PRE-CALCULUS

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 SERIES AND
MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION
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Series and
Sequence

Sigma
Notation

Mathematical
Induction

Binomial
Theorem
 SERIES AND
MATHEMATICAL
INDUCTION
Series and Sequence
 WHAT’S NEXT?

Each item below shows a pattern. Answer the given questions.

1) What is the next shape?

2) What is the next number?

3) What is the 7𝑡ℎ number?

SEQUENCE vs SERIES

A sequence is a function whose domain is the set of positive integers or

the set {1, 2, 3, … , 𝑛}.

A series represents the sum of the terms of a sequence.

SEQUENCE vs SERIES

❖ A sequence is a list of numbers (separated by commas), while a series is a sum of

numbers (separated by “+” or “-” sign).
1 1 1
Illustration: 1, − , , − , ⟶ sequence
2 3 4

1 1 1
1− + − ⟶ series
2 3 4

❖ The sequence with 𝒏𝒕𝒉 term 𝒂𝒏 is usually denoted by 𝑎𝑛 , and the associated
series is given by
𝑺 = 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝒏 .
 ILLUSTRATIONS

Determine the first five terms of each defined sequence, and give their
associated series.
1) {2 − 𝑛}

2) −1 𝑛

3) {𝑛 + 4}
TYPES OF SEQUENCES

ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
➢ A sequence in which each term after the first is obtained by
adding a constant (common difference) to the preceding term

ILLUSTRATIONS

2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, … 5, 12, 19, 26, … 13, 7, 1, −5, −11, −17, …
TYPES OF SEQUENCES

GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
➢ A sequence in which each term after the first is obtained by
multiplying a constant (common ratio) to the preceding term

ILLUSTRATIONS

1 1
5, 20, 80, 320, … 4, 0, 0, 0, … 27, 9, 3, , , …
3 9
TYPES OF SEQUENCES

HARMONIC SEQUENCE
➢ A sequence such that the reciprocals of the terms form an
arithmetic sequence

ILLUSTRATIONS

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
, , , ,… − ,− ,− ,− ,…
2 4 6 8 20 26 32 38
TYPES OF SEQUENCES

FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
➢ A sequence where each term is obtained by adding the two
preceding terms

ILLUSTRATION

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, …
ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE

ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
➢ A sequence in which each term after the first is obtained by adding a constant
(common difference) to the preceding term

FORMULAS:
❖ FINDING THE 𝑛𝑡ℎ TERM
➢ If the first term of an arithmetic sequence is 𝑎1 and the common difference is 𝑑, then
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒏 − 𝟏 𝒅
❖ FINDING THE SUM OF THE TERMS
𝒏
𝑺= 𝒂 + 𝒂𝒏
𝟐 𝟏
𝒏
𝑺 = 𝟐𝒂𝟏 + 𝒏 − 𝟏 𝒅
𝟐
 EXAMPLES

Answer the following items.

1) Given the arithmetic sequence 4, 7, 10, 13, …
a. Find the formula for 𝑎𝑛 term.
b. Using your answer in (a) to find the 10𝑡ℎ term of the sequence.
c. Find the sum of the first 10 terms of the sequence.
2) Use the arithmetic sequence −2, −5, −8, −11, −14, −17 to answer the same
questions in (1).
3 5
3) Find the common difference of the arithmetic sequence 1, , 2, , 3, ….
2 2

4) Find the sum of the first 20 terms of the sequence 5, 9, 13, 17, ….
GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE

GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
➢ A sequence in which each term after the first is obtained by multiplying a
constant (common ratio) to the preceding term

FORMULAS:
❖ FINDING THE 𝑛𝑡ℎ TERM
➢ If the first term of a geometric sequence is 𝑎1 and the common ratio is 𝑟, then
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒓𝒏−𝟏
❖ FINDING THE SUM OF THE TERMS
𝒂𝟏 𝟏−𝒓𝒏
➢ Finite Series 𝑺=
𝟏−𝒓
𝒂
➢ Infinite Series 𝟏
𝑺 = 𝟏−𝒓
 EXAMPLES

Answer the following items.

1) Consider the geometric sequence 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, …
a. Find the formula for 𝑎𝑛 term.
b. What is the 7𝑡ℎ term of the sequence?
c. Find the sum of the first 7 terms of the sequence.
2) Use the geometric sequence 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, . . to answer the same questions in
(1).
3 3
3) What is the sum of the first five terms of the geometric sequence , , 15, … ?
20 2
 EXERCISES
Activity 2.1.2

Determine what type of sequence, the 7𝑡ℎ term, and sum of the first 7 terms.

1) 5, 11, 17, 23, …

2) 1, −4, 16, −64, …

6
3) 150, 30, 6, , …
5

4) 64, −32, 16, −8, 4, …

1 2 4 8
5) , , , ,…
3 9 27 81