RIVERS

Rivers are large natural flowing streams of water over

land from the source to the mouth.

Source: This is the point where the river Starts ,usually in the highlands
Mouth: This is the point where the river ends , usually at the Lake,
oceans, seas and swamps
Diagram : RIVER
 River Basins
A river basin is an area of land drained by a river and its
tributaries. River basins have typical features, these include:
Tributaries - smaller rivers flowing into a larger river.
A Watershed - an area of highland surrounding the river
basin.
A confluence - where a river joins another river.
Source - the start of a river.
Mouth - Where a river meets a lake, the sea or an ocean.
A drainage basin is an example of an open system because it is open to
inputs from outside, such as precipitation, and is responsible for outputs
out of the system, such as output of water into the sea and evaporation
of water into the atmosphere.
 RIVER PROFILE
A long profile is a line representing the river from its source (where it starts) to its
mouth (where it meets the sea). It shows how the river changes over its course.
 The three phases of the river’s course 

The chart above shows the river isolated into three phases – upper (near
the source), center, and lower (close to the mouth). The vitality of the river
fluctuates inside each phase of the river. 
 Upper stage/young – in the upper course, where the river starts, there
is often an upland area. The river's load is large in the upper course, as it
hasn't been broken down by erosion yet.
 Center stage/youthful – the angle of the river diminishes as you
approach the center stages, potential vitality is changed over into
dynamic vitality (development), and the rivers speed increments. 
 Lower stage/old – in the lower course, the land is a lot flatter. The
river's load is fine sediment, as erosion has broken down the
rocks.. 
 River Channel Processes:
This are all process that takes place along the river ,
which helps in shaping up the land.The main river
process are as follows
Erosion ((The wearing away of the land)

Transportation (The movement of eroded material)

D e p o s i t i o n (The laying down of eroded material)

River Process :
 River Erosion
Erosion is the process by which soil and rock are removed
from the Earth's surface by exogenic processes such as wind
or water flow, and then transported and deposited in other
locations. There are four main process of erosion. These
are--
Abrasion (Corrasion):
Attrition:

Hydraulic Action:

Solution (Corrosion):
River Transportation
The process by which the materials are moved from one place
to another .
This depends on the size of the material as well as the energy
of the river. A river uses its energy to transport the eroded
material down the river channel.
The river transport its load in the following four ways:
Traction,
Saltation,
Suspension
Solution.
Diagram :2
 River Deposition
This is the process where by a river puts down or unload its load.
When velocity begins to fall, it has less energy and no longer had
competence and capacity to carry all its load so largest particles,
materials begins to be deposited.

Deposition occurs when---

 Low discharge during period of low precipitation
 Less velocity when river enter sea or lake.
 Shallow water occurs on inside of a meander.
 The load suddenly increase (debris from landslide)
 River overflow its bank so velocity outside channel is reduced. (resulting in
floodplain)