Introduction

• Roots
• Stems
• Leaves
• Flower
• Also say that have seeds
• But there are some plants
that have nor
Flower
Leaves
Stems
Don’t grow from seeds
 Characteristics of Plants
-are multicellular, eukaryotic and autotrophic.
-tissues(enables plants to grow,covers and protects the outside of a plants body,support and
strengthens a plant)

-lack motility.
-have an ability to grow by cell division.
-adaptation
Based on classification, plants are divided into
the four main groups. These classifications are
based on:
1)The presence/absence of vascular tissue.
2)The presence/absence of seeds.
Vascular tissue is a system of tube-like cells that
carry materials throughout a plant(carries water
and minerals,carries food)
 Bryophyta
-are non-vascular land plants
-plants are small, grow close to the ground and
include mosses and liverworts.
-are very small in structure and are considered
as important members of our ecosystem.
-reproduction process is carried in their spores
-play a vital role in preventing soil erosion.
Mossess

Liverworts

Hornworts
 MOSSES
Most of the nonvascular plants are classified as
mosses
• They have :
– Green, leaf-like growths
– Growths are arranged around a central stalk
– Rhizoids composed of many cells
– Some stalks with caps are observed in some
mosses
– From these caps are released the spores
– Mosses can be easily on tree trunks, rocks, old
walls or ground
• Some of mosses are adopted to live in deserts
 2.Liverworts (liver = liver, wort = herb)

• Before were used in medicine treating liver

illnesses
• Liverworts are rootless
• Flattened (straight), leaflike body
• Have one-celled rhizoids
 3.Hornworts
Flattened body like liverworts
• Have only one chloroplast/cell
• Their spore-producing structure is like horn
 Ferns

Club mosses

Horsetails
 Pteridophytae
mosses reproduce with spores
• also ferns reproduce with spores (not seeds)
• ferns differ from mosses because they have vascular
tissues, composed of long, tube like cells
• these cells carry food, water, minerals
• vascular tissues allow the plant to develop itself better
• in contrast with mosses that were some cell layers
(thicks), this plants can grow higher from soil surface
• water is absorbent from roots, not directly from plant
cells like mosses
• Types of seedless plants
• ferns, ground pines, spike mosses, horsetails are
included in this group
• about 1000 species
• the most spread species from this group are ferns
• some species of this group are known only by
their fossils
• also this fossils show that horsetail grew until 15
m tall, not lie nowadays horsetail till 2 m tall
Fern
-True roots,leaves,stems
-Dont form flowers but have beautiful leaves
-Underground stem=Rhizome(parallel to the
ground)
-Brown spots=Sori
-Spores released from the sori
Horsetails
-Change appearance between spring and summer
• these species have an unique stem
• stem is jointed
• hollow (empty) center surrounded by a ring of vascular
tissue at each ring are formed the leaves around the stem
• spores are produced at the tip of some cone-like structures
(like ground pines and spike mosses)
• in these plants is found silica, a sand-like material
• and that's why these plants are used for polishing and
scouring
 Club Mosses
• -Small mosslike leaves arranged on stem.
• -Some club mosses have nongreen spore-bearing leaves
form a structure called a cone.
• ground pines and spike mosses are members of this
group, also called club mosses
• judging from their names, they should be pines or
mosses, but this organisms are more related to ferns
• this seedless nonvascular plants achieve:
• needle-like leaves
• spores are produced at the end of the stems (like pine
cone)
• ground pines can be found from arctic places to hot
deserts
 importance of seedless plants

• the first coal resource

• peat
• after plant die, the decaying process is slow because
soil does not contain oxygen
• after a long period of time these decaying plant are
transformed into a substance called peat
• peat is a substance that has energy like gas, coal,
diesel etc, but in a small amount
• that is why some places use peat as energy source
• Uses of seedless vascular plants
• some of us keep ferns as house plants
• they also keep a very good shade
• sphagnum mosses are used for gardening
• ferns as weaving materials
• some parts of ferns like rhizomes and young
fronds are eatable
• used as folk medicine to treat bee stings, burns,
fever, and dandruff
Seed-Producing Vascular
Plants
Gymnosperms
Are seed plants whose seeds develop within a
cone.
-Conifers
-Cycads
-Ginkgoes
Conifers
-Woody plants(pine,cedar,fir)
-Produce male and female cones on the same
tree
Cycad
-Tropical trees.
-Large leaves
-Trees either male or female
-Cones located at the center of the leaves.
Ginkgoes
-Found in China
-Separate sexes
 Angiosperms
• Produce seeds in flowers
• Fruit=cover and protect the seed
There are two types of flowering plants
The dicotyledons
The monocotyledons
Structure of flower
 Pollination
Pollination is the process by which pollen is
transferred from the anther (male part) to the
stigma (female part) of the plant, thereby
enabling fertilization and reproduction.
Self pollination;garden pea
Cross-pollination:willow
 Pollens are carried by insects,by
wind,by water and even by people
 Growth period
Annual plant Biennial Perennial
-Complete its -Complete its -Grows in
growth in two years and
growth period in reproduce
years.
one year. many years.
Carrot
Sunflower Woody plants
Onion such as
Corn Cabbage cherry,oak,ros
Petunia e..