Modal Pushover Analysis:

Symmetric- and Unsymmetric-Plan

Buildings

Anil K. Chopra
Rakesh K. Goel

International Workshop on Performance-Based

Seismic Design
Bled, Slovenia
28 June – 1 July 2004

Seismic Demands for Bled.1

Performance-Based Engineering
 Improved Nonlinear Static Procedure

Goals

z Retain the conceptual simplicity and

computational attractiveness of current NSP

z Obtain much improved estimate of seismic

demands

Seismic Demands for Bled.2

Performance-Based Engineering
 Response History Analysis
Symmetric-plan Buildings

z Equations of motion:

&& + cu& + f s ( u,sign u& ) = −mι u&&g ( t )

mu

Spatial (height-wise) distribution of forces

z Solve directly these coupled equations

Seismic Demands for Bled.3

Performance-Based Engineering
 Modal Expansion of Force Distribution
s = mι

s = ∑ sn = ∑ Γnmφ n

Ln
Γn = Ln = φnT mι M n = φnT mφ n
Mn

Seismic Demands for Bled.4

Performance-Based Engineering
 Nine-Story SAC Building

Seismic Demands for Bled.5

Performance-Based Engineering
 Natural Vibration Periods and Modes
z Nine-story SAC building

Seismic Demands for Bled.6

Performance-Based Engineering
 Modal Expansion of Forces, s
z Nine-story SAC building

Seismic Demands for Bled.7

Performance-Based Engineering
 Response History Analysis
Unsymmetric-plan Buildings

z Equations of motion:
⎧m1⎫ ⎧ 0 ⎫
&& + f s ( u,sign u& )
Mu = − ⎪⎨ 0 ⎪⎬ u&&gx ( t ) − ⎪⎨m1⎪⎬ u&&gy ( t )
⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭

Spatial distribution of forces s

z Solve directly these coupled equations

Seismic Demands for Bled.8
Performance-Based Engineering
 Modal Expansion of Force
Distribution s
⎧ mφ xn ⎫
⎪ ⎪
s = ∑ s n = ∑ Γ n ⎨ mφ yn ⎬
⎪ ⎪
⎩I Oφ θ n ⎭

⎪ m1 for u&&gx ( t )
Ln ⎧φxnΤ
Γn = M n = φnΤ Mφn Ln = ⎨
⎪⎩ ynm1 for u&&gy ( t )
Mn Τ
φ

Seismic Demands for Bled.9

Performance-Based Engineering
 Modal Expansion of Forces, s
s = ∑ sn = ∑ Γ nΜ φ n

Seismic Demands for Bled.10

Performance-Based Engineering
 Modal Analysis Concepts

z “Modal” expansion of forces: s = mι

mι = ∑ s n = ∑ Γ nm φ n

• Contribution of nth-”mode” to s and peff ( t ):

s n = Γ n mφ n peff ,n ( t ) = −s n u&&g ( t )

z Response to peff,n ( t ) ?

Seismic Demands for Bled.11

Performance-Based Engineering
 Numerical Confirmation: Elastic System

Seismic Demands for Bled.12

Performance-Based Engineering
 Numerical Confirmation: Inelastic System

Other “modes” start responding after yielding begins

Seismic Demands for Bled.13
Performance-Based Engineering
 Modal Analysis Concepts
z “Modal” expansion of s ⎧ mφ xn ⎫
⎪ ⎪
s = ∑ s n = ∑ Γ n ⎨ mφ yn ⎬
⎪ ⎪
⎩I Oφ θ n ⎭
• Contribution of nth-”mode” to s and peff ( t ) :

⎧s xn ⎫ ⎧ mφ xn ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
s n = ⎨s yn ⎬ = Γ n ⎨ mφ yn ⎬ peff ,n ( t ) = −s n u&&g ( t )
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩ θn⎭
s φ
⎩ O θn⎭
I

z Response to peff,n ( t ) ?

Seismic Demands for Bled.14

Performance-Based Engineering
 Confirmation: Unsymmetric System, U1

Seismic Demands for Bled.15

Performance-Based Engineering
 Modal Pushover Analysis (MPA)

z Estimate peak “modal” response rn of structure to

peff,n ( t ) = −s nu&&g ( t )
by

z Pushover analysis for force distribution s*n up to roof

displacement urn
⎧ mφ xn ⎫
⎪ ⎪
urn = Γ nφrn Dn s*n = m φ n or ⎨mφ yn ⎬
⎪ ⎪
⎩ Ι Oφ θ n ⎭
z Combine peak “modal” responses
(SRSS or CQC)
Seismic Demands for Bled.16
Performance-Based Engineering
 Modal Pushover Analysis (MPA)

z For Elastic Buildings

ÎMPA is identical to RSA

z For Inelastic Buildings

ÎMPA is motivated by the weak modal coupling of
response to -snu&&g ( t )

Seismic Demands for Bled.17

Performance-Based Engineering
 Plastic Rotations from Total Story
Drifts (Gupta & Krawinkler)

z Story plastic drift = total drift – yield drift

z Relate beam plastic rotations to story plastic

drift

z Simplifying assumptions necessary to

estimate story yield drift

Seismic Demands for Bled.18

Performance-Based Engineering
 Nonlinear Beam-Column Element

z Bending moments from total rotations

EI
M I = Myp + α ( 4θ I + 2θ J )
L

Seismic Demands for Bled.19

Performance-Based Engineering
 MPA v’s NL-RHA: Boston Buildings

Story Drifts:

zFirst “mode” alone is

inadequate

zIncluding more
modes improves
results
Seismic Demands for Bled.20
Performance-Based Engineering
 MPA v’s NL-RHA: Seattle Buildings

Seismic Demands for Bled.21

Performance-Based Engineering
 MPA v’s NL-RHA: L.A. Buildings

Seismic Demands for Bled.22

Performance-Based Engineering
 MPA v’s NL-RHA: Plastic Rotations
z First “mode” alone is inadequate
z Higher “modes” produce hinges in upper stories

Seismic Demands for Bled.23

Performance-Based Engineering
 MPA v’s FEMA: Story Drifts

Seismic Demands for Bled.24

Performance-Based Engineering
 MPA v’s FEMA: Story Drifts

Seismic Demands for Bled.25

Performance-Based Engineering
 MPA v’s FEMA: Story Drifts

Seismic Demands for Bled.26

Performance-Based Engineering
 MPA v’s FEMA: Story Drifts

Seismic Demands for Bled.27

Performance-Based Engineering
 MPA v’s FEMA: Story Drifts

Seismic Demands for Bled.28

Performance-Based Engineering
 MPA v’s FEMA: Story Drifts

Seismic Demands for Bled.29

Performance-Based Engineering
 MPA v’s FEMA: Hinge Rotations

Seismic Demands for Bled.30

Performance-Based Engineering
 MPA v’s FEMA: Hinge Rotations

Seismic Demands for Bled.31

Performance-Based Engineering
 MPA v’s FEMA: Hinge Rotations

Seismic Demands for Bled.32

Performance-Based Engineering
 MPA v’s FEMA: Hinge Rotations

Seismic Demands for Bled.33

Performance-Based Engineering
 MPA v’s NL-RHA: L.A. Building

Seismic Demands for Bled.34

Performance-Based Engineering
 MPA v’s NL-RHA: L.A. Building

Seismic Demands for Bled.35

Performance-Based Engineering
 MPA v’s NL-RHA: L.A. Building

Seismic Demands for Bled.36

Performance-Based Engineering
 MPA Is Less Accurate for System U2

zPlausible Reasons

Î Close modal periods, strong coupling of

lateral and torsional motions in each mode

Î Roof displacement due to selected

ground motion is considerably
underestimated in MPA

Seismic Demands for Bled.37

Performance-Based Engineering
 MPA: CQC and ABSSUM Rules

Seismic Demands for Bled.38

Performance-Based Engineering
 Closure

zInelastic behavior is now explicitly

considered

zCurrent standard methods require major

improvement

zSeveral approaches in development

worldwide

Seismic Demands for Bled.39

Performance-Based Engineering
 Closure

zThis presentation has emphasized one

possible approach that
ÎGives considerably improved estimates of
seismic demands
ÎRetains the conceptual simplicity and
computational attractiveness of standard
procedures

Seismic Demands for Bled.40

Performance-Based Engineering