Handbook of hydrophone element design technology

C. L. LeBlanc

Citation: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 64, S167 (1978); doi: 10.1121/1.2003987
View online: https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2003987
View Table of Contents: https://asa.scitation.org/toc/jas/64/S1
Published by the Acoustical Society of America

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S167 Acoustical Society of America and Acoustical Society of Japan Joint Meeting S167

FRIDAY AFTERNOON, I DECEMBER 1978 KAHUKU/HONOLULU ROOM, 2:00 P.M.

SessionIII. Engineering Acoustics VIII: Transducers and Baffles

Gordon E. Martin, Cochairman

Systems Concepts and Analysis Division, Naval Ocean Systems Center,

San Diego, California 92152
Daitoro Okuyama, Cochairman
Dept. of Electronic Engineering, Akita University,
Tegata Akit, 010 Japan

Contributed Papers

act electromechanical equivalent circuit has been derived for this

III1. Handbook of hydrophone element design technology. C. L.
LeBlanc (Naval Underwater Systems Center, New London, CT
06320)
This handbook consolidatesexisting information regardinghydro-
phone element design. The handbook presents useful working equa-
tions and includes graphical and schematic information necessary
for selecting designs once system constraints have been specified.
The major effort involves designsusil•gpiezoelectric ceramics since
these are the primary materials used in Navy sonar systems. The
handbook contains (1) Introduction, (2) Basic Hydrophone Criteria
--electrical, mechanical, and environmental criteria, (3) Energy
Conversion Materials--material parameters and stability character-
istics of stress and time, (4) Basic Hydrophone Design Considera-
tions-analysis of simple configurationssuch as cylinders, spheres,
and flexural disks; hydrophone characteristics versus physical di-
mensions;and performance tradeoff criteria, (5) Receiving System
Noise Analysism ambient noise, receiver noise, system optimiza-
tion, signal-to-noiseratio, effects of cable, magnetic hydrophones,
and hydrophonearrays, (6) Special Hydrophone Design Considera-
tions-pressure compensation features, directional hydrophones
(pressure gradient and multimode hydrophones), amplifiers, ac-
celeration cancellation features, and shock protection features, and
(7) Complementary Materials--end cap materials and fill fluids.
[Work supported by NAVELEX.]
2:12
IH2. Wide frequency responseof Type J-9 underwater sound pro-
jector in a reverberant tank. George D. Curtis (Department of Psy-
chology and Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of
Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822)
The characteristics and use of the Type J-9 transducer at fre-
quencies up to ten times its calibrated range are discussed, and
describedquantitatively. Problemsand precautionsin usingthis and
other projectors in reverberant experimental test tanks are covered.
Examples of temporal, spatial, reverberation and directive ef-
fects are presented. Recommendationsfor effective use of high fre-
quency sound projectors such as this, proper experiment design,
and valid interpretation of results are made. [Work supported in
part by NSF Grant BNS 76-81926.]
2:24
IH3. Effect of bond lines on piezoelectric longitudinal stacks. Wm.
Doug Wilder (The Bendix Corporation, Electrodynamics Division,
15825Roxford St., Sylmar, CA 91342)
Underwater soundtransducersoften incorporate a stack of identi-
cal, longitudinallypolarized, piezoelectric ceramic elements. An ex-
type system when the number of segmentsis large and bond lines
are negligible [G. E. Martin, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 36, 1366-1370
(1961)]. It has been found experimentally that with bond lines on
the order of 1% of the element length, significantdiscrepanciesexist
between measuredand calculated parameters such as resonant fre-
quency. In this paper an approximate electromechanicalequivalent
circuit is derived which accounts for finite bond lines. Measurements
were taken on several stacks and the results are compared with
theory.
2:36
HI4. An onionskin compositeas a transducer backing material.
JohnA. Behrens,G. W. Blankenship,andRobertH. Stokes(Applied
ResearchLaboratories, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin,
TX 78712)
This paper describesthe use of an onionskin compositefor the
backingmaterialof piezoceramicelementsin a highfrequencyarray.
It is the purpose of this paper to compare certain advantagesof
using this particular composite over a more rigid type material.
Measurementson experimental test arrays consistedof singlestave
patterns and receiving responsesversus hydrostatic pressure. In
orderto showthat a sonararray performancecan be affectedby the
piezoceramicbackingmaterial, calculatedarray pattern data, based
upon measured and calculated single stave patterns, are presented
in tabularform. The fabricationtechniqueof putting the onionskin
on a curvedface housingis presented.In the process,the composite
is precompressedsuchthat, after pottingthe array in polyurethane,
it will withstand high hydrostatic pressureswithout an extreme
degradationin the soundisolating,tuning,and reflectingproperties
of the array.
2:48
HIS. Effect of transducerthicknessand transducerbackingmaterial
on the convergenceof an incidentultrasonicpulse. H. Altman (Shikoku
ChristianCollege, Zentsuji-shi,Kagawa-ken,765 Japan)
Analysisof calculatedpulse shapesfor ultrasonicwaves reflected
from a plane transducer is made with respect to the effect of trans-
ducerthicknessand transducerbackingmaterial. Conditionsaffecting
convergenceof the amplitude value of the infinite seriesof pulses
internally reflected in the transducer are discussed in detail. The
significanceof the acousticimpedanceof the sampleunder studyas
well as that of the transducer is shown to be an essential criteria
in selection of transducer backing material.
HI6. Low-frequencyunderwater moving coil projector fluids. L. E.
Ivey (Naval Research Laboratory, Underwater Sound Reference
Detachment, P.O. Box 8337, Orlando, FL 32856)

J. Acoust. Soc. Am., ¾ol. 64, Suppl. No. 1, Fall 1978