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Gauss-Jordan Reduction:: X X X X X X X X
Gauss-Jordan Reduction:: X X X X X X X X
Step 2: Transform the augmented matrix to the matrix in reduced row echelon
form via elementary row operations.
Step 3: Solve the linear system corresponding to the matrix in reduced row
echelon form. The solution(s) are also for the system of linear equations in
step 1.
Example:
x1 + x 2 + 2 x 3 − 5 x 4 = 3
2 x1 + 5 x 2 − x 3 − 9 x 4 = -3
2 x1 + x 2 − x 3 + 3 x 4 = -11
x1 − 3 x 2 + 2 x 3 + 7 x 4 = − 5
[solution:]
The Gauss-Jordan reduction is as follows:
Step 1:
The augmented matrix is
1 1 2 −5 3
2 5 −1 − 9 − 3
2 1 −1 3 − 11 .
1 −3 2 7 −5
Step 2:
After elementary row operations, the matrix in reduced row echelon form is
1
1 0 0 2 − 5
0 1 0 −3 2
0 0 1 −2 3 .
0 0 0 0 0
Step 3:
The linear system corresponding to the matrix in reduced row echelon form is
x1 + 2 x4 = −5
x2 − 3 x4 = 2
x3 − 2 x 4 = 3
The solutions are
Note: the linear system with at least one solution is called consistent and the
linear system with no solution is called inconsistent.
2
Example:
Step 1:
The augmented matrix is
1 2 3 9
2 − 1 1 8
.
3 0 − 1 3
Step 2:
The matrix in reduced row echelon form is
1 0 0 2
0 1 0 − 1
0 0 1 3
Step 3:
The solution is
x1 = 2, x2 = −1, x3 = 3
3
II. Infinite number of solutions:
Solve for the following system:
2 x1 + 4 x 2 − 2 x 3 = 0
3 x1 + 5 x 2 =1
[solution:]
The Gauss-Jordan reduction is as follows:
Step 1:
The augmented matrix is
2 4 −2 0
3 5 0 1
Step 2:
The matrix in reduced row echelon form is
1 0 5 2
0 1 −3 − 1
Step 3:
The linear system corresponding to the matrix in reduced row echelon form is
x1 + 5 x3 = 2
x2 − 3 x3 = − 1
The solutions are
x1 = 2 − 5t, x2 = −1 + 3t, x3 = t, t ∈ R
x1 2 − 5t 2 − 5
⇔ x = x 2 = − 1 + 3t = − 1 + 3 t
x3 t 0 1
4
III. No solution:
Solve for the following system:
x1 + 2 x 2 + 2 x 3 + 4 x 4 = 5
x1 + 3 x 2 + 5 x 3 + 7 x 4 = 1
x1 − x3 − 2 x4 = − 6
[solution:]
The Gauss-Jordan reduction is as follows:
Step 1:
The augmented matrix is
1 2 3 4 5
1 3 5 7 11
1 0 − 1 − 2 − 6
Step 2:
The matrix in reduced row echelon form is
1 0 − 1 − 2 0
0 1 2 3 0
0 0 0 0 1
Step 3:
The linear system corresponding to the matrix in reduced row echelon form is
x1 − x3 − 2 x 4 = 0
x 2 + 2 x3 + 3 x 4 = 0
0 =1
Since 0 ≠ 1, there is no solution.