c nto V all ey I rri ga t i CO on .

woo d e t rin ger type 3 46

n s ,
check gat e 30 8 ,

mult ipl s pa Milk Riv r e n, e con c r te b x d el iv ry ga te

e o e ,

pro j e c t 34 7 ,
33 1
S ac ram e t o Valley I rri ga n c rruga t ed pi p
o e, de l ive ry ga t e ,

t io CO 3 4 7 n .
,
328
g e e ral d es c ri p t io n a d typ e
n n s ,
r o a d c ros s in g 3 42 ,

335 in ve rt ed s ipho n culve r t 2 1 2 ,

p ip e culve rt s 3 35 33 6 , ,
Op en cha n e l typ e d elive ry n

ad ap tab ili ty o f k i d s n of pi pe s ,
ga te 32 4 ,

33 9 wood en b rid ge mul t i pl e pa ,

s n,

c as t i ro p ipe 339 3 42
-
n , ,
347
Mi l k Rive r pr j ec t 3 42 o ,
S al t Rive r pro j ec t G ra i t R f , n e ee

cem t p i p e 3 36 34 1
en , ,
d ive r io wo rk s 2 5 7 9 7s n , , , ,

O rla d pro j c t 34 1
n e ,

c mparat ive s t f p i pe s 34 0
o co o ,
la te ral he a d gate 334 ,

c rruga t ed s t e l pi p 338
o e e, ,
s o u rin g s l uic e s
c 96 ,

34 1 S a n d p reve t io n O f en tra e
,
n nc at

S ac ram e t o V all y I rriga n e hea dworks 84 1 2 7 1 30 , , ,

ti CO 3 42
on .
,
s ee als o Sil t .
 I N DE X 435

Sa nd bo x es an d s a nd gat e s t ru e S ec u r in g luices f d ive rs io w rk s

s o n o ,

ures 1 92
t ,
p ie rs fo 95 r,

l o c a t i o f 1 92 n o ,
p o s it io n Of 90 ,

n e c es s ity fo 1 92 r, s i l t pr o bl m s a t 84 87
e , ,

o bj ct Of 1 92
e ,
Si rhi d C a al he a dwo rk s 86
n n ,

s c u ri g a c t i 2 05
o n on , s luic eway h a e l o f 87 89 9 1
c nn , , , ,

se tt l i g ba i t yp
n 1 94 2 0 1 s n e, , 9 3, 9 7 , 1 0 3 , 1 08
L ow r Ye ll ow t o e pr j s ne o e ct , purp s e Of 93 o ,

204 ve l o ci t y t h r o u gh 92 9 9 1 1 3 , , ,

Uma t illa pro j ect ,

1 96 , 2 0 1 Y aki ma Su ys id e pro j ect di nn

t rap li g typ e 2 05
a n d s ett n ,
ve rs i wo rk s 6 on ,

De n v e r U i o n Wa t e r n CO .
, Yuma pro j ec t dive rs io n w rk s o ,

1 02
H e m et L a nd Wa t r e CO .
,
Sho hs pr o j ect C o rb e t t d ive rs i
on e ,
on

205 tu e l we i r 6 5
nn ,

t rap typ e 1 93 1 97 2 00 2 0 1
, , , ,
he a dwo rk s 1 1 0 1 2 1 , ,

Am i ty C a n al 1 94 1 97 , , s c o ur i g s l u i e
n 1 10 c s ,

Le a s b u rg C a al 1 9 4 2 00 n , ,
Sil t n d s ed im e t d ep o s i t s i riv r
a n , , n e

Nach es P owe r C O C a al 1 94 . n , ,
ab o v e w ei r 1 1 85 , ,

20 1 i n s a n d b o e s 1 94 x ,
’
t yp es o f, 1 93 Ken ed y s s i l t t heo ry 90 1 87
n , ,

S e c u r in g c ap e i c a al 1 5 9 1 83
es s n n s , ,
preven t io f e t ra ce a t h a d
n o n n e

s e al
e E s cap es so . wo rk s 1 2 7 1 30 , ,

S ec u i g f s il t i
r n c a als by ap
o n n ,
es c es , s c ou ri g o f a t d ive r s i o n wo rk s
n , ,

84 , 8 7
S e c u r in g l ices
s u of d iv r i e s on w rko s , an d b o es 1 95
at s x ,

84 by c a al es ap s 1 83 1 87
n c e , ,

are a Of Op e i g s 9 1 96 98 n n , , ,
Siphon in ve r t e d fo r d rai ag e c ro s s ,
n

B o is e pro j ec t d iv e rs io w rk , n o s , i gs 2 1 0 n ,

1 s e e al s o D ra i ag e c r o s s i g n n s .

c apacity of 9 1 99 1 1 3 , , , fo r r o a d c r o s s i g s 335 3 3 6 3 42 n , , ,

C apay wei r 96 , Sipho s p illw ays fo c a al s 1 68

n r n ,

C o rb et t tu el d ive r i w rk nn s on o s , d es i g n o f 1 7 3 ,

Sho h pr o j ct 1 1 0s on e e , Gib s wil s ipho 1 7 4 n,

d s i g o f 90
e n , hyd raul ic c o mput at io s d n an

d is ch arg t h r ugh 92 e o , a ct i o 1 70 n,

fl o r d e ig
o , f 94 s n o , Se e n s ip h o 1 75 n ,

p o it i f 93
s on o , Su Riv e r pr j e t s iph
n 1 76 o c on ,

ga t f 95 99 1 04
es o r, , , Te es s ee
nn Powe r Co s ipho . n,

G ra it e R f d iv rs i o w rk
n ee e n o s ,

S al t Riv r pr j e t 3 96 e o c , , Si rhi C a al h a dwo rk 86

nd n e s ,

m th d f Ope ra t i 86 89 1 0 4
e o o on , , ,
fl w v r h a d ga t
o o 1 30
e e es ,

Murru mb id gee d iv r io w rk e s n o s , c u ri g l u i
s o 86 n s ce s ,

1 08 S ki mm i g t yp e f h a d ga t
n o e es ,
121,
c i ty fo 84 96
n e es s r, ,

N r th P la tte pr j t d iv r i
o o ec e s on S luice ga t es fo r s ec u r in g s lui ce s , 92 , 9 5
w rk s 2 96 o , , ar a e o f, 93 , 9 9
Obj ct Of 84
e , flow t h r ugh 92 o ,

par t s f 90 95 o , , G ra i t e Reef d iv rs io w rk s
n e n o ,
98
4 36 I N DE X
S lu ic e ga t es fo s ec u i g s l u i s r r n ce , S pill w ays fo c a al s iph s p ill r n , s on

M u rrumb id gee d iv r i e s on way Se o iph 1 7 5 s ,

n s on ,

wo rk 1 0 5 s , Su Riv r pr j ect s iph

n e o on ,

Y uma pro j e ct d ive r i w rk s s on o , 1 76

1 08 Te n n es s ee P we r C O i ph
o . s on ,

Sl ui way ch a el f d iv r i
ce nn o e s on

w rk 9 1 93 o s , , Spri gd al
n e D t i ch CO .
,
aut o ma t i c

C rb t t tu l d iv r i w rk
o e nne e s on o s , cap es e, 2 19
1 10
‘

S t pp d d wns t r am fac f d iv r
e e o e e o e

fl oo r o f des ig f 9 4 , n o , i w i r 32 40 4 5 s on e , , ,

p o s it io f 93 n O , S t y ga t 7 3 95
o ne es , ,

l gt h f 94
en o , , Mu r um b id g e d iv rs i w rk
r e e on o s ,

M u rrumb id gee d iv rs i e on w rk o s , 1 09
73 Yuma pr oj ect s couri g l uic , n s es ,

P r wit t re e rv i pr j t d iv r
e s o r o ec e 1 03
si w rk 77 on o s , S t rawb e rry V all ey pr j c t chut o e , e,

pu rp s e f 93 o o , 270
S al t Ri v r pr j ec t d iv r i e o e s on S t r am ba n k pr tec t i
e , t h ad o on a e

w rk 3 98 o s , , w rk s 1 1 9 1 2 1 1 3 7
o , , ,

Sirhi d C a al d ive r i w rk 86
n n s on o s , b d pr t t i
e a t t oe Of w i r
o ec on e s ,

v l cit y re qui re d i 92
e o n,

wi d t h f 94 o , Sulphur C r k wa s teway hut e 2 6 4

ee c ,

Yuma pr j ec t d i v r i w rk o e s on o s ,
S u R ive r pr j ec t ove rfl w pi llway
n o ,
o S ,

1 03 1 66
S h Alb r t a Lan d C O p ip d cl iv
out e .
, e p i pe chute o S un Riv r s l p n e o e

e y ga t r d we i r 3 2 8 e an , c a al 26 5 2 7 1
n , ,

S u t h S J aqui i rri ga t i y te m
o an o n on s s ,
siphon s pillway 1 69 1 7 7 , ,

lat e ral h a d ga t e 3 2 1 e ,
Su nn ys id e pro j ec t s ee Y ak ima S u , n

S pillways f c a al 1 59 or n s ,
n ys i d e pr o j c t e .

aut ma t ic ga t f 1 7 8
o es o r,

B ell F u rch pr j c t 1 8 1
e o e o e ,
T ail cha el s nn ,
2 7 7 , 2 84
Milk Riv e r pr j ct 1 7 8 1 90 o e , ,
T a i t o r ga t e s
n fo r , c h ck ga t
e es , 30 5 ,
c apacity Of 1 63 ,
310
e ff c t e f o fl w i c a al 1 60
o ,
n o n n ,
hea d ga t es Of d iv r i , e s on w rk s
o ,

e c es s i t y f
n 1 62 o r, 8, 1 4 5
Obj c t f 1 5 9
e o ,
lat e rals 3 20 32 1
of , ,

v rfl w p illway 1 64
o e o s s ,
s c ourin g s l ui e s 9 5 c ,

a ct i f 1 65on o ,
T ak e ou t s ee H e a d ga t es Of la t e ral s
,
.

Be ll Fourch pr j t 1 6 6
e e o ec ,
T ennes s ee P ow e r C O s i p ho pill .
, n S

Low r Ye ll ow t e pr j t s on e o ec ,
w a y , 1 6 8, 1 7 5
1 66 T hree Mile Fall d i v r i wei r 6 6 s e s on ,

S un Rive r pro j ect 1 66 ,

T ie t onpr j t d el ive ry gat
o ec d ,
e an

U S Reclama t i n Se rv i e
. . o c ,
wei r b x 385 o ,

s t a d ar d d es i g
n 1 66 n, T rap z id al w i r
e o C ip p le t t i w i r
e , s ee o e .

s i ph o s p illways
n 1 68 ,
T r uc k ee C ars pr j ct C ar o d i
- on o e , s n

d es i g n o f 1 7 3 ,
ve r i o wei r a d he adw rk s
s n n o ,

G ib s wi l s i pho 1 7 4 n,

hyd ra ul ic co mput a t i ns n d o a Tr uk c ee d iv r i e s on w rk o s , 3
a c ti n 1 7 0 o ,
cos t o f, 5
43 8 I N DE X
Wei rs ,
fo r m eas ur em en t rect a g u lar ,
n
,
Yaki ma Su ys ide pr j ct Cippo
nn o e
,

fo rm ula fo r flo w v e r o ,
l t t i we ir 383
e ,

3 89 c ri b d m t K ee h elu Lak 4 8
a a c s e,

abl e fo d i charge o f 3 94
t r s ,
d iv r i w rk
e s on 6 o s ,

U S Re c lama t ion Se rvic e

. . h ad ga t s of 6 1 22
e e , ,

s t a d ar d 3 84
n , we ir f 6 39 5 6 o , , ,

t yp es o f 38 1 , fis h la d d r 1 1 5 e ,

vari at io in he ad eff t n ,
ec on Y l Wa te r Pow r CO brid g f
o o e .
,
e or

d is ch arg e 3 96 , c ou t y ea d 3 5 1
n r ,

Wigg i d ive rs io n wei r N ile i rriga

n , brus h d cob b l da m co t u
an e ns r c

t i o pr j e c t 64
n o , t io 42 n,

Wo o d en fram e Op e we irs 5 2 n , ch k ga te wi t h T a i t r ga te
ec n o ,

H ammat t W C t yp e ug , . .
,
s 310
g es ted by 54 ,
de i l ve ry an d m eas urin g ga te ,

o nKe rn R ive r 53 , 40 1
W o d en p ipe c ulve rt s f r a d
o or o div rs i we ir c llap ibl e 7 0
e on , o s ,

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