Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Analysis of Oil Companies
Analysis of Oil Companies
We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to our
director Mr. Chinnam Reddy, who gave us the privileged opportunity to carry on
this project and realize the hidden potentials of ours.
We would like to express our deep feeling of gratitude and thanks to our
parents, sister, friends and our classmates and roommates, who offered us full
fledged support and all those who knowingly or unknowingly helped us to fulfill
the project.
DEVDUTT GOSWAMI(26)
DHWANEET MEHTA(54)
MITESH SHAH(57)
DARSHIT SHAH(60)
INDEX
1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
1
2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
3 INTRODUCTION
4 INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES
5 ONGC
OIL INDIA LTD
6
6.1 OIL INDIA LTD(OIL's) Vision
6.2 Corporate Objectives
6.3 Research and development
6.4 Production activities
6.5 Exploration and development
6.6 Drilling and work over services
7.3 Vision
7.4 Mission
7.5 Values
GUJARAT GAS
9
9.1 Transmission System
2
10 GAIL
13 LPG
Bibliography
14
3
Oil and Gas
Much of the oil and gas production now comes from underneath the sea-bed. As
the technology for extraction continues to advance, production becomes possible
from deeper and deeper waters. But the supplies are limited. Every drop of oil
burnt adds to the monumental environment problems already created by
pumping gases like carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Many scientists worry
that this continual release of carbon dioxide is an important cause of global
warming.
4
Other compounds found in natural gas include carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen
sulphide, and nitrogen. It is found around the world, but the largest reserves are
in the former Soviet Union and the Middle East. This gas is lighter than air and is
highly flammable, made up mainly of a gas called methane. Methane is a simple
chemical compound that is made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Natural gas
usually has no odour and cannot be seen. Before it is sent to the pipelines and
storage tanks, it is mixed with a chemical that gives it a strong odour, almost like
rotten eggs. The odour makes it easy to detect a leak.
Natural gas is the cleanest burning fossil fuel. When it is burned, it gives off less
carbon dioxide than oil or coal, virtually no sulphur dioxide, and only small
amounts of nitrous oxides. Natural gas is mostly composed of methane and other
light hydrocarbons. Both the carbon and the hydrogen in methane combine with
oxygen when natural gas is burned, giving off heat. Coal and oil contain
proportionally more carbon than natural gas, therefore giving off more carbon
dioxide per unit of energy produced. Natural gas gives off 50% of the carbon
dioxide released by coal and 25% less carbon dioxide than oil, for the same
amount of energy produced. Carbon dioxide is the most important greenhouse
gas contributing to global warming.
To find oil and natural gas, companies drill through the earth to the deposits deep
below the surface. The oil and natural gas are then pumped from below the
ground by oil rigs. They then usually travel through pipelines.
At oil refineries, crude oil is split into various types of products by heating the
thick black oil. The products include gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation fuel, home
heating oil, oil for ships, and oil to burn in power plants to make electricity. Oil is
used for transportation—cars, airplanes, trucks, buses, and motorcycles.
Oil is stored in large tanks until it is sent to various places to be used. Oil is also
made into many different products—fertilizers for farms, clothes, toothbrush,
plastic bottle, and plastic pen. There are thousands of other products that come
from oil. Almost all plastic comes originally from oil. Oil is transported in huge
pipelines and tanker ships to places where it is made into other products.
The origin of the oil industry in India can be traced back to the last part of the
19th century when petroleum was discovered in Digboi in north-east India.
Thereafter large numbers of oil fields have been discovered both inland and off-
shore. This has led to the setting up of refineries to process the oil and gas for
use in various sectors.
5
INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN THE OIL INDUSTRY
Investment Opportunities in
Refining Sector
6
ONGC will supply Gas to Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Ltd. (RRVUNL)
for its 330 Mega Watt (MW) power plant coming up at Dholpur, to partially
bridge the acute power shortage in the western state.
This brings a new dimension to the association between ONGC and Rajasthan,
which is more than four decades old. A Gas Sales and Purchase (GS&P)
agreement was signed between ONGC and the Rajasthan entity on 31st October
2005 at Jaipur.
The Gas Sales & Purchase agreement was inked by Mr. Niladri Kumar
Mitra, Director (Offshore) – I/C Marketing of ONGC, and Mr. N S
Chaudhary, C&MD of RRVUNL. The picture also shows the Chief
Minister of Rajasthan Ms. Vasundhara Raje, ONGC’s C&MD Mr. Subir
Raha and ONGC’s Director (HR) Dr. A K Balyan
The Dholpur power plant is a combined-cycle power project being set
up at a cost of Rs.1155 Crore. The agreement envisages gas supply
by ONGC to the power plant for a period of 12 years, which can be
extended later.
7
OIL INDIA LTD(OIL's) Vision
Corporate Objectives
OIL Believes "superlative efforts precede superlative results". To serve that very
purpose, OIL has set the highest challenges for itself to measure up to.
The Company has been the pioneer in the Indian oil ind
implement the concepts of modern reservoir management. N
reservoir simulation has remained our forte almost since its in
Introduced by the Company for the first time in India way back
seventies, simulation has been used as an important
management planning, production forecasting and decision
Based on numerical simulation studies, gas and water injectio
and polymer flooding projects have been successfully implem
our fields yielding recoveries on the average of over 20% in e
what would have been recovered by primary depletion alone.
many areas of the Company's strength, special mention ha
made of the expertise developed in reservoir management o
fields. Today, the Company has the potential in terms of the
the-art numerical reservoir simulators with dedicated workstat
valuable knowledge-base to tackle the challenges of cost effective reservoir evaluation, developm
management in all demanding environments.
8
An integrated database management system designed and developed in-house has been found e
efficient in processing / analysing various reservoir monitoring data. Apart from the routine acti
reservoir surveillance, many other operations such as, transient well tests, nodal analysis, coll
crude / condensate / gas samples for PVT analysis, analysis of side-wall and conventional cores,
carried out as an integral part of reservoir management
Research & Development has been an on-going process since the inception of
the company. During the earlier days, R&D activities were carried out by pooling
resources from various operating departments. Some of the significant initial
R&D achievements include, thermal conditioning of oil for pipeline transportation
of OIL's waxy crude, development and indigenisation of speciality oilfield
chemicals like demulsifiers, deoilers and flow improvers, polymer flooding for
enhanced oil recovery etc. In 1985, a full fledged R&D Centre was set up to
intensify R&D activities for continuous upgradation of technology and expertise in
the operations of the company. Within a short span of time, the centre has
equipped itself with the most modern sophisticated instruments and computing
facilities. The department is recognised by Department of Science & Technology,
Govt. of India.
9
conditioning, arresting fluid loss in highly depleted reservoirs for quick flow back
after workover, fluoboric acid for well stimulation and bioremediation of soil /
water polluted by oil. The department has won the prestigious NPMP award for
its work on geochemical identification of pay zones.
Further, in view of the rich deposits of coal in the North East, a research
programme to carry out techno - economic viability study for making synthetic
crude oil from coal has been taken up. A pilot coal liquifaction plant has been set
up at the R&D centre in Duliajan and first phase of study has been successfully
completed. It is the first of its kind in the whole of Asia and has long term
implication as an alternate source of energy for the country in the future.
PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES
The Company has accumulated over a hundred years of experience in the field
of oil and gas production, since the discovery of Digboi oilfield in 1889. Possibly,
the only company to do so. From well completion to wellbore servicing,
installation, operation and maintenance of modern surface handling facilities, the
company has the skill and expertise to manage the entire range of operations
required for onshore oil and gas production. The Company has perfected the
techniques to produce and condition waxy (paraffinic and asphaltenic) crude oil
produced from the oilfields of Assam.
Productivity improvement measures like acid stimulation, polymer water shut-off,
gravel packing, chemical consolidation are designed and implemented in-house.
Coil tubing technology has been increasingly used over the last decade.
10
About 50% of crude oil production come from depleting
oilfields. Artificial lifting and EOR techniques adopted since
late 1960's have played an important role in augmenting
production and enhancing the ultimate recovery from these
oilfields.
Today, the company possesses the expertise in designing, installing and trouble
shooting of continuous and intermittent gas-lift systems and the related networks.
An ambitious plan has been drawn up to supply Natural Gas to NRL, NEEPCO
(enhanced) by Dec 2005 through systematic development of Non-associated gas
field in Upper Assam.
An LPG Plant was set up In 1982, to process 2.20 MMSCMD of gas using Turbo
Expander Technology for the first time in Asia. This plant is consistently
producing LPG with feedstock supplied from the Company's internal gas
production. Due to efficient operation and maintenance of the Plant, it is
consistently producing over 50,000 MT of LPG annually. Bottling of LPG is also
done at this plant.
11
Exploration and development
Our systematic and scientific approach to exploration has been rewarded with a
very high success ratio of sixty five percent of the exploratory wells drilled. Also
possess both 2D and 3D seismic data acquisition capabilities, with excellent
support services ranging from satellite navigation systems to remote blasting
units.
The Company has so far acquired, processed and interpreted over 77000 Line
kms of 2D and 2000 sq km of 3D seismic data in the wide variety of forums
including terrains, hills, deserts, rivers, marsh, etc.
12
Drilling and work over services
13
DISTRIBUTION AND MANAGEMENT
14
DATA RELATED TO INDIAN OIL CORPORATION
(1)SERVO
15
(2) Indane LPGas
IndianOil Aviation Services covers India like no one else. In fact, every 1.6
minutes, an aircraft is being refuelled by IndianOil Aviation Services, somewhere
in the country. It also caters to over 90% demand of the Indian Defence services,
besides the sensitive requirements of WIP flights at all the airports and at remote
helipads/helibases across the Indian subcontinent. IndianOil Aviation Services
not only maintains world-class standards in operations and safety but also
conforms to the stringent global quality requirements of Aviation Fuel storage and
handling.
16
Presently, IndianOil has earned this accreditation for thirteen major Aviation Fuel
Stations including at all international airports. Eleven of the fourteen quality
control laboratories have also earned this
accreditation. IndianOil is also the first in India
to have adopted a Quality Control Index
System based on a quality audit. Fourteen
DGCA approved IndianOil laboratories spread
across the country carry out full specification tests for Aviation Fuels.
IndianOil's Aviation Services, with 68% market share, meets the fuel and
lubricants needs of domestic and international flag carriers, Defence Services
and private aircraft operators through 93 aviation fuelling stations. Between one
sunrise and the next, IndianOil refuels over 900 aircrafts. In fact, the refueling
never stops and neither does our customer service, which is round the clock. The
wing’s foreign exchange earnings during the year 2002-03 touched Rs. 898
crore.
(4)AutoGas
IndianOil offers XtraPemium Petrol and XtraMile Diesel, which are the best your
vehicle can get. India's first 91 Octane petrol, XtraPremium is reinforced with
multifunctional additives including 'Friction Buster'. Available at nearly 2000
Retail Outlets nationwide, XtraPremium offers :
17
Retail Outlets nationwide, XtraMile offers :
Launched on Sept. 24, 2002, the premium auto fuels - XtraPremium and XtraMile
(originally IOC Premium and Diesel Super respectively), mark a new beginning
for IndianOil and offer a new genre of convenience and enhanced comfort for our
customers.
XtraPower
The facilities in the Swagat outlets is designed for, Best Q&Q standards in the
industry through Retail Outlet site and tank truck automation Third party
certification through Bureau Veritas Fortnight sampling thru Quality Audit Officers
Training through a professional agency for the Dealer
18
Availability of XtraMile and XtraPremium
There are 111 such ‘Swagat’ Flagship ROs planned across the country of which
45 ‘Swagat’ Flagships have already been commissioned with a complement of
fuel and non-fuel.
XtraCare
The launch of XtraCare was the culmination of a series of plans in retail design,
product and service upgradation, capability training, automation, loyalty
programme, retail site management techniques all benchmarked to global
standards. While the industry standard is to take samples on a quarterly basis,
IndianOil has moved several steps ahead by introducing fortnightly random
sampling with specific importance given to RON (Research Octane Number)
sampling which is truly the definitive test for quality and quantity. The surveillance
audits by BV are being done on a more comprehensive basis. In another
pioneering move, the third party certification, by BV, is also being done, for the
first time, on a range of parameters that include hygiene, service, efficiency of
fore court, allied services and customer satisfaction.
The non-fuel services are being given a major fillip in the IndianOil XtraCare plan
with a wide range of loyalty programme with -XtraRewards, XtraPower and co-
branded cards like IndianOil-Citibank credit cards. The automation project of
XtraCare is by far the most state-of-the-art in the country. The cutting edge
technology includes automatic tank level gauges, temperature sensors, density
measurement sensors, back-office server with DU controls, automatic bill printing
facility, customer database, etc.
The Tank Truck automation - Sealed Parcel Delivery System (SPDS) - will also
include electronic locking of TTs carrying loads to these ROs. The real time
density sensors and the sealed parcel delivery system is superior to mere GPS-
based tracking systems because it not only tracks where the Tank Truck is but
what is happening to the Tank Truck consignments. SPDS ensures that the
quality of the fuel would be ensured from “Supply point to the Customers”.
19
As a precursor to the IndianOil XtraCare launch, IndianOil had recently
introduced the Platinum Circle and Gold Circle - top of the line, exclusive clubs
for high selling retail outlet dealers. These elite IndianOil dealers have emerged
as peer leaders and are an integral part of the XtraCare dealer ‘sensitisation’
strategy.
During the year, IndianOil has already introduced modern and dedicated
networked highway outlets with multifarious offerings, under the brand name
‘Swagat’ which are IndianOil’s flagship Retail Outlets. So far over 400 XtraCare
ROs have been set up; around 1500 XtraCare ROs will be ready by end 2006.
20
Indian Oil Blending Ltd (IOBL) is a fully
owned subsidiary of Indian Oil Corporation
Ltd. engaged in the Manufacturing of
Lubricants and Greases and catering to the
requirements of Defence, Railways,
Streets Transports Undertakings, etc.
21
LIOC is making phased investments to the tune of Rs 172 crore
(US $ 100 million) to provide world-class quality petroleum
products and services at the most competitive prices to the Sri
Lankan customers.
22
shoreline, making this tankfarm most effective for fuel receipt,
storage and supply. The tankfarm, formerly owned and
operated by CPC, has a total of 99 tanks, each with a capacity
of 12000 kilolitres. Currently, only 15 of these tanks are
operational. LIOC intends to develop the tankage on need
basis, as the volume of its downstream marketing operations in
Sri Lanka grows.
23
IndianOil Mauritius Ltd. (IOML) is IndianOil’s wholly owned
subsidiary in Mauritius. IndianOil is investing US$ 18 million in
Mauritius to
set up a range of marketing infrastructure.
24
"A New Wave In Mauritius"
25
IBP Co. Limited (IBP)
26
and XTRAMILE (diesel) from its ROs. IBP, however, will
continue to sell IBP Red lubricants from its outlets.
Infrastructure Details
NO. OF ROs 3272 (as On 18.05.2005)
SKO / LDO
378
DEALERSHIP
LPG
74
DISTRIBUTORSHIP
TWO OTHER BUSINESS
DIVERSIFIED GROUPS
ANCILLIARIES EXPLOSIVES
CRYOGENICS
TOTAL NO - 18
EASTERN - 4
DEPOT /TERMINALS NORTHERN - 6
SOUTHERN - 3
WESTERN – 5
LUBRICANT FILLING
AT BUDGE (WB)
AND BLENDING PLANT
EXPLOSIVES PLANT AT CHATTISGARH
R&D CENTRE AT MANESAR
ONE MANUFACTURING /
FOR CRYOGENICS
R&D CENTRE AT NASHIK
BUSINESS GROUP
AND OFFICE IN MUMBAI
27
HSD)
Development quality
norms
Operations:
The year 2004-05 saw a quantum leap in the crude thru’put and
the quality of products from CPCL’s Manali Refinery.
28
In 2004-05, CPCL touched an all time highest ever-
crude throughput at 8923 Thousand Metric Tonnes
(TMT) processing highest ever High Sulphur crude
(about 70%).
CPCL has achieved in the year 2004-05, the highest
ever production of MS (583 TMT), ATF (430 TMT) and
HSD (2749 TMT).
An all-time high sales of Wax and Sulphur was achieved.
CPCL’s performance on the expenditure on Plan
Projects has been consistently over 100% of the Plan for
the third year in succession.
On the treasury front, foreign currency loan to the extent
of US$ 218 million was availed with an overall cost of
2%.
CPCL’s share price touched a record high of Rs.262.0
on 27th October’04.
MANALI
2004-05 Previous Best
TMT TMT Year
Crude
8181 6387 2003-04
throughput
LPG 239 170 2003-04
MS 583 399 2003-04
ATF 430 363 2003-04
HSD 2749 2421 1997-98
CBR-NAGAPATTINAM
2004-05 Previous Best
TMT TMT Year
Crude
742 653 2003-04
throughput
LPG 28.5 24.2 2003-04
Naphtha 181 159.3 2003-04
HSD 320.1 274.4 1999-00
29
Safety, Health & Environment
30
meritorious/poor children studying in Manali schools.
31
LNG Terminal at Ennore: IOC & CPCL propose to set up a
2.5 MMTPA LNG terminal at Ennore (about 17 km from Manali
refinery). CPCL would be the lead promoter of this project. IOC
is in the process of lining up LNG suppliers.
a) MS quality upgradation:
Introduction
32
capital of Rs. 50 crore, which was subsequently increased to
Rs. 200 crore by December 1983. As on 31.03.2005, the total
paid up capital of the company stood at Rs. 199.82 crore.
Business Activities
The major products from the refinery are LPG, Unleaded MS,
Naphtha, ATF, SKO, HSD, LDO, LSHS, LVFO, RPC & CPC.
The major products of the Petrochemicals and PSF units are
DMT and PSF. The petroleum products (except RPC & CPC)
are marketed by Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.(IOCL). BRPL
33
markets RPC, CPC, Petrochemicals products and PSF through
its own marketing network in alliance with M/s RIL.
The PSF and DMT plants, which were under shut-down for
some period due to economic reasons are being operated in
alliance with Reliance Industries Ltd.
Performance
34
The Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas has allocated Ravva
Crude from Krishna Godavari Basin to BRPL from 2003-04,
which has helped in improved capacity utilisation of the
Refinery. In-house, there has been remarkable improvement in
efficiency in production with improved distillate yields, low
energy consumption & loss, reduction in production cost, etc. In
addition, the Government of India has extended 50% excise
duty benefit to all the NE refineries effective March 2002. All
these have contributed to improved financial performance
during the past three years. The financial and physical
performance till 31.12.2004 have lived up to the expectations of
the shareholders.
BUSINESS PLAN
In the Refining business, MS and HSD quality up-gradation
projects would be essential to meet new product specifications
applicable from the year 2010. Two projects, viz., MS (petrol)
quality upgradation and HSD (diesel) quality upgradation, to
meet Bharat stage-III specifications, are being pursued for
implementation. These are major projects with a combined
outlay of about Rs.800 crore.
Vision
A major diversified, transnational, integrated energy company, with national
leadership and a strong environment conscience, playing a national role in
oil security& public distribution.
Mission
To achieve international standards of excellence in all aspects of energy
and diversified business with focus on customer
delight through value of products and services, and cost reduction.
To maximise creation of wealth, value and satisfaction for the stakeholders.
To attain leadership in developing, adopting and assimilating state-of- the-
35
art technology for competitive advantage.
To provide technology and services through sustained Research and
Development.
To foster a culture of participation and innovation for employee growth and
contribution.
To cultivate high standards of business ethics and Total Quality
Management for a strong corporate identity and brand equity.
To help enrich the quality of life of the community and preserve ecological
balance and heritage through a strong environment conscience.
Values
Care
Innovation
Passion
Trust
IndianOilPeople...
towards Excellence...
Company profile
36
Click Here To View Annual
Report 2004-2005
37
the X Plan Period (2002-07) in
integration and diversification
projects, besides refining and
pipeline capacity augmentation,
product quality upgradation and
retail expansion.
Customer First
38
Exclusive XtraCare retail outlets
were unveiled in select urban
and semi-urban markets during
the year 2004-05, offering a
range of services to enhance
customer delight and loyalty.
Expanding Horizons
39
going integrated Paraxylene/Purified Terephthalic Acid
(PX/PTA) plant and a world-scale Naphtha Cracker with
downstream polymer projects are part of this plan. IndianOil
also proposes to convert the on-going Paradip refinery into a
refinery-cum-petrochemicals complex to strengthen its
presence in the sector.
Transnational Presence
40
Trincomalee is also Sri Lanka’s largest petroleum storage
facility.
Spreading Wings
41
Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Kyrgyzstan, Mauritius, Bangladesh, etc.
IndianOil has been lending its expertise for nearly two decades
to various countries in several areas of refining, marketing,
transportation, training and research & development. These
include Sri Lanka, Kuwait, Bahrain, Iraq, Abu Dhabi, Tanzania,
Ethiopia, Algeria, Nigeria, Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives, Malaysia,
Sudan and Zambia.
PRODUCTWISE SALES
42
CNG 26.7 17.1
ALL PRODUCTS 48184.7 46806.3
The above figures include sales of IndianOil and Assam
Oil Division.
Number
Unit /
Quantity
Divisional Offices 44
LPG Area Offices 35
State Offices 15
Terminals and Depots 165
Aviation Fuel Stations 95
LPG (Indane) Bottling Plants 87
3778
LPG Bottling Capacity
TMTPA
Petrol / Diesel Stations 10144
SKO/LDO Dealers 3552
43
Indane Distributors 4675
SERVO Stockists 204
Bulk Consumer Outlets 5847
Towns with Indane 2064
Indane Customers 424 lakh
Markets covered by Indane 2177*
(Above figures as on 1.4.2005)
44
India. IndianOil's Aviation Service
continues to be the market leader
in the aviation fuel business with a
market share of nearly 67.7%.
IndianOil was the first to introduce
Hydrant Refueling System in India.
IndianOil is also bunkering all
types of marine fuels and
lubricants required by the Shipping
Industry in India.
In this section:
Xtra Initiatives in Retail Branding
XtraQuality
Xtra Customer Service
XtraAutomation
XtraCommitment
XtraValue
Visual Identity
Q & Q Concept
Top Gear
Jubilee Outlets
Cashless Transactions
Premium Fuels
AutoGas (LPG)
Customer Focus
Fleet Card
Truck Tracking
Transport Exchange
45
consumption in India.
XtraQuality
46
importance given to RON (Research Octane Number) a
definitive test for quality and quantity. Third party certification,
by Bureau Veritas on a range of parameters that include
hygiene, service, efficiency of fore court, allied services and
customer satisfaction.
XtraAutomation
XtraCommitment
47
of the line, exclusive clubs for high selling retail outlet dealers.
These elite IndianOil Dealers have emerged as peer leaders
and is an integral part of the XtraCare Dealer 'sensitisation'
strategy that IndianOil has been planning for the last year.
XtraValue
IndianOil has also signed a MoU with the leading tyre brand JK
Tyre for a wide range of loyalty benefits for mutual customers
including IndianOil's XtraPower Fleet Card program offering
loyalty reward points on the purchase of JK Truck tyres, tubes
and flaps. IndianOil has also set up Nirula, MacDonald and
Foodworld outlets in select places as well as extended support
to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation for a range of
services including healthcare advise to the Trucking community
which is a key customer segment for IndianOil. Recently,
IndianOil achieved the enviable distinction of being the only
petroleum brand in the latest ranking of the top 150 Indian
Brands by Brand Equity. Among the exclusive services list for
petrol pumps, IndianOil leads the charge with the top rank
followed by its subsidiary IBP. In the sector wise ranking of all
services
IndianOil has powered its way to the 11th position, leaving the
competition far behind.
For the first time IndianOil took the Title Sponsorship of a major
Cricket Event of Global proportions IndianOil Asia Cricket Cup
at Colombo.
48
Malaysia' contest.
The Kissan Seva Pumps will primarily market Fuels like Diesel,
Kerosene, Indane LPG and SERVO Lubricants as well as
Financial services, Fertiliser and agro inputs seeds, pesticides,
equipment; Agro products like vegetables, Communication
services, Stationery and other items.
Visual Identity
49
Q & Q Concept
Top Gear
50
Jubilee Outlets
Cashless Transactions
51
fuel, and also collect bonus points which can be redeemed at
IndianOil ROs.
52
Vessel of 5T capacity, has 2 filling machines at 15 m safety
distance.
Major projects
Joint ventures
53
parallel marketing of LPG.
Petronet LNG 02.04.1998 IOC, BPC, Development of facilities for
Limited GAIL,ONGC: import and regasification of
12.5% each, LNG at Dahej and Kochi.
Gaz de France
International :
10%,
Asian
Development
Bank :5.2%,
Public Issue :
34.8%
Petronet India 26.05.1997 IOC, BPC, To implement Petroleum
Limited (PIL) HPC:16% each, Products, Pipeline projects
RPL, IL&FS, through Special Purpose
ICICI, SBI, EOL: Vehicles.
10% each,
IBP: 02%
Petronet VK 21.05.1998 IOC, PIL: 26% To construct and operate a
Limited each, pipeline for transportation of
RPL, EOL: 13% petroleum products from
each, Vadinar to Kandla.
SBI, KPT,
GIIC,IL&FS:
05% each,
CB: 02%
IndianOil 06.10.1999 IOC: 50% To build own and operate
Panipat MC: 50% power generation plant at
Power Panipat and to sell power to
Consortium Haryana Vidyut Prasaran
Limited Nigam Ltd.
Petronet CI 07.12.2000 IOC, PIL, RPL: To construct and operate a
Limited 26% each pipeline for evacuation of
EOL, BPC: petroleum products from RPL
11% each and EOL refineries at
Jamnagar as well as from
Gujarat Refinery at Koyali to
feed the consumption zones
at Central India.
BPC - Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd., EOL – Essar Oil Ltd.; GAIL – GAIL
(IndianOil Litd., HPC – Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd., IL&FS –
54
Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services ltd., IOC – Indian Oil Corporation
Ltd., KPT – Kandla Port Trust – ONGC – Oil & Natural gas Corporation Ltd.,
PIL – Petronet India Ltd., RPL – Reliance Petroleum Ltd., SBI – State Bank of
India, GIIC – Gujarat Industry Investment Corporation, CB – Canara Bank,
MC – Marubeni Corporation, Japan
55
The lubricant industry is growing at a tremendous rate and with
international auto giants entering the Indian market the need for high
quality lubricants will increase exponentially.
A pioneer in the lubricant industry, Gulf Oil India is one of the largest
private, comprehensive lubricant manufacturers in India. Its product range
encompasses the entire spectrum of light and heavy vehicles, from:
Technology
A 75000 tonnes p.a., ISO 9002 certified, completely computerised facility
in Silvassa acquires specially selected and imported European base
stocks and tailor-made performance additives developed at the Gulf Oil
Research Laboratories in USA and Europe for blending and filling.
56
performance. Specially built programmable logical control systems, aided
by imported French-made software, ensures precise control of the finished
product properties.
Quality
Quality through unswerving customer satisfaction has been Gulf's strong
suit. Change is important and the ISO certified company continuously
upgrades its quality by introducing products developed with newer
technology.
Marketing-Customised Solution
Gulf's vast industrial product range covers every application known to man
- from water-dissolving cutting oil and high temperature grease to fire-
resistant hydraulic fluids. In fact, it is likely that everything you use has
been processed on machinery touched by Gulf Oil.
Network
Gulf Oil started operations in 1993 with a distribution network of
approximately 600 dealers and 54 stockists in the West Zone. Today, this
distribution network has morphed into gigantic operation covering 120
exclusive Gulf Shoppes, 85 depots, over 1200 dealers and 18000 retail
outlets, and the count is rapidly increasing
Update
Shareholders have recently approved Gulf Oil India's merger with IDL
Industries Ltd. in a 2:1 swap ratio. This merger will enable the Hinduja
Group consolidate its position in the Indian chemical segment and give it
better synergies and a larger network for both domestic and international
marketing.
Transmission System
57
Gujarat Gas, India's first and largest private sector natural gas
distributing company, is committed to building adequate
infrastructure for continuous availability of natural gas.
GGCL has invested
more than Rs. 1000
million for setting
up the Hazira
Ankleshwar
pipeline. Apart from
providing its
customers the
benefit of multiple
sources, the spare
capacity in the
pipeline is used for
third party
transportation.
Currently, this
pipeline is used to
transport
approximately 3.2
mmscmd of gas.
58
supply gap in this economically
vibrant area.
Our policy builds on the high standards inherent within our company,
and reinforces our commitment to the continuous improvement of
Health, Safety, Security and Environmental Performance in all our
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activities.
GGCL is an ISO 9000 : 2000, ISO 14001 and OHSAS 180001 certified
company.
HSSE Policy
Safety First
STANDARDS OF SERVICE
Safety Instructions
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DO'S DONT'S
1.Keep "Gas Tap" closed when 1. Don't handle or adjust critical
Gas is not being used equipment on your own in the
Gas Line i.e. Regulator, Meter
etc. call GGCL for any problem.
2. If the premises is to remain 2. Don't use cracked rubber
closed for more than a day, shut tube; if it is cracked, ask GGCL
off control valve. for replacement.
3. Gas leakage should be brought 3. Don't keep hot utensils near
to the notice of GGCL the rubber tube.
immediately.
4. On leakage, immediately close 4. Don't make any changes in
control valve, open doors and plumbing work which has been
windows and inform GGCL. carried out by GGCL. If any
changes is required contact
GGCL only.
5. Keep children away from all 5. Don't operate electric
Gas equipments. switches, fridge, mixer etc.; Let
them remain in "As it is"
position in case you smell Gas.
GAIL (India) Limited has received the coveted NPMP award in recognition of
excellence in Enterprise Category for Dahej-Vijaipur Pipeline Project. Shri S P
Rao, Director (Projects), GAIL received this award from Shri Mani Shankar Aiyar,
Hon'ble Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas in presence of Shri Proshanto
Banerjee, Chairman and Managing Director, GAIL. GAIL has completed the
Dahej- Vijaipur Pipeline Project in a record period of 27 months. The Project was
completed six months ahead of schedule, resulting into a cost saving of Rs.
736.37 crore. This is the largest diameter cross country onshore pipeline for
transportation of high pressure gas so far executed in India. The total approved
cost of the project was Rs. 2936 crore. The pipeline passes through Gujarat and
Madhya Pradesh.
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Global Recognition
Platts declares GAIL as first among Global Gas Utilities based on Return
on Invested Capital (ROIC) in its Worldwide Survey of Top 250 Energy
Companies in 2004.
The use of compressed natural gas (CNG) in vehicles has led to considerable
reduction in air pollution as is evident from the following data:
(Emission in gram/Km)
Bajaj Three wheeler Pollutants Petrol CNG % Reduction
HC 3.26 1.26 63.19
CO 5.48 1.57 71.35
CO2 47.44 27.60 41.82
NOx 0.25 0.20 20.00
HC:Hydrocarbons
CO: Carbon Mono oxide
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CO2: Carbon di oxide
NOx: Nitrogen oxides
Source: Bajaj Auto Limited
B. Passenger Cars:
(Emission in gram/Km)
Pollutants Petrol CNG % Reduction
Maruti Omni CO 19.79 .55 97
HC 1.14 1.02 11
Maruti Gypsy CO 4.94 0.59 88
HC 1.86 1.42 24
Premier Padmini CO 18.38 0.94 95
HC 2.83 2.03 28
Premier 118NE CO 15.6 2.04 87
HC 2.57 1.92 25
Ambassador CO 52.16 0.78 98
HC 6.37 4.33 32
C. Diesel Buses:
% Reduction
Pollutants
by use of CNG over diesel
Ashok Leyland HC 16.67
CO 19.37
NOx 41.77
Particulate Matter 97.68
Air pollution has direct impact on climate change, the major pollutants being
Greenhouse gases: Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Chloro Fluoro Carbons (CFCs)
and Nitrous Oxide. These gases allow sunlight to come in but block some of the
infrared radiation (carrying heat back into the atmosphere) from leaving the
earth's surface. This leads to development of concentrated heat zones on the
63
earth surface. Development of concentrated heat zones causes turbulence in air
currents and ocean currents leading to increased precipitation, floods, storms,
cyclones and droughts, frequently witnessed phenomena in recent years.
64
GAIL (India) Limited
65
LPG - Liquefied petroleum gas
LPG is the abbreviation or short form for liquefied petroleum gas. Like all fossil
fuels, it is a non-renewable source of energy. It is extracted from crude oil and
natural gas. The main composition of LPG are hydrocarbons containing three or
four carbon atoms. The normal components of LPG thus, are propane (C 3H8) and
butane (C4H10). Small concentrations of other hydrocarbons may also be present.
Depending on the source of the LPG and how it has been produced, components
other than hydrocarbons may also be present.
Normally, the gas is stored in liquid form under pressure in a steel container,
cylinder or tank. The pressure inside the container will depend on the type of
LPG (commercial butane or commercial propane) and the outside temperature.
When you start using LPG, some of the pressure in the container is released.
Some of the liquid LPG then boils to produce vapour. Heat is needed to convert
the liquid to vapour (known as the latent heat of vaporization). As the liquid boils,
it draws the heat energy from its surroundings. This explains why containers feel
cold to touch and why, if there is a heavy off-take, water or ice may appear on
the container. When you stop using LPG, the pressure will return to the
equilibrium value for the surrounding temperature. The pressure of the LPG in
the container varies with the surrounding temperature. It is also much higher than
is needed by the appliances that use it; it needs to be controlled to ensure a
steady supply at constant pressure. This is done by a regulator, which limits the
pressure to suit the appliance that is being fuelled. It is a colourless and
odourless gas to which foul-smelling mercaptan is added so that leak can be
easily detected.
LPG is highly inflammable and must therefore be stored away from sources of
ignition and in a well-ventilated area, so that any leak can disperse safely.
Another reason why care should be taken during storage is that LPG vapour is
heavier than air, so any leakage will sink to the ground and accumulate in low
lying areas and may be difficult to disperse. LPG expands rapidly when its
temperature rises. So whenever a container is filled, sufficient space is left to
allow for such expansion. LPG will cause natural rubber and some plastics to
deteriorate. This is why only hoses and other equipment specifically designed for
LPG should be used.
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Liquid petroleum gases were discovered in 1912 when Dr. Walter Snelling, an
American scientist, realized that these gases could be changed into liquids and
stored under moderate pressure. From 1912 and 1920, LP-gas uses were
developed. The first LPG cook stove was made in 1912, and the first LPG -fueled
car was developed in 1913. The LPG industry began sometime shortly before
World War I. At that time, a problem in the natural gas distribution process
popped up. Gradually facilities were built to cool and compress natural gas, and
to separate the gases that could be turned into liquids (including propane and
butane). LPG was sold commercially by 1920.
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CONSERVATION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
Oil and gas conservation means their better and more efficient use with regard to
economic, social or environmental costs and benefits, resulting in attainment of
higher energy use efficiencies, minimization of wasteful practices and wastage
and protection of the environment.
3. Out of the known Indian reserves of 660 MMT of Crude Oil and 648 Billion
Cubic Metres of Natural Gas, only a part may be technically and economically
feasible to exploit. This fact, coupled with the present and expected consumption
rates implies that these reserves may not last even 10 years. Our present
indigenous production is only 33 MMT and is less than 50% of our annual
requirement. Therefore, the Government attaches high priority to minimizing the
gaps between indigenous production and consumption of petroleum products.
The need of the hour is to conserve petroleum by its judicious use, substituting it
by other resources wherever feasible and restricting its use only to the essential
needs.
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utilization of non-conventional energy sources and close monitoring of all
conservation efforts by ONGC and OIL. Energy audits, efficiency upgradation of
equipment and appliances; substitution of diesel with Natural Gas, deployment of
solar-powered illumination panel, battery operated vehicles, Bio-gas etc., are
other steps taken.
The oil refineries implement various schemes like revamp and replacement of
low efficiency furnaces and boilers, installation of heat exchangers, economizers
and co-generation equipment, and adoption of improved house keeping
practices. They benchmark energy consumption levels with international
pacesetters for improvement. They also implement ‘ENCON’ (Energy
Conservation) schemes like heat integration and technology upgradation for
yield-energy optimization, vapour recovery system to arrest the avoidable escape
of gases through flare, tank seal etc.
In addition, they have implemented an Action Plan to produce and sell high grade
lubricants to the extent of about 2.5 lakh tonnes per year to replace the lubricants
of lower efficiency, in a phased manner and constantly upgrade lubricants in line
with the international developments meeting Euro Standards. Multi-grade railroad
engine oils with diesel saving potential have been developed for introduction in
Indian Railways.
(D) Although transport losses are inevitable while moving the petroleum products
by import tankers and coastal tankers over sea routes and at ports of unloading,
a number of steps taken by the Ministry to keep the loss down to the lowest level
have led to a progressive reduction.
As a part of the Government’s response to the oil crisis of early seventies, the
PCRA was set up in 1976 to undertake studies to identify the potential and to
make recommendations for achieving conservation of petroleum products in
various sectors of the economy. It sponsors R&D activities for the development
of fuel-efficient equipment / devices and organizes multi-media campaigns for
creating mass awareness for the conservation of petroleum products. Fuel oil
utilization studies, energy audits, boiler modernization scheme, introduction of
equipment bank concept, use of energy vans, development of oil consumption
norms, model depot projects, driver training programs, demonstration clinics/
workshops/ exhibitions, consumer meets, education films/TV spots, hoarding/
electronic display, distribution of printed literature, R&D projects are other
activities.
69
Multi-media campaigns to create mass awareness about the need for conserving
petroleum products and motivating users to take concrete steps to actually
conserve are undertaken by PCRA and the Oil Marketing Companies through
various media such as TV, Radio, Press, printed literature, outdoor publicity.
Extensive use of Publicity Van of the Government Field Publicity Department of
the States is made for increasing the reach amongst the consumers in the semi-
urban and rural segments.
The success of the first Oil Conservation Week (OCW) organized in January,
1991 has led to its continuance in the subsequent years and finally, an extension
to Oil Conservation Fortnights (OCF) from 1997. These are organized by the
entire Oil Sector in close coordination with the concerned Ministries /
Departments of the Union and State Governments, Public Sector Undertakings,
Chamber of Commerce etc., with PCRA acting as the nodal coordinating agency.
Mass awareness and educational programmes and various sectoral activities are
undertaken. Inaugural functions are presided over by dignitaries such as Union
Ministers, Governors, Chief Ministers, etc. and the Fortnight ends with a
Valedictory function in every State.
TRANSPORT SECTOR
TRAINING PROGRAMMES
INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
70
Standardization of fuel-efficient irrigation pumpsets
HOUSEHOLD SECTOR
Action Group meetings and adoption of States has been introduced to give
further impetus to the oil conservation movement and for focussed attention at
the State level.
In view of the large-scale losses of kerosene used in the drying section of the
textile pigment-printing machine, an R&D project was successfully commissioned
to recover kerosene vapors. Under this project at one plant 180 KL of kerosene
worth Rs. 14.4 lakhs is being recovered and recycled per annum. The technology
developed is being promoted in the textile sector.
Battery operated vehicles around Taj Mahal area run by Agra Development
Authority (ADA) have operated satisfactorily for the last six years leading to a
savings in diesel and reduction in pollution. To provide thrust and to promote the
operation of BOV’s, PCRA has sponsored two BOV’s to be operated by Airline
Authorities at IGI Airport for transportation of passengers from terminal to Aircraft
and back as a demonstration project. Moreover, to encourage and support the
operation of BOV’s on a larger scale a subsidy of Rs. 1 lakh per BOV is being
provided by PCRA, in addition to the subsidy (upto 50% of the cost of vehicle)
being provided by MNES.
A study undertaken at Delhi in 1996 revealed a wastage per day of petrol and
diesel of 3 lakh and 1 lakh litres respectively by vehicles while waiting for green
signal at the traffic intersections, amounting to a financial loss of Rs. 246 crores
per annum. The study brought out a scope for MS & HSD saving by
synchronization of traffic signals and reducing the waiting period for the vehicles.
71
Police, PWD etc. are convinced about benefits of synchronization of traffic
signals. Projects in other towns are in advanced stage of completion.
Allow food articles taken out of the refrigerators to attain room temperature
before cooking them
Soak cereals and dals for sometime before cooking them to reduce the cooking
time as well as the fuel consumption.
Reduce flame by bringing the burner knob to the simmer position as soon as the
water starts boiling
Try to eat together to avoid repeated warming of food. This not only saves fuel
but also preserves the nutritional value of food
Light the flame only after all preparations have been made and the vessel is
ready to be put on the stove.
Use hot water from solar water heaters for cooking if the facility is available
In the rural sector, use of gobar gas plants, would be an excellent fuel
conservation technique
If feasible, the use of electric hot plates could also be a fuel-saving tip.
Switch-over to Nutan Hurricane Lanterns developed by Indian Oil both for better
illumination & fuel conservation is recommended
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(C) CONSERVATION ON ROADS
The first rule of fuel conservation would be to travel judiciously and curtail
wasteful driving
Matching the size of the vehicle to your need would also go a long way in
conserving fuel. For instance if you have the option of a personal car and a
scooter, then use the scooter when only two persons have to travel, and the car if
more persons have to travel or heavy luggage needs to be transported.
Car pooling to work will not only conserve fuel but will also improve social
relations with your colleagues
Following traffic signals will help avoid traffic jams and reduce lower gear driving
and idling.
As far as possible, avoid idling the vehicle, be it a car, scooter or any other
mechanized transport.
The criteria for choosing the vehicle you are going to buy should be its fuel
efficiency.
There is no substitute for timely attention, servicing and tuning of the vehicle in
fuel conservation and emission control. This should include checking of injectors
and spark plugs, correct tyre pressure, re-greasing, topping up or renewal of
lubricants for engine and gear boxes.
The use of quality lubricant is extremely important. There should not be any
compromise on this aspect.
Correct driving habits are important for conservation. Try to avoid sudden
speeding, braking & stopping, clutch riding, idling, over- speeding, and over-
loading
Have your vehicle checked for emission control regularly – not only because
defaulters are fined, but because it leads to fuel conservation and pollution
control, which as citizens of India, is our moral duty. It is time we inculcate these
measures to become a part of our daily routines. Only by practising and
preaching these conservation tips can we think of future progress. Given the
difficult times ahead, it becomes our responsibility to spread this awareness,
particularly amongst it the youth who will be citizens of tomorrow. Good habits
taught early will salvage the oil shortage to a great extent.
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7. ROLE OF OIL INDUSTRY TO PROMOTE OIL CONSERVATION
7.1 Soft loan and subsidies are given by Oil Industry (OIDB) for conducting
energy audits, purchase of energy audit equipments/ instruments, upgradation of
maintenance facilities at garage, LIP rectification, foot valve replacement,
upgradation of testing facilities to foot valve manufacturers for promoting oil
conservation.
7.2 The Oil Industry is also promoting the use of alternate sources of energy to
the maximum extent possible. Many petrol pumps are provided with SPV system.
Some Oil Company colonies have solar water heaters, solar cookers, solar
lanterns, gobar gas plants, improved choolhas, efficient kerosene stoves &
lanterns. In some select villages in the districts of Solan, Sultanpur and Jaisalmer
Wind mills are also being considered. All these will act as stimuli for other to
emulate.
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dispensing to CNG vehicle. The mother station initially set up in Ghaziabad has
been re-located and brought near to Delhi at Sarai Kale Khan, in May’97. At
present there are seven daughter and four on-line dispensing retail outlets in
Delhi. Further expansion of the infrastructural network to 80 CNG outlets is
proposed by March 2000. The process of acquiring land sites to set up the
required number of outlets is going on.
LPG is recognized as superior fuel to petrol and diesel in terms of the vehicular
emissions. To abate pollution caused by vehicles, a number of countries in the
World have been using LPG as auto fuel for more than last 30 years.
In India, the use of LPG as auto fuel has been prohibited by Motor Vehicles Act
and LPG Control Order, 1974. With the liberalization in the marketing of LPG
initiated in 1993 by decanalizing the import of LPG and introduction of parallel
marketing of LPG, a number of private sector including multinationals have
started making investment in the development of infrastructure for import of LPG
and its marketing. The availability of LPG from the public sector as well as private
sector has also been increasing through indigenous production as well as
imports.
75
reduced lead content of 0.15g/ltr. (maximum) was made available all over the
country from December, 1996. The availability of unleaded petrol was extended
to Capitals of state and Union Territories by June, 1998 and would be extended
to throughout the country by March 2000.
The sulphur in diesel has considerable potential to pollute the air and damage
human health, especially with regard to respiratory disorders caused by high
level of respirable particulate matter. Hence, Low Sulphur Diesel i.e., containing
0.5% sulphur by weight as against the normal proportion of 1% by weight was
supplied w.e.f. April, 1996 in metros and Taj Trapezium. Supply of diesel with still
further reduction of sulphur content upto only 0.25% by weight has been
envisaged w.e.f. January 2000 in the entire country. It was, however, introduced
in Taj Trapezium w.e.f. 1.9.1996 and in Delhi from 14.8.1997. An investment of
Rs. 5600 crores has been made to set up a diesel hydro desulphurization plant in
the country. A further reduction in the sulphur content to 0.05% in diesel in the
National Capital Region w.e.f. April 2000 in compliance of Supreme Court orders
to adopt Euro II norms in the country is contemplated in a phased manner.
Pre-mixed dispensers for supply of petrol to 2-stroke engine have been installed
at all retail outlets of all Oil Marketing Companies by December 1998 and ban
enforced on sale of loose 2T oils at petrol stations and service garages from that
date. One Fuel Testing Laboratory (FTL) has been set up at Noida for monitoring
fuel adulteration.
76
Six lakh cubic metres of natural gas per day has been allocated for supply
through pipelines to the industrial units in the area. Pipelines to Agra and
Ferozabad are ready. Gas purchase agreements have already been signed with
a number of industrial units in Ferozabad and Agra. Out of these units have
already started using natural gas and fifty more would do so by Dec. 1999. The
distribution of gas would be undertaken by a Joint Venture Company (JVC).
Pending formation of JVC, GAIL has been implementing the project for setting up
the distribution network in Agra and Ferozabad. However, the progress is
conditional on the underpinning of the gas pipeline to the Yamuna River Bridge.
To give added momentum to oil conservation efforts, there is an urgent need for
an Integrated Energy Policy. This policy would include legislation on energy
conservation, which makes energy audits mandatory for industries; energy
labeling of equipment’s necessary and BIS standards mandatory. The old
inefficient engines, equipment and processes that do not meet environmental
standards must be scrapped under the policy. The Ministry of Power is working
on this aspect.
77
SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS
Life style changes like demand for lighter automobiles had lead to
increase the demand for oil and gas products and in probably a reason for
high market growth rate.
Again higher level of education had lead to demand for mineral water and
other. This in turn has increased the demand for oil and gas which are
derived demand.
Economical factor
Oil and gas industry is one of the chief consumer of energy in India so
energy conservation has been top priority issue for the perspective of
reducing overall cost and also from point of view of national priority.
Technological factor
78
SWOT Analysis of IOC (Indian Oil Corporation)
Strengths
Weakness
It is not always possible to sell the entire production, as the demand may
be low on depressed and hence high levels of inventory have to be
maintained. This leads to high inventory carrying costs.
Subject to cost push inflation; i.e. if cost of raw materials increase then to
maintain margins cost of oil and gas are also increased.
Opportunities
Threats
79
As basic raw material is crude oil the increasing oil prices by OPEC
countries adversely affects the industry.
This industry has derived demand and so fall in demand of products made
by ancillary units leads to a fall in demand for its products.
Oil and Gas is a polluting industry and with increase in environment
awareness throughout the world, it is likely to face serious opposition from
environmental protection groups.
Strengths
Weakness
Opportunities
With India moving into the WTO regime BPCL can take the advantage of
growth taking place in domestic as well as exports markets.
BPCL can increase its debt-equity ratio in future as allowable ratio in this
industry is 4:1 and so can generate a lot of debt funds for future
expansions.
Threats
80
Insufficient Govt. protection means that foreign manufacturers will dump
their products into Indian markets and hence a fall in demand of BPCL’s
market share.
Strengths
Weakness
Highly diversified business. In such case, focus can be lost i.e. trying
bite more than one chew
HPCL has very large manpower i.e. it is facing a problem of over
employment.
Opportunities
Threats
81
Overseas oil and gas players mainly from middle east and asia pacific
region setting up manufacturing gases in India leading to increased
competition.
Dumping of products especially plastics by foreign companies.
Cheaper imports can pose a threat to HPCL
BIBLIOGRAPHY
(1) www.google.com
(2) www.essaroil.com
(3) www.relianceindustries.com
(4) www.gujaratgas.com
(5) www.ongc.com
(6) www.bpcl.com
(7) www.hpcl.com
(8) www.ibp.com
(9) www.ioc.com
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