BHR poke LESSON 11 LESSON 11 What's in this lesson: - Verb-Object Compounds ~ Auxiliary Verbs in Questions - Existence with 4 BUYING DAILY NECESSITIES DIALOGUE # if duihua Ina Supermarket [ 7 & iff ] [ & is awesterner | Bi -SAL > PMA + ATLLBESR— HEAR RK: WBRZ? Rs WME» RAAB » & RB: AA ERK? & STAR © INEELA LOBE RURAL AK © 2: ORR RE AB ° Boe ae "OR WEAK IC (HAIG) 2 BERET ALG 2 WANE > ASE > WKAR ° HSER? : —H-BEAR > wat! : RET CMe SH Ne DH Nt HOLESSON 11 p= ke th Inasmall Store [ 7£ |) Bi i 2] [ & is awesterner ] OX: ER MRE > BR: PREGAME AQ: BUR ORR! REED BIA - ER: MARAGNF? A: KS: RHKRRHME SIS + HEE Bic ° EB: BANE ? MX: KW HAREKAAY - ZR: AWDRe me: REEMA T ° ER: MAPK InaStore [| # i i #] [| % isawesterner] 17 2: AQAHW? REA PRBRICH D - 2M: MUHKTLARS MMe ACES! th: te > HH! ZR: MRPRABG? th: OMS > BRE DUST REX ECR ° % te: ARAN EB | th: Al AA DARA AE ? #R: Ae DEARNF AMEE ¢ B®: Hf RAaaee ZR: SOWA. MRFA HST: RE URENBt tke LESSON 11 DIALOGUE duihua Ina Supermarket [ zai chdoshi ] [ Wa is a westerner ] wa: Laoban, #% gang lai Zhongguo, sudyi # mai — xié dongxi. Laoban: fr Bi mai (+4? wa: Kaféi. cha #8 xaa8. Laoban: — Héng cha hai f 1d cha? wa: Hong cha. Waigué A bijido xihuan hé héng cha. Laoban: —Kaféi hé cha #8 fang zai Hf bian. Ziji na ba. wa: ti mai AK mai IC (dianhua)ka? # Hi da dianhua. Laoban: Dui F qi, 7 mai. wa: #E guanxi, — gong dudshdogién? Laoban: — gong —@ ling Hi kuai. wa: Xiaxie! Laoban: % kéqi. Inasmall Store | zai xido shangdianli] _[ Zhao is a westerner ] Zhao: —_Laobain, fit. Laoban: fist) Hany hén #7. Zhao: BRB li, mAmahGhG! 4% zheng zai xuéxi Putonghua. Laoban: fe hul 7 hui xié Han zi? Zhao: hui. # mingtian i kaisht xué xié Han zi, sudyi x0 mai % jibén. Laoban: fir BH day hai #E xido Hy? Zhao: Day, yinwei #8 dai tiantian lianxi. Laoban: Daf) Hi kuai. Zhao: mai A bEn He. Laoban: R bén ++ kuai,ow dip ke tie Ina Store | zai shangdianli } [ Yang is a westerner | Yang: Ldoban, #8247 mianbao? # méitian zdofan #8 ¥F chi mianbao. Laoban: —_#f bian 9) zhuézishang 4 hén du6 zhdng mianbéo. Zi qd na ba! Yang: _#f, xiéxie! Laoban: fi tai Zhonggué jiéo-sho 14? Yang: Dui, ké 4 #% xidn xué Zhongwen, yihdu dasuan zai daxué Jiao Yingwen. Laoban: #6 A cuda! ill, YA weishéngzhi he yagao? i. Weishengzhi hé yégéo #5 zai houmian. HF, B ziind. bao waishéngzhi - jj hé yagdo, — gong = +i kuai. i& JE (BY xido pido.i dp be LESSON 11 ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE DIALOGUE xt ig ii if Wu: Mister, I've just come to China and so need to buy a few things. Shopkeeper: What do you want t buy? wu: I need both coffee and tea. Shopkeeper: Black tea or green tea? wu: Black tea. Foreigners prefer drinking black tea. Shopkeeper: Coffee & tea are both placed over there. Help yourself to them. (note 6) wu: Do you sell telephone cards? I need to make a telephone call. (note 3) Shopkeeper: Sorry, we don’t. wu: Never mind. How much is that altogether? Shopkeeper: Altogether that’s ¥105. wu: Thanks! Shopkeeper: You're welcome. Zhao: Mister, hello. Shopkeeper: Your Chinese is very good. Zhao: —_Notat all. I’s only mediocre. 'm learning Mandarin right now. Shopkeeper: Can you write Chinese characters? Zhao: No can't. Tomorrow I'm starting to learn to write Chinese characters, so I need to buy a notebook. Shopkeeper: Do you want a large one or a small one? Zhao: A large one, because I must practice every day. (note 4) Shopkeeper: Large ones are ¥5. Zhao Til buy two then. (note 1) Shopkeeper: Two are ¥10. Yang Mister, do you have any bread? I eat bread for my breakfast every day. Shopkeeper: On the table over there are many sorts of bread. Go and help yourself! Yang: Okay. Thanks. shopkeeper: Have you come to China to teach? Yang Yes, but I first want to learn Chinese, and afterwards I plan to teach English in a university. shopkeeper: That’s not bad! (ie. That sounds great) Yang Excuse me, do you have any toilet paper and toothpaste? Shopkeeper: Yes. Toilet paper and toothpaste are both at the back. Yang Okay. I'll get them myself, \ropkeeper: 8 packets of toilet paper and 2 tubes of toothpaste is ¥35 altogether. Here is your receipt.LESSON 11 NEW VOCABULARY 4 if] shéngci Gp ke 1. #8 (BY) TH (GH) chdo(jshi(chang) supermarket (M: %& fia) 2. Bal (Pal) gang(gang) (A) _just (now), just this moment 3. OM aE kaféi (N) coffee Oy WE f& — kafeise (N) _ coffee-color(ed) 4 cha (N) tea 5. i B xuyao (AVN) need to / need (note 3) 6 1 hongcha (N) black tea An héng (SV) red i& 3 ME WB ML > 7X zhang zhihén hong. This paper is very red (in color). qf hongsé (N) red color ROR HM A fe RK A xihuan hdngsé. | don’t like red (as a 7. && (&) Wa(se) (SVIN) green (color) 8. 5b Hl A waiguorén = (N)_—foreigner 9. i fang (V) __ to put (something somewhere) oA a zit (N) self, oneself (note 5) ug na (V) to take hold of, to carry in one’s 12.1C #8 if - IC dianhuaka (N) hand telephone card (or IC ka)tie aap te 13. 14. 15, 16. a7: 18. 19. 20. 21 22 23. a i Ha i i BRR ae 4 de AG) 2 ie Bic 8) Bi &Y mi Hee BR dianhua d-dianhua shangdian mamahaha xuéxi xué Putonghua xié-zi kaisht bijibén bit dei / bixd lianxi mianbao mianbaodian zaofan LESSON 11 (N) telephone; telephone call (VO) to make a phone call (N) store, shop (M: & jia) (EX) mediocre, so-so (li jorse-horse-tiger-tiger) (V) — toleam (= learning which includes both study & practice) (V/AV) to study / lear (how) to (N) Mandarin (language) (VO) _ to write (characters or words) (AVIV) begin to, start to / to begin, to start (N) notebook (M: # bén) (N) notes (AV) must, have to (neg: AR D1 FA) (VIN) to practice / exercise, drill (N) bread (M: % tido for ‘a loaf of) (N) bakery (N) breakfast (or 4€ zocan)+ RK ht FO NS Ke He wafan wanfan jiao-sha Zhongwen yihou Yingwen waishéngzhi weishéng yagao xidiopiao shoujo (N) (N) (vo) ) (Ma) (N) ) (N) ht — ke Bp noon meal (or “F #§ wiicdn) evening meal (or tit, # wancan) to teach (note 13) Chinese (language) (note 2) afterwards, thereafter English (language) (or % iB Yingyi) (exclamation) toilet paper (M: £2 bao (packet) or % juan (roll) ) (SV/N) hygienic, sanitary / hygiene ) ) ) toothpaste (M: && hé) bill of sale receiptBt Rat— be LESSON 11 VERB-OBJECT COMPOUNDS (VO) Certain Verbs in Chinese are normally linked together with its own particular Object, and the Verb + its Object are said together as a single verb unit: e.g. 2 th chifan = to eat. In English, the Object is not required. (note 13) 1. Repetition Drill s BR ie i BR chi-fan K at tK kan-sha SE 5F Xuésheng : xié-zi ft 4 ie if ft 471 ‘shud-hua = i KB LaoshI = jiéo-shi te rE ft kéi-ché ASML a wuw.chinesemadeeasier.com/teacherhandbook.htm!LESSON 11 2, The Object can be modified Repetition Drill B mL R chi | Zhénggué fan tie aH RUA K kan | Yingwén sha ea BF Xuésheng xié | Han zi ft 11 th IL if fe 1 shud | ji jd hua 2 Mi RRA H Laoshi jido ; 3X bén sha ft MB mE? fit kai © 9 liang che? 3. The Object can be changed for a more specific one. Repetition Drill R A i RR chi | niGréumian ti [8 QRH eae i kan : #28) jibén ee 3 -iis Xuésheng | xié | —féng xin ft 101 ho ie th 11 shud © Puténghua = UB RRB Laoshi —jido_Yingya tte Fok Be chiziché dif ke tiStk + te LESSON 11 AUXILIARY VERBS (AV) o eee, kuaizi ? > |chopsticiks >| Can you use chopsticks? We first met Auxiliary Verbs (e.g. can, like to, want to) in lesson 3. Questions can be formed either by using the positive-negative form, or by adding Ij to the end of the sentence. However, note that, in the positive-negative form, it is the Auxiliary Verb, not the main Verb, that is ‘doubled’. Remember that the negative plus Adverbs all precede the Auxiliary Verb, not the main Verb. 11, When the Auxiliary Verb is a two-syllable word, e.g. I=L ké-yi, Hi xIchuan, fH x0-, the positive Auxiliary Verb is usually shortened to the first syllable only. Sy v0 t% BRE WOE i? tr hui A hut shud Puténghua? fh | Re 45 182 ft {71 xing AR xing jié-han? ti 1 RB & RB th? te 41 | gai 7 gai gu kan (th? th] RARER eh x? fe i xi xthuan xué Zhéngwén? # TRAK Haw? x ké Rkeyl | zyina? 1 SRS wiz? (1 XG xGBE | mai & jibsn? (LESSON 11 di ke aR 12. Transformation Drill: your teacher supplies the Verb; you then make a sentence with an appropriate Auxiliary Verb using the positive-negative question form. Example: Teacher: Teacher: Teacher: ‘Teacher: Teacher: Teacher: Teacher: 12 chi-fan Student: WME TUK WU HK te HK? # {1] xianzai kéy! 76 kéyl qd chi-fan? Me Bet H tt 5 FHS Ee MM EAB chi-fan kan Yingwén sha Qo th fia ji gua-hao xin qu chezhan wang you guai Student: Student: Student: Student: Student: Student:tm dit ke LESSON 11 What is there on/at/in ...? (4) (expressing existence) Place Word Noun __| ar bE tt aR ? i Zhudzi-shang A tt & dongxi? =y \, Table(-top) there are) “what things? = oe =P What is there on the table? \ In order to say: ‘There is/are objects or people on/at/in Place Word’ e.g. There is a book on the table. There are many Chinese in America. Who is there in the park? the Place Word stands in the Subject position, followed by # and the Noun. Note that, when using 4 in this sentence pattern, it means There is/are rather than to have (as in the sentence # #1 % = I have a pen) 21, Repetition Drill Place Word | i N ARS PBA Fi hén dud waiguo A RNS BR A RBA #% ff] xuéxido | | Yingguo A th 1 A RDKRF tte 4 fia LH + haizi ® mB BAA Gongyuani | A TH Rin BF Caishichang %& | Ai | chéngzi Rit A BHR YB? Tianjin i | mbxie daxue?LESSON 11 Oh ke 22, Positional noun as Place Word Repetition Drill we ae bi f (AOA shangbian : BOK ee xiabian AS yizi i Ri A an qianbian | % | | gongyuan i | A HAS héumian A; chiziché deh jh wee waibian | & | A | xuésheng am | a limian a 23. Positional noun suffixed to other nouns, the whole acting as a Place Word Repetition Drill Noun + PW = N ay | (a) Rie ie Zhuézi | shang(mian) | % | A shoujd ee Yizi xiabian % A Bien a6 mw (A atA Youja | gianbian Bi=EtTA Ke | a Hi ASR Daxué houmian ! @ + gongyuan BRB | did ia mt ee Gong’anja | walbian A | i 4 jIngcha RH 5 (@) (A REA Caishichang | {i(mian) | A | héndud ABPR lt ke LESSON 11 ACTIVITY if 3) hudong Answer the following questions by looking at the pictures SRORALTA? MERA ARH? ABAD Tt Zs 2 xuéxiaolimian jidoshili Youja waibian Bit A? ft, dongxi? Atta? SFLAHGAB? zhudzishang # {t4 dongxi? [t\ || [O_\ FF TRANSLATION = i i# fanyi HOP Rete There are two notebooks on the table. Are they yours? ou know how to write ‘receipt’ in Chinese? Sar one park in the university? 1s there a supermarket opposite the police station? y two years old so he can’t write. ractice speaking every day. ‘ou like teaching? B: No. ‘There are many people on the mountain, need to buy any tomatoes today? “4 write your Chinese name?LESSON 11 dpa ke PR WORTH NOTING i: A When learning a new language, we need ideas on how to practice what we've been learning in class. Look up the Chinese Language Learners website for those learning Chinese in China: http:// www.chinesemadeeasier.com TRANSLATION OF THE SENTENCE PATTERNS 4) @ ff i= 1. Teat, ‘You read. The student(s) writes. They talk. The teacher teaches. He drives. 2. Leat Chinese food. You read English book(), The student(s) writes Chinese characters. ‘They say a few words/sentences, ‘The teacher teaches this book. Which car does he drive? 3. Leat beef noodles. You read (or look at) my notebook. ‘The student(s) writes a letter. They talk Mandarin. The teacher teaches English. He drives a taxi. 11. Can you speak Mandarin? Do they wish to get married? / Are they thinking of getting married? Should you go and see/visit him? Do they enjoy studying Chinese? May I get it myself? Do we need to buy notebook(s)? 21. There are many foreigners in Beijing. There are no British people in our school. There are five children in their family. There are no people in the park. There are no oranges in the marke Which universities are there in Tianjin?BEd ta ke LESSON 11 22, There are people upstairs/above. There are chair(s) underneath. There is no park ahead. ‘There is a taxi behind. ‘There are no students outside. ‘There are three people inside. 23. There are no receipt(s) on the table. ‘There are no notebook(s) under the chair. There are three people in front of the post office. ‘There is a park behind the university. ‘There are two policemen outside the police station. There are lots of people in(side) the market. NOTES it f# 1. In lesson 8 we noted that ‘J le can indicate ‘exclamation’. In the dialogue in this lesson, Zhao said: #2 3 PH A KF T (4 mai MH bén FF le). T le signals the end of the speaker's contribution to the topic being discussed, ie. giving a sort of finality to it. Another example of this use of le would be when two children are arguing and their mother says to them “KE 7” “# le”, meaning “That’s enough!”, “Stop it!” or “It’s now over and done with !” 2, J GR Putonghua = the spoken form of the Chinese language. Zi Hanyd refers to the language as a whole, including the spoken form. = 3% Zhongwen and W i Hanyl both mean ‘the Chinese language’. However, «1 3 Zhéngwén refers more to the written aspect. 3. Although Auxiliary Verb 3% 3 xU3E means ‘need to’, when wishing to convey the idea of ‘need to’ in Chinese, 3 is often used instead. 4. In the dialogue the following sentence appeared: #2 4 K XK Mk 3 4 déi tiantian lianxi. X tiantian is another way of saying # ZK méitian. Gai: the position of 4 & zijf ina sentence in Chinese is different m English. In Chinese, {1 & zijl follows the Subject,eg. fk A 2 # E = fff ziji qu mai ba = Go and buy it yourself! ”LESSON 11 dip ke PR 6. The dialogue contained the sentence: ml HE #1 2 4% wk 7 HB We Kaféi hé cha 8 fang zai Jf} bian. Note that with the verb JA fang (and a few others), 4£ zai + PW can also follow the Verb. This grammar pattern is introduced more fully in Lesson 19. NOTES regarding Auxiliary Verbs 7. Many Auxiliary Verbs can also function as ordinary main Verbs: tw BK Hh 03? Do you like her? (main Verb) ie xihuan ith 03 2 KEKE LEB? Do you like studying Chinese? (AV) fis xihuan xué Hanyi 1 2 8. Note that it is the Auxiliary Verb, not the main Verb, which has the negative attached to it. 9, Some Auxiliary Verbs can be modified by an Adverb, e.g. fff hen» ® XK. Note that the Adverb precedes the Auxiliary Verb: Re Ki HH he I like eating Chinese food very much. # hén xihuan chi Zhénggué fan. 10, When answering a question which contains an Auxiliary Verb, only the Auxiliary Verb need be used in the answer when the context makes the meaning clear (ie. the main Verb is omitted). eg.Q tk & AK & ik i IA? Age eg.Q ffi hul 7 hul shu Putonghua? A: hui. NOTES regarding # 11, In English, we can say, “Someone has come to see you” or “There is someone come to see you”. Chinese always uses the second way of saying this: AK H the A A laikan fx, (ue. A must always be included in the sentence.) 12. Distinction between #{ and JB: Note the difference in meaning in the following two sentences:Rt tke LESSON 11 ‘Two people are walking through a shopping area: a) O: Ai HM A Ht 4 i? ‘What (kinds of) stores are Q: Qianmian # 4 {ft 4 shangdian? there ahead (of us)? A 8 @ i ti AH me ‘There is a supermarket and A: #1 chdoshi ti, 4 mianbaodian. a bakery, b) OAH Bt 4 mR? ‘What is the store ahead (of us)? Q: Qianmian # ff 4 shangdian? ‘A: [3 HH KR Gudguang shangdian. Guoguang Store. If we want to know whether something ‘exists’, use #1. TEAR AR 4 5? Are there McDonalds in China? Zhénggué 4 ¥ Maidangléo? However, if we know that there certain exactly where, use TE Z RARE PUB A ww? Whereabouts in Zhongshan Maidangléo zai Zhongshan I. {+ Z, difang? Road is McDonalds? ‘e McDonalds outlets in China, but aren’t 13. Here are some common Chinese Verb-Objects: Chinese Verb-Object [Literal Translation] English usage| if / iff 1% shud-hua /jiang-hua | to speak speech —_| to speak, to talk 3 kan-sha to read books to read i dé-sha to study books to study 4 jido-sha to teach books to teach { chi-fan to eat rice to cat A BG mai-dongxi to buy things to shop. 2% 20u-l0 to walk roads to walk kai-ché to drive vehicles | to drive & i zud-fan to make rice to cook 1 xibzi to write characters | to write & Wf 2u0-shi to do things to work 19Lisson 11 Op ke aR Memorize the Following Characters The following characters have already appeared 10 times and so the pinyin will be omitted from now on. Use this opportunity to memorize them for future recognition. NZ i | tocome (to) it a few, some; how many? aa togo (to) tian aay; sky, heaven JU RK A 20 jin now, the presentBEB dlp ke LESSON 11 Write a story using the Chinese characters you have already learned. When you need to write a word or syllable but have not yet learned how to write the Chinese character, simply write the pinyin.LESSON II it — ke i Some characters where A (rén) is the radical It normally appears as { on the left side of the character | fe ta he, him 8 41 men (Noun suffix indicating the plural) 8 te ont a 8 4h shén what? 10 42 wei (polite Measure for people) 16 | # jian (Measure for items, things, clothing) 23 | | 4& pin / bian cheap / convenient, handy 25 | 4% hou period; to await 26 42 dan but, however; only, merely 26 42 zha to live, to reside 30 | 48 xin letter (mail); to believe or trust (in) 34 | fb jie to lend/borrow 36 * xid to rest, to pause, to cease, to stop 44 | 22SS =iR dt ake LESSON 12 LESSON 12 What's in this lesson: - Nouns modified by Nouns & Pronouns - Nouns modified by Adjectives BUYING CLOTHES IN A SHOPPING MALL DIALOGUE xf ig duihua Ina Shopping Mall { 7£ if 4% | x: Ay #8: x as HL xi J HL xi: Ay 8: mi AN Hi Ay $8: Hi ay HL: sles ANE > BEBE HAG © MES AW ? = tH « IEE A BEE ? Af » Re aA > EAR? A A— ALAN ? BEBUTE LBS Be RAKE AR 2 BABR 2 KINES ¢ BD? WES > TOF | KT | ARATE AL? SUCETECEST ALT © —B ALT) © SF > CEMBILITER ? EAB ° ALERTING © TATA] > TESLA? 3BLLBSSON 12 Ota kee aN HE: me Wit ! Ne ee Xt AN + PANE IRSA» PRES ILE BIR ° Bhs ABSA AAA? ®: RAKE ° BE — RE» UAW ELBE wR? Hh: WOR SRE PERIZ > IRE REEALIPESE « @: DEBA LA — RoI AD ? Bh: Xt | i XS SAABIT GT > PERRET © ®: n> AGL 20 ? BAT] ita | fh: AE > UEP GER ALR > LEDER © ®: HHL er 2 Hh: Ta x: b ABA > ARETE ERG LIB» “ERE 2 47 > WGBtoB ATH ke LESSON 12 DIALOGUE x} if duihua Ina Shopping Mall —_[ zai shangchéing | Lid: Xidojié: Lid: Xioji8: Lid: Zhao: ya Zhao: Yang: Yang! Zhao: Yang} Znao: Vang} Xidojié, # Bi mai — jian chénshan. fim chuan dud da fy? Sta. Ys xihuan {+4 yansé? Baisé + lansé # kayi. 3& jian zn 4, yang? AWA da —Ar iN? A xianzai bijiao pang, 4. i& jian daxido zén 4 yang? Gou 7 gou da? Daxido zhéng ##.. Dudshaogian? WAS. Kiya! Tai guile! Ké 7 kéyi pidnyi — 4 r? Xianzai zhéng zai d& fi zhé. —#Ju++/\ kuai. 4. Zai WB r fgian? Zai Mh bian. #8 xiang kankan haizi Ay kOzi. HIF, zai JL lou? = lou. Xiéxie! F kéqi. Xiao Yang, #2 péngyou xia xingql % jiéhan, suyl # 3 mai JL jian.xin yifu, ti xing mai +2, yifu? — tiao chang qin. #% hai xiang mai — shuang xié. of jia fy ytfu bijido pidoliang? Ragué {f° yao pidoliang (fy yifu, fr — ding # 2 Zhongshan 1a mai, BB i BAM A — jid xin kai gy shangchang? Dui! érgié K+ xinggi #8 da /\ zhé, jidgian hn pidnyi. {x 45% wanshang # kéng 15? #ei/] — qi 3: ba! KE, gang &F 4% th xOB mai — xié néiyi, hai lidnkiwa. {41 JLAX guanmén? +h. HA, ~AK ban zai Gudguang shangdian jianmian, z8n 4 yang? Xing, sta] ti 25LLBSSON 12 dita ke Pe ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE DIALOGUE xi if # i# Liu: Miss, I want to buy a shirt, Assistant: What size do you wear? Liu: 39. (= 39 484} gongfén = centimeter) Assistant: What color do you like? Liu: Both white and blue are okay. Assistant: What about this one? Liu : Do you have one a little larger? I'm rather fat now. Assistant: Yes. What about the size of this one? Is it large enough? Liu : ‘The size is just right. How much? Assistant: (220. Liu : Wow! Too expensive! Are you able to let me have it a little cheaper? Assistant: Just at the moment there’s 10% off. ¥198. Liu: Okay. Where does one pay? Assistant: Over there. Liu: Iwish to have a look at children’s pants [UK.: trousers]. Excuse me, on which floor are they? (note 5) Assistant: 2"4 floor. (note 3) Lin: Thanks. Assistant: You're welcome. Zhao: Young Yang, my friend is getting married next week, so I need to buy a few new clothes. (note 2) Yang: What clothes are you thinking of buying? Zhao: A long skirt. I'm also thinking of buying a pair of shoes. Which store’s clothes are prettier? Yang: If you want beautiful clothes, you must go to Zhongshan Road to buy them. Zhao: Isn't there a newly opened shopping mall there? Yang: Right! Furthermore they are giving a 20% discount all this week, so the prices are cheap. Zhao: Do you have any free time this evening? Let’s go there together! Yang: Okay, it just so happens that | also need to buy some underwear and also some pantihose. Zhao: What time do they close? Yang: 10 o'clock. Zhao : In that case, how about us meeting at Guoguang store at half-past-six? Yang: Fine, no problem! %6BPG poe LESSON 12 NEW VOCABULARY # iil shengci 1 BH shangchang (N) shopping mall, shopping emporium (M: & ja) (or 5% shangchéng) 2 He chénshan (N) shirt (M: # jan) 3. chuan ) ‘to wear (clothes/shoes); to put on (clothes/shoes) 4 B+S8V dué + SV (QW) how? (i.e. to what extent?) 5. Bil f& yansé (N) — acolor 6 Af baisé () white color A bai (SV) white 3X 4 #— H A! jiX zhang zhi zhén bai! This sheet of paper is really white! & (fa) héi(sé) (SVM) black (color) 7. Wi (&) lan(s8) (SVN) blue (color) 8. — AJL yidianr (NU+M) a little ... 9. PE pang (SV) fat, obese (of humans) g shou (SV) thin 10. K 4 daxiao (N) size i. iE zhénghdo (EX) just right (or Fal Fill #F gangganghdo) aLESSON 12 12, WE WF 13. K SV 7 14. 4 HF (#) i 1s. i 16. HF Ki 8 Ke 17. IA 18. K Ki 19. #8 20. He (F) Oe ai. B aiya | tai SVle d&-zhé(kou) zhékou fu-gian kazi duanka changki xin ja chang duan ganzi xié(zi) xiédian raigué (EX) (EX) (vo) ) (vo) ) (N) (N) (sv) (sv) (sv) (sv) (N) (N) ) (MA) oh f= ke PR Oh dear! tooSV! soSV! (note 1) to give a discount (note 4) a discount to pay the money (for goods) pants [U.K.: trousers} (M: & tido) shorts (long) pants [U.K.: trousers] new old (ie. the opposite of new) Jong short skirt (M: % tido) shoes (@ hao = size) (M: 3 shuang = a pair of ) (M: A zhi = one of a pair) shoe store, shoe shop (M: % jia) if (also: ( M1 fiara / BE HE)22. 23, 2 8 2 8 SRA toe ae ae ee ie Tela OF HY . i A tr . Pa FE yiding yiding yao kai kai-mén xin kaide erqig jiaqian gangh&o ft 71 Bl ARE Ke fil] gang & % zai jia. A Al #e BA RF XT neiyi neika hai yu liankowa wazi guan-mén (a) (A) ) (vo) (sv) (Con) (N) (MA) LESSON 12 definitely, certainly definitely must to open (up) to open the store/shop (in the morning); to open the door anewly opened (e.g. store or business) furthermore, moreover price It just so happens that... (also: exactly, precisely, just right) It just so happens that they aren’t at home. ) (N) (Con) (N) (N) (vo) undershirt; underclothes underpants and also pantihose (M: 3% shuang) socks, stockings (M: 3 shuang) to close the store/shop (at the end of the day) 29LESSON 12 t= ke UR NOUN MODIFICATION In ENGLISH, modification can be indicated in several different ways: a) a possessive adjective, e.g. my pen (see lesson 3 Possession’) b) ’s added to the modifier, e.g. the teacher’s book. c) a possessive pronoun, e.g. the pen is mine. 4) ‘of between modifier and modified, e.g. ¥100 of books. €) two nouns occurring in sequence, the first one modifying the second, e.g. a Chinese book. (see lesson 3 note 11) In CHINESE, the general rule is: and ff is normally added to the modifier (Drills 1-2), except where there is a close personal relationship between the modifier and modified (Drill 3), or place names are used as modifier (Drill 4).Rta toe 1, Pronouns & Nouns modifying other Nouns Repetition Drill mF #4 © béizi hén xiao oN | IR a ft) | chénshan | #f hén xin 2 WG | 9: eB A Yingyi | A cud at 2 K(f) AY: kazi FE lan(se)it VISVIEV ff “Is 2. Pronoun + Noun modifying other Nouns Repetition Drill BS 88 83 #8(3| VISV/IEV @ HG? i hén gui 1? HEHE A #8 waiguod 1 OR fit 78 fit? | fi. dong 7 dong? BRaW | Wo Zi-qiang LESSON 12 3. BY is normally omitted where there is a close personal relationship between (Pro)Noun and Noun. Repetition Drill 31LESSON 12 GPS ko IIR NN VISV/EV oR) AB HR ZIG? 4i6 | péngyou = jiao Yingwén 1 2 Rist IE ¢€ % (5) i if Bi qui Zhéng zai xué(xi) Putonghua LR RES ih zhangfu | iB jingcha RF ED K ne? fig | naizi zai Ui jia fanguan chi-fan? 4. ff) is normally omitted when Place Words modify Nouns Repetition Drill VISV/EV Ki WA BR KY? Yinggué | péngyou | fi xthuan hé cha 15? +R (Ge (Bem? Zhénggud | shangdian | # hén wan guan-mén 15? Re i ARF 1? Méigué — fanguan = i # kuaizi 14? ke AK (mt Béijing A #8 hén mang 5. Transformation Drill: add the second modifier. Example: Teacher: 3X 2 RM Bie (AAR) i B HK Wy wan. (péngyou) Student: iX 2 & A RW Be 3X 42 # péngyou fy wan. (This is my friend’s rice bowl)Spo a tke LESSON 12 Teacher: iX @ fH) Bee CHAR) Student: i BK Hwan, (péngyou ) Teacher: 3X BRM H AH (KK) Student: i& $2 ® A paigumian, ( zhangfu) Teacher: iX HH A Re (BF) Student: BE RW neiyl, (haizi) Teacher: iX 2 RW HF (2F) Student: ik EK HY ghnzi. (aizi) 6. The teacher points to objects on both hers and the student’s desks and asks: “GX AE if shéi (472. If they are yours, you say “IK 42 4 iY) (object)”, but if they belong to your teacher or another student, you say “iX E #2 & Si laoshi ff) (object)” or “ik 42 HR AA A péngyou MH) object)” or “GK HB +S 4% 4: xuésheng iY) (object)”. Adjectives modifying Nouns (<1 ca Beessstseinialt mH] ON | eR yifu clothes In English, a descriptive Adjective can be used to modify a Noun, e.g. a new shirt. In Chinese, Adjectives (Stative Verbs) can stand before Nouns to modify them. (see note 6) When an Adjective is preceded by some qualifying element, e.g. #% én» taietc., fi is added to the Adjective. (Drill 11) 3LESSON 12, ha ke PR Also, when the Adjective consists of more than one syllable, e.g. %& # pidoliang » # pianyi, (Drill 12) 9 is added to the Adjective. However, when the Adjective is both single-syllable and unmodified, ff) is not added, e.g. #f 2 AR (xin yifu), HF HK F (MF haizi). (Drill 13) 11, Stative Verb preceded by an Adverb Repetition Drill St+v NU+M MO DIFIER co] N HE WF RE Lin ldoshi kai — lang | hén | pidoliang i giche RRR Am mee RB mai Aj liang i hén | a métuéché th {] — 5 BF bee HN eH {th (1 —ding % chudn © : bijiao | gui (A: yifu th -—* im [nh [iyi @ iw tt A | —bén : hén | xido (AE S jiben 12, Double-syllable Stative Verb modifying a Noun Repetition Drill ;o 2 —-e KRW? pianyi | ca) | héng cha | — ding 7 #F 05? BG | # [RBS th! rongyi W cai | ® #® hui zud | BR A oH tF RBA BD! mafan | ff) | shiging : # #8 % xiang ban ! aR Wat -E a it qanzi | — ding hui hén gut 34Bp a poe 13. AY is omitted when the Stative Verb is both single-syllable and not immediately preceded by an Adverb. Repetition Drill s ATAV i 2 EK a a ee Laoshi_| xihuan jiéo | % — | xuésheng te -#B ca Fs tr —ding # mai: xin chezi Cs A kK ORF th, & #7 | chang | wazi RN | wa if KS ARK Ri | we chuan | da hao néiyl LESSON 12 14, Transformation Drill: repeat each sentence, inserting the words supplied + ff) Example: ‘Teacher: Teacher: Teacher: ‘Teacher: Teacher: th 3 # Fe 4 chuan qinzi. (RR) (pidoliang ) Student: ge SF Wi FE WY 7B f° ff chuan piaoliang #49 qanzi. (She wears a beautiful skirt(s)) FB Fe (8) chuan qanzi (piaoliang ) BRA Ke (i Bt) & R néiyi- (hén gui) Ble o fhe CHE BE HF ) BE chi doufu. (bijiao # ) BR-—hICKs (-AR) Bi mai — zhang IC ka, ( — Hi kuai) Student: Student: Student: Student:LESSON 12 Ga ke Pe ACTIVITY if mi) huddong ‘Take some clothes to class, Your teacher is the Shopping Mall sales girl and you are the shopper(s). Don’t forget to bargain for a lower price! TRANSLATION | fi if fanyi Where can I put your new socks? (see lesson 11 note 6) ‘There is a newly opened McDonalds in Zhongshan Road; furthermore they're giving a 10% discount all this month. . must practice using my chopsticks every day. hr | Those foreigners don’t know what time that shopping mall closes. ‘The notebooks are on my table. Please get them yourself. Pim really hungry! What time does the school restaurant open? Your telephone card and also your bus ticket are both on my chair. Please wait a moment. My friend wants to buy a loaf of bread at that bakery. Do you prefer cycling an old bicycle or a new one? 3. 4 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Don’t eat at that restaurant Their pork chop-with-rice is too expensive! WORTH NOTING it In Chinese, as in any language, politeness demands certain standard responses to oft-used polite phrases. Learn the appropriate responses and practice them until they become automatic. xX: B if « Y RW/ REA) WBA X: Xiéxie. Y: 7 xid / A kéqi / bié kéqi. X: Hf A ies Y: WR RK: X: Dui Fa. YY: ¥guanxi. x PM MGB) es YX: BABA OAR Re X: pay Hanya (shudde) hén gf, Y: HB i HB li» mamahaha. X: RGA fh (02 1H)» Y: RA / KH HB X: #& if fR (chi-fan), Y: A yong / 7 # yisi- 36PNR APH be LESSON 12 TRANSLATION OF THE SENTENCE PATTERNS 4) 1 i iF 1. My cup is very small. His shirts are all very new. The teacher’s English is pretty good. The child’s pants are blue. 2, Are your friend’s shoes very expensive? ‘My wife’s friends are all foreigners. Do you understand her husband’s Chinese? His child’s name is Wu Zi-qiang. 3. Does your friend teach English? My wife is leaning Mandarin right now. Her husband is a policeman. At which restaurant does your child eat? 4, Do British friends al like to drink tea? Do Chinese stores all close up late (in the evening)? Do American restaurants all have chopsticks? Beijing people are all very busy. 11. Teacher Lin drives a very beautiful car. I want to sell two very old motorbikes. They definitely want to wear rather expensive clothes. He has a very small notebook. 12. Is cheap black tea definitely not nice? Ican make all the easy dishes (of food)! don’t wish to handle any bothersome matters! Beautiful skirts will definitely be expensive. 13. The teacher likes to teach good students. You must definitely buy new vehicle(s). He doesn’t have any long socks. We all wear large size underwear. NOTES i fF 1. & SV 7 (tai SV[e): In the Dialogue the following sentence appeared: & HT tdiguile. Here isa further example of le indicating exclamation. 2. wy % Xiao Yéng = 11) xido before a family name indicates a term of affection.LESSON 12 dia ke PR 3. Note that 2 floor is rendered — HE l6u nor jij ##16u. This is because it is being used here as an ordinal number (i.e. 1*, 2", 3°, etc.). 4. When quoting discounts, the amounts are calculated in the reverse order to English: (41.68) LHF ZHE = 10% off +. HEZhé = 30% Off = Hizhe = 10%0ff 5. The dialogue contained the sentence: HM BRRT WRT? R xiang kankan haizi ff) kizi. Action Verbs can be reduplicated. Note that this can have two different effects: a) ithas the idea of ‘taking little time over doing the action’: & BG (—) Gkan- I want to take a look at it. b)_itcan also have the effect of reducing a command into a suggestion or mild imperative: Ye Tl fl fh EON EP ‘You ask him, okay? Reduplication of Action Verbs has the same effect as Verb+ — “F xia. 6. The modified Noun can be omitted as understood: SV/N ee piaoliang Whenever a modified Noun is easily understood from the context, that Noun may be omitted. In ENGLISH, the Pronoun ‘one’ sometimes substitutes for the Noun. We say, “He sells cheap ones” or “This is the teacher’s one”. In CHINESE, no word is used for ‘one’, e.g. In the dialogue in lesson 11 the following sentence appeared: fit # % 3B AB) 9°? (fh BE da fy hai J xido (19) which was translated, “Do you ‘want a large one or a small one?”, ft WH me & WA AK He like to wear my friend’s ones, (ie. 2% A yifu) # xihuan chuan #% péngyou Ay, 38BPH tm ke LESSON 12 tt Ml FF IA Bye He has to drive an old one. (i.e. 4% ¥ chézi) te bixa kai jid Ay. BRER RE He This is Mr. Cai’sone. (ie. 9 # dongxi) 3X #B Cai xidnsheng #. BM BAR SF That pen isn'ta good one. (ie. %) zhi B ASE eA. 7. Where there is a string of Nouns and Pronouns in succession, ff) is normally only added to the final Noun acting as modifier, e.g. Mr. Li’s child’s clothes = = 9 4 BR F WY A HR. Lixiansheng haizi # yifu. 8. When #9) appears between a proper geographic name (# [Z| Yinggu6, 3¢ EZ] Méigu6) and the Noun which it modifies, a change in interpretation may take place. Note the difference in meaning in the following: AR Zhdnggud péngyou Chinese friends (ie. of Chinese nationality) HR AY HA #2 © Zhongguo#y péngyou friends of China (ie. non-Chinese) HS RK Méiguo xuéxiao The American School (in Beijing) 36 HY 4 He Méiguéfty xuéxiao USA schools 9. Note the difference in meaning in the following sentences: #1 -% 32 OB HY The shirtis anew one (emphasizes # xin) Chénshan #2 xin #9 HY ih i The shirt is (very) new (descriptive) Chénshan hén xin #f BL {2H Newsshirts are (very) expensive (Adj. modifies Noun) Xin chénshan hén gui EG W ‘The vehicle is a good one (emphasizes #f) Che Hf FAY 39LESSON 12 DPS OR * 8 The vehicle is (very) good (descriptive) Ché hén fF eas Good vehicles are numerous _(Adj. modifies Noun) 4 ché hén dud 10. The use of Adjectives to modify Nouns In general, most monosyllabic Adjectives may modify a Noun without the addition of (J, while most polysyllabic Adjectives require the use of J. Likewise, monosyllabic Adjectives which are modified by Adverbs require #. There are exceptions to this rule, as will appear in the following classification of Adjectives (Stative Verbs): May stand alone as modifiers of Nouns: RIKI A HRI AI KIMI ERI RA 3f 1 da | xiéo / xin / ji J chang / duan / kéqi / cong 8A (intelligent) Normally require the use of #4): RM / RA) GR) RA! BRI RB mafan / pianyi /fangbian/ piaoliang/ réngyt / 7% cud Require an adverbial modifier such as 4 hén and are followed by {¥¥ tol lM 1 BT (few) mang/gui/ dui / dud/ shao (few) 11. Modification ANoun or Pronoun may modify another Noun simply by standing before it: (see Drills 1-4) +H SRE Ae ‘Chinese pens are cheap. Zhonggu6 hén pianyi. RAK GAR H- American goods are all expensive . Méigué déngxi #8 hén gui. BLK My husband # zhangfu 40MtoRa toe LESSON 12 RRT My child B® haizi But position alone does not necessarily equal modification. Coordination (= where two words of equal ranking are placed together in a sentence). The connective ‘and’ (fil hé) is sometimes omitted between two Nouns: $2 RR Ee Books and pens are both cheap. Sho > & # hén pianyi. KR BBE: ‘You and I both want to go there. ¥ Mii = Ii HH 3H Teachers Wu and Li will both be coming. Wa ldoshi + LI Boshi # hut 3. 8 +S F MB ® Be —_ Reading and writing are both easy. Kan-sha » xié-zi # hén rongyi. [Note: Chinese + is similar to an English comma but is used between Nouns] Apposition Two Nouns are in apposition when one Noun stands immediately after another ‘Noun to explain or clarify it: RORBA We Americans te i HO) You two YOUR OWN NOTESLESSON 12 OTS ke BR Memorize the Following Characters ‘The following characters have already appeared 10 times and so the pinyin will be omitted from now on. Use this opportunity to memorize them for future recognition. tai 100, excessively kuai (Measure for 9); | apiece, a lump 42BPM Gta ke LESSON 12 Write a story using the Chinese characters you have already learned. When you need to write a word or syllable but have not yet learned how to write the Chinese character, simply write the pinyin. aLESSON 12 dia ke bie Some characters where ‘double A’ is the radical It always appears as 4 on the left side of the character | aR hen very 12 4% =d6/de/déi get, obtain / (grammar particle) / must, ought to 26 | Mi ile street 30 47 xing/hang OX,, alright; to walk; baggage / atrade;a rowof 52 dé German; morals, virtues 53 4% wang to go towards (a given direction); in the past 59 44Stew a tS te LESSON 13 LESSON 13 What's in this lesson: - Time - How Long? - Previously & Afterwards (1 fii yigian/ Li fi yihou) - Experience (i gud) | BOOKING AN AIRPLANE TICKET DIALOGUE xf iff duihua = = = SS = MEL > BEELER BERS ? FRMRBSARSULA © Hla BEULAH? =. Ka EER BRA > BW ° if] > BMI HMILA? Te 2808 2 2 BMRA a] PREDAA ° REAM PHS) AAS Kat fa]? : = phint {EBS DER? > AFR 2 (RUBE ? BARBIE ° RSI > WEAF?LESSON 13 +S be PSR AN $A: FF ° FEAR > MRE? * PURER » ADK > MU PRERIE © ER HUEE > BYR HK ° My HE HET © BK: RM)LF AL ILE TABS REAR EE FRI © 1s $A: BUTE + WT DAFT TBR & PK: HF > RSG RB: INL» ROR BAG o BARBARA AS + (ELE OT HEILTEL AME T° Ay Ht > DARI > TEER T° 08 WBLASBAR © RB: ABTODL > SLE MEBIUNBES HIN TA] ? ay SL: SP JLSH HH R: AA AVER | LAVA GPL? A ML LSP ARATE ALI T° Re BBA > FRAME LR ? 1 ML: PULLS ° RUMBA RB ALT » Ri HUE > PWR UMBEM T° Ay Hs HF RS LHR Re: All > DEF TEU 2 AN $8: MAVEN Ie ETI R: WW ¢ KS LER ° 46BTS di += ke LESSON 13 DIALOGUE xf if duihua Lin: Xidojié, RH BH F jlpiao. Xidojié: fix BH WP guojia? Lin: Xia xinggi # H 4 Ribén wan JL %. ila, xingqi JL A féiji? =.0U-% #B , ké HE xinggi Ma) hangban ¥ jinggud Hanguo. Lin; BA, xIngqi = Fle. iffal, xinggi =#) hangban JL? Xidojié: ZAoshang /\ gud H fén. Lin: J jia hangkong gongsi? Xidojié: Xinjidpd hangkong gongsi. Lin: #2 ¥% 4 quo Ribén. #8 xiang zhidao cong Zhonggué dao Ribén # 4 chang shijian? Xidojié: = 7 xidoshi. Lin: Wangfanpiao 4 shao #8? Xidojié: ATX. Oe WK hui K? Lin: hai B juéding. HX gaosu fr, HA? Xidojié: Xing. Xidnsheng, nin #t xing? Lin: # xing Lin, shuang ma Lin, jido Lin Gud %. Gudjia ty Gud, AR i K. Xidojié: XIéxie. Lin: #2(89) érzi hé ndér xia + yue B + Xidnggang hé Taigud wan, th Bf méfan ff. Xidoji8: YLfal ti, kéyl da dianhua zhdo #R. Lin: i, mafan fi la! Wa: —-Xidojl8, # 4K BH F HAngzhou. Ben # xing zu chuan #, dan & tingshud xianzai 3% chuadn le. Xidojié: Dui, yigian 4, ké fE xianzai WA le. fir zu0 feiji A fk kuai. : _Zud féijl, cong Shanghai dao Hangzhou # % chang shijian? =-+FJL fenzhong. BG zhen Ay ff kuai! JL A feiji? ALAR fén, dan & FB ci hangban yk weizi le. HB4,, xia — ci héngban JLA? FR gud Fi fén. 3X ci hangban hai H 7 4 wéizi. 4 ba, # zud ik cl hangban # le. 4, # mashang chi-pido. fA, xIshoujian zai HB li? Xidoji8: ft kan duimian fy 4+ mén—xishdujién jid zai mén fy youbian. Wa: —-Xiéxie, #8 mashang hui 3%. ”LESSON 13 di t= ke ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE DIALOGUE xt if & i= Lin: Clerk: Lin: Clerk: Lin: Clerk: Lin: Clerk: Lin: Clerk: Lin: Clerk: Lin Clerk: Lin : Clerk: Lin: Clerk: Lin: 48 Miss, I want to buy a plane ticket. Which country do you want to go to? Next week I want to go to Japan for a few days of enjoyment. May Lask, on which day of the week is there a flight? There are flights on Tuesday(s), Thursday(s) and Saturday(s), but the ‘Thursday flight goes via South Korea. In that case, make it Tuesday. Excuse me, what time is the Tuesday flight? 8:05 a.m. Which airline company? Singapore Airways. ve never been to Japan before. I would like to know how long does it take from China to Japan? 3 hours. How much is a round-trip ticket? (¥)6,200. On which day are you coming back? Thaven’t decided yet. Ill tell you tomorrow, okay? Fine. Sit, what is your family name? My family name is Lin ~ ‘double-wood’ Lin; I’m Lin Guo-tian — the ‘Guo! in (the word) ‘country’ and the ‘Tian’ in (the word) ‘tomorrow’. ‘Thanks. (see Worth Noting) Next month my son and daughter want to go to Hong Kong and ‘Thailand for a fun time. PI! also need to trouble you with this. No problem, you can call and look me up. Okay. (Sorry to) bother you with this! (= polite phrase) Miss, I want to go to Hangzhou today. Originally I was thinking of going by boat, but I hear that there aren’t any boats any more. (note 1) Correct. There were in the past, but there aren't any now. Going by plane is very quick. How long does it take from Shanghai to Hangzhou by plane? 20+ minutes. (note 2) That really is quick! What time is there a flight? 9:20, but that flight doesn’t have any (empty) seats left now. In that case, what time is the next flight? 10:05. This flight still has lots of seats, Okay, Pll go on this one then. (note 5) Fine, I'll issue the ticket immediately. Excuse me, where is the toilet? You see that door opposite ~ the toilet is just to the right of the door. ‘Thanks. I'll be right back. iBtSRatSe NEW VOCABULARY = if] shéngci 1. (&) HLF (eijipiao ) (&) PL 4% — (feijjichang (PW) & fei w) % OL féiji (N) (%&) fii BE (ci)hangban (N) 2 El / BK guo/guojia (N) tr 2 BA? 3 A Ribén (Pw) Be Riya (N) 4. Bt wan ™ 5s. Bit jingguo ) 6. Bf Hangué (Pw) yO Chaoxian (Pw) 7. fii 2 4 Fi] hangkéng géngsi (N) & A gongsi w) 8. Mf fn HE — Xinjiapo (Pw) LESSON 13 air ticket, plane ticket (M: 3k zhang) airport tofly aeroplane (M: 4 ji the machine) a scheduled flight, flight number country, nation Which nationality are you? Japan (HA A = Japanese) Japanese (language) to play (at or with); to have fun (both adults and children) to pass through, to pass by (along the way) South Korea ‘North Korea airline (company) (M: % ia) company, business corporation (M: %& fia) SingaporeLESSON 13 9 & méi WB EVA hai méi Vine 10. it gué ay Bt xidoshi 12. £ iB 3 wangfanpiao A #2 5% danchéngpiao 13. huilai As huigit @ hui te tt 4 at RB? fm tt 4 shihou hui Méigué? 14. RE juéding 15. JL F érzi HR (F) onan aici) 5 / Bil nan-/nande 16. & JL ndér K BR (F) __ ndaizi) & / & MH od-/nide 50 +S ke MEER (A) not not yet V (P) (verb suffix indicating a past experience) (N)— anhour (of time) (also: ## 3 zhéngtéu) (N) round-trip ticket (M: 3k zhang) (N) one-way ticket (V) _ toreturn (here), to come back (here) {V) _torreturn (there), to go back (there) (vy) to return to, to go back to ‘When do you return to America? (VIN) to decide /a decision (N) son (N) boy, male child (or 5 % JL) (BF/N) male (of humans) (XN) daughter (N) girl, female child (or & % JL) (BF/N) female (of humans)MPS GTS ke 17. 18, 19, 20. 21. 24, 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 3 4 & > & Wy CE A i © Males on the right, females on the left, LESSON 13, Nan ff) zai youbian, nd zai zudbian. Be # H . Lid tM OH A OF i na oh it ti = Be 4 () T (BR) 30. % F fal 31. nq Xianggang (PW) Taiguo ew zhao ”) la ® Hangzhou (PW) béniai (MA) chuan (y) tingshu i) ting » méiydu (N) le yigian (Ma) weizi ) mashang (jid) (MA) chi-pido (VO) xishdujian (PW) mén w Hong Kong Thailand to look for, ‘hunt? for (an exclamatory sentence particle) (note 6) Hangzhou (in Zhejiang Province) originally boat, ship (M: %& tiéo for boats) (M: ff s6u for ships) heard it said that to listen to, to hear aren’t any longer, aren’t any more (note 1) previously, formerly seat immediately (or 3 ®J liké) to issue aticket (e.g. ar ticket) washroom (lit.: wash-hands-room) door, gateLESSON 13 AF ke PSR INDICATING PAST EXPERIENCES (iif gus) STA N/PW. NG BR) te #& fl BR! tt Taigué T have also been to Thailand before . ‘When you want to indicate that a specific event has (or has not ever) been experienced (e.g. Have you ever been to Thailand before?), it is added to the Verb (e.g. fi & if # Hl Bk A? fi quo Taigud % i?). jf quo suffixed to the main Verb indicates an experience in the past. No specific time reference is indicated with if. (note 4) Negative are formed by prefixing Bf (7) to the Verb (or Co-Verb) Repetition Drill s NPW 2 ee eeiaeta ae BR | xué | guo ; Riyd R A dt ee K | chi | guo | Taigué fan Re. wt hw eA HL jidn quo ty nd-pénayou Raw ot RF # YE | yong) quo. kuaizi Ree |e WH RR %& KE | guo | jipiao | 2. Questions are formed by adding %& #7 or I to the end of the sentence. Using the sentences in Drill 1, the teacher turns each sentence into a question by changing # to fff and adding % 7 to the end of the sentence; you reply.BPM PS ke LESSON 13 PREVIOUSLY + AFTERWARDS (UA Bill yigian + LA JG yinou) s E AV] Vv_| 3] be | # ee ea B®) yihou | yao | xe) Riyt “T [in the future want to| learn Japanese In order to say: “Previously (i.e. at some time in the past), 1 learned Japanese, at present, I’m learning Chinese, but afterwards (ie. at some time in the future), I’m going to learn Korean”, use UL fi yigian (previously) and LL ff yihdu (afterwards). S- DL Afi yigian/ WL fe ythou-V-O or bh ail / UL i -S-V-O 11. As Ll iif is a Movable Adverb, it can come before or after the Subject. Repetition Drill REK EE 4 | xinuan chi doufu R wed ew # | ¥ xuéguo Putonghua Ri Rah BF hul yong kuaizi Rik PAH HB HLARAN J zhidao Zhongguétiy shangchang JL guan-mén .. Complete the sentences in Drill 1] by adding “AY #2 ZE +++ (7)” ke xianzai ... (le). 53LESSON 13, di fe ke BSR 13. As LL fi isa Movable Adverb, it can come before or after the Subject. Repetition Drill yihou Chie yihou kéyi | jido Yingwén Le kB w+ BOW hut: xiuxi fi} xinggi st AW vo Um RR ERR HK yihou | # . dasuan: 4 Taigué zhdo #2 nd-péngyou Ue Rigem Swe yihou bia xué Hanya Um Rin aRK R BK RK TIME SPENT New Your Jan Feb SAV |ov+PW] V Mar wm TA) eR] Ss Apr t fe |dasuan| zai Béijing | xué May | ‘plans Jun | iy ee She plans to study in Beijing for half a year, Hs | ep Im Lesson 6 we met ‘Time When’. Here we look at Time [0% Spent’. ne Time Spent sentences answer the question: “How Long?” e.g. How long do you plan to learn Chinese? How long do you plan to live in China? ‘The answer is a period of time, e.g. 3 months, 2 years, 5 minutes.BPS A += ko LESSON 13 Q: th BE tk RES Kat A? How long does she want to ith BE zai Béijing xué % chang shijian? _ study in Beijing? A: tH BYE dk Be She wants to study in Beijing ie HE zai Béijing xue — for a year. In ENGLISH, the Time Spent phrase is normally introduced by the word ‘or’ (e.g. I will live here for a year). No word is needed in CHINESE. In both English and Chinese, the Time Words answering a ‘How Long?’ question follow the main Verb. (see Note 3) 21, Time-When words and Auxiliary Verbs all precede the main Verb. Repetition Drill TIME SPENT TWA ti wee = fe % RSH) a [tla ma R ise! Hi | xingai RE TR ¥ bay [as at Haizi f SR: ban | + | xidoshi min | ae a | ae hai =e | fen | zhong ft #1 | i yh (k/? ft 171 | i d&suan: zou | JL faze tar te ‘a oi |ekem@ |e) tet xiang | wan | % chang shijian) ? |LESSON 13 OE be StS 22, Question & Answer: answer the questions using the words supplied. Example: Teacher: {; #7 BH % & at fl? (i AF) {ik dasuan xué % chang shijian? (ff #E) Student: 47 Ho BH Ee ¥ dasuan xué fi AF (I plan to study for two years) Teacher: ft #1 Ho # B tk MY fA? (Hi AE) Student: ff dasuan xué 4 chang shijian? (ij 4f) Teacher: ft 41 FH # & 4 at fa? (CE 4 a) at) Student: {if dasuan ting % chang shijian? (ban 7 xidoshi) Teacher: fi 4] HM & Kk Bt ial? (BH 4 Ay RE) Student: fix dasuan qi & chang shijian? (jij “+ xidoshi) Teacher: fi 41H FF S te mt I? CER) Student: (f dasuan kai % chéng shijian? (ban ) 23. When the main Verb has an Object, {t) is added to the Time-Spent element. This Time-Spent phrase comes in between the Verb and the Object. Repetition Drill TIME SPENT. [ROT NSS {th HAE: RE — fy | xX fit, BRE néng = jiao] — 4 | 9 | Yingwén i K SER S/H t+ Sm | ee RK * fF hui xué| Fi) tS xinggi = AY | Taiyt RFS K B/E Pt bit ml Re Haizi | + Ks déi xis +t xidoshi #9 | Han zi fe A HH RK AY | BB? ft 417 dasuan | z6u R 9 | lu?SSR ATS ke SENTENCE BUILD-UP Si TW IATA, V TTIMESPENT ft) +0 eR A) 18 if ban 4 fy Putonghua 2 $e he wis xué ban4= iy Putonghua Ee # fy) & if if B xué ban = f#) Puitonghua thigh HE i) tf iB ik thi xue) banfE fy Putonghua BA ae thi ge! ae aE i) iG i BA OE) th BEE xue ban 4F f) Putonghua RAP hee ee RR HBA Eth Bi xue ban ff Putonghua ACTIVITY i wf hudddng Tell your teacher how long it takes to fly from one country to another. from to time China | South Korea] 2 hours China | Japan 3 hours China | Singapore | 5 hours China | Thailand | 4 hours China | England — | 12 hours LESSON 13LESSON 13 OS ke RPS TRANSLATION & i¥ fanyi 1. My son and daughter are both going to buy new clothes tomorrow. 2. How long does it take to cycle from here to the Teacher Training University? 3. Which countries have you been to before? 4. Originally his Japanese friend couldn't speak Mandarin. 5. You must decide now, because I want to buy the plane ticket immediately. 6. He is 18 years old this year so he is able to learn to drive a car. 7. Thear that you have never been to my (business) company before. 8. Thave no time at the moment to practice my Mandarin. 9. You mustn't buy it, because he's buying it tomorrow. 10. A: Your Chinese is really not bad at all! B: You're being too polite! It's only mediocre 1 WORTH NOTING it # Note how people tell others which Chinese characters their name consists of. In the Dialogue, #f Lin | Gud X told the /)) {8 xidojié his name using the following method: $% &E Hk MW AK He OM HH Ke MK WY Be 54K WM Ke HW xing Lin, shudng ma Lin, jido Lin Guo K . Guojia ey Gus, HAZE) ZK. Ask your teacher how you should tell other people your name. TRANSLATION OF THE SENTENCE PATTERNS 4 4 #3 i% 1, T’ve learnt Japanese in the past. Pve eaten Thai food before. Pve never seen his girl friend before. Pve never used chopsticks before. Pve never bought a plane ticket before. 11, Previously I didn’t enjoy eating beancurd. Previously I had never learnt Mandarin, Previously I couldn’t use chopsticks. In the past I didn’t know what time China’s shopping malls close. 13. At some time in the future I plan to go to Thailand to look for my girl friend. ‘At some time in the future I must learn Korean. At some time in the future I can teach English. At some time in the future I will rest for two weeks. 58SSR aps ke LESSON 13 21. Next year he is able to teach for a year. This year I will study for two weeks. Today the child must write for half-an-hour, The plane is still going to fly for 20 minutes (before it lands), How many days do they plan to walk for? How long are you thinking of playing for? 23. Next year he is able to teach English for a year. This year I will study Thai for two weeks. ‘Today the child must write Chinese characters for half-an-hour. How many days do they plan to walk for? NOTES 3% @ 1. & Ai (N) Tle: This use of T le indicates a change in the situation, ie. (in the past there were boats to Hangzhou, but) there aren't any any more. oF (An hour ago there were seats on the 9:20 plane, but) there aren’t any any longer. This special use of le is covered in more detail in Lesson 22. 2. Quantities of Time follows the Time Spent pattern: | still When talking of quantities of time e.g. I still have two hours left (before I leave), the Nouns /)\ fit xidoshi/ # sk zhéngtou (hour) and 4} fén (minute) are used. Also, #zhng must be added after 4} fén, e.g. 5 minutes = Fi 3 HH (Ei fén zhéng), whereas it can be omitted with Telling the Time. When Telling the Time, 4} fén (minute) may also be omitted, However, when talking of Quantities of Time, 4} fn must be included, 3. Time WHEN: Time WHEN sentences answer the question “When?” ‘Time WHEN words precede the main Verb. Time SPENT: Time SPENT sentences answer the question “How Long?”. Time SPENT words follow the main Verb. 39LESSON 13, OTS ke 4. Experience-jt guo, as well as having the “Have (you) ever ... before” meaning, can also be used in the sense of “At some time in the past”, e.g. {ii “# it JL BY 8b GB? (fm xuéguo JL 4M) Hanyu?) (For how many years did you study Korean?). What is implied by itt guo is a cut-off from the present, ic. at some unspecified time in the past. 5. fF I ba has two different shades of meaning: a) form of assent or agreement = That's fine. Okay. ») half-question—having the same meaning as #% 7 #F — the reply being possibly # M! ba! (all right), 6. Chinese has many exclamations: hi la 8’ luo-W yasiid a, etc. These will take you a little while to understand how to use appropriately, but will make your Chinese sound more natural. In the sentence in the Dialogue “HE i {i ahr” “méfan {i la", Hi la indicates polite friendliness. YOUR OWN NOTES 60dake LESSON 13 Memorize the Following Characters The following characters have already appeared 10 times and so the pinyin will be omitted from now on. Use this opportunity to memorize them for future recognition. | shang | up, on, above; | ast (week/month)| ascend, get into xia | down, below; ti in(side); | neighborhood; Hi (= 500 metres) son; Noun suffix zai fo be at/in/on; | al/in/on mian side; face; noodles, flour | bén volume (of books)| 6LESSON 13 Write a story using the Chinese characters you have already learned. When you need to write a word or syllable but have not yet learned how to write the Chinese character, simply write the pinyin.SBI di +00 ke Pe LESSON 14 What's in this lesson: - Prepositions #8 gen» #4 géi > @ ti~ xf dui MAKING A TELEPHONE CALL DIALOGUE x if duihua a | PK SM! PRES HE ? RE: BRMDERA: BUT BRED © HRITBT SH ? # : 2001 7951 #K + BUX HL 2001 7591 « BE UR > KEANE © PK RR ° (Cai dials again) BEL TRUER ATER EE 2 Mid RTL » RLM? ae: BURR: , AIHA —-SYDERIARK © XSF > RAM Bo RIE ER E> WEE AER © PHL Be WRT AMHR LE ? Ri: BR ARE © HERBS CT AEB — HA JLIB AK © BR BA + RATA LIS » FN? 683LESSON 14 1 ke SOR xi) RB: x: Bh: BR: fh: B: fh: BR: Hh: RR: Bw: BR: 64 HF > Ming > RE ARH ABT | REA: ‘RPP EA EET HL 2 BAKU AT IR > (LEIA AGL, > ORR A BRIE DEE 2 BOR MIELIADLIR © MED E-MLIEK > ahaa — eRe RE BAAR & AWA Ht A BE? KAR KL FRA REEN— TIRE DRG > WRENS + RDB ADR ABTS © BRE al REA REBELS ° ALPS AVL > FA Pa (thie AR EIT tL RDI © DUANE T + BU SEGA SY h— 4 ANAT HAH EAS HEAMC > WRRQASET » BAR > MTA BRN IC Eo» BSNLEABAR IC HT HL ° init !mR dtm ke LESSON 14 DIALOGUE x if duihua Cai: Lin: Cai: Lin: Cai: Lin: (Cai dit Cai: Cai: Lia: Cai: Lid: Cai: Lid: Yang: Cai Yang: Cai Yang: Cai: Yang: Yang: Cai: wei ! Wei! fix zhao shéi? # zhdo Litt Guang-ying xiansheng. FAN] KHL xing Lin. fix da WBS hdoma? ling ling yao +. yao. (Note 12) $i] RH AB = ling ling yao Hi yao. O, dul % qi. ¥E guanxi. ials again) Wéi, iff], Lia Guang-ying xiansheng 7£4\7E? Ala, nin J WB wei? # jido Cai Dé-hua, $ {hity —7+ waigué péngyou. if ding—F, # 3 {Ah fangjién kan — kan .... Cai xiansheng, dui % qi, {th xian 7 AGE jia. KH MB ith jiéjie.... ft dagai ft 4 shihou hui 322 # AK qingchu. fh gén shud 4 kénéng wan — AJL hui-jid, 2, mafan fi i th # 4 hui-dianhua, & 032 8, Yelal ti, # — ding gaosu ft. K xiéxie fx le! F kéqi. (if ganggang #@ shéi da-dianhua? # #8 Lid Guang-ying da-dianhua, dan # fle ®7E. BB, (if gangcai gén shéi shud-hua? # gen {th jidjie shud-hua. ft! shud méi + Mibai X, fh didi — ding gén fami — ql 2 5€ d6ngxi. {x zhao {th & tr& shi? AK HWA | wo B bang 4 baba fy —‘ péngyou ban-jia, k8 #& BA G shi, kénéng hui feichang mang, sudyi ¥ banfa bangmang. #2 xizing [alia] {th néng 7 néng tl # 4. Yinggai ial ti, yinwai fh 2u6% gén # shud xian Ze fh | wo {fi shdo i ke. XK 4 le. # hdi H # lingwai —4 péngyou da-dianhua kankan {ii néng 4 néng bangmang, ké JE #2 YA ling #& le. Yguanxi, fr kéyl yong BAY ICkKA, —-#R_xian ZE AB yong IC ka da-dianhua. Xiéxie |LESSON 14 dit ke 55 1 0m ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE DIALOGUE if ik mi i% Cai: Hellot Lin: Hello! Who are you calling? (lit, Who are you looking for?) Cai: P'mcalling Mr. Liu Guang-ying. Lin: We're surnamed Lin. What number are you calling? (note 2) Cai: 2001 7951. Li We are 2001 7591. Cai: Oh, sorry. Lin: Never mind. (Cai dials again) Cai: Hello! Excuse me, is Mr.Liu Guang-ying in? May I ask who you are? I'm Cai De-hua—a foreign friend of his. Please wait a moment, I'll go to his room and have a look... Mr.Cai, Pm sorry, he’s not at home at the moment. I’m his elder sister... (note 3) When will he probably be back? ‘I’m not too sure. He said to me that possibly he will be back home a little later today. In that case, may I trouble you to ask him to return the call, okay? Okay, no problem, I'll definitely tell him. Thank you very muchT You're welcome! Whom did you just call? Icalled Liu Guang-ying, but he’s not in. In that case, with whom were you talking just a moment ago? Cai: — Iwas talking with his elder sister. She said that every Sunday without fail, her younger brother goes shopping together with his parents. Yang: What are you looking for him for? Cai: Originally 1 was going to help a friend of my father’s move house tomorrow morning, but tomorrow I’m occupied and will possibly be extremely busy, so there’s no way I can help. I was thinking of asking him whether or not he is able to go instead of me. Yang: There ought to be no problem because he said to me yesterday that he seldom has class in the mornings at present, Cai: That’s great! I still need to call another friend to see whether or not he can help, but I don’t have any small change left. (note 11) Yang: Never mind, you can use my telephone card—I always use a telephone card to make calls nowadays, Cai: Thanks! Yan; Cai:J+ WU ol +H ke NEW VOCABULARY 4: is] shéngci 1. OB 2 5% 3. B Tal 4. aH tk UR 5S. i 6. 7. BT fe 8 AK Hea fl 9 10. Fl A 1 OH H 12. 2 RR aR if wéi ! haoma fangjian jigjie méimei qingchu gen kénéng hutjia hui-gué hui-dianhua 98i gangeai didi gége fame fagin miigin (Ex) () (N) (N) (N) (sv) (cv) (Av) (vo) (vo) (vo) (cv) (MA) (N) (N) (N) ) ) LESSON 14 Hello! (only on the telephone) a number (note 2) room (in ahouse) (M: {J jian) (or: EF wazi) elder sister younger sister clear, distinct together with; to; from possibly, may, may be / possible to return home to return to one’s home country to return a telephone call to [also means: for (the benefit of), on behalf of] (see Grammar) just a moment ago, just now younger brother elder brother parents father mother orLEssow 14 13. bang 4.8 € ba(ba) BB ma(ma) 15. MRK ban-jia Fi ban 16. 4 féichang 17. tt bangmang #8 BD bangzho Wt fr ay AF Bb Xiaxie 74) bangzhi 18. ti 19. #8 > han shao. b sho Rb bi-shao th WR AR 20. 5h lingwai a1. EB linggian 22. A yong 23. Xf dui 68 di ke BUR (CV) _ help, for (the benefit of), on behalf of (NS) Dad (N) Mom (VO) to move home (V) to move (something); to transport (goods) (A) extraordinarily, unusually (VO) to help, to assist (someone) (VY) tohelp, to assist (someone) (N) help, assistance Thank you for your help. (CV) for (ie. substitute for, in the place of, instead of) (A) seldom (SV) little (in quantity), few (note 4) (SV) nota little, quite a few He has not a litle money (ie. a lot of money!) (SP) another (N) small change (CV) using, with (Cv) toSE I oh 40d ke LESSON 14 CHINESE PREPOSITIONS (Co-Verbs) (CV) s KR] BR RH) WR i Tcan also go with you tomorrow and play. Chinese Prepositions (Co-Verbs) function like English Prepositions, defining when, where, how, for whom, with whom, etc. the action of the main Verb takes place. In this lesson, we are introducing you to Prepositions ‘with’, ‘for’, ‘to’ and ‘from’. Remember that, whereas in ENGLISH, Prepositions normally follow the Verb (e.g. I go with you), in CHINESE the word order is: [Subject] Co-Verb + Noun | presede!] Main Verb Note that for emphasis, the Co-Verb + Noun precede the Subject. Time Words, Adverbs, Auxiliary Verbs and negatives normally all precede Co-Verbs. ‘The most appropriate English translation for a given Co-Verb differs with the main Verb being used, e.g. iff gén can be used to have the meanings ‘with’, ‘to’ or ‘from’ (see examples below). Vice versa, in the English sentence “He bought something for me”, the Preposition for’ corresponds to #f if it means for my benefit’, but corresponds to # tl if it means ‘in my stead’. REPETITION DRILLS CyLESSON 14 EU ke 58-0 1 Bigén = together with RYU Mt — RE IN Gm? B kéyi gén fx — ql & Hangzhou wan 139 KER BR th 2 i BAB gen {th 2u0? th- 2 Re RR-BAX- ft — ding 7 hui gén #2 — qi hui 3. RARKMRR-BeELR- & A xihuan gén méimei — qi 3 ka. - Hi gén = from (i.e. the source from which something is acquired) RRESMe AB e B gén Li ldoshi xué Riya. he Ri BR ARB ft HAR hui gen tr Hw see. tR AR RK RR fh f° (A ji@ = to borrow) Ux 7 yinggai gén {th jie. tr BBR th 8 it AR BE? fik Bi gén fth jie {t4 dongxi? igen = to (ie. with) he ERR AEWA ft 32 & gén Huang xiansheng shué zaijian. ROR fr i A OR RP # gen fk shuo Riyd, ALF ? US te Ho te WT LL OR AT RR fh HP 3B jian shi, fi kéyi 7 kéyt gén fy shuo? fr b BB th Boot AR dee ff maf gén it shud dui % qi.SUR oi +m ke LESSON 14 4. # = for (ie. help, assist) Rh HAARRSEA & F Re BB Hangu6A # #2 na fi hé yagao. RAK TA iK RD EK HWA kéyl # fx K wéeishéngzhi. EMDKRERA HS RWS Fe ZE BB zhang zhi #4 fin xi8 42H) mingzi. KBE! Re tk MAW Ke Be fi 2ud ba! A $% {K na HBA Shifan daxué HY +. = to (aperson) (see note 6) A 8 th Be A xiding #4 fly xié xin. BE & th 1 iz Be! ma | % ith da-dianhua ba | eSB 35 6. #ti = for (ic. instead of, in place of, substituting for) HERS BRE? RRR RS KS KER & Xian 7E Wkong, BRE? we guanxi, R SK ti i K cai. SRAM AG? RS i ee KG? SR WA shijian 13? A tl fR jido, HA? EEA eB LR Gage 7 néng tididi + ke! KATO? RMAF > XK leile ba? ti fix kai-ché. nLESSON 14 TO ke +R 7. Hfdul = to 2 tee Hh MTA KA F Laoshi dui xuésheng shud {i{/] kéyl xitxi —F. fh TR WR OR ire fh dui # shud “#R /f xihuan fiz”. ERK t RR Wang KX dul # (8 WF. KE EM RR ET Zhang xiansheng dui # féichdng kéqi. ‘Two Verbs which act like Co-Verbs are # bang and fj yong 8 ff bang = for (ic. help, assist) RM eRe - MAF Mafan fx bang # na — shuang kuaizi. RAR HEM H FR kéyl bang {7 FX jipiao. KH ie Ms HR HF? BH bang fr nd, HF AR OF? HEPA SE hye © Gége bang didi xié {thy mingzi. 9. Fiyong = with, using (in, by) HRA RF uc #4 HW? Zhonggué A. yong kuaizi chi Maidanglao 13 ? fh Fh oe GoM Sf E> {tl yong Zhongwen xié if féng xin. RYU? 4% kéyi yong Yingwén shud 114? fh A th A A HR RT ft xiang yong itt nan-péngyou ay # HK Bh tiao qinzi.Ss} wu ci +09 ke 10. Expansion Drill: insert the Co-Verb + Noun in the appropriate place Example: ‘Teacher: Teacher: ‘Teacher: Teacher: Teacher: ‘Teacher: Teacher: Be 2 #% i bie # E Xianggéng wan. LESSON 14 CR RL A) Student: AR LH A HF it Sie # gén # fama % Xianggang wan. RRM fie +B xi8 Yingwén xin, RE KG + A he #® xihuan chi nidrou iii, (BRR) (gén #% fama) Cxt Xb @) (dui Zhao xiaojié ) (RMR) (ti # péngyou ) (RG Z Vii) (gén Yang loshi ) (RAK) (bang #% péngyou ) (Ae TF) (y6ng kuaizi ) (gen # filma) Student: Student: Student: Student: Student: Student: BLESSON 14 SENTENCE BUILD-UP ‘ae a8 Se Me cl = ACTIVITY 3& 3) huddéng MeO BES De ik 3 Be 35 BR x at & iia EMR OB i iia EMR & ti fia +19 ke SOU Fill in the blanks with an appropriate Preposition (Co-Verb) f\ Jes OH] ses ft) ft AA Ble RE: {fi __ {th péngyou dao xuéxiao Z 4 R_ hae! {KX eile | A __ fR jido ba!Set oi toa ke LESSON 14 ieieo yas Oe || eit (LEST ei | ) l fi &__ & F ft oH eR R_ MSR F- NE th ° & fhe (assist) {tt hui __ kuaizi fff ft nd- RK (f xi6 MB zie chifan ° péngyou xi8 xin « (assist) TRANSLATION fi 5% fanyi The policeman said to me that I’m not allowed to park my vehicle here. Apples and mandarin oranges are both very expensive now. ‘Mr.& Mrs Liu’s son likes to help buy the vegetables. (see note 1) Just a moment ago he was speaking to his friend in Korean. He will possibly wear his other pair of pants (trousers) this evening, ‘Thanks for your help. Moving house is a real bother Pm not clear which room is his. Its probably on the second floor. He has very few friends, One is surnamed Li, another is surnamed Lin, but Pm not sure which one is learning Mandarin, 9. Have you ever called (to) Thailand before? 10. He has decided that each day he will speak in Chinese for two hours, SN OMe oONe WORTH NOTING it f# Children in the same family seldom address each other by their given name, but instead call each other by their respective relationship title. Take, for instance, a family of five children: A (the eldest) is a boy; B (the next eldest) is a girl; C is a boy; D is a girl and E (the youngest) is a boy. C, when addressing his brothers and sisters would not call them by their given name, but rather call A: #f ® gége, B: ffl fl jiéjie, D: && tk méimei and E: % % didi,LESSON 14 oh Fg ke SF Om TRANSLATION OF THE SENTENCE PATTERNS 4) © i 3% 1. May I go together with you to Hangzhou for some fun? Do you want to sit with him? He definitely won’t come back with me. I don't like going to class together with my younger sister. 2, Ilearn Japanese from Teacher Li. He will ask you for ¥100 tomorrow. (note 8) You shouldn’t borrow it from him. What do you want to borrow from him? 3. He wants to go and say Goodbye to Mr. Huang. Til talk to you in Japanese, okay? Can you talk to him about that matter? Say Sorry to her immediately. 4, That Korean got two tubes of toothpaste for me. can buy toilet paper for you tomorrow. Pll write my name for you on that sheet of paper. Remain seated! Ill get the Teacher Training University book for you. I don’t wish to write him a letter. (don’t wish to write a letter to him) Call her immediately! (Make a call to her immediately) 6. You've got no free time now, right? Never mind, Ill buy the vegetables instead (of you) today. You've got no time today? I'l teach instead of you, okay? Elder brother can’t go to class in place of younger brother! You're really tired, aren't you? I'll drive instead of you. 7. The teacher said to (her) students that they may rest for a while. She said to me, “I like you very much.” ‘Mrs,Wang is very good to me. ‘Mr, Zhang is extremely polite to me. 8. May I trouble you to get a pair of chopsticks for me. Ican buy the air ticket for you today. Til get it for you, okay? Elder brother writes younger brother’s name for him. 9. Do Chinese eat McDonalds with chopsticks? He is writing that letter in Chinese. ‘May I talk in English? (May I use English?) She is thinking of buying that skirt with her boy friend’s money. 16STR c+ ke LESSON 14 NOTES it # 1. Whereas in English we say, ‘Mr.& Mrs,X’, the Chinese is rendered ‘X 4 4 xiansheng X K XK’. 2. “What is your telephone number?”: “fk 1) # if SH BS (fa) dianhua haoma # 4 shéo?”). 3. In lesson 10 note 1, we said that — F, when added to a verb, can either have the idea of ‘a little while’ or ‘a moment’ (e.g. “ déng —F = waita moment) or it can make the force of the verb less direct, hence more gentle or friendly (e.g. fit % kan —F = take (alittle) look at it), Repeating the Verb, with an optional — in the middle has the same effect, e.g. #8 — #8 xiging — xizing (think about it), % (—) % kan (—) kan. 4. When % and 4> shdo are used to modify a Noun, they must be preceded by an Adverb: RSA (not just & A ) KD (never “> #& ) NOTES on Prepositions 5. When telephoning or writing to a person, use #8: # 8 # fie 5 ( xié xin. ‘When telephoning or writing to a place, use 3: R HF fF BA A> (BB xi8 xin dao Rik) 6. When Co-Verb #t is used having the meaning ‘to’, itis most often used with: making a telephone call ¢o someone, writing a letter fo someone, or introducing a person fo someone. Although # can either precede or follow the main Verb, in the south of China, when used having the meaning ‘to’, # often follows the main Verb. With a few other Verbs, when meaning fo, # always follows the Verb, €.g. & (sell), 2 jl (mail), 9 nA (take hold of). This is covered in more detail in Lesson 19. 1LESSON 14 A+B ke a+ ie 7. xt dul is used when one person talks fo (at!) another, e.g. #& xf ft WL {th A dh H (HB dul ftlt shud fh Abi 3%) = I said to him that he needn’t come; HA gén is used when one person has a conversation with another: ft HE #8 i% iB & WH ff (fit gen # shud 7 % shiging) = He talked with me about many matters. However, jf can also be translated so, as in the sentence: #£ HR fr BEX 3X B gen fis shud Yingwén) = T'll talk to you in English. 8. ‘Bi.gén someone 3% something’: 3 here means ‘to demand? or ‘to request” and is normally preceded by Co-Verb #8 gén. 9. Fi yOng (by, with) answers the question: How (i.e. by what means or with what instrument) is the action being performed? 10. Many Co-Verbs can also act as Action Verbs, although normally carrying a different meaning: Rigén: CV: with V: to follow : CVs for V: to give te > CV-in, at, on V: to be in, at, on Bidao: CV:to V: to arrive Flyong: CV: with V: to use 11, The Dialogue contained the sentence,“ ] 2 RM AER To” C kB RK WA ling # le.”). This 7 le carries the meaning, “(I did have some small change,) but I don’t any longer. This ‘Change of Situation’ is covered in detail in lesson 22. 12. In telephone numbers, room numbers, etc, 1 is pronounced yao. YOUR OWN NOTES BSF UR ig be LESSON 14 Memorize the Following Characters The following characters have already appeared 10 times and so the pinyin will be omitted from now on. Use this opportunity to memorize them for future recognition. sheng | first 10 be born; o a literary person xidio ji’ 21 | small, little; elder sister; | young (in age) | young lady | | xing jiao | family name; to call or names fo be surnamed to tell or order written (Chinese) characterLESSON 14 AFD ko FOR Write a story using the Chinese characters you have already learned. When you need to write a word or syllable but have not yet learned how to write the Chinese character, simply write the pinyin. 80BHR tH ke LESSON 15 LESSON 15 What's in this lesson: - Completed Action (7 le) WHEN I WAS YOUNG .... DIALOGUE xf ig duihua 2 TATAl > EMBELA 2 > RRA (AR NARTRRAURBE > BEETEDS ae 2 MIG APRS > HEL ESCADA HIE © IRL ! PEPE ASH AAME ° MEAS ABs T° 1 EAB ? AAPA SHOR > RATER MBSE T © 2A RIS 2 27> ANSE > ATT MORI © 2 OR > BARRE K ° DM RAR RAAIREX ! 2 OR > RAUL © (ARHES KAI T ? Pea Ae ERAT 2 > RBRA (A) BIR LAH ARBRE - 2 REIN 2 DORE ° FA UBER + BT RAHI BRIE +O ish BH HIN Ze ° Si 4D UB 4B Ot OE OL BE OL OBR Db SB Db OBR 4LESSON 15, OH ko ATER TBE De OBE 4 a HH SE EH SE HY SE HY SE HH SE HL SEH SE HH SE HY my SR > RAL © MEERA BIS 2 | FEZ | BT MR RE TERE (EE © SAU Za OR RS FP BRAT Be? | BORAGE > WERE BF (SS HO BA TRIE ITIOM o PALER AMET) LIE o HR UAAE 2 BARRE MURR & is a westerner who is learning Chinese ] 2 BRALAE > RIF © 2 EDEL » (RUF © TRUE > AYE > 2 Wat 2 THAR © GMB ZE © UIE + A © TATA > DBA LE ? BUF BULA + AM ILRI BOCAS BOA RHP AOE AR » BLM TL TT © EINE ZZ BE 2 TAME! th ES ASEHRT » 2 BOD AMUET IR DG A SANE > RUAETO IMA. + FS WOU ARABI BG BG ze THY © 5 TG HE La 4? | RIB ° AEE > BIRT © {UB OR ER ¢ RANBIR AEE | KET | BOR BUA IMTTIME—F 2 2 E> Bt 1 OF | HEB T © RADAA > WEA LBS ©BER ATH IO LESSON 15 DIALOGUE xt if duihua Huang: iff], nin quoA? UU: & HE Dégué A, dan & 1} fy shihou 4 jia ban dao Fagus, jia zhi 72 HH le. Huang: fix 3X2, 4 ging, Déwén + Fawén {if dagai #f hul shuo ba. tix zhén hai! Ui: SRELMBEL, zhi hul shud — AA éryl. Xian ZE cha KS # wangle. Huang: Zén Z, hul ix yang? Li: Yinwéi += sul #4) shihou, 4241] quénjia you ban dao Méiguo 4 zhille. Huang: fr #4 xiéngaijismei 0332 Li, 4 didi, hai HRI} meimei. Huang: O, a2 fr 8 laoda. U: Dui, k6 d& bié A chéngchéng shuo # 4 xiang ldoda! Huang: O, J i& yang JL. ft 3% Zhéngguo % chang shijianie? Li -Yijing = yuele. Huang: fix méi HK #B zud +4? LU: & mei K xus(xi) Putonghua. + xuéql, ti péngyou s FAY loshi. Hung: Zhang laoshi 14? Ui: Dul. Pingshi itt zhi jido #2, ké 2 7A shihou th jido bié #4 xué 4. Huang: Tingshuo itt) 3 ban dao Fuzhou 2. UL: 0, % 7 zhidao. ttt Ze Fuzhou hai hui jiao 43. 137 Huang: Dagai hul ba! K& sé itt #F xiang hai 2% kaishi zhdo gongzud ne. Li itt ft shihou likai #27] xuéxido? Huang: # 7 qingchu, 4 xiang # -F F(+Y xinggi ba. Li Xiexie fir gaosu #% Zhang ldoshi fy shi. # xiang # yinggai $2 Sth di (—)+ dianhua. Zhan gaoxing rénshi fi. Huang: 2 th {fl gdoxing rénshi fix. 83LESSON 15, wang: Lin: wang: Lin; Wang: Lin: Wang: Lin: Wang: Lin: wang: Lin: wang: Lin: wang: Lin: Wang: +H ke BHR Lin 564, (RHF. Wang 5642, 1% SF. i jin, i jin. Xiexie ff. ‘ff 2ud. iff he cha. #, xidxie. HI, Hb wai & shéi? 48 ¥F xiang jianguo fb. Bh wei 4 Chén Fang. # jide # gang % Zhongguofty shihou, gén ft jianguo idl. te xian 7£ zén 4 yang? JR cud! ft EP yue jié-hanle. # jide tt &F xiang Xran A. FRE, fh HZ Guangzhou A, Fi sul ity shihou ban dao Shanxi shéng Xi'an shi. {is shud Shanxi shéng hai $ Shanxi shéng? Shanxi shéng. Dui % qi, #24) Putonghua 7% i biaozhin. RE GH, FAY Hanyu hai ® gou KF! tx K kégile! BRB W HF fri] jiéshao —F? #, xiéxie. Aiya! itt yijing zéule. WA) guanxi, yihou — ding hai 4 lan Hey jThul.Sta GT LESSON 15 ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE DIALOGUE xt if iF Huang: Excuse me, what nationality are you? Li: Pm German, but when | was small, my family/home moved to France and lived there. Huang: So young and you could probably speak both German and French, right? You're really smart! Li: Notatall. can only speak a very little. I've almost forgotten them now. Huang: How come (it’s like that)? (note Li: Because when I was 12 years old, again our whole family moved to ‘America to live. Do you have brothers and sisters? Yes, a younger brother and two younger sisters. Oh, so you are the eldest (child). Correct. But other people often say that I'm not very like an eldest child : Oh, it’s like that, is itl How long have you been in China? For three months (already). : What do you do each day? : Hearn Mandarin each day. Last semester, your friend was my teacher. Huang: Teacher Zhang? Li: Yes. Normally she only teaches me, but sometimes she also teaches other students. Huang: I hear that she is going to move to Fuzhou. Li Oh, I didn’t know. In Fuzhou will she still teach? Huang: She probably will do! But it seems she hasn’t yet begun to look for a job. Li: When is she going to leave our school? Huang: P’'m not too sure —it seems like it’s probably the week after next. Li: Thank you for telling me about Teacher Zhang. I think I ought to give her a call. P'm really pleased to know you. Huang: I'm also very pleased to know you. Wang : HelloMr.Lin. Lin: HellqMr, Wang. Please do come in. Wang : Thank you. Lin: Please take a seat and (please) have some tea. Wang : Okay, thanks. Excuse me, who is that person? — It seems like I've met her before. 8sLESSON 15 Lin: Wang : Lin: Wang Lin: Wang : Lin: Wang : Lin: Wang : Lin: Wang : 86 fH ke PER ‘That is Chen Fang. Iremember that when I had just come to China, I (once) met her. How is she at the moment? Great! She got married last month I seem to remember she is from Xian. (a Xi’an person) No, she is from Guangzhou, and moved to Xi'an, Shaanxi Province when she was five years old. (note 7) Did you say ‘Shaanxi Province’ or ‘Shanxi Province’? ‘Shaanxi Province’. ’'m sorry, my Mandarin isn’t very standard. Not at all. It’s (rather) that my Chinese isn’t yet good enough I You are being too polite! Would you like me to introduce you to her? Okay, thanks, Oh dear! She has already left. It doesn’t matter; there are bound to still be opportunities to meet her sometime in the future.THAR A 1H ke bee NEW VOCABULARY 4: if] shéngoi 1. #8 EA Déguorén = (N)_— German (= Germany) 2. WY Wt fe de shihou (at the time) when ...; while ... 3. %& Bl Fagué (PW) France (‘Fl A. = French) 4. £E zhao (V) _ tolive, to reside Bicig: le (P) (indicates action completed) GE & -T) yiling(...le) (A) already 6. AE HB nianging (SV) young, youthful 42 #8 A niéngingrén (N) _youth, young people 7 thai (SV) clever, astute (also: fierce, severe) fh BF ik WF Be! (ft qizi 4 Whai!) — His wife is very fierce! 8 he éryi (P) only 25 wang (vy) to forget BT wangle (V) to forget (also: 3 12 wangji) BT wangle {V) _ tohave forgotten (also: 1 12 T wangjile) BG 7 we fh we Don’t forget to talk to him (about it) Bié wangle gén {t# shud 10. K quan jia (SP+N) the whole family 87LESSON 15 di +H ke RE R jia (N/M) family /a family of 1 you (A) again (in the past) 12. 5 38 WA We xiongdl jiéméi (N) brothers & sisters 13. BK laoda (N) the eldest child ea lao ér (N) the second eldest child z lao (SV) _ elderly, old (in years) 14. BL A biérén (N) other people a ay biéde (N) _ other(s) 18. # (#8) chang(chéng) (A) often, frequently 16. {% xiang (V/SV) to resemble (someone) / to be alike fh 11 i + A BR Re Those two people are very alike. ft 16 1 fk 2 3% fUqins Hes very like his father. a7. HH xuéqi (N) semester -E % HA shang xuéqi (TW) _ last semester Fee xia xuéqi (TW) _ next semester 18. 3% at pingshi (MA) normally, ordinarily, usually (or 5% pingchang) 19. (#9) BE {& you(de) shinou (MA) sometimes 20. Fazhou (PW) Fuzhou (#§ #t Fujian Province)SBIR d+ ke 21. HF 22. 1. fF 23. IF 24. OM 25. it 26. id 27. BR ae 28. 5-H 29. BR HE 30. (Hi) hdoxiang = (MA) géngzus wy) ™) ‘gaoxing (sy) jin (vy) 142 jidesj ™ 48 = Shanxi shéng (PW) ran (ew Guangzhou (PW) bidozhin ——(SV/N) Tr HA (g8i)...jiéshao (Vv) jihut (N) LESSON 15 it seems as if... it seems like .. work, job /to work (M: {i} fén) to leave, to depart pleased, happy to enter to remember, to keep in mind Shaanxi Province Xi'an Guangzhou (J~ 7 Guangdong Province) to be standard / a standard, acriterion to introduce ... (to) opportunity 89LESSON 15 AH ke SE THE COMPLETED ACTION ASPECT MARKER 7 oot Warning! T leis probably the most difficult part of speech for the student of Chinese to understand how to use correctly. This is mainly because many other languages have no feature quite like it, as well as foreign students jump to the wrong conclusion that they have now found the past tense in Chinese. So you have been warned! See Worth Noting. The Basic Rule In order to indicate that a particular action has been completed or an event occurred (similar to have V-ed in English), 7 is added to the Verb. (Drill 1) NOTE: This rule only applies to Action Verbs, not to Stative Verbs (Chinese Adjectives) nor to Equative Verbs. Only Action Verbs! English tense vs. Chinese aspect Tense: | past, present, future Aspect: | starting, progressing, completing At this stage, it is vital that you note an important distinction between English and Chinese. In ENGLISH, past, present and future are indicated in two ways: tense + time. In English, we say, “They wentyesterday” not “They goyesterday”. The tense of the Verb must agree with the time of the action. 90SRR A +H LESSON 15 In CHINESE, however, this system of tense is replaced by a different system (called aspect) which looks at the action—as to whether it is going on now (= the progressive aspect: £ + V covered in Lesson 10), whether or not it has been experienced before (= the experiential aspect: V+itt gud introduced in Lesson 13), or whether it has already been completed (= the perfective aspect: V+} which is what this lesson is all about) — but without reference to any point in time (ie. past, present, future). However, by inserting a Time Word into the sentence, the action can be nailed to a definite point on the time scale. tense (+ Time Words) : [aspect (+ Time Words) How is aspect marked in a Chinese sentence? Usually by adding a suffix to the main Verb. ‘The action completed suffix is 7, which is added on to the Action Verb (except when the Object is simple and unmodified when T is tacked on to the end of the sentence). [see Drills 1-2] And so we get: However, occasionally the sentence is left unmarked—usually because the Time Word used or the context of the conversation makes the meaning sufficiently clear. So be prepared to be flexible! Refer again to Worth Noting. ENGLISH CHINESE [I bought RET = past tense = action completed of verb ‘to buy’ | of verb ‘to buy’ 1,7 is usually attached to the main Verb. Repetition Drill anLESSON 15 Rr ER Héizi—yijing nian le q BSiF ae Mén yijing = kai le RR ERX T Déngxi' ying % le ft 47] BeiT fe 41 hui # | le itt Vee Shéi TH ke TEE 2. When the Object is simple and unmodified, J is attached to the end of the sentence, not to the main Verb. Questions can be formed by using a Question Word (e.g. iff sh@i, or by adding 8 or ¥(#i) to the end of the sentence. Repetition Drill ViiiO: 15? Mim iT Be? chi | fan: le | 1? (Eis iy me Rit ile :B? jal eefoeejuiial aut jiao # te 2? ®t Tm? ji ixin! le 05? zx a ~ hui le?SMM d+ ke LESSON 15 3. Transposed Object: when the Object is brought up to the front of the sentence, {is only attached to the main Verb, Repetition Drill OBJECT ST IWA] V Tie 37 8a) xR aN 2 1 UA)? iX ke BM xué le | (A)? RINK Ee Bl iT | BCR)? Hangzhou hudchézhan. dao! le | %(A)? BD fal i if Pe As esa (Plsses alee ary B+ ati shéi | 2u6% | fal le | ? BB SY fa ft EB 8 7 wm? HB féng xin ft yijing | kan’ le | 05? Be Ue) cesta avec (ceed as Be (ir) ying fa le 2 Up to now, we have seen that Action Completed aspect marker 7 is normally attached to the main Verb, although sometimes it is tacked on to the end of the sentence, e.g. fi) (1 E # 02 i T ({te(11 yliing chi-fanle). We will now look at sentences where must be attached to the main Verb. WHEN THE OBJECT OF THE VERB IS QUANTIFIED: single 7 WHEN I WAS IN CHINA, I WENT TO: July 1: Beijing July 4: Xi'an July 8: Shanghai H! tla] I went to three places. 93LESSON 15 OTH ke HR When you quantify the Object of a Verb (i.e. the Object has a Number & Measure or qualifying phrase preceding it), e.g. = + Ht 7 (= difang), FH Bi 1 (FH wan fan), 4% & #2, A/D AA Hz (AK sho péngyou), then 7 is added to the Verb, not to the end of the sentence. (Refer back to Drill 2 where none of the Objects was quantified, hence 7 appeared after the Object.) This single { attached to the Verb indicates that the action happened at some time in the past. 4, Repetition Drill BK BEik gs! x | 280 b | xidxi | le RT ER a fe Haizi | 2u6K i wan | le Ke T Zhang ldoshi' 2 % | jido le ft 10 cy i ft 4 i qi le R I eG # i 5. Expansion Drill: insert the words supplied in the appropriate place. Example: Teacher: th "2 #& Te ( Bi) ft chifanie. — (ij wan) Student: (th 05 T PH BE i> {tt chile 3) wan fan. (He ate two bowls of rice)BR GH ke Teacher: Teacher: ‘Teacher: Teacher: Teacher: fh 2 1K T+ Ci BD it chifanle. (i wan) fl FR Ts {t chuan wazile, LESSON 15 Student: Student: Student: Student: Student: THE ‘PERFECT PROGRESSIVE’ IN CHINESE {have been V-ing up to now) T have been to three places so far. ROUND CHINA TOUR SCHEDULE ‘Mon: Beijing Tues: Tianjin Wed: Xi'an ‘Thurs: Shanghai Fri: Hangzhou Sat: Guangzhou TODAY is Wednesday, When you want to say, “I have been doing a certain activity up to now’, e.g. “On my ‘Round China’ tour, I have visited three places up tonaw”, you need to add 7 both to the main Verb and to the end of the sentence. This is equivalent to the Perfect Progressive in English which emphasizes the continuous nature of an activity from the time when it started right up to the moment of speaking. 95LESSON 15 i PH ke BER The J suffixed to the main Verb is occasionally omitted. 6 Double 7 = ‘up to now has already been completed” Repetition Drill Ss TWIA; V iT # eT | R chi te | fi | wan fan KEW [SRR Tl |e |B Zhang laoshi: 4+ KX : le | | zhi | ge RE eee Haizi kan: le A Fs Be [EFS iT|—-slt |= Xué “E kwi ixiéile|—- At - ® Bem T|- i+ |e R ying ji@o le) — | xuégi THE NEGATIVE OF ACTION COMPLETED (it) oO US A “that book | In order either to deny that an action has been completed or to state that an event has not occurred, #& (or # 4) is prefixed to the Action Verb. Note that { is therefore not used in this type of sentence. 96SRR tHe LESSON 15 7. Negative questions can be formed by adding 1 to the end of the sentence. Repetition Drill ‘i Ea & ‘fit & ting PE SR RB & >) Xue KB lianxi fi 1 RR KR B® ft 11 | zuoK | hui iN Phe 0 fH) | zo bs jianii| 3? R : & Co Pe hé 8. Expansion Dri (but probably order to indicate that the action has not yer happened happen before too long), 1 hai is inserted before ¥#. Using the sentences in Drill 7, the teacher reads out each sentence, and the student repeats, inserting 3 hai before ¥. [omit WE K (zudK)] Example: Teacher: {i $b (Hf ting » (He hasn’t stopped./ He didn’t stop) Student: fh 3B ok > (th héi ¥ ting.) (He hasn’t stopped yet)LESSON 15 1H ke BER KR ata 3 KR E+ yue cid “T” | last month’ | was very Iwas very busy last noes Remember that T is only attached to Action Verbs. What happens, then, about such situations as: “Last semester she was my teacher” (Equative Verb), or “When I was young, I was very fat” (Stative Verb)—both of which speak of events in the past? How are sentences such as these to be translated into Chinese? s TW AS a\\ 9. Stative Verbs Repetition Drill TW s A WR eh BM Zu0K laoban’ ff : gaoxing EPA th a a iz & yue | ft changchang {ff | [ai ER EM RE gs £ + xuéqi xué 4 ie & We R mF ® B 2uoK jazi; i Bt vy Hy Ht RR ud My fy shihou: | pang 98RRR ATHe oe 10, Equative Verbs Repetition Drill Be YE OE bie AY) xuéxido #4) léoshi Rewwn ee Huang ldoshi 4) xué 4 Re # A ldoban 2 eM # (8) HF péngyou HR eG? shangchang ft) laoban 13? yn RS RN a a The Rule 7 is not used for these types of past events for the reason that they could never be considered as the completion of an action. Have you spotted, then, what is often used to indicate that the event is in the past? Normally a Time Word is sufficient (see Drills 9-10). Sometimes nothing is used — simply the context of the conversation is sufficient to indicate that the event is in the past, e.g. 4 #8 HN 4 BY fe fk BR Y S te WS? (FE Fozhou Ay shihou, fe shangchang fi) loban 1? ) In fact, although the drills in previous lessons have been translated into the present tense in English, many of them could equally correctly have been translated into the past tense.LESSON 15 ATH ke BER NEGATIVE PAST SITUATIONS fs a Ss E* A Ri te + yue A} mang =~ S ‘last month | “wasn't busy | : wel LS Note that % (not ¥) is used for negation of past situations, i.e. Stative Verbs, Equative Verbs, and a few Action Verbs take 7 rather than if. (see Note: When to use ® and when touse 3’). eg. L(t) % Me AK ZS Last semester, students weren’t very 1: (4) xuéql, xué 4 A 4%, many (in number). E(t) 3 > th RB Last semester, she wasn’t my teacher. BY Iii © 7b #0 Ft (BE BEA UA aA fix © When I was small, I didn’t know you. “ly BY shihou, 4% 78 rénshi fix, 11. The following sentences all describe events that happened in the past. Insert 7 or ¥ as appropriate. WE R__i ie if #& zuoR___ da dianhua. RE + A__# fit BED yue__# fth, eS # /) #) shihou____pang, RE? _# the t- Bb xuéq__#z thy xué 4, REF fw R EF___hui-guo. ROR bie ROK zdob 8, Re KR__& tre HR 2UGK__jido fp, REF 28 ® EF jingcha, RW R__B Me #& Zu6K____gaoxing. 100SH di 1H ke LESSON 15 ACTIVITY if 3 huddong Answer the following questions: ik 2B A? fi HL UB que? fx vy GY BY AR CE CE OB IL? fi yf) shihou zho Ze BIL? AL OO RP ti A SL xiongdijiéméi ? KM it tt 4? ti é MBigué xuéguo {tZ,? te Uh Bil fe fF A? ff yigian zuo {+2 ? KE PAR ASAT? ti € Zhongguo yijing 4 jitle? PRA SA? Puténghua {f° dasuan xué & jia? chia tr 41 Wm tt 4? Yihou {i dasuan zu6 {+4 ? RKtaeat eB ew? tix 4-4 shihou # hui-gué ? TRANSLATION i i# fanyi Notes for the Translation When translating from English to Chinese, many students make the mistake that, when seeing an English verb in the past tense, they immediately feel that they ought to add T to the verb or the end of the sentence. (“How else will the other person in the conversation know whether the event is past or present?”, they say) Remember the rule is that 7 is only added to Action Verbs, and then not all the time, Do not forget that Time Words, or even the context of the conversation may be sufficient to show when the action occurred, So be ready to be flexible! I normally see him on Monday evening, but I decided this week not to go. Last year I often flew to Hong Kong to visit my parents. Other people often say that my Mandarin is very standard. ‘When he was young, he moved to Guangzhou. I went to his home this morning but he wasn’t there. He left through (= from) the back door. He used my money to buy the air ticket. When I went to Shanghai, 1 passed through Hangzhou. Yesterday he invited his friend for a meal. 0. When I was small, I was unusually thin. Bee PVR eNT 101LESSON 15 OTH ke THR WORTH NOTING it f¥ Although T le is used where an action took place at a point in the past, itis not applied automatically as the past tense is in English. Its use is, to a large extent, determined by the thrust of the utterance. The plain form of the Verb in Chinese (e.g. & K 4h) indicates no more than that the action is entered upon; whether itis carried through to completion or not is a point which the speaker may or may not feel is worth making (ie. by adding '). eg. fh LR WE RK Me b He (T) Ht A? (th RW 2uOK wan b zud(le) tt?) = He asked me what I did last night. Whether a Chinese person includes Tin this sentence will depend on the nature of the message they want the sentence to convey. Our problem is that many of the sentences used in class lack a context and so it is often difficult to imagine what the real conversational situation might be, and hence whether or not we should include aT inthe sentence, TRANSLATION OF THE SENTENCE PATTERNS 4) © ii i¢ 1. The child has already read it (out aloud), The door is already open. / The door has already been opened. ‘The things have already been sold, They have gone back. Who has taken it? 2. Have they eaten? Has the student bought the book(s)? Who taught? Have you mailed the letter? ‘Who has returned home? 3. Have we studied this lesson? Has Hangzhou train station arrived yet? ‘Who asked that question yesterday? Has he already read that ietter? Has the moncy already been paid? (Have you already paid the money?) 4. Lrested for 20 minutes in the morning. (or this morning) Yesterday the child(ren) played for a day. ‘Teacher Zhang taught for two semesters last year. They rode (bicycles/motorbikes/horses) for three hours. Looked (for it) for a long time. ({ff % ji = for a long time) 102SHR ATH ke LESSON 15 6. Ihave (already) eaten two bowls of rice so far. ‘Teacher Zhang has (already) bought four pens today (and if these aren’t ‘enough, he'll buy some more later on). ‘The child has (already) read one book so far (and may start to read another one soon). ‘The student(s) have (already) written 100 characters so far this morning (and may carry on writing some more after a break). Ihave already taught for one semester so far (and am now considering, teaching for a second semester). 7. He didn’t stop / He hasn’t stopped. ‘The student(s) didn’t/haven’t practiced today. Didn’t they come back yesterday? Didn’t you meet up this morning? Thaven’t drunk (it) / I didn’t drink (it). 9. Yesterday the boss was very pleased. Last month she was often very tired. Last semester there were many students (in our school). Yesterday, Mandarin oranges were very expensive. When I was small, I was very fat. 10, Last semester, I was another school’s teacher. Last month, we were Teacher Huang’s students. Last year, he was my boss. When I was small, she was my good friend, When you were in Fuzhou, were you a shopping mall’s boss? NOTES i: fi 1. — A AR isan expression meaning ‘a very little’ or ‘a very small amount’. NOTES regarding T 2. When an Action Verb only has a simple and unquantified Object (e.g. #8), [is sometimes attached to both the Verb and to the end of the sentence, eg. HE T +H 7 (have bought a book). However, in this type of sentence, the verb suffix J is often omitted—the sentence-final J acting as the Completed Action {. (see Drill 2) 3, The answer to “its #4 48 To 77?" ("ith jié-hdnle 24 ?”) could either be “4 if T” (Positive) or “8 45” (negative), or “Zhai 4" (= not yet). 103LESSON 15 5H ke aR 4, When not to use completed action [ a) Verbs of a static nature or of indefinite duration (i.e. which cannot be considered as completed at a point in time): Stative Verbs (Chinese Adjectives) [Drill 9} Equative Verbs [Drill 10) ik Bl rénshi_ (to know someone) eg. 4 $2 0 MT HR RT TE & Silo e.g. 4 ging fi) shihou, #% rénshi Wang ldoshi. ZE (tobeataplace) eg. sh AY It E> H HE HE H> eg. /\ #9 shihou, #% 7E Xi'an. 3G (to want) eg. th RE RB ft AR? eg. fh 2u6K B ftZ dongxi? #8 dong (to understand)eg. #% J) HY Ht (RE fH He I eg. # |) BY shihou déng Fawén. ) Habitual or recurring actions: eg. tt) % K 8 HR (th mai K # huijid) (He went home every day.) ES Mi tt A HE RS A (Every semester he bought a lot of books) (Méi + xuéqi ft #8 RS 4) c) Emotional or abstract situations: to love; to feel; to hope; to like 4) Verbs having a clause as their Object: plan to; decide to; start to (do something) eg. & FR ff] WH GE H BH He We decided to go to Thailand last year. eg. EF Fil] juéding J Taigud. €) Direct and Indirect Speech: eg RF KE BM KW Ot Re th HMR fe OR KR OK eg. & SH & kan péngyou fH) shihou, {th Hi; “Ragud fis 2uo~ HK...” £) Verbs-in-series (i.e. describing a sequence of events): (When two verbs are in series, normally only the second verb takes J) We HK th 2 SK Wi Beaishichang K 7 Kb Re g) Denial of completed action or non-occurrence of an event: fi, 3 3 (He didn’t come) [never: ft ¥ 3% T = Change in Situation] 104RR +H ke LESSON 15 5. ‘Purpose’ in 7 sentences In Lesson 9, Drill 21, we saw that the purpose phrase follows #% | With sentences containing Completed Action [the / comes at the end of the sentence: {th 3) 3 H #% #3 4 T (th dao Yingguo jido 4 + Ie) He has gone to Britain to teach. 6. Warning! Even though a sentence contains, do not immediately assume that it must be Completed Action 7. We have already met & SV J (Lesson 12, Note 1), as well as Change in Situation 7 in Lesson 13 (more fully explained in Lesson mM. 7. This use of 9 will be covered in lesson 16. YOUR OWN NOTES 105or 6 ke aR When to use 7 and when to use 3A) Whereas Action Verbs, Stative Verbs and Equative Verbs can all be negated by Keg. fh AR. fh B Rie. fh ® LS Iii dosh, when referring to past events, only Action Verbs can be negated by ¥¢(), eg. fli b + AM (A) 3%. Soitmustbe ih k + AR B (SV) and ft E + AAR # RW Z Iii (EV). Action Verbs Rtv implies refusal | RAE 1'm not going (there) RORARE T won't buy it today ¥(H)+V_ = some action or event did not occur / negation or denial of action completed fh CA) He didn’t go (there) / He hasn't gone (there) ft & (A) OE BE + HF Hpinggud He didn’t eat that apple. Stative Verbs, Equative Verbs, Auxiliary Verbs J + SVIEV ‘past, present or future (and implies denial) fh & 4 AK A RW SF He wasn’t my teacher last year ft BR lei He isn't tired ffl F 4+ A tt mang He isn’t busy next month RERKASRE Last year I couldn’t write Chinese SAE AH hui xis Han = characters. JK + Action Verb can imply non-intention, i.e. not going to (do something): BWA #xue = Pmnot going to study (ie. a flat refusal) However, 4% 7 #8 xiang *% conveys the meaning “I don’t feel like studying” or “I don’t really want to study” (i.e. leaving room for a little persuasion !). Note Whether or not 7 precedes or follows an Adverb (or Auxiliary Verb) depends on the ‘scope’ of its negative force: fh R — eding & *K It’s not definite that he will be coming {th — 2 ARK & hui K He will definitely not be coming HA W key & 09? Aren’t [allowed to go (there)? BOM UW kéeyl ® HP? Is it okay for me not to go (there)?STIR oi + ke LESSON 15 Summary of Action Completed Aspect Marker 7 1a) single “ — after the Verb (where no Object is stated) (Drill 1), {th (EZ #8) 0 T (ttt (yijing) chile) He has (already) eaten 1b) single 7 —at the end of the sentence [Drill 2) (only when the Object is simple and unquantified) th WZ te 7 (fit chi-fanie) He has eaten 1c) double J — after the Verb and at the end of the sentence [Note 2] (when the Object is not quantified) th 2 7 mT ({th chile-fanle) He has eaten (the meal) 2a) single 7— after the Verb (when the Object is quantified) [Drill 4] ft + Kw T S Biwan ie ‘He ate three bowls of rice today ah LT fh & AR WG dongxi She bought a lot of things 2b) double J— after the Verb and at the end of the sentence [Drill 6) (when the Object is quantified) ttt G @ 0% 7 = Bi i YT He has already eaten three bowls of rice {tt ying chile = wan fanle so far (and might eat another one soon) Note: the J suffixed to the Verb is often omitted. 3) after one action is completed, then another action is started upon. ft 9 T WB EK YT Afterhe had eaten, he went home 4! chile-fan, jit hui-jié le past) [Lesson 22] ft 12 T RR BK After he has eaten, he goes home {tt chile-fan, jid hui-jia (= habitual) {Lesson 22] 4th 0% 7 OR> BL HR After he has eaten, he will go home {ti chile-fan, ji 88 hui-j (© future) [Lesson 22] Note that f ji0. is always included in the Chinese, although ‘then’ seldom appears in the English. Remember 1. Completed Action is only used with Action Verbs. 2. 7 isnot applied automatically—refer to Worth Noting Time Words, or just the context of the conversation, may be sufficient to make J unnecessary. However, simple past sentences always need (Drills 10"LESSON 15 i PH ke BRE Memorize the Following Characters ‘The following characters have already appeared 10 times and so the pinyin will be omitted from now on. Use this opportunity to memorize them for future recognition. Chén Lin (family name) (family name) Huang 2. yellow; (family name) Zhang sheet (00); (family name) plums; | king; (amily name) (family name) wa | Lia (family name) (amily name) e - = 4 RHERR ATE ke LESSON 15 Write a story using the Chinese characters you have already learned. When you need to write a word or syllable but have not yet learned how to write the Chinese character, simply write the pinyin. 199LESSON 15 OH ke BHR Some characters where % (wéng) is the radical wang king; (a Chinese family name) 15 xian now, at the present time 27 BE ban class (in school); (Measure for scheduled transport) 55 Se wan to play or amuse oneself (at or with) 56 Rid a ball, a globe, ball-shaped 60 110HEAR DN be LESSON 16 LESSON 16 What's in this lesson: - Adverbial use of Stative Verbs - Emphasis (#2 -----#9) LEARNING CHINESE DIALOGUE xt if duihua RR: SCE > BAMA M BILE © SK : PROBE + RANA © RE MKEAT © HAIRED BUR ° HET ARTE eH ? : 4B Ae 2 DORE TFS ? : RES | > A ? 1 FLAY » 20 a ARO SH — FB ay > OU NA 2 OF | RAAB HES | ABR REY SNSHA REN © WEARS OME ? :BRE—At | AAD ADRES ERRA SIRE ° HHI? 1 FUN ° SE > RES GE ° URINE REAR AEE BRAT ? 247 > (RFANE | ye SR On SR Dh SR hn RR GR mmSSSON 16 DEK ko TAT LESSON SRR SRR SR RA SRR DIANE + MBNA RE ? POR > RRL ° HRS Ue > ARIE? ie {GT | REAR > HEME? > ARES B+ AR > MURMASART ow ARBRE ! AERIS KOT Y (3) 2s 2 1 ERS =p vit « + HA ADM 6 : REREK DAD ARE ES ILOF + LRT > TENG ERE ADO A Rt ° 2 MEE EB BRE | OBE «BBO UC ANI » BETA] RAHI > MRR > RE ALREERB 2 AMIR + RRM DINE | {AR | » DUR AT ARIS ? 2 RTRE AH !BEAR ALTA Ke LESSON 16 DIALOGUE xf if duihua 5: Wén-dé, 4% juéde {ify Putonghua 7% fF 3k: DRMBB, hai 7 gou li 3: 1K K kégile. (pe) Hanyu jinbu #& kuai. ff HB f+Z shihou kaisht xué (7? 4 = yue. Hanya tf xué? AF xué! Zhén fH) 15? Zhén fi}. Laoshi changchang shud #24) di. shéng 7 gou go, diy shéng % gou di. Aiya! #% 4 zhidao Hanyi #82 n&n xué! Dan Sf #% juéde xué xié Han # ting # yisi fy. ts hui xié % shdo 4 Han %? Chak —Bt. HB zhén H shoal #H A shuo if % lowai % hui xié Han F. Zhen iy) 15? Zhen fY. Zhi-hul, # xis —4S F $f fe kankan. fink) Z néng 7 néng jié # 4% yong —F? Xing, #7 yong ba! BE , i kan dui % dui? , AR dul. iff x zai xi6 — cl, HF AKE? Ase F MRE BPR ‘Ou cudle! Ft xi8 #4 fix kan, FREE? : HE, yinwei BA Bi kao d+ Fi ka, sudyl 42 yinggai 4 lianxi. # zhén J xihuan kdoshi! : 46 mei hua % chang shijién xué(xi) Putonghua? ha RB =P ly shi. IS 7 sho a! B mei K 7 jia B 4e lianxi Fi fenzhong fy fayin, ranhou xi JL jdzi, k8 AY shihou, if Idoshi kankan 44H) yufa hé PY sheng dui % dui. Nanguai ##) Hany JZ bidozhiin! RH. Zulhou # hai B zhiinbai kewén HAY fa]ti, — yinwéi lBoshi (a) fA ti shihou, rdgué 7 hul huida, #% hui juéde (i 7H yisi. # juéde fx 7 cong HA, yinggai H(al ti ba! % — ding! Yihou fix hui xué Guangdénghua 15? : Kénéng hui fy! R&R ak: & aK B 13