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Chapter Five: Stoichiometric Calculations: The Workhorse of The Analyst
Chapter Five: Stoichiometric Calculations: The Workhorse of The Analyst
Stoichiometric Calculations:
The Workhorse of the Analyst
BASICS: ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND FORMULA WEIGHTS
3
Mole
• To simplify calculations, chemists have
developed the concept of the mole.
• The mole is Avogadro's number (6.022 X 1023)
of atoms, molecules, ions or other species.
• The mole is the atomic, molecular, or formula
weight of substance expressed in grams
#grams
# of moles =
formula weight(g/mole)
Millimole
#milligrams
# of millimoles =
formula weight(mg/mmole)
formula weight(g/mole)
160
#moles #mmoles
M= =
volume (L) volume (mL)
mg of K =
Normality
• A one-normal solution, 1N, contains one equivalent
of species per liter.
• An equivalent 'represents the mass of material
providing Avogadro's number of reacting units.
• A reacting unit is a proton (H+) or an electron
• The number of equivalents = # moles X # reacting
units per molecule or atom
• The equivalent weight is the formula weight divided
by the number of reacting units.
Normality
wt (g)
# equivalents (eq) = = N (eq/L)X volume (L)
eq wt (g/eq)
wt (mg)
# mequivalents (eq) = = N (meq/mL)X volume (mL)
eq wt (mg/meq)
Formality
3.6 X 10 6 g
Concentration of Zn in ppm = X 10 6 1.380 ppm
2.6 g
3.6 X 10 6 g
Concentration of Zn in ppb = X 10 9 1380 ppb
2.6 g
Other units (wt/vol)
• Acid-Base
• Precipitation
• Complex Formation
• Oxidation-Reduction
Volumetric calculation
Things to know for molarity calculations
formula weight
Example
Equivalent weight, Equivalents and Normality
Example
Conversion between mole and equivalents; normality
and molarity
Stoichiometry factor, n, (units if eq/mol) can be used to convert
between moles and equivalents; noramlity and molarity
Calculations in Gravimetric Analysis
• In gravimetric analysis the analyte is converted into an insoluble form.
• The precipitate is dried and weighed
• From the weight of the precipitate formed and the weight relationship
between the analyte and the precipitate, the weight of the analyte is
calculated.
fwt Al 2 mol Al
GF X
fwt Al2 O 3 1 mole Al2 O3
26.982 2
Wt Al 0.2385 X X 0.1262 g Al
101.96 1