You Must Read This Clear and accurate pronunciation is of paramount importance in speaking Chinese (or any language). If accurate pronunciation is attained, your Chinese will always be pleasing to listen to. However, if accurate pronunciation is not attained early on, it will ‘be almost impossible to acquire later. ‘The pronunciation section of this book describes each sound in Chinese by several methods; each lesson contains a description of how to make the sound, usually ‘comparing it to a similar sound in English. Drawings and photographs are also included so that you can visualize the shape of the lips and position of the tongue. Common problem areas are highlighted. For those who are more aw fait with terminology, the phonetic description of each sound is given in Appendix B. Appendix A contains charts comparing the consonants and vowels of Chinese and English. It should be stressed at the outset that this section of the book is only on the pronunciation of Chinese — not the grammar or the semantics. Do not waste time, therefore, on asking your teacher about the meaning of the words in the Drills or Tone Practice ~ simply concentrate on acquiring accurate pronunciation. For each lesson it is important to:- 1. LISTEN: Listen carefully. Do not try to articulate the sounds at this stage ~ just let them become familiar to you. 2. MIMIC: Mimic enthusiastically. Throw yourself into it, Imagine that you are Chinese. Act out the part and try to be as uninhibited as possible. The more we want to sound Chinese, the more Chintese people will enjoy listening to us. 8. PRACTICE: Practice repeatedly. New sounds require the formation of new speech habits. Adults often find this difficult. You will need to spend much time on the ‘problem’ sounds — practicing them until you pronounce them correctly. It is important, therefore, to be enthusiastic about drilling and not to rush through the drills just in order to complete the lesson. 4. TAKE CORRECTION: Take correction conscientiously. Be grateful to those ~ both teachers and friends — who point out your pronunciation errors. Note them, then work on them with your teacher until the problem is ironed out. Incorrect pronunciation, not dealt with in the early stages, will be almost impossible to rectify later on.You Ought to Read This ‘Dont be misled by what you heart When we first hear « particular sound in Chinese, it "WY NEM STAT WW SUNDA, ‘DUE WENDENCY 15 Wo asus Wa Whey ate lon, same and to substitute the English sound for the Chinese one. A few sounds in Chinese are the same as in English, e.g. 4 m. ‘However, three types of sounds which may cause problems need to be noted: 1. Familiar sounds in unfamiliar settings Chinese z can be found in such English words as ‘woods’. However, this sound never ‘occurs at the beginning of a word in English whereas it only occurs in word-initial position in Chinese. ‘When learning this type of sound, we first need to isolate them (e.g. woo-ds); when this ‘has been successfully accomplished, we can then simply add on the Chinese ‘final’. 2. Unfamiliar sounds Certain Chinese sounds, such as xi, ji, giand yu do not occur in English. ‘We must therefore learn how to pronounce these unfamiliar sounds by concentrating on where to place the tongue and what shape the lips should take. As they may cause difficulties, do not rush through the drills but allow your mouth slowly to get acquainted with them. Study the diagrams carefully and observe your attempts in a 3. Similar (but different) sounds Chloe bd mend Total i bah ee a ii © 5 ‘d’, tv’ and ‘7, However, there is an important distinction: in Chinese the tongue tip touches the upper teeth and gums eee gees Mls peed ee ena ae ridge. a ee ee ee rn peated feat 30 ehers 8 difference between Chinese and lh tan in ac at pu ng care not to substitute the English sound. Getting this type of sound correct is all the difference between speaking with or without a foreign accent. ‘Study the charts in Appendix A.Re Pronurcietion Inizoduetion You Might Like to Read This If we compare the sound systems of Chinese and English, we can spotlight some of the areas of possible difficulty (refer to Appendix A). ‘CONSONANTS: ‘The asprated/anaspirated distinction isa major feature of Chines; via for p/ Vi ks i, We c/a, on cay eons Jn cach pak ie fis pete os sess t, therefore, in the early stages of learning Chinese to slightly te aegerts tts Atbocnce te bx aspiraicd sounds to add a strong puff of air and for the unaspirated sounds to take care not to release any air. Voiced v. Voiceless In Chinese there is only one pair of sounds which is distinguished solely by the presence or absence of voicing, viz, rand sh, whereas in English this voicod- voiceless distinction is a major feature (cg. v/t, 2/s, g/t, b/p). When learning Chinese 2; d, 8 % J; 2h remember not only not to aspiraie them but also not fo voice them either. Dental v.Alveolar pibe only dference in the pronunciation’ of 6 4 1 4.5 ¢ end bie thet whereas in Enatis the place of articulation is nonally the alveolar ridge, in Chincae ii the upper tet and gums. It is important, therefore, ‘your tongue tip touches the back of Fe a pat at fiat te midds art clita urges apt owe VOWELS Tense-Lax contrast v. Non-contrast In English there are some pairs of vowels which are distinguished by tenseness or laxness of the tongue muscles, e.g. ‘’: machine (tense), hit (lax); Si pase Genco, bush Ua). In Chinese both the ? and sare fens. Be careful, therefore, not to substitute lax vowels for steadily articulate in «high front postion without any side, wheneas (as in ‘machine’) glides upwards. ‘The Chinese u is also steadily i rounded and the tongue Seonttie i tsetse position from beginning to end, in the Exgish “iu (asm baat) the fongne glides Goths tp sounding progressively inccasca. Take great care Chinese pure vowels.‘Promunciation Lesson I Ra Initials: f- /- m- n- h- s- Final: -a HOW TO MAKE THE SOUNDS # i same as an initial English ‘P as in ‘food’. similar othe initial Tn Tegal (but not the inal 7, except thatthe tongue ip is slightly further forward, as in the word "health same as an initial English ‘m’ as in ‘mood’, similar to an English ‘x’, except that the tongue tip is slightly further forward, as, in ‘tenth’ (see diagram on p.7), similar to an initial English ‘h’ as in ‘hood’, but note that Chinese speakers add a little friction (as in Scottish ‘loch’). similar to an English ‘s’, except that the tongue tip is slightly further forward, as, in ‘monthg’. Some speakers place the tongue tip down behind the lower teeth. ‘as when the doctor says: Open your mouth wide and say, ‘AhT”Re Pronunciation Lesson i I* tone level at a relatively high pitch 2" tone rises, starting from a mid pitch 3" tone dips, starting from a mid pitch, 2 dropping low, then rising to mid 4" tone es ah artis om 9 Bes pitch and dropping right down to Neutral fone see lesson 29 LISTENING AND PRODUCTION ‘DRILL Girst time through just listen to your teacher. The second time through listen, then say each syllable) fa fa a a la ia la a ma ma ma ma na na na na ha ha ha ha 88 ny 8 8 HAVING PROBLEMS? it high enough (approximately E° or D* for women and Mile Cor Dorman’ and ep devel throughout. similar to expressing surprise in English, eg. “Dead?” You need to put lots of energy info making a proper 2" tone — like going up a long steep hill (and don’t stop until you have reached the top). be sure to let it drop low enough. Similar to expressing questioning disbelief in English, eg. “Dead?”. saat high and don’t be afraid to let it fll right down. Similar 1 « sharp command in English, eg. “Don’ 4 ‘Note that for /and 1 the tongue tip is lightly touching thePronunciation Lesson 2 BABE Finals: -/ -ef -ai HOW TO MAKE THE SOUNDS i ei ai similar to ‘ce? in English ‘see’, but note the difference: Chinese vowels are pure "rowds Gr. Soe tongsse rennains skeadky hroughout the production of the sound). So wnereas When sajung We WOR RS WEAR GE SPCR, roof of the mouth during the production of ‘ee’, the Chinese /is different in that tthe tongue remains steady in the high-front position throughout, and the lips are spread flat. ‘The tongue muscles are somewhat tense. similar to ‘ei? in English ‘weigh’, but note the difference: in the English diphthong ‘ci’ the ‘e’ is more prominent and the 4 has therefore less volume. However in Chinese these diphi (ci, ai, a0, ov) are even glides where the second vowel is as prominent as the first. Remember this. similar to‘ai’in English ‘aisle’, but note the difference as for ci. LISTENING AND PRODUCTION DRILL Contrasting finals /with efand # with ai mi mei mei mi fi lei ‘ei fi at nei néi al ha hai hai ha 8 sal sai sa e ai elContrasting 1 and 4" tones na na na na ni nr ni ni nei nai nai nei nai nai nai nai Eo. iSPronunciation Lesson 4 eR Initials: p- t- k- HOW TO MAKE THE SOUNDS P —__ same as an initial English ‘p’ as in ‘pill’, but with much more aspiration, f similar to initial English as in ‘ill, but with much more aspiration and the tongue tip slightly further forward touching the back of the upper fecth and gums, 2s in English ‘ight-th’. The middle part of the tongue is kept down. (Refer to diagram for sin lesson 1) same as initial English ‘’ as in ‘kill’, but with much more aspiration. LISTENING AND PRODUCTION DRILLS Contrasting 2™ and 1* tones pa pa pi pl pei pai pal ai Contrasting 2“ and 3 tones ta ta a ta t tt ti ti tai tal taiRa ‘Contrasting 2™ and 4" tones RE kai HAVING PROBLEMS? Bo ere flowed by 9 tome: make sre tht starting on the 3" 3% tone followed by 2" tone: ensure that the 3° the upward climb of the 2" fone. Pronunciation Lesson 4 ka ka ka kai you get the 2" tone up high enough before 2% tone followed by 4* tone (and vice versa): push the 2™ tone up to the top and let the 44" tone fal its full length. bf ay xf +E osPronunciaion Lesson S REM Finals: -u -ow -a0 HOW TO MAKE THE SOUNDS 2 similar to ‘oo? in English ‘saon’,but note the difference: whereas in English the tongue glides upwards and backwards in the production of ‘oo’, the tongue remains steady in a backward retracted position during the production of ‘Chinese 1. The lips are also strongly rounded and the tongue muscles tense. ou similar to ‘ow’ in English ‘dough’, but note the difference: in the English iphthong ‘ou’ the first vowel is more prominent, the stress being lighter on the second. However, in Chinese the ou diphthong is an even glide where the second vowel is as prominent as the first. ao similar to ‘au’ in ‘sauerkraut’, but note the difference as for ou, LUSTENING AND PRODUCTION DRILLS Contrasting 3% and 1* tones ha ‘ho ho hdu hou hou hou hao ‘hao hao ‘hao : { Contrasting 3° and tones sa sa so sdu ‘sou ‘séu su séo 840 séo ‘séo Contrasting 3 and 4 tones a pa po pa pou pou pou pou po pao plo plo G éPronunciation Lesson $ RTOTH 238 tones ka. kou kao poeasiaat and 1" g228 Pane g J §283 Contrasting 4% and 2 13Pronunciation. Lesson 6 REBAR Initials: b- d- g- HOW TO MAKE THE SOUNDS ’ Uae ee ee eee ee 4 similar to an initial English ‘d’ as in ‘il, but note the difference: as regards voicing it is like the as in ‘sil, and as joning of the tongue tip ‘positioning | (which should be touching the back of the upper teeth and gums) it is similar to the ‘@ in width’ (refer to diagram for 2 in lesson 1). The middle part of the s similar fo an English ‘@? as in {gill’, but is more accurately the ‘&’ as in ‘skill’. LISTENING AND PRODUCTION DRILLS Contrasting unaspirated 4, d,¢ with aspirated p, 4 k ba pa pa ba bi pi pi bi bei pei pai béi da ta ta da dai tal tai ai dao tao ‘tao dao a ka ka oo ou kou kou ou gto kao kao gto HAVING PROBLEMS? ‘Our basic difficulty is that although we do have these three Chinese sounds in English, ‘occur but only after an initial ‘" (see examples above). So we mustRam Pronunciation Lesion 6 Aspiration Hold a lighted match close to your lips and say ‘pill’. The match should go out. this action, but this time trying to remove that puff of breath from the ‘p’ so that the match remains alight. If you are having problems, try with the word ‘spill’ and carefully remove the ‘s. (Note for the badly burned: a very thin piece of paper can be used instead.) Voicing Voicing occurs wen the woval ends vibra, This canbe heard mot clearly by pacing as: Erlsa oval Mlseing aaa woes ae we Once you have succeeded in producing a Chinese 6, the dand should cause little or no problem. tou tao ba da pi pei bi hao lao 10 90 ki ga0 pao sao ba pi bei ka do ka sd tai ai tai bl bdo hao gou dao fai Ido kao béi fa dai dita palo sao di fa bao mimou lod paobd ma mi bei tao mei tt mati ta kai tal lai tai doPronunciation Lenon 7 RAR Finals: -an -ang -ong HOW TO MAKE THE SOUNDS an the further forward than for the Chinese a in lesson 1, owes ech hit Tey psn se sun ha completely finished before releasing i. ang the tongue begins slightly further Asak than for the Chinese a, followed by the ‘ng’ sound found in the words ‘singer’ and ‘tongue’. The 7g is held lightly in Position until the sound has completely finished. ong similar to a British English ‘or’ as in ‘care? followed by an ng (i.e. ‘omg’ with a silent &? and kept short), LISTENING AND PRODUCTION DRILLS Contrasting an with a fan fa fa fan man ma ma man lan a la jan san 38 sa san Contrasting ang with fang fa fa fang mang mi ma mang tang a Nang sang sé sang Contrasting an with ang fan fang fang ‘an man mang mang man (an ang lang Wn san sing sang san Contrasting ong with néng na nd dng tong a a tong song st sa song tong to ta tongRB HAVING PROBLEMS? If you are having difficulty in producing an ag, it may help to remember Gat the poudon ofthe Wayne’ excly te only’ being that the air ‘Note that for ong, the tongue is in almost the same position ng for the 0 as it is for the ng. Tectia We tale ot tote init star wand sean Soglth winch sang, song), pronunciation, Listen carefully to your teacher. sounds not to carry over your EnglishPronunciation Lesson 8 RAR Imitiols: z- c- HOW TO MAKE THE SOUNDS: z same as the ‘ds’ in ‘woods’, but the Chinese sound is unvoiced and the tongue tip is slightly further forward. same as 4s-h’ in ifschot (or as we might actually say when it really is hot: 328 hholl). The only difference between cand zis that cis strongly aspirated whereas ‘zhas no aspiration. LISTENING AND PRODUCTION DRILLS Contrasting unaspirated zwith aspirated c a co rT a za co oa z0 zai cai cai zai 26u cou cou 26u zo cdo cao zo zn an can zan zang ang cang zang ong cng ‘cong zong Contrasting zand with other similar sounds ry t ta rT can tan tén can ‘cang tang tang ang z do do zz zou dou dou 25u z6ng ding én zing rT sa sa rT oa st st a cao 880 sao cdo - Note: The tongue tip is against the Jowertecth and the % tongue blade is against the alveolar ridge,REBAR Pronunciation Lesson 8 HAVING PROBLEMS? These two sounds often cause some difficulty. Here are some hints which should help: is the same sound as the ‘ds’ in ‘woods’ (refer to ‘You ought to read this’). Remember that your tongue tip should be placed lightly against the back of either the lower or momentarily stopped off by the tongue tip pressing against at he ae et ae air i the teeth, ‘The most common Rae ae out insufficient air at the release stage. Remember that the only difference between Chinese z and cis the presence or absence of amlesice: theres if ienftclent si & being: Keced ont when tig 09 eave g will sound like z ‘Try the following ~ and remember fo keep the mouth and tongue muscles relaxed. d ge a a The wi the ad fad ash 4 Zia nt sufficient aspiration, hold a lighted Sicnith bent ot ees ips Dok ge hetero oe pa om eo hom eptig ae ii) try adding lots of air after the ‘ts’ in curtsy (so that you get ‘curtsty’) f ‘Some people place the tongue tip against the upperteeth. cazéo z6ng ba hai zéi casa zahao maicd man zit ci mi ota can tong co cong 0 ldo tou zu cai mi cai hong zong 20 ma zi zang ba zbu do zai peiPronunciation Leson 9 RAI ‘Two 3% Tones in Sequence ‘When two 3" tone occur in succession, a change takes place: the tone on the first of the two syllables changes from 3* to 2". (You will quickly find this change to be quite natural.) For example ni hio becomes ni hio. Note also that the second 3 tone syllable loses its final rise. LISTENING AND PRODUCTION DRILL nt ho Wao 280 héo bao di zou Wo ban mai mi bang hao hai do ni mal dasa da s80 mai hao. ‘When three 3" tone syllables come together in succession, the last of the three remains 3" tone, the next to last changes to 2" tone, and the first can either change to 2™ tone or not. For example, nf mii mi'becomes either nf méi mi or af mai mi: When writing these, ‘however, we still use the 3* tone symbol on each syllable. Further Practice with 4" Tone ‘To Westerners, Chinese 4% tone, because of its sharp fall, often sounds as though the speaker is somewhat angry. We must learn to sce this sharp fall as aesthetically pleasing and not be afraid of making our 4* tones clear, long and sharp. Practice the following, mimicking your teacher carefully (and at the same time telling yourself how pleasant it sounds), LISTENING AND PRODUCTION DRILLS Contrasting other tones with 4" tone in final position ry da ta da nl mai ni mai gal kan gai kan mB nai bdo mai h’o maiRI Contrasting other tones with 4! tone in non-final position dai mai ho da do bao ho da hao ‘Two 4% tones together bao man tai lan da dao ngo da tai man egege EERE Egeeg aPe5e ta bo mai gou ni d&i kén tou ni tai 240 1ai tang tai tang bi hao mai, ni déi lai nl tai In, t& tai man 1a hal hao, ni gai pao nil ba méng, ta ba pang ma la song, Id ba tong ta zai tén, nf gai ban td bi ni hdo, ni bi ta ldo ni d&i lai, ta hao Ie nil dou ba dong, ta déu ba séng 2Pronunciation Lesson 10 RAB R Initials: sh- ch- zh- HOW TO MAKE THE SOUNDS sh similar to an initial English ‘sh’ as in ‘shall, ch similar to an initial English ‘ch’ as in ‘chill. zh similar to an initial English 4? as in ‘ll, but note the difference: the English ‘is partly voiced, whereas for the Chinese zh the buzzing sound of the vocal cords vibrating should only start just as the zh is released. NOTE: In Standard Chinese these three sounds are retroflexed, ie. the tongue tip and blade are curled upwards and touch the upper teeth ridge. LISTENING AND PRODUCTION DRILLS Contrasting aspirated ch with unaspirated zh cha zha zha cha chao zhao zhao chao chan zhan zhan chan ‘chang zhang zhang chang cha zha zhao cha chou zhéu zhou chou Contrasting sh with ch and zh ‘sha cha cha sha hao chao chao ‘shéo shou chou chou ‘shéu ‘shai chai chai ‘shai shan zhan zhan shan shang zhang zhang shang ‘sho zh zha sho shéi zhei zhéi ‘shéiRMR Pronunciation Leson 10 Contrasting zh with zand ch with c 2ha 2 a zha zhéo 80 60 zhéo zhén zan zn zhan zhél zéi zi Zhe chai ou a chai chéu ou cou chou chang ‘ang cing ‘chang ‘chong ng cing ‘chong Contrasting sh with s sa sa sha san san shan sai sai shai sang sang shang 1o* ‘The extent of the lip-rounding depends on which vowel follows. HAVING PROBLEMS? Avoid over-tensing the tongue muscles. Instead of curling upwards the tongue tip, you may find it ie raise th sdes ofthe longue owed the rot ofthe mouth easier simply (ie. the palate) and hold it there lightly. shang shan kan chai z6i tou z6i no ng téng ni ho chéu ché dang zhong cng t6u zai Ii z6u ld shang shanPronunciation Lesson 11 RT HOW TO MAKE THE SOUND # similar to the % in ‘agure’ or the { in French ‘jaune’ (yellow), but note the difference: the front surface of the torigue is raised Close to the roof of the mouth, ‘as well as being pulled back a little further so that the tip of the tongue is just behind the gum ridge. Note that the side rims of the tongue should touch the upper side teeth, the middle of the tongue is slightly grooved, and the tongue tip, although raised, is not in contact with either teeth or gums. LISTENING AND PRODUCTION DRILLS ru rou rou nv rou 80 rao rou 180 rong rong rao rong rang rang rong Contrasting voiced rwith ‘unvoiced sh 0 sha sho 0 rou shou shou rou rao shao ‘shao rao ran shan shan ran Contrasting rwith zh and ch cy zhao zho a rou zhéu zhéu rou 80 zhao zhéo ro rong, ‘zhong zhong rong ro cho cho ro rou chou chéu rou ran chan chan ran rang chang chang rangRete Pronunciation Lesson 12 Final: -/ After initial sh, ch and zh there often occurs a final which we write using the letter i HOW TO MAKE THE SOUND {the tongue is held in almost exactly the same position as for the preceding sh, ch, 2h, ie. the flat surface of the tongue is pressed close up against the roof of the mouth as for an initial r, with the tip of the tongue just behind ~ but not touching ~ the gum ridge. Take great care not fo open your mouth or to move your lips during the production of this final — they remain in exactly the same pPosition as for the preceding sh, ch and zh. LISTENING AND PRODUCTION DRILLS zhi chi chi zhi shi a a shi zh shi shi zh fi chi chi a zhi 1 A zhi chi shi shi cht Contrasting final / with other finals zhi zha zha zhi chi cha cho chi shi shan shan shi A = rao rao A HAVING PROBLEMS? cristal ee ‘well pee fe ead cl sea to relax muscles as as Bear in mind, 100, thatthe tongue is further up and Back forthe r than for the other three. Study the diagram carefully as well as observing your attempts in a mirror. 25Pronunciation Lesson 12 Ra Initial: w- Finals: -ua -vai HOW TO MAKE THE SOUNDS: w similar to an initial English ‘w’ as in ‘wall’, but note the difference: for the Chinese w the lips are not so tightly rounded and are not pushed forward. The tongue position is the same as for Chinese u. cua Cane: W WShoometioy a Chinen a, uai Chinese w followed by a Chinese ai. LISTENING AND PRODUCTION DRILLS When the Chinese w acts as a complete syllable (ic. stands alone without a final), it is written wu. The majority of speakers pronounce it the same as a Chinese u, while a few add a faint W’ before the u. (For how to make a u, see lesson 5) wo wo wit wo Contrasting the presence or absence of wa a a wa ku’ ka ka kua shud sha sha shua zhua 2ha zha zhua wal ai ai wai kuai kai kal kuai shuai shai shai shuai zhuai hai zhai zhuai Contrasting w with Au Because / is often difficult to hear when occurring before a u, it must be pronounced clearly and distinctly. wa hua hua wa wai huai hua wail Repeat on all four tones.ae Finals: -u/ -wan -uang HOW TO MAKE THE SOUNDS ui Chinese w followed by a Chinese ei. uan Chinese w followed by a Chinese am, ang Chinese w followed by a Chinese ang, LISTENING AND PRODUCTION DRILLS Contrasting wan with wang wan wang wang kuan kuang kuang hun huang huang zhuan zhuang zhuang Contrasting wiwith wai wei wai wai gui gual guai shui shuai shuai hut cchuai cchuai Contrasting wiwith ei, wan with an, weng with ang gui get 96l Zui 26i zéi shul shai shai zhu hal zhei kuan kan kan cuan can can ruan ran ran chuan chan chan guang gang gang hung hang hang zhang zhang shuang shang shang Contrasting, w with Juz wei hut hut wan huan huan wang huang huang Pronunciation Lesson 13Pronunciation Leson 14 Reet OR Tone Practice 3™ tone ~ 2" tone Remember to dip down low on the 3" tone before commencing the long upward ascent ‘on the 2™ tone. From the diagram you will see that the tone pattern is continuous. bi shél wan hut 8 Iai wa lou bai tou fo wang ni ai gan shéi g@i shéi wa tong I" tone — 3" tone Beware of the tendency of dropping the pitch of the 1* tone syllable when preceding a 3" tone syllable. Keep it high and level. The 3 tone loses its final rise. kuan hai dou hao ta géi gang hao 18 guan san wan chi bao hei shut dou mai tao I*tone — 1* tone Keep them both high and Jevel — take care not to drop them down. 1a kai hei mao gao shan Se taka ‘san zhang gai sha dou zhu fa guang kai hud dao chaRenae Prowunciation Lesson 15 Initial: y- Finals: -in -ing ‘HOW TO MAKE THE SOUNDS Y similar to an initial English ‘y' as in yest in Chinese i followed by a Chinese 1 is similar to the English ‘in’ as in ‘machine’, and not the ‘in’ as in the English word ‘pin’. i Chinese 7 followed by Chinese ng: Similar to English ‘sing’, but with the li spread wide for the i > — m LISTENING AND PRODUCTION DRILLS Winen Chinese 7 acts m9 whole listte 0. senda dono without fon) it is written yi. ‘The majority of speakers pronounce it the same as a Chinese i, while a few add a faint y before the Z (For how to make an z, sec lesson 2) wi yi yl yw Contrasting i with in pi pin pin pi ni nin nin ni bt bin bin bi mi min ‘min mi Contrasting # with ing pr ping ping pl ni ning ning ni bt bing bing br mi ming ming mi Contrasting in with ing (note the spelling when there is no initial) 3 3 3 3 nin ning ning niin bin bing bing bin min ming ming min Contrasting ing with ang bing bang bang bing ding dang dang ing ting tang ‘tang ting fing lang tang fingromansation Cason 16 Prraee Finals: fa -iao -iang HOW TO MAKE THE SOUNDS ia Chinese y followed by a Chinese a iao Chinese y followed by a Chinese 20 jang Chinese y followed by a Chinese ang LISTENING AND PRODUCTION DRILLS Contrasting ia with a, iaowith ao, and iang with ang 1a piao ido mio nido tang niang ay gee EE GREET 3% Contrasting iang with ing 2 yang ning wang 233 yang ning nang ling tang HAVING PROBLEMS? When b por m precede one of the three finals in this lesson, the fongue is in the y position (Le. pressed forwards and upwards so that the front surface is just behind the Lipper teeth and just under the front of the upper gum) during the production of the orm; then, after the lips are separated, the tongue holds this y position for a brief moment before moving to whatever position the following vowel requires. But when f d, 2 or J precede one of these finals, the tongue is not in the normal y ition. For example, the / of /iao will be the same as the normal Chinese 1 What follows after the / begins with the tongue approximately in the position for the * in theRETR ‘Pronunciation Lesson 17 Tone Practice 2™ tone — 4" tone Remember to climb up high enough on the 2% tone before crashing down on the 4" tone. Be careful not to let the 2" tone sag - this will make it sound like a 3 tone. tan hua ‘ou shang bai fei ‘téng yl hai da sshéi dut nin fang shi wan ‘na diao ma zui 4* tone — 4 tone Be careful not to make the first 4" tone into a 1* tone. It is important, therefore, to let ‘each 4* fone fall its full length ~ don’t cut them off short. Tt may help if you pause for a brief moment after saying the first 4* tone in order to commence again at the top for the second descent. zul kual 4" tone - 1* tone ‘After the long descent of the 4* tone, remember to keep the 1* tone high and level. tai gao sa gino —————— kan sho { ‘hua zhuang t chuan tong { zui kuan da zhuan ! wan yi disén ‘san kai 3Pronunciation Lesson 18 RRBTAR Initials: x- j- 9- HOW TO MAKE THE SOUNDS ‘These three sounds are similar to sh, zh and ch learnt in lesson 10, but note the difference: for x, jand q the tongue tip is down behind the Jower tecth and the lips are spread wide. Sty the diagram carefully as these sounds do not oocurin English, xX is similar to the ‘sh’ in ‘sheep’, except for the difference mentioned above. j is similar to the 4 in jeep’, except for the difference mentioned above. Note also ‘that Mandarin /is unvoiced - refer to zh in lesson 10. q is similar to the ‘ch’ in ‘cheap’, except for the difference mentioned above. Note also that Chinese qs strongly aspirated. LISTENING AND PRODUCTION DRILLS Contrasting x with sh, jwith xh, and q with ch xia sha sha xa xiao ‘shéo shao ‘xiao xiang shang shang xiang ja zh zha ja jiéo zhao zhao jiao jiang zhang zhang jiang aa cha cha aa gido chao chéo ido aigng chang chang aisng Contrasting finals in with ing when used with x, /and q xin xing xing xn jin Jeg Jing jin qin ing qing qin Practice on all four tones. 32BERTIE Pronunciation Lesson 18 Contrasting xwith s/with zand qwith c xia 88 88 xia xiao $40 ‘séo xiao xiang sang ‘sang xiang ia za za iia jido 740 Zao Wiao jing zang zing Wang aia a a qa gio 0 co gido giang cng ang giang HAVING PROBLEMS? Remember to make the / sound clearly and distinctly so that the three sounds introduced in this lesson won’t be confused with sh, zh and ch of lesson 10. Therefore jia must be clearly distinguished from zhe by widening the mouth for the 7 sound. Likewise giang must be distinguished from chang and xiao from sao. ‘The tip of the tongue only very lightly touches the back of the lower teeth. Keep relaxed and don’t over-tense the tongue and facial muscles. Study the diagram carefully and compare your attempts by viewing yourself in a mirror. 4 gs) © nn NOTE REGARDING THE FINAL i ‘The final written with the letter 7 has different pronunciations depending on which initial it follows: ‘The / which follows x, jand qi the same / which was introduced in lesson 2. ‘The i which follows sh, ch, 2h and ris completely different from the / of lesson 2. See lesson 11, page 25. ‘The i which follows s, c and z is also different from those described above. Refer to lesson 28. 33Pronunciation Lesson 19 Finals: HOW TO MAKE THE SOUNDS -iu -ian le REN iu Chinese y followed by a Chinese ou (mot a Chinese u). Similar to the ‘yo? in jan Chinese y but not followed by a Chinese an. In this combination only, the an changes to a sound similar to the ‘en’ in English ‘men’. te similar to English ‘yeah’ when pronounced as a single syllable (as in the Beatles’ song “She loves you, yeah, yeah, yeah”) LISTENING AND PRODUCTION DRILLS Contrasting iu with iao you fia xi id ‘Contrasting ian with an yan bian mian xian tian aie QaEFGRES © GEES S555 BERS gegreeg? ges $555 SEES ja qi yanRa : Pronunciation Lesson 20 Tone Practice ‘T* tone — 2™ tone Remember to keep the 1* tone high and level, and then to commence the 2™ tone from slightly higher than its normal starting place, pushing it up without letting it sag. dou mang ta lai xinén tian tang guang tou xin giéo jin yin f8 chou xi yang ddéng nan 4" tone — 2" tone ‘Two common errors are either saying the 4" tone on a 1* tone or making the 2“ tone into a 3 fone. In order to avoid these, ensure that the 4% tone makes its full descent before commencing the upward climb of the 2 tone, and make sure that you climb the full length before stopping. tai mang fang wan ‘wang qian xiang ya zul nan bbao chou mié wang shang chuan tito pao tai 3" tone — 4" tone Dip right down on the 8" tone before commencing the long descent of the 4" tone. nite ho kan mai mai Jing gao ti6 10 Wai jin dido wa wan rnugin qt wang you 35Pronuncianon Lesion 21 Initial & Final: wo/uo HOW TO MAKE THE SOUND wo/uo the wis the same as in lesson 12. The Chinese ois similar to the ‘or’ in British English ‘egre’, except that for the Chinese o the lips and tongue remain steady until the end of the sound when the tongue moves to a central position. LISTENING AND PRODUCTION DRILLS Contrasting various degrees of prominence of the win uo (The w sound in uo is clearest when following g, k, A, zh, ch, sh and 1, less clear when following d,f, n, lz, cand s, and least clear when following b, p, mand £ where the wis omitted in the spelling.) bo duo duo bo mo nud nud mo 16 zu 2 16 po cud cud pO tuo ‘gue ‘gue tuo sud ‘shu6 shud sud Wud nd nd ue hud wo wo hud Contrasting wowith wa wo wa wa wo shud shud shud shud qu ua gua gud hue hua hud Contrasting wo with w fo fa fa fo dud da da dud sud sii sit sud zhud zh zh zhud Contrasting uowith ow Begs aBg8 2ege Begs 36REM Pronunciation Lewon 21 q| @ HAVING PROBLEMS? Note that for Chinese o the lips are slightly rounded, the jaw is Jess open than for the Chinese 4, and the Aack section of the tongue is about haifway towards the roof of the mouth. WO I&i jido nit cud shi lidng ji ing ting wé shud sud tou sud Wei bian chut di dai yo yao wii qi 1ud rou gidng shi t6u tao bao IT zhuan wan xi8o xin guan gua gi di ing li tud sd yang yang da gué gui wan mé jido xi&o shi lid lio 7Pronunciation Lesson 22 RoR Finals: -en -eng -un HOW TO MAKE THE SOUNDS. on ineva on om the arn we In Gorman Se ele ee tai dn ama 245 Weld hit paaliat dl seid bas crmgetely finished Before releasing it. eng the same eas in en above, followed by the ng sound introduced in lesson 7; the _ngis held lightly in position until the sound has completely finished. un —_A‘W? (as in when’) followed by a ‘u’ similar to the ‘u’ in English ‘pet’, then a Chinese 1. LISTENING AND PRODUCTION DRILLS Contrasting wem as a complete syllable with was a final wen chan chan wen wen én din wen wen ‘hGin ‘hain wén wen gon gon wen Contrasting en with an én an an én én ban ban ben ‘hén hain ‘han ‘hén ‘shén shan shan shén Contrasting eng with ang pang pang péng méng mang mang meng feng fang fang feng eng zang zang zeng Contrasting en with eng zhen zheng zheng zhen gen géng géng gén kén kéng kéng ‘ken ren rang réng ren 38Proeunciaton Various contrasts ‘an juan juan Jan san suan suan ‘son én ‘din non nén chen chan chan chen wen bén ben wen wen sén sén wen wang déng eng wang weng feng féng weng 4, 4, you wén ti ‘hd IGn tdin 280 déng shan xié t6u tong yi tou chén xiao jié Jido tong yi Jiao hon dan mian déng tang ri shi chéu féng ji ban mén ndng fi L 39Pronunciation Leon 23 RATER Tone Practice 2" tone — 1* tone Push the 2 tone up high enough so that you are at the correct level to commence the 1* ‘tone. Avoid letting the 2" tone sag, and keep the 1* tone high and level. gud hua 1G jigo hi g30 qian dud shi yt nian fang méi chi ha fia ming tin cha bel 3™ tone — 1* tone Dip down low on the 3" tone, then start high and keep the 1* tone level. negeee ae ‘méi tian ' zhao ta ' géi sho 1 xido béi % zou wan : wa qian Jia ba 1* tone - 4" tone Keep the 1* tone high and level, then let the 4% tone fall its full length. b6 haoRTBISM zhéng gu yin hang f0 hu jié uan guang tuan nian ging rén rul shi rén yi bei ka f6i mei zhong rén jit zhéng jit zai shan shang xing qi wii shéi zu dud ‘cha zhéng shéng tian 2hd jid0 pai tng hua wang qi chang jido shi jié dian hua hao ma shi shi shang shi san shi xiang xin shang xing xing hG shué ba dao zhei tio tié 10 Jing ji bd jing qi jing zhang tai chang ni yé déi mai bido ta yo yao Ido yao téu téu shi dao gua hao tai man, kai ddo wan dan w6 déi kan sha, ni déi kan sho w6 yao jiain f6i, ta yao jian shéi dong hai héo kan, xi hai hao lan yan jing hén tong, yan jing tai song ta p go shan, ni pa ldo ban 6 xizing xi8o bio hao wé xiang ni déi mai hao bido 41Pronuscitin Lesson 24 RABAT Final: -e HOW TO MAKE THE SOUND e is similar to the ‘ey’in the standard British English pronunciation of ‘terse’ or ‘Shers’. The tongue is slightly further back than for the ein Chinese en. LISTENING AND PRODUCTION DRILLS Contrasting with ie (These two ¢ sounds are quite different) 6 ye yé e ze ie jié Zhe 6 i is cr 8 Xie xe 38 Contrasting e with « e a a e she sha sha shé che cha cha ché ey a a a Contrasting ¢ with uo é wo wo é 6 du6 du6 6 io mud ud re he hud hud he Contrasting ¢ with en é én én é zhe zhén zhén zhé ke kén kén ke 2 zen zen ze Contrasting ¢ with i re a a re zhé zhi zhi zhe shé ‘shi ‘shi shé che chi chi che (Take care not to open your mouth during the pronunciation of the final /; this makes it sound like a final ) 42RHR Pronunciation Lesson 24 HAVING PROBLEMS? ‘The tongue is in a similar position as for o (lesson 21) but the lips are spread. Study the diagram carefully and compare your attempts by viewing yourself in a mirror. Note that it isa fairly dhroaty sound, and that the mouth is half open. ‘a © NOTE: When reading the pinyin, the e introduced in this lesson is never confused with the ¢ learnt in lesson 19 which is always preceded by an /; the e in this lesson can be preceded by any initial except i 43Pronunciation Lesson 25 Renata Initial & Final: ¢/u HOW TO MAKE THE SOUND ii/a although this sound is not found in English, it occurs both in French (a lune’) and German @ber). To make this sound, your fongue should be in the same position as for a Chinese / (high and forwards), and your Hipsas for a Chinese w (tightly rounded). Remember to purse the lips. LISTENING AND PRODUCTION DRILLS Chinese i can act as a complete syllable on its own. Note that a few speakers add a faint ¥ to the front of the sound. yo yo ya yo Contrasting (iu with (i yo yi vi ya qa qi qi qa xo x x xi nd ni al ii Contrasting (yu with (wh yo wo wo yo 4a 7 ti i nd no nd nd xt so st x0 Contrasting jg, x+ u with 2h, ch, sh+ u ja zha zha io aa cha chi ai xi sha shi xo HAVING PROBLEMS? mae tes te Z by saying a Chinese 4 then slowly round your lips until they are tightly rounded, but without moving your tongue. NOTES ON SPELLING ‘The d sound can occur only after 1, J, g, xX and y. In order not to confuse sud with mu and /i with 1a, an umlaut is added to distinguish these two vowels. However, the umlaut is mof added after the initials , j, xor yas no confusion can arise.BRBH TAM Pronunciation Lesson 26 Tone Practice 2™ tone — 2™ tone Each 2 tone must climb its full length without any sagging. It may help if you pause for ‘4 brief moment after the first 2" tone in order to return to the correct starting point ready for the second climb. shi xing 2 tone — 3* tone Ifyou concentrate on pushing the 2" tone up, the 3 tone will dip naturally. tal wang nan xi méi zou hai xiao 66 jing nin hdo ping déng lang shut shi bén rén lo 4® tone — 3" tone Let the 4* tone fall sharply. zul sho mai br fang bang shui bao wa yo {wan jing tio bal a tai xido we shéu je i jid ve ENE PE 45Pronunciation Lesson 27 Ra Finals: -dn -de -Gan -iong HOW TO MAKE THE SOUNDS tin Chinese yu followed by a faint as in English ‘hit’, then a Chinese ie Chinese yu followed by an eas in ye (lesson 19) dian Chinese yu followed by an anas in yan (lesson 19) jong Chinese yu followed by ang. (lesson 7) LISTENING AND PRODUCTION DRILLS Contrasting, im with in yon yin yin yon xan xin xin xan jon Jin In jon gan qn qin quan Contrasting j, q, x + din with zh, ch, sh + un zhan Jon chan gan shan xin ye yue xi6 xué qe qué Wie toe wan yuan suén xugn zhuan jvan cchuan quan yuan quan xuan juanREBAR Promuaciation Lesson 27 Contrasting j, g,x + iong with zh, ch, s+ ong: Jiong zhong zhong jing qiong chéng chong qiéng xiong song song xiéng HAVING PROBLEMS? Be sure that you are making the yu sound correctly ~ get this right before adding on the inital constant or gliding the second half ofthe thong “Remember ‘Remember that all these ‘even diphthongs ~ the first half prominent as the second. carefully the tpaling ofthe pyaar thes ound. i me 4 eS yin yue jia xudn ji quan xuan chun ché zhé xué ji g6ng quan fi yan juan gan zhuan lid dian hua yuan quan Jin zhéng jiang qin le gud zhan gain xing tié juan mén Jing zhin da qué shui qu a7Pronunciation Lesson 28 REARTAR siaa When s, zand c act as complete syllables, pinyin adds an i to the s, zand c. Compare this with final / in lesson 11 and refer to the note in lesson 18. HOW TO MAKE THE SOUNDS. ‘The tongue is held in almost exactly the same position as for s, zand c, ic. the tongue tip is lightly touching the back of either the upper or lower teeth (see lessons 1 & 8). LISTENING AND PRODUCTION DRILLS Contrasting # with w zi a aes age 208 Bas BSS HAVING PROBLEMS? ‘Take care not to open your mouth or move your lips while pronouncing si, z/and ci as doing so makes them sound like s, zeand ce.REBAR Pronunciation Lesson 29 Neutral Tone Whereas most syllables in Chinese have a specific fone, a few sylbles are toneless. ‘These ‘neutral tone’ syllables are relatively short and unstressed. However, they do have pitch which varies acccording to the tone of the previous syllable. LISTENING AND PRODUCTION DRILLS 1* tone If the preceding syllable is 1* tone, the pitch on the neutral tone syllable is ow: kai to zhud zi san ge F tide 2” tone If the preceding syllable is 2 tone, the pitch on the neutral tone syllable is ow. fang 21 lai le ‘mang zhe ‘shél de . tone the preceding syllable is 3" tone, the pitch on the neutral tone syllable is mid. 4* tone If the preceding syllable is 4* tone, the pitch on the neutral tone syllable is very ow. zud zhe )F RSE * FEAR RARE S) Group 1: Question-Word Questions (Where, What, Who, Why) Wé mingtian dao Béijing QU. 1. Nimingtian dao nali qo? x F'm going to Beijing tomorrow. ‘Where are you going, Wo xianzai xuéxi Hanya. 'm learning Chinese now. 2. Ni xianzai xuéxi shénme? ‘What are you learning now? 3, Nide linja shi shéi? Wade linja shi Zhang ji. ‘Who is your neighbor? My neighbors are the Zhang’s. 4. Niw@ishénme dao Guangzhdu lai? Wé Iai Guangzhou ud shéngy/. Why have you come to Guangzhou? _T've come to Guangzhou to do business. 5. Niji zhd zai shénme difang? Where do you live? 52 Wo jia zha zai Zhong Shan ld. live in Zhong Shan Road.Pronunciation Lawson 31 Group 2: Yes-No Questions (using Question particle ma at the end) 1. Nixthuan zhi zai Xn ma? Wé hén xihuan. Do you enjoy living in Xi'an? Lenjoy it very much. 2, Niai chi Zhonggué cai ma? Wé hén ai chi, Do you like eating Chinese food? Tike eating it very much. 3. NIhui yong diannao ma? Wé bata hui. Can you use computers? T'm not very good with them. 4, Ta hui shud Yingyo ma? Ta hul yididnr. Can he speak English? He can speak a little. 5. Ta qdguo Shanghai ma? Ta qaguo yicl. Has he ever been to Shanghai? He's been once. Have you noticed that, in spite of differing intonation patterns, the fones still remain clear and intact? The relationship of tones fo sentence intonation in Chinese can be likened to small ripples riding on large waves (although the ripples may be ‘larger’ than the waves). ‘The actual result is an algebraic sum of two kinds of waves: where two mask the tone completely — the tones should always be clear and distinct. Normal intonation — as in ordinary statements ~ is, on the whole, simply a succession of tones. In short sentences of three or four syllables, there is no special intonational ‘modification. In longer sentences, there is a slight tendency for the pitch to trail off to a lower key towards the end, regardless of which tone the final word is. For questions where Question Particle ma is used, the whole sentence is normally pitched ‘higher than in ordinary statements. LINKING When the next syllable begins with a y, the syllable-final is often not completely made: the tongue tip approaches the gum ridge, without actually reaching it; the passage from throat f0 nose is opened s0 that the vowel before the z1is nasalized, and then closed again as the ystarts, Listen to the following: vinyl iinya ramyus yuanyin banyan xianyan mianyi xinyong miényang 33Pronunciation Lesson 31 RRB Stress In both Chinese and English, certain syllables are more prominent than others. However, the way in which they are stressed differs: Listen to the following examples of stressed syllables in Chinese. (The words in italics are the stressed syllables.) Wotetoteacher: THRAWKEFEMS > HERS MAT 1* tone Wo xing Zhang, bushi Zang. My surname is Zhang, not Zang. 24 tone W6 xing Huding, bishi Wang. ‘My surname is Huang, not Wang. 34 tone Wo shud: Ta biddo, bishi ta buAdo. 1 said: He isn’t old (lo), not he isn’t good (hao). 4% tone Ta shud: Wang Adu, bashi wang you. He said: Go backwards (hou), not go right (you). 4Pronunciation Leson 32 BERET Some Everyday Words and Phrases 55Bho Chinese & English Consonants Compared pared, eS sous R = poreidse 572724 pemeg | ~ reget ‘Pronunciation Appendix A usu eaopuepyRABI Chinese & English Vowels Compared Chinese English [__ Front Central Back High i ¢ Ow (w" w ? *u) Mid-bigh Mid ae? jee Midow | ye & “ oO @ Low * ee or 1 machine Shar 9 cgre* 2 hit 6 sun 10 put 3 bed 7 happen 11 nude 4 bad 8 dog 12 terse* © = rounded tips 37Pronunciation Appendix B RTHRE Phonetic Description of Chinese Consonants 3 voiceless unaspirated bilabial stop voiceless labio-dental fricative voiceless unaspirated dental stop voiceless aspirated dental stop voiced dental nasal voiced dental lateral voiceless unaspirated velar stop voiceless aspirated velar stop x voiceless velar fricative tei) __ voiceless unaspirated alveolo-palatal affricate tei) _ voiceless aspirated alveolo-palatal affricate a RPE eas ee Geshe te RS oe (i) voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative tf voiceless unaspirated palato-alveolar affricate we voiceless aspirated palato-alveolar affricate i voiceless palato-alveolar fricative 7 voiced palato-alveolar fricative B voiceless unaspirated dental affricate is voiceless aspirated dental affricate 4 voiceless dental fricative 58MD Pronunciation Appendix B Phonetic Description of Chinese Vowels Pinyin oO high front unrounded. (wu high back rounded. yu high front rounded a low central _unrounded [or low front unrounded] (wo mid-low back rounded e mid back unrounded @e — mid-low front —_ unrounded ai low central unrounded > high front —_unrounded ei mid front unrounded «=> high front —_unrounded 40 low central unrounded -+ high back rounded ow mid-highback rounded = > high back —_ rounded an low _— front unrounded => voiced dental nasal en mid central unrounded -» voiced dental nasal ang low — central unrounded © -> voiced velar nasal eng mid central unrounded © -> voiced velar nasal er mid central unrounded —> retroflex the tongueRMR Pronunciation Appendix C Chinese in Pinyin Romanization Be + Be aa ioe a : ee Sip aoa t i = oon a i ise « a = wore fete 0 wn mn | [me [om calom|or| ome |i rele leRRBRO The Four Tones Normal Pitch 1 4 2 Tone Pitch & Length when Stressed a 4 2 Zero Tone ye ae 61CounNEene 62 The Vocal Organs Lungs Windpipe (trachea) Vocal Cords Pharynx Nose Mouth Uvula Alveolar-palate Front of the Tongue Teeth Alveolar Ridge Hard Palate Velum Tongue Tip ‘Tongue Blade Back of the Tongue Lips RARE10. TOPIC & GRAMMAR CONTENT LESSONS 1-10 Introducing Yourself Equative Verbs / Introductions / Asking Questions . The Classroom Action Verbs / Indirect Object / Question Word Questions . The Post Office ‘Numbers / Measures / Possession / Auxilary Verbs / Prices |. The Market Specifiers / Larger Numbers / Transposed Object 1. Describing Chinese Adjectives / déu #8 . Telling the Time Time When / Telling the Time / half (ban +) / decimals . Days & Dates Time When (week, month, year) / Suggestion & Probability (ba 2) }. Giving Directions / Address Position & Location (zai #2 + PW (or N+li f/shang £)) Prepositions of Direction & Motion (céng J\/dao 5] + PW + lai %8/q0z:) ). Getting Public Transport Preposition of Location (zai ZE) Position in Relation to People (dao 3) Person lai/qa) Prepositions of Direction & Motion (céng Jk PW dao 3) PW qi) Prepositions of Conveyance (zud 44/qi 5) Eating Out Action-in-Progress (zai Zz) / néng fé - kéy! ATLL - hul 2 6Nouns / Pronouns ‘Subject / Object Place Words Bound Forms Resultative Verb Ending Expressions Faicahial gaia ba aA iBByiA 8 fala ra ‘ayes Rw ween O77 PRA Attia SRA AB eB ii N/PN s/o P eee aa Rgmayne LESSON 1 What's in this lesson: = Introducing Yourself - Verb ‘to be’ - Two simple ways of Asking Questions INTRODUCING YOURSELF DIALOGUE xf if duihua HE: RHE HR? Wang: Xiansheng, nin guixing? PR : Bt RE + RO OM BOE © Lin: Mian guixing Lin, we jido Lin Gué-guang. E: RAE? MEABAB? Wang: Lin xiansheng, nif shi Méiguorén ma? h: RH RERBA’ Lin: Ba-shi, wé shi Yingguorén. LESSON 1 eu AMA A SELESSON 1 6 yike Sik Ei: NM Re? Wang: Xidojié, guixing? PR : (9%) Rt BRe Chén: — (W6) xing Chén. E: RDM: Ke eH? Wang: Chén xiaojié, ni shi laoshi ma? KR: RAREZW: REE > Chen: WO bi-shi ldoshi, wo shi xuésheng. E: RA MUM PAES? Wang: Qingwén, ni jido shénme mingzi? A: KRW RWB - wa: W6 jiao Wa Li-zhén. £: PBRAB SMW? Wang: Nin shi-bu-shi Ioshi? Ri hs REZ Iii - Wa: Shi, wé shi ldoshi. EE: ROW? BE: Wang: Wa ldoshi, zaijian. mF wa: Zaijian.RW Gh yi ke ‘LESSON 1 ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE DIALOGUE st if #H if Wang : Sir/Mister, what is your (honorable) surname? Lin: My (humble) family name is Lin, P'm called Lin Guo-guang. Wang: Mr. Lin, are you (an) American? —_(see note 9) Lin: No, I'm British. Wang : Miss., what is your family name? Chen: My family name is Chen. ‘Wang: Miss Chen, are you a teacher? Chen: I'm nota teacher, I'm a student. Wang: Excuse me, what is your name? Wa: Myname is Wu Li-zhen. Wang: Are you a teacher? Wu: Yes, Pma teacher. Wang: Teacher Wu, goodbye. Wu: Goodbye. abaLESSON 1 A yi ke BR NEW VOCABULARY 4 ia] shéngci [Parts of Speech: see page 144 for descriptions of each Part of Speech] vi E wang v2. 5 xiansheng pe zhangfu 2 KK taital BT qizi #A airen 4. As ML xidojié 15. #8 nin 46. Bt guixing § Ht HE min guixing es wo Ri women m2 101 zanmen 18. ni Kf] nimen 9. ft / itt ta ft 47 tamen (N) ) ) ®) ®) ) ) ey) (ex) (EX) 332338 (PN) king; (a Chinese family name) ‘Mr; sir; (husband); gentleman husband ‘Mrs; (wife) wife wife; husband Miss., young lady, girl, female shop assistant (pronounced xidojie) you (polite form) (note 2) ‘What is (your) honorable sumame? —_(see note 4) (my) surname is ... ( polite reply) I, me we, us (inclusive) we (ie. you & I) you (singular) you (plural) he, she; him, her (note 8) they; them [#01shi Méiguorén Méigué ma? ‘Yingguorén Chén Joshi ‘shénme mingzi zaijian 233932 3 g22232 2228 to be named, to be called (by a certain name) tobe American America ‘man, person, people (interrogative sentence particle) not (the negative) (note 10) British (note 11) Britain (@ Chinese family name) ‘teacher student (some say “xuéshéng’) Please may I ask,...? Excuse me, ...? ‘What? (sce Lesson 2, Drills 22-23) name; given name (@ Chinese family name) Goodbye! (See you again) vine ainLESSON 1 yi ke EQUATIVE VERBS (Ev) Equative Verbs equate two nouns (or nominal expressions) as in: Tam a teacher, He is an American (tt 4 38 [3] A TA shi Méiguorén), Tam Miss Chen (# JE PK /}) ffl Wé shi Chén xidojié). The word order in most instances is the same in both English and Chinese. The most common Equative Verb is # shi (to be). Two other Equative Verbs are kt xing (to be surnamed) and fll jido (to be named/called). SENTENCE PATTERNS iff % 4% > 1. Negative 7 bd follows the Subject. Repetition Drill R | ba | jet Chén xidojis: ba |Bike LESSON 1 2. Questions can be formed by simply adding 1% ma? to the end of the sentence. Teacher asks the student the following questions and the student replies. ‘Then the student asks the teacher the following questions and the teacher Q&m&ERAAM 2? A(R) BRA) BRBA> Q: Nishi Méiguérén ma? — A: (bd) shi, wé (bG) shi Méiguérén. GRKEEWUH? A Q: WO shi [doshi ma ? A Q fi/i Be EW PA Q: TANI shi xuésheng ma ? GREED? A Q: WoxingWangma? =A: 3. Questions can also be formed by using the positive + negative form of the verb (i.e. by immediately following the positive form of the verb with its negative form). 0% ma’? is always omitted in this kind of sentence pattem. ‘Teacher asks the student the following questions and the student replies. Fs Fe Eos es hoe ate ea ae ies. SRR ERB A? ACK) BRA) BRA : Ni shi-bu-shi Méiguérén ? A: (bG) shi, wé (bG) shi Méiguérén. : ih AR EE MP ): Ta shi-bu-shi léoshi ? Rewer eBRAA? CChén léoshi shi-bu-shi Yingguérén ? WA hiner Ree? Qingwén, tamen shi-bu-shi xuésheng ? 92 22 22 8e ee Re RP nLESSON 1 dyke Be INTRODUCING YOURSELF Asking Someone's Name: Git (Al) & Bt 2 or HE / Wy Hh BE? (Qingwén) nin guixing? or — Xiansheng / Xidojié, guixing ? Replying to the above Question: - giving surname only: #% %f # > Wo xing Lin. - giving full name: (BR) Ke OY HOHE © (Wé) xing Lin, jiao Lin Gué-guang. or: & % Ht + Wé shi Lin Gué-guang. Now practice using your own Chinese name. _ [Refer to Notes 1-4] Then practice with the other students in your class. ‘Answer the following questions by giving your own personal details Om BRRRHA? Q: Ni shi-bu-shi Méiguérén ? Of ES ii] ? Q: Nishi ldoshI ma ? OR te RW? Ni xing Wo ma ? CS ae ae ae Q Q: tk MY RE HE 2 Q: Nijido Chén Gué-guang ma ?DM Syke LESSON 1 Talk about the Picture below Si SS Lin Gué-guang Chén dosh [see ‘Notes’ for some other nationalities] TRANSLATION i i¥ fanyi Are they British? We are not teachers. He is not Lin Guo-guang, May I ask, is Teacher Wu an American? Is she called Chen Li-zhen? sPepe WORTH NOTING iz: f# People’s titles are very important, So when talking to a person who is a teacher, professor, etc., be sure to use their appropriate title when addressing them. Don’t be too quick to use given names - and never with older people. Older Chinese people seldom call each other just by their given name, unless they are very close friends. ‘Two simple rules worth noting are: a) with regards to addressing someone else = see how other people address them. ) as regards yourself, don’t insist on people calling you by your given name but rather let them address you in the way they feel most comfortable and natural. Although there are over 1600 different Chinese surnames, common ones are: Bk (Chén), #6 (Lin), sit (Huang), #& (Zhang), (LI), = (Wang), #4 (Zhao), 5 (WO), XI (Lid), #% (YAng), fA (Zhou). B eanLESSON 1 oh yi ke i ‘TRANSLATION OF THE SENTENCE PATTERNS ‘) 4 fii if 1, I'man American. You are a teacher. She is a student. ‘We aren’t British. ‘Miss Chen isn’t teacher. 2, Are you (an) American? Am Ta teacher? Ishe / Are you a student? Ismy family name Wang? 3. Are you (an) American? Is she a teacher? Is Teacher Chen British? Excuse me, are they students? (see note 12) NOTES it fi¥ [ #£RCHR ] Notes regarding Introducing Yourself 1, Chinese personal names consist of two parts: a family name (or surname) and a given name. Note that the family name precedes the given name. The most ‘common pattern for Chinese names is a single-syllabled family name (e.g. Lin) followed by a single-syllabled or double-syllabled given name (e.g. Et Gu6-guang). Occasionally you will meet people who have a double-syllabled family name,@.g. 7] 7% SI-MA). Also note that the person’s name precedes their title (e.g. 6 % Jif Lin loshl). When giving your own name, you always omit the title. 2. Remember to use {@i nin when wishing to be courteous to someone ~ it is the polite form of {jx nt (‘you’ — both singular and plural). 3. The answer to {& fit t& ? Nin guixing? isonly # ie W6 xing + SURNAME. It is never 4% & #f 4 4 W6 xing Lin xiénsheng nor #% ke $k GH 3 W6 xing Lin Gué-guang « ‘The answer to ff Ol ft Z % 2 NIjido shénme mingzi ? (What is your name?) can be the person’s full name 5& fj 3% WA Li-zhén or their given name only i % Li-zhén, or # H 48 Hi BH WO shi WG Li-zhén. You cannot say #% Ml 5% WO jido WG nor # YY SE sy $81 WO jido WO xiaojis. 4BRA yike ‘LESSON 1 ‘When asking children their name or asking someone about another person’s name, you simply say: s/t OM tt & % 5? NI/TAjiao shénme mingzi ? (when requiring their given or full name) (n/t t+ 4? NITA xing shénme ? (when only requiring their surname) 4, ft gui (honorable) is used mostly when asking someone their name, and, ‘when wishing to be very polite, their country of origin too. But itis never used in the reply ! General Notes 5. This lesson has covered two ways of asking questions in Chinese: ‘One way is simply to add the interrogative particle 1 ma? to the end of the sentence. The word order remains unchanged (see Drill 2). ‘Another way of asking questions is to use the positive + negative form of the ‘Verb. The interrogative particle 1 ma? is not added to this type of question. Iti rather like: “You be-no-be ...?” (see Drill 3). ‘There is sometimes a slight difference between the thrust of the interrogative particle ma? question form and the positive + negative question form. 13 ma? questions can carry a connotation of doubt ~ and therefore are clarification-seeking, whereas positive + negative type questions are neutral and straightforward they simply ask “Yes” or‘“No”. (This is more fully explained in Lesson 5 note 12) 6. When asking questions using 18 ma?, the whole sentence usually has & raised intonation contrast English where the pitch is only raised at the end of the sentence. However, choice-type questions have the same intonation pattern as declarative sentences - generally an even intonation with a downward curve at the end. 7. Answers to Questions: In simple questions, answers are formed by just repeating the Verb in its positive or negative form. Inclusion of parts of speech other than the Verb is optional. (Chinese does not really have exact words corresponding to ‘yes’ and ‘no’ as in English.) 5LESSON 1 dl yikes —R Q: Ta shi xuésheng ma ? fh BE? Is he a student? A: Shi. B. ‘Yes. Q: Ta shi-bu-shi Yinggu6rén? x ; A. HE KH A? Isshe British? A: BG-shi, No. 8. Ta = he [fi] or she [fib]. In spoken Chinese, itis sometimes unclear whether the person referred to is male or female. 9, Chinese does not have words corresponding to the English words ‘a’ or ‘the’, e.g. & $E fi Wo shi Boshi = Lamateacher; 2% Wii 0 5 mH Laoshi jiao Wa Li-zhén = The teacher is called Wu Li-zhen. 10. Negative 7 bi before a 4th tone word (c.g. J shi) changes to a 2nd tone (bG-shi). In rapid speech, the tone on 7 bd is unstressed. 11. The strict meaning of 3€ [=] Yinggu6 is ‘Britain’. When needing to be more specific, there are proper words for England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. 12. Ambiguity of Singular and Plural Nouns: Nouns do not change form according to whether they are being used in the singular or plural. Chinese is, therefore, not always clear as to whether a Noun is singular or plural, e.g. & $i ldoshi can mean either ‘teacher’ or ‘teachers’. The context usually makes the meaning clear. 6Ro A erke LESSON 2 LESSON 2 What's in this lesson: - Action Verbs - Indirect Object - Question Word Questions - Naming & Requesting THE CLASSROOM DIALOGUE xf if duihua RAL: Zi >t H Huéng xiansheng: Laoshi, nl hao. M2: Mes HA RRA AB? Lid laoshi: Nihao. Qingwén, na shi shénme déngxi? RAE: KEHB: Huang xiansheng: Zhé shi fénbi. WZ Wi: HMR RE? LiG laoshr: Qing ni gi w5, hdo-bu-hao? Reet Me Huang xiansheng: Hac. MZ Vi: Ht Ht > LiG tosh: Xiexie,LESSON 2 we Ui: LiG laoshi: £R: Wang Ling: RUS Mit: Lid \doshi: Roe: Huang xiansheng: x i: Lig tdosht: RE: Huang xiansheng: MS Ni: Lig ldoshi: = Wang Ling: #8 WR: LiZi-giang: Xl MB: Lid laoshI: B der ke Mo EM MBA? Wang Ling, nl yao shénme ? RAB: Wé yao sha. WA: RAB? Qingwén, shéi you sha? RA Wo you. i i Ht th > MF OR MF? Qing ni gi ta, h&o-bu-hao? cg Hao. tk iE BE? NI/hai yao bl ma? RB Hw Ba-yao, xiéxie. 20 > Be Laoshi, 240. Be KM toe F? Zo. Ni jido shénme mingzi?MAR a aria LESSON 2 a ee i LiZi-qiang: Wo jido LIZi-aiang. W20: FAR MARAMR FTF? Lid ldoshi: LIZi-qing, ni you-méi-you beizi? SR: WR? RA? LiZi-giang: Duibugl, méi-you. NEW: WKAR: Lid oshi: Méi-guanxi. ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE DIALOGUE xf if #8 i Huang : Hello, teacher. Liu: Hello. May Lask, what is that object? Huang: ‘This is chalk. Liu: Please would you give it tome, okay? (note 2) Huang : Okay. Liu: Thanks. Liu: Wang Ling, what do you want? ‘Wang : want a book. Liu: Excuse me, who has a book? Huang: Ihave. Liu: Please would you give it to her, okay? Huang: Okay. Liu: Do you also want a pen? Wang : No thanks. Li: Good morning, teacher. Liu: — Good morning. What is your name? Li: Fm (alled) Li Zi-qiang. Liu: Li Zi-qiang, do you have a cup? Li: Sorry, I don’t have one. Liu: Never mind,LESSON 2 her ke Boe NEW VOCABULARY 4 if) shéngci 1. # Huang (SV/N) yellow (color) / (a Chinese family name) 2. OR HF ni héo (EX) Hello! How do you do! (note 7) 3. xi Lia (N) (a Chinese family name) 4. BB na /néi (SP) that 8. aK dongxi (N) things, goods, personal possessions 6. i zhé / zhéi (SP) this 7 OE fendi (N) chalk 8. iff ging (V) _ please...;. toask to... to invite (note 4) 9 ge (Vv) to give (to) 10. & A fF —‘ho-bu-hdo (EX) Howaboutit? Okay? (Is that a good idea?) oF hao (EX) OK; Alright it ® xiéxie (EX) Thank (you)! Thanks ! Kit ba-xié (EX) Don’t mention it. You’re welcome! 12. & yao (V) — towant 13. $ sho (N) book(s) 14. HE shéi/shui (QW) who? 80BIH d or ke 18. you 16. th / iB _ye/ hai RES th hp Be Wo yao bi, ta y yao bi. 7. & bi EZ —-yuanzhabt 18. u 19, FE 280 20. F béizi 21. %f 7 #2 dulbuqi 22. %& KR —méi-guanxi 23. jiaoshi LESSON 2 (Vv) tohave (note 3) (negative = 8k A méiydu) (A) also, too I want a pen, and he does too. (N) —pen(s) (general term for writing instruments) (NX) ball-point pen (N) (a Chinese family name) (EX) Good moming! (literally means ‘early’) (N) cup, glass, tumbler, mug (EX) Sorry! I beg your pardon! (note 8) (EX) It doesn’t matter! Never mind! (or: 8 HB JL méi-shir) classroomLESSON 2 er ke BO ACTION VERBS (V) Chinese Action Verbs are similar to English Action Verbs (e.g, to run, buy, read, walk) ~ expressing action or the occurrence of an event. ‘The sentence order is normally the same in Chinese as in English: ‘Subject - Verb - Object (I want a book). You will be delighted to know that not only are all Chinese verbs regular in form, but they are also not inflected, i.e. they do not change according to person, number or tense (see Note 1). Contrast this with English, e.g. you buy, he buys, I bought, etc. SENTENCE PATTERNS if %4 4 > RE i Huang xiénsheng j ee | yao” a you a | 98i imi | yao al you 82Ek Or ke LESSON 2 From the above Drill, you can see that questions can be formed simply by adding "4 ma ? to the end of the sentence. Questions can also be formed by using the positive + negative form of the verb (see Lesson 1). Remember that 0% ma ? is always omitted in this kind of sentence pattern. Repetition Drill [aR Ni | yao-bu-yao st Age Ta | yousmél-you #9 ‘eRe ih? Laoshi géi-bu-géi nl’? Rbe ABA Huang xidojié you-méi-you | 3. Progressive Substitution Drill ‘The teacher first gives the basic sentence pattern: Example: & BEE ° — Wé yaoi. The student repeats the sentence: Example: % HS > WO yaobl. The teacher then supplies a new word: Example: ft {1 Tamen ‘The student changes the sentence by substituting the new word in the appropriate place in the sentence: Example: fi {1 3 %& ° Tamen yao bi.LESSON 2 Gerke Roe Teacher: RH Student: #2 BEE © Wé yao bi. Wé yao bi. Teacher: fit {1 Student: fit {f] BEE » tamen ‘Tamen yao bi. Teacher: 1 Student: ft 7] #05? ma? Tamen yao bima ? Teacher: # you ‘Student: Teacher: # % 4 © yOu-méi-you Student: Teacher: #3 shi Student: Teacher: 3 % Jif Huang Ioshi Student: Teacher: B A BE yao-bu-yao Student: ‘Teacher: # béizi ‘Student: Teacher: fis nt Student: Teacher: 03 2 ma? Student: INDIRECT OBJECT (IO) are) 4) He gives me a book In Chinese, the Indirect Object precedes the Direct Object, as in the English sentences: He gives me the book or Mr. Smith teaches her French. The Direct Object represents what is being transferred as a result of the action, and the Indirect Object denotes who is being affected by that action.ra LESSON 2 Objects occur most frequently with the verb #4 géi (to give). 1. Repetition Drill 12. Question & Answer Drill: answer the questions with a specified Direct Object. Example: Teacher: RH MK {to RH? (HE) W6 gi ni shénme déngxi? ( fénbI) Student: fit # # # Eo — (Yougive me chalk) NI g6i wo fénbI. Teacher: RM wit oR? ( HR) Student: W6 géi ni shénme dongxi? ( fénbI ) Teacher: RB Rt ARKH? (RF) Student: W6 géi ni shénme dongxi? ( béizi ) Teacher: RB ARH? ( #) ‘Student: Wé géi ni shénme dongxi? (shi) Teacher: RA Ut 4RB? (BRB) Student: Wo g@i ni shénme dongxi ?_( yuénzhibl )LESSON 2 or ke Ho QUESTION WORDS (QW) (WH-questions) In ENGLISH the word order of the question is often different from that of the answer: c.g. Q: Whatdo you want? A: I want a pen. However, in CHINESE the word order of the question is always the same as the word order of the answer (sec the examples above). So, in the question, the Question Word must always appear in the same place as the word which answers it does in the answer. Remember that questions formed by using Question Words do not need question particle 3 ma?. 86ERB A? shi M@iguérén ? BREA? shi Méiguérén. AB? ‘Shéi | yéu sha ? (AB: yOu sha. 2 te? géi ni bi? (PREe gi w6 I. 22. Question Word acting as Object. LESSON 2 a7LESSON 2 you shénme dongxi 7 HB: you sha. i i 2 gdi shéi ? | th Hk THE + g6i Lin Gud-guang. hor ke oR 23. Substitution Drill: substitute the Question Word in the appropriate place. Example: Teacher: Teacher: Teacher: Teacher: Teacher: fi B Ho WO yao bi. Student: i BZ? Shéi yao bi ? REE: ( i ) Wo yao bi. ( shéi ) RAK BE Ct 4) Lin taitai yao bi. ( shénme ) SERRF > (i) Xuésheng you béizi. ( shéi ) 2M eR Bs (ft Laoshi géiw6 sho. — ( shénme dongxi )SIXIR dl Or ko LESSON 2 ACTIVITY 3% i huddéng Naming, requesting and giving objects (First equip yourself with a ball-point pen, textbook, chalk and cup/mug) 1. Teacher points to an object and says: Teacher: i fl i& ft & ? Qingwén, zhé shi shénme ? Student replies: 3X HE == Zh@ shi... 2. Teacher asks the student: i # YL A= 2 NiyOu-méi-ydu ... 2 Student replies appropriately. 3. Teacher says: # (7% # Student hands the object to the teacher. Qing ni g&i wo .... 4, Teacher then asks the student: Teacher: {x {ft A KH? Ni yao shénme dongxi ? Student replies: #2 BE - Wo yao .... TRANSLATION i if fany! Who also has a cup? ‘Whaat is her name? ‘Teacher Liu, are you British? Please give me a pen. A: (Pm) sorry. Br It doesn’t matter. geepr WORTH NOTING ix: fi# Using a name chop, rather than signing one’s name, is often the preferred method when doing business in China. TRANSLATION OF THE SENTENCE PATTERNS 4) % fi i% 1. [want a book. Do you have a pen? She gives it tome. (note 2) Doesn't the teacher want a book? Mr. Huang doesn’t have any chalk, (note 5)cobs ork HR 2. Do you want a book? Does she have a pen? Is the teacher giving it to you? Does Miss Huang have a cup? 11. The teacher gives him chalk. Mrs. Lin gives me a cup. Isn’t Miss Li giving her a book? What object isn’t Teacher Huang giving you? 21. Whois American? Wu Li-zhen is American. Who has a book? Teacher Lit has a book. ‘What person is giving you a pen? Li Zi-qiang is giving me a pen. 22, What does Teacher Liu want? He wants a cup. What object does Wang Ling have? She has a book. Who are you giving it to? (note 2) Pm giving it to Lin Guo-guang, NOTES it: #& 1. Tense: in this lesson, the present tense has been used to translate the Chinese into English, However, because Chinese Verbs are not inflected for person, ‘number or tense, the sentences could also be future (c.g. | will want a book) or past (e.g. I wanted a book), according to the context of the sentence. Means of distinguishing these tenses (or rather aspects) will become clearer later on. 2. Impersonal Pronoun ‘it’: the impersonal pronoun ‘it’ is not translated in Chinese, e.g. I don’t want it = #2 7 BH W6 bi-yao. 3. The negative of #7 yOu is always 8 #7 méi-yOu, never A #i bi-you. ‘This verb is the one exception to the rule that the negative is 7X bd. However, it is often abbreviated to % méi,e.g. # Yk +3 WO méi shi (I don’t have a book). But note that, when simply saying “I haven’t” (ie. omitting the Object), 3% AL méi-you cannot be abbreviated to ¥ méi-it must be Hk A WS méi-you. 90RoR aes LESSON 2 In choice-type questions, the positive-negative form is 4 ¥ #4 ydu-méi-ydu, eg. i 1 & HB ? Niydu-méi-you bi ? (Do you havea pen?). 4. iff qing has four basic meanings: ) to request/ask someone to do something Bik fh & Wé qing ta gai ni Tasked him to give it to you b) Please (would you) ... itt {i # 1 2 VF Qing ni gai Lid Idoshi_ Please would you give it to Teacher Liv °) to invite (someone) th iM Mth Wo yé ging ta lai Talso invited him to come (& Idi = tocome) 4) topay for (someone) [e.g. a meal, movie, etc.] Rit ir Wé qing ni Pl pay for you Note that ‘ff qing only takes statements as its Object. 5. ‘Any: In English, unstressed ‘some’ (or ‘any’ in negative sentences) indicates an indefinite amount. In Chinese, no word is required to translate either ‘some* ‘or ‘any’: ‘Do you want some? {K HR BH? Niyao-bu-yao? Don’t you want any? tk A HU 2 — Nibi-yao ma ? He doesn’thave any books. ft #& 8 © Taméi-yéu sho. 6. WH-questions: what, when, where, why, who (and how). 7. Two 3rd Tones together: where two 3rd tone syllables follow each other, the first syllable rises to a 2nd tone when speaking (e.g. ni ho becomes ni hao). However, this textbook will still indicate the original tone above the syllable. 8, The polite response to Xt 7. & dulbuqi is % H JL méi-shir.LESSON 2 tr ke =e 9. Question Words can also stand before Nouns: ARE TAS? ‘What (kind of) pen do you want? A: Niyao shénme bi? ‘What (kind of) pen do you want? REMKRE: I want a ball-point pen. ; Wo yao yuanzhabi. T want a ball-point pen. YOUR OWN NOTES How to learn, review and remember the vocabulary in Chinese Made Easier: www.|learn-chinese-fast.com/chinesemadeeasier.htm! 92EH al sin ke LESSON 3 LESSON 3 What's in this lesson: - Numbers - Measures - Asking & Giving Prices - Possession - Auxiliary Verbs THE POST OFFICE DIALOGUE xf if duihua x Zhao: Ay MB: Xidojié: Zhao: Wy Hh: Xidojié: : NM > KBR WR Xidojié, w5 yao mai youpiao. kK BRS dD HW MR ? NI yao mai duéshao-qian de youpiao ? DM RB MBA > RA tf Duibugi, ni shud shénme, w6 bi-déng. Ril te > wm BK IL RK KH MW HP W wen ni, ni yao mai jf kuai qian de yéupiao ? :RREK KM KE WH HOR We yao mai lid zhang liang kuai qin de youpiao. 93‘LESSON 3 di san ke =O ih: —H+oOR: MAB A? Xidojié: — Yigong shiér kuai. NI hai yao shénme ? BR : (MARAW AH ? Zhao: (ND) yOu-méi-ydu mingxinpian ? At: WRB? RAS XiGoji8: — Dulbuql, méi-you. % : hb M > RH ee Zhang: Xidojié, wo yao ji xin. yt: BF a EG? Xiaojié: Yao jl hangkéng ma ? x i Me Zhang: Dui. yy Wh: BR BES ? Xidojié: Yao-bu-yao guahao ? hk : > Hi: Zhang: Yao, xiéxie. NM: + RA Ee Xiaojié: Shi kuai wu mao. xk : MRR RMHROARRBEEK? Zhang: Dulbudi, ni shud si kuai haishi shi kuai ? my Hh: + Re Xidojié: Shi kuai. 94di sin ke LESSON 3 TRANSLATION OF THE DIALOGUE xf if Hi i# + Miss, I want to buy some stamps. ‘What (denomination of) stamps do you want to buy? —_ (see note 11) : Pm sorry, what did you say, I didn’t understand, Lasked you, what stamps do you want to buy? 2 Twant fo buy six ¥2 stamps, Altogether that’s ¥12. What else do you want? : Doyou have any postcards? Sorry, we don’t have any. ‘Miss, | want to mail a letter. : Do you want to send it airmail? Correct. Do you want to register it? Yes, thanks. ¥10.50. : Pm sorry, did you say ¥4 or ¥10?LESSON 5 sin ke IR NEW VOCABULARY 4: i] shéngci 1. HS AR yéuja (PW) _ post office 2 Zhao (N) — (@Chinese family name) 3 # yao (AV) want to, going to/ need to 4 & mai (Y) toby #& mai (VY) tosell 5. fib 3 youpiao (N) postage stamp (M: 3K zhang) 6 oD dudshao (xuiqw how much? how many? 7. qian (N) money % 1» #% — dudshao-qian (EX) How much money? (ie. How much does it cost?) 3. de (P) (Noun & Verb suffix indicating possession or modification) 9 th shud (V) to say, to speak; to say that 10. {iit déng (V) _ tounderstand 1. fa wen (V) __ to.ask (a question), to inquire (note 8) 12, JL+M j+M (xviqw how many? (expecting a low ‘number in reply) 13. kuai (M) ¥ & the basic unit of money in China) [or FE yuan]j= iR ci son ko LESSON 3 z mao (M) dime, 10 cents [or ff jido] ea fen (M) cent 14. BE liang (NU) 2 (must be followed by a Measure) (note 2) 15. ak zhang (M) (Measure for stamps & flat objects) sheet (of) / (Chinese family name) 16.— yigong (A) altogether, totaling, in total (note 6) 17. 8 hai (A) still, yet (continuing) 18.89 {% }r — mingxinpian (N) _—posteard- «== (M: 3K zhang) 19. % {4 jiexin (VO) to mail letters = i (VY) tomail 1S xin (N) letter (mail) (M: $f féng) t feng (M) (Measure for letters) 20. Ait 2 hangkong = (N)_— airmail fii 3 {8% =~ hangkéngxin (N) airmail letter 21. xf dul (SV) _ tobe correct, right 22. = & gua-hao (VO) toregister (a letter or at the outpatient department of a hospital) 4 % {8H — quahdoxin §—(N)_ registered letter 23.8 haishi (MA) or, either (used in questions)LESSON 3 isan ke B= NUMBERS & MEASURES = yi (NU) 1 {note 9) = er (Nu) 2 S san (NU) 3 a si (Nu) 4 i wi (Nu) 5 * vig (Nu) 6 £ qi (Nu) 7 K ba (Nu) 8 a jie (NU) 9 fe shi (NU) 10 a bai (NUM) hundred = ting (NU) zero zz bén (M) volume (of); (Measure for books) x zhi (M) (Measure for writing instruments) tt ge (M) (general Measure) a zhéige (SP+M) this (one) Bb + néige (SP+M) that (one) 98.Sik ot sin ke LESSON 3 MEASURES (M) In ENGLISH we have Nouns of Measure: Depth: a foot of water Length: a metre of cloth: Weight: a ton of coal ‘Area: an acre of land Volume: a pint of beer In fact, the English language has many Measure words, e.g. a packet of tea, a suit of clothes, a piece of furniture, a pair of shoes, a sheet of paper. We don't say, “I want a paper” (unless, of course, we mean a newspaper); we say, “I want a sheet or piece of paper. However, in CHINESE, every Noun has its own Measure word. It is very important, therefore, to know the appropriate Measure word for each one. A Measure word is required whenever a Noun is quantified by a number, ¢.g. — 4 + yibén sha (one book), # & wi zhi bi {five pens). But as Measure words are always used together with a number (Hi 4 A wigerén = five people), they cannot stand alone. {An exception to this rule is — yl (one) which is occasionally omitted as understood). However, Measures are not required when the Noun is used generically to refer to something without regard to specific quantity, eg. # JE ff fh shi shinide (the book(s) is/are yours), # & 4 % w6 méi-you bl (I don't have any pens).LESSON 3 ol son ke Shih ‘There is one very common Measure word: 4 ge. This Measure word, as well as most others, are not translated in English, e.g. = + 3% HH A san ge Méiguérén (three Americans). Nouns requiring specific Measures (i.e. apart from “+ ge) will be noted in the vocabulary lists. 1. Repetition Drill Zhao ldoshi 2. Transformation Drill: insert the appropriate Number and Measure. (The teacher writes the Number on the board) Example: Teacher: # #1 #8 °W6 you shi. (Teacher writes 2 on the board) Student: fi @ FH A 43 > NTyou ling bén sho.EIR oi von ke Teacher: R 4 7 © Wé yéu sha. Teacher: # 3 fi $ ° W6 mai youpiao. Teacher: # {=} 4 4: » WO wen xuésheng. Teacher: ® i A > — Woaing rén. Teacher: # 2 (8° = WOjixin, Teacher: 2 Hf fix > Wo géinibl. Teacher: ®% 32 # F > WO mai béizi. Student: fi NI. Student: ff NI. Student: ff NI. Student: if NI...... Smdent: ff NI. ‘Student: ff NI. MONEY & PRICES Money expressions follow the NU - M - N pattern. However, as in English, they are frequently abbreviated, dropping such words as are easily understood from the context. 11. Repetition Drill 10112. ison ke RE | kual [Ri ‘kuai he kuai wi kuai | ‘Student reads out the following after the teacher: (AEPAE2T Hie) ¥4.40 ¥9.90 ¥3.20 ¥150 ¥8.10 ¥1.80 ¥12.70 ¥19.30 ¥11.60 ¥26 42942, SS- 67-79 OS 9D ¥100 Student reads out the following telephone numbers: (Note: say one % ling for each ‘zero’ and yao for ‘1") 010 6321 5081 029 231 8842 021 2551 0639 022 2951 0099 025 431 4455, 0731 909 9005EIR A stn ko LESSON 3 POSSESSION ((J) In ENGLISH, two ways of indicating possession are by the use of a possessive adjective (my house) and by adding ’s to the Noun modifier (the teacher’s book). (see note 11) In CHINESE, the particle ft) de is normally [% #) = my, mine ‘used to indicate possession. Itis added |x to the (projnoun modifier preceding the Noun which is being modified (i.e. the ‘possessor’ precedes the thing or person guahaoxin (shi) lidng kuai qian ie BYR? sha | dudshao-qian ? ee | xuésheng » fy i | xidojié iat ee, | mingziLESSON 3 di stn ke =i 22. Substitution Drill: substitute the words supplied in place of iff shéi. Note that normally only one jf). de appeers in a sentence. “de” is therefore omitted where there is a close personal relationship between the modifier and modified. (see Lesson 12, Drill 3 for further examples) Example: Teacher; #2 iW BF? (RAS IB) TA shi shéide qizi ? (Wéde ldoshi) Student: 2 RSW A WF - Ta shi w6 ldoshide qizi. (She is my teacher’s wife) Teacher: i SE ik ay OF 7 (RAY Z I) Student; Ta shi shéide qizi? (Wade ldoshi) Teacher: tt 2 i OY BEF 7 (MA HE) Student: Ta shi shéide giz? (Huang xiansheng) Teacher: ih 2 i OY BEF 7 (RAY H 4) Student: Ta shi shéide qizi?_ (Wéde xuésheng) Teacher: ft i MY MEF? (OF I) Student: Tashi shéide qizi? (Lin laoshi) AUXILIARY VERBS (AV) Auxiliary Verbs (c.g. want to, can, like to, will, etc.) are used in the same way as in English, i.c. immediately preceding the verb they help: e.g. Iwant to buy a pen = #% 3 % %E Wo yao mai bl. In this lesson, we have introduced you to Auxiliary Verb # yao (want to or going to). Auxiliary Verbs are more fully introduced in lessons 9 & 11. ‘The sentence order is the same as in English. However, negative F bd plus Adverbs all precede the Auxiliary Verb, not the main Verb, 104| RSH Gi san kd LESSON 3 31. Repetition Drill LiG laoshi RAL Zhang xiansheng. RK) Zhao xidojié REK | ‘Wa taitai i i } i 2 ACTIVITY jij #) huddong First cut up the postage stamps below or on page 110. Your teacher will then ask you to hand her postage stamps, using the pattern: ih tx #2 NU 3k NU 2 (9 HE OR > (see note 114) Qing ni géi wo NU zhang NU kuaide youpiao. Complete the table below before class; then practice it with your teacher. Having practiced it, your teacher will write numbers on the board and you will call them out in Chinese. ‘Then, as your teacher calls out numbers, you write them down.washiwi idoRSG sn ko LESSON 3 TRANSLATION ffi! i® fanyi She is my student. 50 ¥2 postage stamps are ¥100. Excuse me, how much does it cost to send (by) airmail? How many do you want? Tasked him how much two ball-point pens cost? Ferre WORTH NOTING i ff Certain words in Chinese are commonly omitted as being superfluous, especially when the meaning is clear to both people in the conversation. Note the following: a) Asking & Giving Prices: verbs such as #2 shi, 3 mai, 3 yao are usually omitled, e.g. One pen is¥2 = — 3 % Fi He #8 yizhibI liang kuai qin, Three books cost¥100 = = #& — BR sn bén shi yibai kuai. b) ‘’and ‘the’ are commonly omitted (unless needed for clarity): R 4 Wo youbl = Ihave a pen. Wi % BK Léoshi bo-yao mai = The teacher doesn’t want to buy it. ° Personal and Possessive Pronouns are often reduced to one in number when referring to the same person more than once in the same sentence: (Al th @ & HE Wen ta you-méi-you bi = Ask her whether she hasa pen. d) impersonal pronoun ‘4t’ is not translated in Chinese, e.g. I don’t want it = BA B Wo biryao. TRANSLATION OF THE SENTENCE PATTERNS 4) # iif iF 1. Tbuy 2 postage stamps. He mails one letter. ‘The teacher gives me 5 books. Mr. Zhang invites 12 people. They have 9 pens. ‘Teacher Zhao asks a student. 107LESSON 3 di san ké =H 11. ¥2.20 ¥19.90 ¥1.50 ¥22.10 ¥200 550 (notes 1 & 10) 21. To whom do I give my cup? Your registered letter is/costs ¥2. How much is his book? What is the family name of Teacher Zhang's student? ‘The post office assistant is called Wu Li-zhen. ‘What is Mrs. Chen’s given name? 31. Teacher Liu also wants to ask you (a question). Mr. Zhang wants to (oris going to) buy some things. Miss Zhao wants to invite me. ‘Mrs, Wu also wants fo mail some letters. NOTES 3% Numbers: 1. When using abbreviated number expressions, e.g. — Hi = yibaisan (130), i.e. omitting - shi, you cannot use a Measure after the Number. For example, — Bi = 4K yibaisan zhang would be incorrect; it must be — H = + Gk yibaisanshi zhang. 2. BH ling: when counting things, e.g. 2 books, 2 students, use fj ling. So a Measure word must always follow i ling, although the Noun can be omitted when understood from the context. Bi Aliang ge rén two people Bij x 5 lidng bén sh two books Bi Flidng kuai qian ¥2 i A lidng bai 200 3, =. @t: when counting numbers, ¢.g. 12, 22, 2-4-5-2, use = @r. = + Hershi kuai (20) = + = érshidr 22) = FH = sanbaiér (320), Butnote thatitis WH = + — lidngbaiérshiér (222) because A bai is a Measure, although many people say — Hj — + = érbaiérshiér.EWE oi san ke LESSON 3 4. — yl is usually omitted before 4- shi and ‘the teens’ 11-19. However, with numbers above 100, — yi is usually retained, e.g. ff A — fb /\ lidngbaiyishiba (218). $. In Standard Mandarin, numbers 7 and 8, when preceding a 4th tone Measure (eg. 4 ge), change to 2nd tone: + “*gige , /\ “+ bage. 6. Note that — 4 yigong precedes the Verb, whereas in English ‘altogether’ ‘usually follows the Verb: # — 3 @ — B Ye Wo yigdng you yibai kuai. I have ¥100 altogether, 7. When acting as a Question Word (how many?), JL. jl normally expects a Jow number in reply. 8. [fl wen = to inquire of; to ask (questions) $8 (al ft © Ni wen ta. You ask him (- because he knows the answer) ft (RB Be — TA wen wé yao-bu-yao. He asked me whether or not I wanted it. (fl th i A Be — Wowenta shéi you br. Tasked him who has a pen. Note that je] wen only takes questions as its Object. Contrast this with iff ging which only takes statements as its Object (Lesson 2 Note 4). 3H [Al qingwén is therefore a polite way of asking a question: iit (Fl, if 452 Qingwén, shéi you shi? May I ask, who has a book? 9. — yl (one) is ordinarily a Ist tone word, However, before a 4th tone syllable it changes to 2nd tone (e.g. — 3% yi kuai), and before Ist, 2nd and 3rd tone syllables it changes to a 4th tone (e.g. — yi zhi, — 2 yi bén). Compare this with 78 bd (not). 109LESSON 3 stn ko RE 10. When stating numbers which end in a zero, numbers above ¥100 can be abbreviated. 11. Possession and modification can be indicated by: a) a possessive adjective 4g. my pen Re wode bI b) ‘s added to the modifier cg. the teacher's cup % Wh AY HF ldoshide béizi ©) a possessive pronoun eg.thepenismine 2 B® iN bi shi wide 4) of between modifier and modified e.g. ¥100 of books §=6 — Hf 3% HR AY 73 —_yibaikual qiande sho €) two nouns occurring in sequence eg. ¥4 stamp He HW HS BE si kuai qidnde youpiao (sce Dialogue for further examples of this one) my, mine your, yours his, her, hers, its our, ours your, yours their, theirs a oe ¥10 ig sa |] es 9 |] oeSHIR si ke LESSON 4 LESSON 4 What's in this lesson: - Specifiers - Larger Numbers - Transposed Object - Buying Fruit & Vegetables THE MARKET DIALOGUE xf if duihua Hh: Yang: BR: Chen: GB: Yang: RR: Chén: Bh: ‘Yang: KB tt 4 th HF? Zhé shi shénme difang? K ER i He Zha shi caishichang. RAR BRRARAS AW? Zhéige caishichéing, méi tién déu zhéme dud rén ma? Me RR HRM KR KH? Dul. Wémen mai yixié cai hé shulgud, hao-bu-hao? RAREKEREK- HBR Wo bil-mai shuigud, wa xiang mai ybxié qingcai. itLESSON 4 Chen: # &: Laoban: Lin: # ti: Lin: KB: Laoban: Lin: 112 isl ke HH Rt Be Qingcaii, ws yé yao mai. 2 KT RM ft A? Zheige cai jido shénme? WB he Hiludbo. eo R= IT? Duéshao-qién yi jin? BRR-R se tRR= Me Si kuai qidn yl jin, shi kuai qian san jin. >: RAR! RAB Zheme gui! Wo bi-yao. MA RY BW? Name, ni mai yangcdng ma? RBs it it Ba-yao, xiéxie. : 2 ER EL KR? L&obain, xiangjiao zénme mai?& te aR ad 5 tt SR yet ga Be Ri LESSON 4 1—- PhS wh of BSP? 2 Yijin san kuai wi. Ni yao duéshao? : REE ire Wo yao san jin. > HRTRAE Re KBB tt 4? Yigong shi kuai wil mao gidn. Ni hai yao shénme? : RRB LAR Wo hai xiang mai jige pinggud. KH EAH? Zh@i zhong zénmeyang? : OR HH? Nél zhong? 1K Me :; Zhéi zhong. :— RSD BR? Yijin dudshao-qian? AR ERRA + IR: MARE? Yi jin san kual, wa jin shiér kuai. NI yao-bu-yao? > RED HH tt Hao, wd mai wii jin, xiéxie. u3[LESSON 4 isl ke SUR ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE DIALOGUE xt is ii i# Yang: What place is this? Chen: Thisis the (fruit, vegetable & meat) market. Yang: Are there always so many people in this market every day? Chen: Yes! How about us buying some vegetables and fruit? Yang: Tmmnot buying any fruit, 'm thinking of buying some green vegetables. Chen: [also want to buy some green vegetables. Lin: ‘What's this vegetable called? shopkeeper: Carrot. lin: ‘How much is one jit? Shopkeeper: ¥4 for a jin, ¥10 for 3 jin. Lin: So expensive! I don’t want any. Shopkeeper: In that case, are you going to buy some onions? Lin: No thanks. Zhao: Mister, how much are bananas? Shopkeeper: ¥3.5 a jin, How many do you want? Zhao: want 3 jin. Shopkeeper: Altogether ¥10.5. What else do you want? Zhao: —_‘Ymstill thinking of buying a few apples. Shopkeeper: How about this kind? Zhao: Which kind? Shopkeeper: This kind. Zhao: How much a jist? Shopkeeper: ¥3 a jin, 5 jin for ¥12. Do you want some? Zhao: Okay, Tl buy 5 Ji, thanks. a4RUHR hl ke LESSON 4 NEW VOCABULARY 4 i] shéngci 1. & Yang (N) (a Chinese family name) 2. difang (PW) place, position, location 3. 3 TH — caishichang (PW) (vegetable, fruit & meat) market x cai (N) vegetable; dish (i.e. menu item) i % shichéng (PW) market 4. & méi (SP) cach, every 5. tian (M) day BR mei tian. (SP+M) every day, each day 6. Be méi ... dou ‘cach/every ... always 7. HB 4 /3& Zname/zhame (A) so (many, cheap, etc.) a duo (SV) much, many (note 8) = e yixié (NU+M) a few, some 10. Ail hé (Con) and (connects Nouns only: note 1) uk shuigud (N) fit 12. 48 xiang (AV) think of (doing something); wish to, intend to 13. FR qingcai vegetables (usually the green leafy variety) 14. # & Woban (N)__ boss, shopkeeper 3% WZ WB obanniéng (N)_shopkeeper’s wife 15. #1 B f —hiiludbo (N) carrot (or: £1 Ff héngludbo) usLESSON 4 si ke SOP 16. Fr Jin (M) jin (= abasic unit of weight in ier tiene” 0g “ee 17. & gui (SV) __ expensive a pianyi (SV) _ cheap, inexpensive 18. HB A name (MA) inthatcase (or 3 na) 19. % & yangcéng (N) onion 20. & K xiangjiéo —(N)-_— banana (M: #f gn or 4 ge) 21.%& 4&4 3 = zénmemai (QW) how much does (X) sell for? 22. JL +M+(N) ji+M+(N) (NU) a few, some 23. Hi RR pinggud (N) apple 24. HH zhéng (M) kind (of), sort (of), type (of) 25.7% Z& #E — zénmeyang = (EX) What is (your) opinion? ‘What do (you) think? 26. Hf +M néi+M (sP.QW) which? (GB #4 n€ixié = which ones?) SUPPLEMENTARY VOCABULARY 27. BG £L i = xIhéngshi (N) tomato 28. / HGF iczi (N) tangerine, Mandarin orange 29. chéngzi (N) orange = (fruit) 30. F qian (NUM) thousand 31. wan (NU/M) ten thousand 116iF csi ke LESSON 4 SPECIFIERS (SP) owe pater Specifiers are a special group of Noun modifiers. Note the 4 following Specifiers: 3X zhéit M+N = this+(M)+N Bh nei +M+N = that +(M)+N 4 méit+M+N = each+(M)+N ni +M+N = which? + (M)+N ik zhditNU+M+N = these +NU+(M)+N Bondi +NU+M+N = those +NU+(M)+N 2 mei+NU+M+N = every +NU+(M)+N mB néi+NU+M+N = which? +NU+(M)+N 1. The Noun is omitted when understood from the context. (also refer to note 3) If the number is ‘one’, it is omitted, unless needed for emphasis. Repetition Drill 7LESSON 4 8 Bw i Nei Yingguérén i i ie i bi Se | xuésheng Ta & Vii Laoshi He oe Zhang xignsheng yé xiéng ging ft 411 Tamen RE H Zhao léoshi _ mai z4 Se Be i sl ke PUR BRN SM shi womende laoshi BR? | shi w5de? th ? xing Yang? it |S | xiangjiéo ww? | xin? # i sho PA i rén eR?— LESSON 4 Transformation Drill: add Specifier 5X zhi + appropriate Measure to the ‘Noun indicated. Example: Teacher: ff; # # & {t 4? (HR) Ni yao géi w5 shénme? (pinggud) Student: #2 BH fk KP Re Wé yao géi ni zhéige pinggud. (Lwant to give you this apple) Teacher: { 2 Rit A? (38) ‘Student: Niyao géiwé shénme? —_(pinggud) Teacher: ff #2 # Rit 4? (fa) Student: Ni yao géiwé shénme? (xin) Teacher: (k HB #% R tr 4? Ok RR) ‘Student: Niyao géiwé shénme? —_(shuigud) Teacher: $f BH Rtt 4? (@ #) ‘Student: Ni yao géiw6 shénme? —_(xiangjiao) Teacher: ff Bt RK tt A? C#) ‘Student: Ni yao géiw6 shénme? (sh) Teacher: (n B # R ft 4? (8 F) ‘Student: Ni yao géiwé shénme? (jazi) 11. Sometimes we refer to ‘a few’ of something, rather than stating a definite ‘number. In Chinese, this is done by using either JL JI+M or — # yixié, 1 xi6 is the plural Measure word for all Nouns. (Note: 3 #& zhéixid = these — # H n@ixié = those) However, when the actual number is stated, the appropriate Measure must be used (see Drills 1 & 2). Repetition Drill 19oh si ke SUG 12. Question & Answer Drill: answer the question using ‘two + Measure’. Example: ‘Teacher: ‘Teacher: Teacher: Teacher: Teacher: fr i & M1? Ni you xiangjiéo ma? Student: + & T° (Yes, Ihave two) You, wo you liding ge. i i RIB? Student: Ni you xiangjiao ma? i BB? Student: Nr ydu bi ma? th A Wi EL A 1? ‘Student: Ni you xihéngshi ma? i i 6 HG? ‘Student: NI yu youpiao ma? fe A RB? ‘Student: Ni yu yangodng ma?di sike LESSON 4 LARGER NUMBERS (NU) ling (zero) is used in counting wherever a column or a sequence of columns is ipped. Note that in this case, 3 ling never stands as the final element in a aber. |. Repetition Drill [32] a bai 2 5 4 9 0 0 2 5 7 o a acoounncooe | $4 a omonosanae A OOANANDONG 22, Transformation Drill: add = @r (2) to the following numbers. Example: Teacher: i # wibai [500] Student: HS — wibailingér [502] Teacher: 500 ‘Student: Teacher: 3000 ‘Student: Teacher: 9300 Student: Teacher: 55,000 Student: Teacher: 22,200 Student: Teacher: 70,000 ‘Student: 124LESSON 4 i ke SBDUE 31. +H 8 (also, too) connects clauses (see note 1) Substitution Drill Example: Teacher: ft K % i H HP —Nimai bi hdishi mai sho? (Are you buying pens or books?) Student: XE th HE H- Wo mai bi yé mai sha. (I'm buying both pens and books) Teacher: # © 2G KH? Student: Ni mai bi haishi mai sho? Teacher: (x B ti F 2 BT? Student: Ni yao jazi haishi yao chéngzi? Teacher: ff it RB He if fh? ‘Student: Ni ging wé haishi qing ta? Teacher: #k RK Rik BR? ‘Student: Ni mai shuigud haishi mai cai? TRANSPOSED OBJECT ‘The Object may be transposed (i.e. moved) to the beginning of the sentence in front of the Subject where it becomes the topic of the sentence. ‘This is done for convenience or emphasis, and is used frequently in Chinese. The more the Object is modified, the more likely it is to be transposed. 122The teacher is the % 4% ldoban and the student is the customer. Act out buying and selling fruit and vegetables. Then change roles. Use the following sentence patterns: {K & % & X ? NiyOumél-youX? (X = names of fruit and vegetables) 3& 4 3% (or 2K AB) Ml + 4? Zhéige cai (or shulgud) jido shénme? X — fi & DR? Xyijin dudshao-qian? # BE NUFF Wo yao mai NU jin. TRANSLATION fii i# fanyi ‘What fruit does Mr. Zhao sell? Please give me two bananas. How much are tomatoes a ji? Are you thinking of inviting those people? What is this place called? rere WORTH NOTING Do you know the “ane of each word that you have learnt so far? If you can't remember the tone, then you've forgotten the word!LESSON 4 isi ko SFU TRANSLATION OF THE SENTENCE PATTERNS #) 4! iH 1% 1. These ¥2 are also his. ‘Those 3 letters also need to be mailed. ‘This book isn’t expensive. ‘That British person is our teacher. ‘Which 2 pens are mine? Which student is surnamed Yang? 2. Iwant that banana. Which 2 letters is he thinking of mailing? ‘The teacher doesn’t want to give me that book. Mr. Zhang is also thinking of inviting that person. ‘Which 3 apples are they buying? Teacher Zhao asks every/each student. 11. 'm buying these few stamps. He wants to mail those few letters. Which few books is the teacher giving me? people. ‘They have some fruit. ‘Teacher Zhao asks a few students. NOTES i: 1. Al isa Connecting word. Whereas fil hé (and) connects Nouns, tt y8 (also, too) connects clauses, eg. % HK HK IR, tte th BE kK RWS yao mai shuigud, ta yé yo mai shulgué (1 want to buy some fruit, and she ‘wants to buy fruit too); ti wk He, th A Ta méi-you qian, wo yé iméi-yu (He doesn’t have any money, and neither do); fi & 48, tb % Ta mai sha, yé mai bi (He’s buying books, and also pens). Note that #1 hé (and) is often omitted between coupled Nouns and Pronouns, whether acting as Subject or Object ofthe Verb, eg. Yt» $t nl ~ wé (you & Dj 48 + %E shi ~ bl (books & pens). 2, In Lesson 2, Note 5, we said that unstressed ‘some’ and ‘any’ are usvally not translated in Chinese, e.g, Do you want some? = {i 3 7 3? Ni yao-bu-y8o? However, an indefinite amount may, if desired, be indicated by the use of JL + Mi Ihave afew/somebooks RH ILA B ‘Wo you ji ben sha. 124HR Gish kb LESSON 4 3. 3X zh@and J} na can stand alone as Subject of a sentence, without a Measure word attached. 4, The general rule for zero in the middle of a Number (except telephone numbers) is that, for one or more zeros together, insert one ling. ws = -~F PH yi-gian-ling-wii M0 = —F—-EPH yi-gian-yi-bai-ling-wii BS. see RE ae yi-gian-ting-yi-shi-wo 2s = —-Ff¥o+H yigidn-ling-er-shi-wit 5. Whereas in the West it is customary to count off Numbers in thousands (50,000 = fifty thousand; 200,000 = two hundred thousand; 560,000 = five hundred and sixty thousand), Chinese count off in 73 wan (ic. blocks of ten thousand): 50,000 = five 77 wan 200,000 = twenty 75 wan (= + 7 érshi-wan) 560,000 = fifty-six wan (H + % 7 wishilid-wan) 1 million is therefore 100 75 wan (— BH 7 yibai-wan). 6. Inorder to say ‘two or three people’ or “¥400-¥500’, the pattern is: two-three-M-N ath liang-san ge rén four-five-hundred-M-N Hi BH 3% (#R) sl-wi bai kuai (qian) 7. fj lidng : Note that 75 wan, + qidn and Fj bal are Measures (as well as Numbers); but -{- shfis the exception, so itis always = -+ érshi (20), never [Bi + lidngshi. Note also that, when using the abbreviated form for numbers (¢.g. omitting the Measure word # bai), itis always = =F — sangianér and never = F WY sngianliang - because [fj liang can only be used together with a Measure, & SV = Stative Verb (Chinese Adjective). This part of speech is more fully explained in Lesson 5. 9. When meaning ‘a few’, JL ji can also have the meaning ‘over’, ¢4 4 A shi-ji-ge rén = 10+ people (ie. 10-and-a-few-over) FA sanshi-Jl-ge Méiguérén = 30+ Americans.LESSON 4 isi ke SPUR 10. JL jf can also be used as an indefinite number from 1-9 in the position where it stands in the number-phrase, e.g. JL Hi “4+ A ji baige rén = several hundred people, When used to mean ‘a few’, ‘several’ or ‘over’ as opposed to ‘how many?’, JL jt is unstressed. 11. In Lesson 1, Note 9, we said that Chinese does not have words corresponding to the English words ‘a’ or ‘the’, e.g. # J& % {i W6 shi ldoshl = lama teacher; % $i Ml] 5% fH B LAoshi jido WG Li-zhén = The teacher is called ‘Wu Li-zhen, However, when clarity is important, 3X zhéi (this) when unstressed approximates to ‘the’, and — yl (one) when unstressed functions as ‘a’: RU GK 4 A 092 Nirénshi zhéige ren ma? = Do you know the person?; #& ih i — + 3E A Wé renshi yige Yingguérén = I know aBritish person. [iA 2 rénshi = to know or be acquainted with someone] YOUR OWN NOTESREN A wo ko LESSON 5 LESSON 5 What's in this lesson: - Describing - Inclusive ‘all’ DESCRIBING DIALOGUE xt if duihua RB: Huang: aK: Zhang: B: Huang: aK: Zhang: i: Huéng: aK: Zhang: aK Z VB 1B we Zhang ldoshi, nin hao. HAM iK Ho i fe tC WS? Huang Gu6-xing, ni hao. NI hén mang ma? RK ih th th Re W6 han mang, ya hén lei. Aft 4? Waishénme ? AA & ft o> Yinwai shiging hén dus. oR RL RK A @ LB AK AeK BA He Ni yinggal xidxi-yihuir, bié tai Ia. Tai l@i bd-hao.LESSON 5 ol wi ke AH KR: RMB WwW si Me Huang: Wé6 zhidao. Xiéxie laoshi, zaijian. kk: We Zhang: Zaijian. 4: fk WX HR RO Re ur: Nide yifu hén pidoliang. K: OF HB Be Wa: — Nalinali. #: HR R? Li Gubbu-gul ? Ri RAR HH W RM MH Ke Wa: BG-tai gui. Zhongguéde yifu dou bi-gui. Fi RS DK? ui: Zn@i jian duoshdo-qién ? ! | A: KAD +R Wa: — Zhai jian wishi kuai. =: it iH! U: Hn pianyi ! Wo: = Dui.WER wo ko LESSON 5 a: Li: B: Yang: Hil: Lid: Hh: Yang: Hs Lid: Hh: Yang: Hi Lid: Bi: Yang: Hi: Lid: te iA WA aK Se WY AA A IB? NI rénshi Zhang léoshide péngyou ma 7 oe Ay A RMB UW! Tade péngyou wo dou rénshil! Hi (1 BR SE Bo tn th A IB? Néi wéi Chén Méi-ling, ni yé rénshi ma ? WR Reénshi. th i RM] H th Ke Ta qing women qi ta jia. RM A RA BE W6 zhidao, danshi wo bi-xiang qu. Att 4? Weishénme ? Aw th RR AH (R> Yinwéi qi ta jia hén bi-fangbian. Mt fh RH RK th A ME! Dui, hén mafan. Wo y@ bi-xidng qi |LESSON 5 hw ko SE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE DIALOGUE it if ai i# Huang: Teacher Zhang, how do you dé? Zhang: Huang Guo-xing, hello. Are you busy? Huang: Yes, and also very tired. Zhang: Why? Huang: Because there’s lots to do. Zhang: You ought to take a rest — don’t get so tired. It's not good to be too tired. Huang; I know, Thank you teacher. Goodbye. Zhang: Goodbye. Your dress is very pretty. Notat all. (see Worth Noting) ‘Was it expensive? Not too expensive. None of China’s clothes are expensive. How much was it? Tt was ¥50. Very cheap! Yes. Liu: Do you know Teacher Zhang's friend(s)? Yang: I know all her friends? liu: Chen Mei-ling that one, do you also know her? Yang: Yes. Liu: She has invited us to go to her home. Yang: I know, but I don’t wish to go. Liu: Why? Yang: Because it’s very inconvenient going to her home. Liu: You're right, it’s a nuisance. I don’t feel like going eitherATR a wi kd “LESSON 5 NEW VOCABULARY +: is] shéngci 1. ff hén a. tt mang 3 OR tei 4 tt 4 — weishénme 5 AA yinwéi 6. TE (tft) shifging), i FH (tf) you shi(ging) 7. BE / i _yinggai/ gai 8. tk ik xi0xi 9 — BIL yihuir =F yixia 10. $i] bie wk tai 12. HF hao 13. $1 iit zhidao 14. % He yifu (a) (sv) (sv) very (see note 1) busy tired, tiring (qwntay why? (a) ®) (vo) (Av) ™ because, ‘matter, item of business (M: fF jidn) have matters needing attending to; to be ocecupied or busy ought to, should to rest (NU+M) a little while, a moment (NU+M) a little while, a moment ay (A) don't (imperative) 100, excessively 00d, well to know; to know offthat (usually regarding facts) (note 11) clothes (Mt: #F jian) 131LESSON 5 15. FE pidoliang (sv) 16. Hf A (WB HA) nali (nal) (EX) a7. Zhongguo = (PW) ‘A Zhongguérén (N) 18. #8 dou (A) BR dou ba (A) RK bo-dou (a) 19. jian (M) 2. A rénshi ™ 21. A péngyou y) 22. fit wei (M) 23. & a ) 24. RK Jia (Pw) 25.48 $2/ Bl 4B danshi/késhi (Con) 26. 77 fangbian (sv) 27. FR Hl méfan (sv) iV) wd ke REE pretty, attractive, beautiful (people & things) Not atall! (polite phrase) China Chinese (people) all, both (see Grammar pattems) none (of) not all (of) (Measure for clothing) to know, to be acquainted with (someone), recognize (someone) (or ik #4 rende) friend (M: 4 ge or fit wei) (polite Measure for people) (note 9) to go (to) home but, however (note 10) convenient bothersome, troublesome to bother, to trouble, to annoyIE i wid ke ‘LESSON 5 CHINESE ADJECTIVES (Stative Verbs) (sv) In ENGLISH, describing the nature, appearance or characteristics of a person or object is usually done by using the verb ‘to be’ plus an Adjective: e.g. This book is expensive. He is busy. In CHINESE, the function of describing is done by using a Chinese Adjective (called Stative Verb). However, note that ‘s’ is already embedded in the Chinese Adjective, so there is no need to add a separate word for ‘is’ in sentences describing condition or In other words, |éi means ‘is tired’ as well as simply ‘tired’. 1. Adverbs (A) precede Adjectives and Verbs. As in English, they modify Verbs and other Adverbs. [see Notes 1-2] Repetition Drill 133,ved ke EE Wo i fH) Kf Nide yifu RE Zhéi jian shi ee A Tade péngyou BAB Ba Neibén shi | name: wew | fe Yang ldoshi | hen i 2. Negative 7% bo precedes both Adverbs and Adjectives. _[see Note 3] Repetition Drill KR wo WS fi vy N@i wai xidojié ba RH Caishichang fangbian #8 i RH & Tade déngxi | | dud wi ot Ht (Ki 16a Xthéngshi 1 pianyi RR LR mem Zheijianshi jbo! | mafanSAM A wake LESSON S 3. Progressive Substitution Drills (see Lesson 2) Teacher: # i Re When isi. Student:$¢ ff HR - Wo héEn Iai. Teacher: {tt {f] tamen Student: ti ff] #8 JR © Tamen hén lei. Teacher: & i i l4obanniaéng Student: Teacher: tai Student: Teacher: tt mang ‘Student: Teacher: & Sf Woshi Student: Teacher: 14? ma? Student: Teacher: tt 7 fC? —mangbuméng? Student: Teacher: 7 ba Student: Teacher: ® bo-tai Student: Teacher: fh A #% HK f% Mt Student: fit A 7 fk BH - Tade xiangjiéo hén gui. ‘Tade xiangjiéo hén gui. Teacher: i % #{ — Chén ldoban Student: Teacher: ff pinggud ‘Student: Teacher: 4 sho Student: Teacher: % duo Student: Teacher: # % Mii Lin loshi_ Student: Teacher: tai Student: Teacher: A ba-tai Student: Teacher: bo Student: 135,LESSON 5 wo ke SR #8 dou (= inclusive all’) dou is an Adverb. However, it is unique in that #f dou can only refer to plural things which precede it, and has the effect of ‘totalizing’ the plural or collective Noun, e.g. & 4] # © kK ® Women déu mai shulgud = We all buy fruit / All of us buy fruit (i.e. RZ KB, fe th *K A Wo mai shuigus, at yé mai shulgud, therefore # {] #8 3% x 3 Wdmen dou mai shuigud). (see note 5) Note that #f dou is not used for plural Objects which come after the verb, Therefore, when #f déu is necded to refer to a plural Object, that Object must be moved up into the topic position at the head of the sentence so that #$ dou can refer back to it. (see notes 6-8) 11. Fixed Adverb #f dou (all) as totalizer. ‘The Subject is plural. Repetition Drill | hen gui EH Lixianshengde yifu | dou , hén pidnyi zee a eM Zhei xié shi i | én mafanBER A wi te 12. # F dou bd (none of) Repetition Drill Repetition Drill xen Zh@i xié shi TH: bai (Bi ba; Lm ba R {oO} ik! imal LK bu dou ® ® ‘ba dou 137‘LESSON 5 dh w0 ko STE 14, Transformation Drill: make simple sentences using #f d6u Example: Teacher: ff #2 RoR th MR KM NI hén Idi, w6 yé hén lei. Women ... Student: # ff] # RB (We are both tired) Wemen du hén Iai. Teacher: ff 2 RR th HR Rs Ri Student: Ni han Iéi, wo yé hén ai. Women . Teacher: ( HR th Be RM Student: Ni yao, wo yé yao. Women ... Teacher: fF RMF RMF? Ri” — Smdent: Ni mai jGzi, wo yé mai jazi. Women ... Teacher: UA WR Me Hw UK tee BAT” Student: Ni rénshi ta, wo yé rénshi ta. Women ... 15. Transformation Drill: make simple sentences using # 7 dou ba Example; Teacher: ff ® xt Hh th A Re RM ~~ Ni bG-dui, w5 yé bi-dul. Women ... Student: # {{] # 7 3 © (Neither of us are correct) ‘Women déu bi-dui. Teacher: (x A ws Rh Rate RAM ietgaool Nibi-dul, wa yé bi-dul. Wémen ... Teacher: Ok FB HR AMA? KA Student: Ni bi-xidng qu, w6 yé bb-xiing qi. Women Teacher: ff % AW’ > R th wh A Me > Ril ‘Student: Ni méi-you youplao, wo yé méi-you youpiao. Women ... Teacher: ft A WR R th RH WR RM Student: Ni bG-mai qingeai, wo y& ba-mai qingcal. Women ... 138,BRE wed ke ‘LESSON 5 ACTIVITY if 3) huddong | Make appropriate sentences describing the pictures below using the sentence pattems learnt in this lesson (eg. #6 # dou hén SV and S # 7% dou bu SV) ee | TRANSLATION | iff i fanyi Why do you want to go to her home? None of us want to go. [ want to rest, but he doesn’t want to. ‘This place is very inconvenient. I'm thinking of going to my American friend’s home. Buying so many things is too troublesome! Pm going to buy a few jin of carrots. You ought to buy some too. ‘know you know him ~ because he is your boss’ friend. gir pas WORTH NOTING i& if Whereas Westerners accept compliments, in the East people normally refuse compliments. So note that, in the Dialogue, when Li complimented Wu on her pretty dress, politeness demanded that Wu refuse the compliment with a BSH Bali nali, 139LESSONS wi ke SR TRANSLATION OF THE SENTENCE PATTERNS 4 5 tii i# i 12, a Tam (very) tired. (note 1) Your dress is (very) pretty. ‘This matter is too troublesome. Hier friend is very good. That book is so expensive! ‘Teacher Yang is very busy. . Tm not very tired. ‘That young lady isn’t too/ very attractive. ‘The fruit & vegetable market isn’t very convenient ( it's too far away), His things (Le. his personal belongings) aren't very many. ‘Tomatoes aren’t cheap. ‘This matter isn’t troublesome. | All of us have it/some. / We all have it/some. (see Lesson 2, notes 2 & 5) ‘Allof them are going, / They are all going. Fruit is all very expensive. Mr. Lis clothes are all very cheap. ‘These matters are all troublesome. None of them are going. None of Mr. Li's clothes are cheap. Note of the fnit is expensive. None of these matters are troublesome. Nonte of us have any/it. Not all of us want it. Not all of them are going. Not all fruit is expensive. Not all of Mr. Lis clothes are cheap. Not all of these matters are bothersome, NOTES jt fi¥ iy & han : Chinese Adjectives (SV) in their positive form normally require an ‘Adver. When no other Adverb is used, 1 hén will usually be prefixed to the “Adjective. So although {f h&n is translated ‘very’, when used before an ‘Adjective, it usually has no real meaning, unless stressed, 140,BHR wi ko LESSON 5 2. When an Adjective appears without an Adverb preceding it, the meaning implied is one of comparison: 3K 26 45 HF Zhei ben shO hao (This book is good) carries the meaning: This book is good and that book is not. In other words, the pattern “Subject + Adjective’ is not a simple description (as is the case in English), but rather a ‘comparison is implied, even if not actually stated. 3& 4 HE WF Zheige xuésheng hdo = This student is good (compared to that one) Contrast the above sentence with the following one: ik 4} 4 4 ff HF Zhéige xuésheng hén hdo = This student is good [no 3. Note that 4° bi precedes both Adverbs and Adjectives, e.g. (2 7 ff tt Ta bi-hén mang, not fit if 7 ft Ta hén bi-mang, except for strong ‘emphasis. 4, Adverbs always appear between the Subject and the main Verb, unless classified as a Movable Adverb (MA). 5. i dou is a fixed Adverb and therefore stands immediately before Verbs and Adjectives it modifies, unless separated by another Adverb, e.g. #2 4] #8 fi 1 Women dou hén mang = We are all (very) busy. 6. Remember that #f dou only refers to something which precedes it. So when ‘you wish to use # d6u to emphasize the totality of the Object, that Object must be ‘moved up to the head of the sentence. (refer to Transposed Objects in Lesson 4) 7. When the Subject is plural and the Object is transposed, it may be unclear whether #5 dou is referring to the Subject or Object. Therefore, apart from knowing the context of the conversation, the meaning will be ambiguous. eg. i #6 8 ® 1] A ¥ Zhei xié sha women dou yao could mean: 8) Weall want these books _(#f du referring to the Subject) b) Weal want all these books (4 dou referring to both) ©) We want allthese hooks —_(ff dou referring to the Object-topic)* (* transposition of the Object not obligatory) ur problem is that transposition of the Object in the above sentence places both Subject and Object under potential totalization by # dou. Only the context will tell us which meaning is implied. 141LESSON i wi ke ETL i ¥% ttt 411 #8 BE Youpiao tamen dou yao presents us with the same difficulty. The sentence could mean: a) They want all the stamps. +b) They all want (all) the stamps. ¢) They all want the stamp, (transposition of the Object not obligatory) Again, only the context will give us the clue as to the correct meaning, 8. We have said that #5 dOu also has the effect of ‘totalizing’ collective nouns. eg. 2K BR BR # FH Shulgud ws dou mai (1 sell all (kinds of) fruit). In other words, #f dou can also be used to refer to all of one thing. 9, Remember to use {if wai when referring politely to someone else~but never of yourself. Itreplaces “* ge. However, {it wei cannot be followed immediately by A rén (person): $0 although you can say #8 ¢P A néi ge én, you cannot say 3 {12 A néiwairén. Instead you can say J {il 4 / sls 4 / i 3z nei wei xiansheng / xidojié / pengyou 10. {4 & danshi / #4 késhi (and all other clause/sentence CONjunctions or CONnectors) normally come before the Subject rather than after it. Note that when the Subject of the first clause and the Subject of the second clause are the same, the Subject word is often dropped from the second clause: HH RR RMA AER RE ‘ Tade yifu hén pidcliang, danshi bu hén pidnyi, (Her clothes are pretty but aren’t very cheap) 11. $4] jf zhid&o and Wit rénshi : RAKRFAEBH, AHR UVR I, \Wé zhidao LI xiansheng shi shéi, danshi wo bG-rénshi ta. T know who Mr. Li is, but I don’t know him (personally). RURRKA. TRARAMHMH ES, Wé rénshi Wa taitai, késhi wo bi-zhidao tade mingzi. T’'m acquainted with Mrs, Wu, but I don’t know what her given name is. 12, In Lesson 1 note 5, we said that there is sometimes a slight difference between the thrust of the interrogative particle 14 ma? question form and the positive + negative question form, 123 ma? questions can carry a connotation of doubt—and therefore are clarification-seeking, whereas positive + negative type questions are neutral and straightforward—they simply ask “Yes” or “No”.EH wi Ke LESSON 5 ’s now look at the following example: A suggests to B that they go for a jog together. However, B, knowing that A is already worn out, asks: B: ff % R14? NIbG-léi ma? Aren’tyoutired? (i.e. [ know that you've been working hard all today and so I thought you must be worn out. How come ‘you're suggesting we go for a jog?). In other words, by using interrogative particle 15 ma?, B is trying to clarify the conflict in his mind between Jknowing that A must be tired and yet he's suggesting they go for a jog. However, at the end of a normal jog, B might ask A: B: {i HA RP NilGi-bG-18i? Are you tired? (this is straightforward information-secking — “[After our jog,] are you tired or not?”) | However, not all 13 ma? questions carry this comnotation of doubt. Many are | simply neutral and straightforward: e.g. {X #F 13? NIhéoma? (Howare you?) carries no connotation of doubt as to the other person's state of health! ‘The three main types of Chinese verbs ‘Action Verbs — express action Equative Verbs — equate (i.e. link) Nouns Stative Verbs (Chinese Adjectives) — describe YOUR OWN NOTES 143LESSON 5 PRONOUN 333 ACTION VERB EQUATIVE VERB (EV) STATIVE VERB (SV) ADVERB @ AUXILIARY VERB (AV) PARTICLE, 2) EXPRESSION (ex) CO-VERB (cy) VERB-OBJECT (VO) MEASURE ™ CONJUNCTION (CON) 0 ke SOE PARTS OF SPEECH Nouns have the same form for both singular and plural. So fii Boshi can mean either ‘teacher’ or ‘teachers’. ‘Apart from this, Nouns and Pronouns function the same as in English, i.e. as Subject and Object. Chinese Action Verbs are like English Action Verbs xg. to read, to buy, to walk). However, Chinese Verbs do not change according to person, number or tense. ‘There are therefore no irregular Verbs in Chinese. Equative Verbs equate two nouns. ‘The most common Equative Verb is “5 shl (to be), e.g. Miss Huang is my teacher. Two other Equative Verbs are itt xing (to be surnamed) and Ml jid0 (to be called). Stative Verbs (Chinese Adjectives) are used to describe the condition or quality of an object or person. In English this is done by using the Verb ‘to be’ plus an adjective, e.g. The book is small. ‘Adverbs modify Verbs and always precede them. Some Adverbs are fixed as to where they appear in the sentence —usually immediately before the Verb or another Adverb. Others are classified as Movable ‘Adverbs (MA) because they can also precede the Subject of the sentence. Auxiliary Verbs act the same as in English, e.g, I want 10 buy a book. Particles are added to words or sentences to indicate some particular meaning, e.g. 19 ma? is an intern particle which is added to a statement to change it into a question. ‘Common expressions and greetings. Co-Verbs are similar to English Prepositions, e.g. I go with him. (lessons 8, 9, 14) ‘A Verb + its Object said together (lesson 11) “Measure-words are similar to categories of description in English, e.g. a sheet of iron, a suit of clothes. clause/sentence CONjunctions or CONnectors BOUND FORM (BF) (lesson 8, note 8c) // ~~ TIME WORD (IW) QUESTION WORD (QW) J PLACEWORD (PW) // NUMBER (NU) RESULTATIVE VERB ENDING (RVE) (lessons 32-33) // SPECIFIER (SP)BABS i ke LESSON 6 What's in this lesson: - Telling the Time - Time When - Decimals & Half TELLING THE TIME DIALOGUE # if duihua PR: if fel Hh E JL AR? Chén: Qingwan, xianzai dian? Kw: ARR Ah AH? Lin: Liangdidn-gud-wiifén. Ni you shi ma? BR: RR Rt BL Re Chén: Wé liéngdiin-shifén yao shang-ka. Mm: KIL OF OR? Lin: Nijidian xia-ke? BR: PO rk (FH) > Chén: Sidian(zhéng). *: BAR il Me L Me Lin; Name, women wanshang jian. 14s LESSON 6LESSON 6 11 ke ATE ®: Huang: aK: Zhang: Be Huang: ak: Znang: a Huéng: ak: Zhang: Bw: ‘Hua Zhang: Huang: Zhang: tn KB LR RK RR Me HK? ; Ni jintién wénshang Iai-bu-lai wo jia chi-fan? HR RS Ki b A HR Dw RK Dulbuql, wa jintian wainshang you shi, méi banfé Idi. WK RWW KR KH? Méi guanxi, Na, mingtian Iai, héo-bu-hdo? eo LR tk Fr wR? Hao. Jididn bijiao fangbian? A A fT? Liadianban, xing ma? Fe xing. tx (HY) ABB RAR RP ; Ni(de) péngyou léi-bu-lai? RR ih ERM Lb WBE R- BO-Iai, té méi tian wanshang dou yao shang-ké. RIB BA RNWAMLE Me O! Shi zhéyang. Name, women mingtian wanshang jian. WK Me Hao, mingtian jian.TE kb LESSON 6 #: RN L— £ RW HRY? Women qi mai yixié déngxi, h@o-bu-hao? HAE RM Rt RAH He : Dulbugl, wo xianzai hén mang, méiyéu shijién qu. er eer #: MA mit am RAB? Li; Name, ni shénme shthou you kong? E: FFREKRE TMA GE tee Wang: Xiawil. Wo mai tian shangwii dou yu shi yao zud. E: BA RMAR EK FH MAR? Li: Name, women mingtian xiawii qo, héo-bu-hdo? Be: OIL? Wang: Hao. Jidian? #: WR BAH? Li: Liangdian zanmeyang? ts ‘Wang: Xing. #: F HARE FH R Me Li: Ho, mingtian xiawa liangdiain jian. 147LESSON 6 ia ko AR ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE DIALOGUE xf if & i# Chen: Excuse me, what's the time? (note 2) Lin: It’s five minutes past two. Do you have business to attend to? Chen: Ihave class at 2:10. Lin: — What time do you finish class? Chen: 4 o'clock. Lin: In that case, sce you in the evening. (note 1) Huang: Are you coming to my home to eat this evening? ‘Zhang: I'm sorry, have some matters to deal with this evening, there’s no way Ican come. Huang: Never mind. In that case, how about coming tomorrow? Zhang: Okay. What time is more convenient? Huang: Is half-past-six okay? Zhang: Fine. Huang: Is your friend coming? Zhang: No, he has class every evening. Huang: Oh! It’s like that, is it In that case, we'll meet tomorrow evening. Zhang: Okay, see you tomorrow. Li: How about us going and buying a few things? Wang : P'm sorry, I'm busy at the moment, I've got no time to go (shopping). Li: In that case, when are you free? ‘Wang : In the afternoon. [ have things needing to be done each morning. Li: In that case, how about us going tomorrow afternoon? ‘Wang: Okay. What time? Li: How about 2 o'clock? Wang : Fine. Li: Okay, see you tomorrow at 2 p.m.LESSON 6 xianzai (MA) now, at the present time dian (zhong) (M) (Measure for hours of the clock) jidian (NU+M) What time is it? What time ...? gué (V) _ past (a certain hour of the clock) cha (V) before (a certain hour of the clock) fon (M) minute (of time) shang-ké (VO) . (of students) to attend class; (of teachers) to conduct class xia-ke (VO) (of students) to finish class; (of teachers) to dismiss class zhong (N) o'clock; a clock wanshang (TW) _ evening wan (SV) late Jian(mian) —(V(O))_ to meet Jintian (TW) today (ai (Y) —_tocome (10) chi-fan (VO) to eat (a meal) (note 9) (mifan (N) (Cooked) rice 149LESSON 6 hia ke 13. (A) A» BH mei(you) banfa (EX) There’s no way that .... (or % 3 F méi fazi) DE banfa (N) away to handle a problem, asolution 14. AK mingtian (7) tomorrow RR mingtian jian (EX) See you tomorrow! 1s. EE bijiao (A) comparatively, relatively 16. ban (NUM) half (a) 17. xing (EX) OK;okay (or: *] LL kéy) 18, BR ° () Ont 19. f HE —shizhéiyang (EX) OhlIsee! It’s like that, is it! 20. Hf fa) ‘shijian (N) time —_(as in: time is money) (M: £8 duan = period) 21. tt 4 it #% shénme shinou(QW) when? 22. youkéng (VO) _tohave free/spare time 23.7 & xiawa (TW) afternoon; p.m. ak shangwi_ (TW) forenoon; a.m. aE. zAoshang = (TW) _(early in) the morning R 240 (SV) early ig zhéngwii (TW) noon 150TR iti ke ‘LESSON 6 Hi 2u6 (V) todo, to make, to engage in 26. % zhéng (A) exactly 2 ke (M) (Measure for quarter-hour) BL TE — A — RleXianzai yidian yika, 10's a quarter-past-one. 28. RE RK zuétian (TW) yesterday 151LESSON 6 ha ko BAR TIME WHEN th = |= T also want to go tomorrow. In ENGLISH, Time Words which answer the question “When?” normally follow the main Verb: Icame yesterday. He arrived in the afternoon. Let's go at 6 p.m. ‘The exception is when wishing to emphasize the time aspect, when the Time Words come at the beginning of the sentence: ‘On Tuesday I'm not at home. In CHINESE, when wishing to state when an action or event occurs, the Time Words usually come immediately after the Subject: & 4> K BH & Wo jintian yao qd, except when desiring to focus on the Time Word when, as in English, it comes at the beginning of the sentence: 8] 3 B (9) BA 2 HE 3K Mingtian wo(de) péngyou yao Iai. 1. Time Words usually come immediately after the Subject. Repetition DrillLESSON 6 LAR | tiddian wR ; mingtian WA Bb | mingtian wanshang tt & it ® | shénme shihou oe | jintian badian iJL | jidian ith Eh Question & Answer Drill: insert the word supplied in the appropriate place. Example: Teacher: fr f+} AM RAS? (MELA) ‘Teacher: ‘Teacher: Teacher: Teacher: Nishénme shihou you kong? (wanshang qidian) Student: RM Et AA Se (I'm free at 7 p.m.) Wo wanshang qidian you kong. wit am eas? (bt Nishénme shihou you king? ——-_(wanshang qidian) Kt AM RAB? (AK FF) Nishénme shihou you kng? ——_( mingtiain xia) wt At RAS? (# EX A) Nishénme shihou you kong? ——(zoshang lidian) Kt 4 MRS? (F * @ &) Nishénme shihou yéu kong? —(xiawa sididin) te tt 4 tt RA? Ou & #) Nishénme shihou you kong? ——_(idianban)LESSON 6 hour = dian (eg. 3:00 minute = Jpfén — (eg.3:20 second = mido Ghia ke A = & = + # sandian-érshifén) 11. @ zhOng (o'clock) and 4} fén (minute) are often omitted. Repetition Drill ban Zi ling wi B+h, wiishiwi | =F 21 ershiér —2 yike Ste sanshiwi eH) (#H) (héng)Fak DECIMALS & ‘point’ is rendered in Chinese as 4 dian: eg. 34, 0.5, 86, 9.7, 22.22 san = ling Kn ba n ae ey €H 2B le E 155LESSON 6 a ke AE HALF + + ban has 3 different uses: 31. fban+M+N = halfa... Repetition Drill 32. NU+M+ ¥ban+N = NUandahalf Repetition DrillAto ke LESSON 6 33. — * yiban without a Measure before or after it = one half 8 te Qing ni: g8ita | ACTIVITY if #) huddong Read off the time on the clocks faces below: TRANSLATION i i¥ fany! Pm thinking of eating at 9 o'clock. ‘The students finish class at 6 p.m. A: Excuse me, what’s the time? Bi It’s 7:06 a.m. ‘A: When is Teacher Wu free? — becausc he said that he has no time now. Please give me two-and-a-half jin of tomatoes. (note 7) Lam going to the market now fo buy some apples and oranges. Why are you still so tired? Do you know Teacher Lin? ~ he is my friend. He is going to my home at exactly 8 o'clock. . I don’t understand why onions are so cheap T BePN MP eNE os 187LESSON 6 50 ke AC WORTH NOTING i ff ‘Are you continuing to work on perfecting your tones? This will take a lot of effort for a very long while — two years minimum and a lifetime maximum Remember that the beauty of your Chinese will depend on you acquiring good pronunciation and accurate tones. TRANSLATION OF THE SENTENCE PATTERNS 4) © fit i¥ 1. Twant to (or: I'm going to) eat at 6 o'clock. My friend is also going to rest tomorrow. Teacher Yang is coming to my home for a meal tomorrow evening. ‘When does he want to do it? We'll meet today at 8 o'clock. What time do they finish class? 11, It’s 1 o'clock. It's 11:22. It’s a quarter-past-twelve. (see note 8) Ws 7:35, 3 . Half a jin of bananas. 32, One-and-a-half days. ‘Two-and-a-half jin of carrots. Three-and-a-haif kilograms of onions. | 33. We're buying half (of i). He wants half (of it). Tunderstand half (of i). | : Please give her half (of it). 158alu ke LESSON 6 iE |. Whereas Time When phrases in English require appropriate prepositions, no preposition is need in Chinese: She comes in the afternoon ft! “FF Ta xiawii lai ‘They eat at 3 o'clock fi 11 = A 0G Mf Tamen sandian chi-fan 2. “Excuse me, what is the time?” is normally rendered “tit (@], Bl 7E JL ?". “Qingwén, xianzai jidian?” Note that Chinese requires § 7E xianzal. 3. When Telling the Time, % ling (zero) can be inserted up to and including 9 minutes past the hour: fH A 3 JL 4p lidngdizin ling jid fen = 2:09. 4. In order to say ‘exactly TW’ (as in: ‘exactly two o’elock’), you use if Zhéng (Fi A ® liangdian zhéng). 1 zhéng can also be used when expressing a round amount of money as in “exactly ¥10,000" (Me | — 5 3& HR zhéng zhéng yiwan kuai qian). However, note that with expressions of money, §% zhéng comes before the ‘amount when talking but affer the amount when writing. 5. When asking and giving the time, J shi (to be) is normally omitted, except in negative sentences. 6. Note the 3 different uses of 3 ban: a) #ban+M+N = haifa... +r ER ban jin xiangjiao half a jin of bananas b) NU+M+ #ban+N = ...andahalf —FeRE yijin ban yangoéng one-and-a-half jin of onions. ) — ¥ yiban without a Measure before or after it = one half if tr # t — Qing nigditayiban Please give her half (of it) 7. Direct and Indirect Speech: In Chinese, Direct and Indirect Speech are not distinguished, except for a slight pause after iif shud when preceding a direct question. Contrast this with English: He said, “I'm not going” (th Bi #& 7% & TA shud wo bi-q0); He said that I wasn't going ({t! % # #® 2: Ta shud wo ba-qi).LESSON 6 lia ko SAT ‘There is no equivalent in Chinese for the English ‘that’ appearing before indirect quotations. Knowing the context is therefore important. 8. “a quarter past 12”: an alternative is + = 8% + Hi 3 shiérdian shiwa fén (12:15). 9. Whereas > { mifan = (cooked) rice, MZ { chi-fan = to cata meal. ‘Meals through the day: FL or if Ror Fh) We HE or Bh zAocan or zéofan | wiican or wifan | wancan or wanfan a YOUR OWN NOTESA oh ke LESSON 6 Memorize the Following Characters ‘The following characters have already appeared 10 times and so the pinyin will be omitted from now on. Use this opportunity to memorize them for future recognition. 161LESSON 6 AG ko AE Buy a notebook divided up into squares and practice writing the above characters, Your teacher will show you the stroke order and radical for each character. (06 = REE ROME A ea] Here are a few general pointers, When writing Chinese characters: 1. Write from the upper left-hand corner to the lower right-hand corner [e.g. Ti]. This is on overall principle, embracing the following six, and guides the writing of all characters not covered by them. 2, Write from left toright (eg. /\] 3. Write from top to bottom [eg = ] 4, Write from outside to inside (e.g. Y } (Note that the inside is filled in first before the bottom line is added.) 5. Write the horizontal line(s) before writing the other line(s) which cross it. leg £1 6. Write the slanting stroke to the left before writing the one to the right. leg. *) 7. Write the center stroke before writing its symmetrical ‘wings [e.g. fii ni] 162athe LESSON LESSON 7 What's in this lesson: = Days & Dates = Suggestion —_("€! ba) = Probability (if! ba) DAYS & DATES DIALOGUE #f if duihua B: BM SRB) LANS? Wa: — Qingwen, jintian (shi) jlyue jIhao? mM: SRB) -A=R? Lig: Jintian (shi) = yue = hao. &: BMI? Wa: — Xingaiji? ni: BM Lia: Xingqi =. BR: SRERBBW-B? We: Jintidn bé-shi xingqi — ma? wi: RE BEM? Lig: BG-shi, shi xingq! =.‘LESSON7 ‘Wa: x: Lig: Bt: ke cE : RAH RA ABKERM ? NI zhidao w6 mingtian yao qd Tianjin ma? RAW RU RA F(t) BM! Wé zhidao, sudyi women xia(ge) xingqi jian | [8% shows #& a photograph of his girl friend] th: Yang: Re Zhao: Hh: Yang: ®: Zhao: Bh: Yang: = Li =: Wang: KA KER XM Re Nikan, zha shi wode nd-péngyou. RR Se SK? Hao pidoliang | Ta jinnian dué da? to ei+ay. Tajinnian — shi = sul. tr 11 41 Hl ft A Bt HP? Nimen dasuan shénme shihou jiéhon? 8] aE A Be Mingnian 7 yua ba. Be REELS RNE ESB A 2 Dé-hua, we yao qa Shanghai, women qd mai chépido, héo-bu-hao? Ee RNME-REXFHE! Hao, women xianzai — qf qd huéchézhan bat4 lr: we = ui: er we * ui ee We x ur: = fang: AR Gt ke LESSON 7 > HE HH fire jang fang: Hao, xidxie nl. fR BURKE? NI yao néitian qa? + — 3 4 ae * Shi = hao, Mbaitian. fK BE IL RA ? NI yao mai jidizinde? Be Dou kéyi. BOLF+-KROI+HAHW EAH? Name, shangwi shi — dian — shi i fénde zénmeyang? tT Xing. ERNE RE! Wang: Hao, wémen qi mai pido ba !LESSON 7 Olt ke EE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE DIALOGUE %f if ii i Excuse me, what's the date today? Today is February 2. ‘Which day of the week? ‘Tuesday. Isn’t today Monday? No, it’s Tuesday. Do you know that I'm going to Tianjin tomorrow? Tknow, so see you next week I RERSESES Yang: Look, this is my girl friend. Zhao: She’s really beautifull How old is she (this year)? Yang: She's 22 years old (this year). Zhao; When do you plan to get married? Yang: Probably June next year. Li: De-hua, I want to go to Shanghai; let’s go and buy the train (or bus) ticket, okay? Wang: Okay, let’s go together to the train station now. Li: Okay. Thank you. ‘Wang: On which day do you want to go? (note 4) Li: 124, Sunday. ‘Wang: What time (train) do you want to buy? Li: Anytime is okay. (note 1) Wang; In that case, how about the 11.25 a.m. one? i: Okay. Wang: Okay, let’s go and buy the ticket! (note 3)