WEATHERING

Breaking of the crust

EXOGENIC PROCESSES EROSION

Processes that occur on the Earth’s Moving of sediments from
one location to another.
surface which morphs its landscape.

MASS WASTING
Downslope movement of material
under the influence of gravity
 Frost Action Frozen groundwater deforms the soil

MECHANICAL
Exfoliation The crust is stripped due to harsh conditions
WEATHERING
Abrasion The crust is scraped by means of friction

WEATHERING
Oxygen interacts with the crust to
Oxidation change its properties
CHEMICAL
WEATHERING Water & Acids These natural solvents disintegrates the
crust to change.

Water

Wind

EROSION Agents of Erosion Ice or Glacier

Gravity

Potential &
Kinetic Energy
 Type of material Debris, mud, soil or rock

CLASSIFICATION
Kind of motion Fall, slide or flow

Rate of movement Fast or slow

MASS
WASTING
Slow movement of material through a sloped surface. Slump
Fast movement of rocks through a sloped surface. Rock Slide
Movement of soil and other materials mixed with water. Debris Flow

KINDS
Movement of moist, water-infused soil downward. Earth Flow
Very slow downhill movement of soil and rocks. Creep
Movement of water-saturated soil on a flat surface. Solifluction
Fast movement of rocks coming from an elevated area. Avalanche
VOLCANOES

A rupture on the Earth’s

crust in which materials
from the mantle are being
released.
 VOLCANOES DIVERGENT BOUNDARIES

When two plates move away from one

another, ridges are created.

Because the ridges are thin at the center,

some of it cracks at some point because
of the pressure of the pushing magma.

This creates some underwater volcanic

activity.
 Volcanic activity at the divergent plates form hydrothermal vents
called Black Smokers.

These vents releases sulfides which are minerals locked in the Earth’s
mantle.
The movement of the continental plates creates a rift or a valley. The
rift is usually a thin layer of crust which enables the magma to easily
penetrate through it.
 VOLCANOES CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES

When two plates collide to one another,

volcanoes are created.

The submerging plate that sinks down

the mantle creates pressure, making all
the mantle materials flow upward.
Oceanic-Oceanic Collision creates underwater or SUBMARINE
volcanoes

It is because the collision happened underwater.

 Oceanic-Continental Collision creates land volcanoes.

Because the sinking Oceanic plate pushed the magma upward the
Continental Plate.
 VOLCANOES HOTSPOTS

A thin sheet of either an oceanic or a

continental crust was penetrated by a
strong, fast magma plume.
Plumes can either create hotspot volcanoes or an island arc.

Hawaii is a good example of an island arc.

 Has a wide
crater

Lowered
cone
 Taller than
other
types

A thin,
narrow
Perfect crater
cone
shape
 Extensive
crater
Flat, dome-like
structure

Has fences
Huge crater on
the crust

Has multiple
craters
Releases
volatile
substances
from the Body made
mantle up of
solidified
magma