Elizabeth Raffald

Elizabeth Raffald (1733 – 19 April 1781) was an English author,

innovator and entrepreneur.
Elizabeth Raffald

Born and raised in Doncaster, Yorkshire, Raffald went into domestic

service for fifteen years, ending as the housekeeper to the Warburton
baronets at Arley Hall, Cheshire. She left her position when she
married John, the estate's head gardener. The couple moved to
Manchester, Lancashire, where Raffald opened a register office to
introduce domestic workers to employers; she also ran a cookery
school and sold food from the premises. In 1769 she published her
cookery book The Experienced English Housekeeper, which
contains the first recipe for a "Bride Cake" that is recognisable as a
modern wedding cake. She is possibly the inventor of the Eccles
cake.

In August 1772 Raffald published The Manchester Directory, a

listing of 1,505 traders and civic leaders in Manchester—the first
such listing for the up-and-coming town. The Raffalds went on to
run two important post houses in Manchester and Salford before
running into financial problems, possibly brought on by John's
heavy drinking. Raffald began a business selling strawberries and
Engraving of Elizabeth Raffald, from
hot drinks during the strawberry season. She died suddenly in 1781,
just after publishing the third edition of her directory and while still the 1782 edition of her cookery book
updating the eighth edition of her cookery book. Born Elizabeth Whitaker
1733
After her death there were fifteen official editions of her cookery
Doncaster, England
book, and twenty-three pirated ones. Her recipes were heavily
plagiarised by other authors, notably by Isabella Beeton in her Died 19 April 1781
bestselling Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management (1861). (aged 47–48)
Raffald's recipes have been admired by several modern cooks and Stockport, England
food writers, including Elizabeth David and Jane Grigson. Occupation Housekeeper,
businesswoman,
author
Contents Known for The Experienced
Biography English Housekeeper
Early life (1769)
Business career Spouse(s) John Raffald (m. 1763)

Works Children probably six

Cookery daughters[a]
Directory
Legacy
Notes and references
Notes
 References
Sources
External links

Biography

Early life

Raffald was born Elizabeth Whitaker in Doncaster, one of the

five daughters of Joshua and Elizabeth Whitaker.[1][2][b]
Raffald was baptised on 8 July 1733. She was given a good
schooling, which included learning French.[6] At fifteen she
began working in service as a kitchen maid, and rose to the
position of housekeeper. Her final post as a domestic servant
was at Arley Hall, Cheshire, North West England, where she
was housekeeper for Lady Elizabeth Warburton, from the Arley Hall, Cheshire, where Raffald was
family of the Warburton baronets. Starting work in December employed as the housekeeper
1760, Raffald was paid £16 a year.[7][c] In all she spent fifteen
years in service.[9]

After a few years working for the Warburtons, Elizabeth married John Raffald, the head gardener at Arley
Hall.[d] The ceremony took place on 3 March 1763 at St Mary and All Saints Church, Great Budworth,
Cheshire; on 23 April the couple left the Warburtons' service and moved to Fennel Street, Manchester,[1][12]
where John's family tended market gardens near the River Irwell.[13] Over the following years, the couple had
probably six daughters.[a] The girls each had their own nurse, and when going out, were dressed in clean
white dresses, with the nurses in attendance; at least three of the girls went to boarding schools.[1]

Business career

John opened a floristry shop near Fennel Street; Raffald began an

entrepreneurial career at the premises. She rented her spare rooms for storage,
began a register office to bring together, for a fee, domestic staff with
employers,[17] and advertised that she was "pleased to give her business of
supplying cold entertainments, hot French dishes, confectionaries, &c."[18]
Over the next few years her business grew, and she added cookery classes to
the services she supplied.[17] In August 1766 the Raffalds moved to what was
probably a larger premises in Exchange Alley in Market Place.[e] Here John
sold seeds and plants,[1][20] while Raffald, according to her advertisements in
the local press, supplied "jellies, creams, possets, flummery, lemon cheese
cakes, and all other decorations for cold entertainments; also, Yorkshire hams,
tongues, brawn, Newcastle salmon, and sturgeon, pickles, and ketchups of all
kinds, lemon pickles";[21] she also supplied the produce for, and organised, Raffald's advertisement of
civic dinners.[17] The following year, alongside confectionery, she was also November 1763 in the
selling: Manchester Mercury
 pistachio nuts, French olives, Portugal and French plumbs,
prunellos [prunes], limes, preserved pine apples, and all sorts of
dry and wet sweetmeats, both foreign and English. Also Turkey
figs and other raisins, Jorden and Valencia almonds ... truffles,
morels and all sorts of spices.[22]

In 1769 Raffald published her cookery book, The Experienced

English Housekeeper, which she dedicated to Lady
Warburton.[1][23][f] As was the practice for publishers at the time,
Raffald had obtained subscribers—those who had pre-paid for a copy.
The first edition was supported by more than 800 subscribers which
raised over £800.[19][25][g] The subscribers paid five shillings when
the book was published; the non-subscribers paid six.[26] The book
Dedication in the 1769 edition of The
was "printed by a neighbour whom I can rely on doing it the strictest
Experienced English Housekeeper justice, without the least alteration".[27] The neighbour was Joseph
Harrop, who published the Manchester Mercury, a weekly newspaper
in which Raffald had advertised extensively.[25][28] She described the
book as a "laborious undertaking"[29] that had damaged her health as she had been "too studious and giving
too close attention" to it.[29] In an attempt to avoid piracy of her work, Raffald signed the front page of each
copy of the first edition.[30]

In the introduction to The Experienced English Housekeeper, Raffald states "I can faithfully assure my friends
that ... [the recipes] are wrote from my own experience and not borrowed from any other author".[27] Like her
predecessor Hannah Glasse, who wrote The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy in 1747, Raffald did not
"gloss ... over with hard names or words of high style, but wrote in ...[her] own plain language".[27] The
historian Kate Colquhoun observes that Glasse and Raffald "wrote with an easy confidence", and both were
the biggest cookery book sellers in the Georgian era.[31]

In 1771 Raffald released a second edition of The Experienced English Housekeeper, which included a
hundred additional recipes.[32] The publisher was Robert Baldwin of 47 Paternoster Row, London, who had
paid Raffald £1,400 for the copyright of the book.[33][34][h] When he asked her to change some of the
Mancunian vernacular, she declined, stating "What I have written I proposed to write at the time; it was written
deliberately, and I cannot admit of any alteration".[35] Further editions of the book appeared during her
lifetime: in 1772 (printed in Dublin), 1773, 1775 and 1776 (all printed in London).[36][i]

In May 1771 Raffald advertised that she had begun to sell cosmetics from her shop, and listed the availability
of distilled lavender water, wash balls, French soap, swan-down powder puffs, tooth powder, lip salve and
perfumes.[37] The historian Roy Shipperbottom considers that her nephew—the perfumer to the King of
Hanover—was probably the supplier of the items.[14] The same year she also assisted in setting up Prescott's
Manchester Journal, the second Mancunian newspaper.[1][30]

In August 1772 Raffald published The Manchester Directory,[j] a listing of 1,505 traders and civic leaders in
Manchester. She wrote, "The want of a directory for the large and commercial town of Manchester having
been frequently complained about ... I have taken on the arduous task of compiling a complete guide".[39] The
following year a larger edition followed, also covering Salford.[1][k]

At some point the Raffalds had also run the Bulls Head tavern—an important post house in the area,[1][15] but
in August 1772 the couple took possession of a coaching inn they described as:
 the old accustomed and commodious inn, known by the
sign of the Kings Head in Salford, Manchester, which
they have fitted up in the neatest and most elegant
manner, for the reception and accommodation of the
nobility, gentry, merchants and tradesmen.[42]

With a large function room at the premises, the Raffalds hosted the
annual dinner of the Beefsteak Club and hosted weekly "card
assemblies" during the winter season.[34] Cox relates that Raffald's
cuisine and her ability to speak French attracted foreign visitors to the
inn.[1] Raffald's sister, Mary Whitaker, opened a shop opposite the
Kings Head and began selling the same produce Raffald had from the
Fennel Street outlet; Mary also restarted the servants' register
office.[34]

The couple had problems at the Kings Head. John was drinking
heavily and feeling suicidal; when he said he wanted to drown
The first page of The Manchester
himself, Raffald replied "I do think that it might be the best step you
Directory, produced by Raffald in
could take, for then you would be relieved of all your troubles and
1772
anxieties and you really do harass me very much."[10] Thefts at the
inn were common and trade did not flourish; money problems—
possibly because they had overstretched themselves with their business dealings over two decades—brought
creditors with their demands for repayment. John, as all the financial dealings were in his name, settled the
debts by assigning over all the couple's assets and leaving the Kings Head;[43] he was declared bankrupt.[44]
They moved back to Market Place in October 1779 where they occupied the Exchange Coffee House. John
was made master of the business and Raffald provided food, chiefly soups.[45] During strawberry season she
set up a business on the Kersal Moor Racecourse, near the ladies' stand, selling strawberries with cream, tea
and coffee.[44][45]

In 1781 the Raffalds' finances improved. Raffald updated The

Manchester Directory and a third edition was published; she was
compiling the eighth edition of The Experienced English
Housekeeper and was writing a book on midwifery with Charles
White, the physician and specialist in obstetrics.[1][45] She died
suddenly on 19 April 1781 of "spasms, after only one hour's Raffald's advertisement in the
illness";[10] the description is now considered to describe a stroke.[44] Manchester Mercury, July 1780, for
The historian Penelope Corfield considers John's bankruptcy may selling refreshments at Kersal Moor
have been a factor in Raffald's early death.[46] She was buried at St racecourse
Mary's Church, Stockport on 23 April.[10]

A week after Raffald's death, John's creditors took action and he was forced to close the coffee shop and sell
off all his assets;[10] initially he attempted to let it as a going concern, but there were no offers, so the lease and
all his furniture was handed over to settle the debts.[12] The copyright for the midwifery manuscript seems to
have been sold; it is not known if it was ever published, but if it was, Raffald's name did not appear in it.[1]
John moved to London soon after Raffald's death and "lived extravagantly", according to Cox. He remarried
and returned to Manchester after his money had run out. He reformed on his return, and joined the Wesleyan
Methodist Church, where he attended chapel for the next thirty years.[47] He died in December 1809, aged 85
and was buried in Stockport.[43][48]

Works
Cookery

For the first edition of The Experienced English Housekeeper, Raffald had
tested all the recipes herself; for the second edition in 1771, she added 100
recipes, some of which she had bought and not tested, but, she informed her
readers, she had "weighed them the best I could".[39] Colquhoun considers
that the recipes Raffald wrote were those that appealed to Middle England,
including "shredded calves' feet, hot chicken pies and carrot puddings,
poached eggs on toast, macaroni with parmesan, and lettuce stewed in mint
and gravy".[49][50] Raffald was, Colquhoun writes, typical of her time, as she
did not want to use garlic, preferred to eat crisp vegetables, and used grated
horseradish and cayenne pepper—the last of these Colquhoun describes as
"the taste of Empire".[51]

The Experienced English Housekeeper comprises recipes for food and drink
only and, unlike many other cookery books of the time, there are no recipes
for medicines or perfumes. The work contains one page with instructions for
laying the table, and no instructions for servants.[52] More than a third of the
recipes in The Experienced English Housekeeper were given over to
Frontispiece from the 1825
confectionery, including an early recipe for "Burnt Cream" (crème brûlée), edition of The Experienced
details of how to spin sugar into sugar baskets and instructions of how to English Housekeeper
create multi-layered jellies, which included in them "fish made from flummery
or hen's nests from thinly sliced, syrup poached lemon rind".[53]

The food historian Esther Bradford Aresty considers that "fantasy was Mrs. Raffald's specialty",[54] and cites
examples of "A Transparent Pudding Cover'd with a Silver Web, and Globes of Gold with Mottoes in Them",
"A Rocky Island", which has peaks of gilded Flummery, a sprig of myrtle decorated with meringue, and a
calves-foot jelly sea.[54] Colquhoun thinks some of the recipes are "just a bit bizarre",[49] including the
"Rabbit Surprised", where the cook is instructed, after roasting, to "draw out the jaw-bones and stick them in
the eyes to appear like horns".[55]

Colquhoun admires Raffald's turn of phrase, such as the advice to reserve water from a raised-pie pastry, as "it
makes the crust sad".[56][57] Shipperbottom highlights Raffald's phrases such as "dry salt will candy and shine
like diamonds on your bacon",[39][l] and that wine "summer-beams and blinks in the tub" if barm is not added
in time.[39][59]

According to the lexicographer John Ayto, Raffald was the first writer to provide a recipe for crumpets; she
provided an early recipe in English cuisine for cooking yams,[60] and an early reference to barbecuing.[61][m]
Ahead of her time, she was a proponent of adding wine to dishes while there was still cooking time left, "to
take off the rawness, for nothing can give a made dish a more disagreeable taste than raw wine or fresh
anchovy".[56][63]

Directory

Raffald published three editions of The Manchester Directory, in 1772, 1773 and 1781.[1] To compile the
listing, she sent "proper and intelligent Persons round the Town, to take down the Name, Business, and place
of Abode of every Gentleman, Tradesman, and Shop-keeper, as well as others whose Business or
Employment has any tendency to public Notice".[64] The historian Hannah Barker, in her examination of
businesswomen in northern England, observes that this process could take weeks or months to complete.[65]
The work was divided into two sections: first, a list of the town's traders and
the civic elite, in alphabetical order; second, a list of Manchester's major
religious, trade, philanthropic and governmental organisations and entities.[66]

Raffald did not list her shop under her own name, but it was recorded under
that of her husband, as "John Raffald Seedsman and Confectioner";[38]
Barker observes that this was different from Raffald's usual approach, as her
shop and book were both advertised under her own name.[67] The Directory
contains listings of 94 women in trade—only 6 per cent of the total listings; of
those, 46 were listed as widows, which the historian Margaret Hunt considers 1772 advertisement for The
"a suspiciously large proportion".[68] Manchester Directory

Historians have used Raffald's Directory to study the role of women in

business in the 18th century.[n] Barker warns of potential drawbacks with the material, including that only
women trading independently of their families, or those who were widowed or single, were likely to be listed,
but any woman who traded in partnership with her husband—such as Raffald—would be listed under her
husband's name.[73] Hunt points out that there are no keepers of lodging houses listed; directories that cover
other towns list significant numbers, but the category is absent from Raffald's work.[38]

Legacy
Baldwin brought out the eighth edition of The Experienced English
Housekeeper shortly after Raffald died. Throughout her life she had
refused to have her portrait painted, but Baldwin included an
engraving of her in this edition, wearing a headdress that one of her
daughters had made.[43] The Experienced English Housekeeper was a
popular book and remained in print for nearly fifty years.[74] Fifteen
authorised editions of her book were published and twenty-three
pirated ones: the last edition appeared in 1810.[75][76] Along with
Hannah Glasse's 1747 work The Art of Cookery Made Plain and
Easy and Eliza Smith's The Compleat Housewife (1727), The
Experienced English Housekeeper was one of the cookery books
popular in colonial America.[77] Copies had been taken over by
A memorial plaque to Raffald,
travellers and "The Experienced Housekeeper" was printed there.[43] Stockport

Raffald's work was plagiarised heavily throughout the rest of the 18th
and 19th century; the historian Gilly Lehman writes that Raffald was
one of the most copied cookery book writers of the century.[78] Writers who copied Raffald's work include
Isabella Beeton, in her bestselling Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management (1861);[79] Mary Cole's
1789 work The Lady's Complete Guide;[80] Richard Briggs's 1788 book The English Art of Cookery; The
Universal Cook (1773) by John Townshend; Mary Smith's The Complete House-keeper and Professed Cook
(1772);[81] and John Farley's 1783 book The London Art of Cookery.[82]

Handwritten copies of individual recipes have been located in family recipe books around England, and
Queen Victoria copied several of Raffald's recipes, including one for "King Solomon's Temple in Flummery",
when she was a princess.[43]

Ayto states that Raffald was possibly the person who invented the Eccles cake.[83] The food writer Alan
Davidson observes that Raffald's recipe—for "sweet patties"—was the basis from which the Eccles cake was
later developed.[84] Raffald also played an important role in the development of the wedding cake. Hers was
the first recipe for a "Bride Cake" that is recognisable as a modern wedding cake.[85][86] Although cakes had
been a traditional part of nuptials, her version differed from previous recipes by the use of what is now called
royal icing over a layer of almond paste or icing.[87][88] Simon Charsley, in the Encyclopedia of Food and
Culture, considers that Raffald's basis for her cake "became the distinguishing formula for British celebration
cakes of increasing variety" over the next century.[89]

Raffald has been admired by several modern cooks and food writers. The 20th-century cookery writer
Elizabeth David references Raffald several times in her articles, collected in Is There a Nutmeg in the
House,[90] which includes a recipe for apricot ice cream.[91] In her 1984 book, An Omelette and a Glass of
Wine, David includes Raffald's recipes for potted ham with chicken, potted salmon, and lemon syllabub.[92] In
English Bread and Yeast Cookery (1977), David includes recipes for crumpets, barm pudding, "wegg"
(caraway seed cake) and bath buns.[93] The food writer Jane Grigson admired Raffald's work, and in her 1974
book English Food, she included five of Raffald's recipes: bacon and egg pie (a quiche lorraine with a pastry
lid); "whet" (anchovy fillets and cheese on toast); potted ham with chicken; crème brûlée; and orange
custards.[94]

Raffald is quoted around 270 times in the Oxford English Dictionary,[95] including for the terms "bride
cake",[96] "gofer-tongs",[97] "hedgehog soup"[98] and "Hottentot pie".[99] A blue plaque marked the site of
the Bulls Head pub which Raffald ran. It was damaged in the 1996 Manchester bombing and replaced in 2011
on the Marks & Spencer Building, Exchange Square.[100][101]

In 2013 Arley Hall introduced some of Raffald's recipes into the menu at the hall's restaurant, which caters for
public visitors. Steve Hamilton, Arley Hall's general manager stated that Raffald is "a huge character in Arley's
history and it is only right that we mark her contribution to the estate's past".[102] Arley Hall considers Raffald
"the Delia Smith of the 18th century".[103][o]

Notes and references

Notes
a. The sources vary over the number of daughters the Raffalds had. The historian Roy
Shipperbottom, who inspected the records of the collegiate church at which Raffald attended,
reports that there were six daughters baptised (between March 1766 and September 1774); he
says that many of the higher figures quoted came from repeating an unverified source.[14]
Nancy Cox, writing in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography states the Raffalds had "at
least nine" daughters;[1] the food writer Jane Grigson puts the number at fifteen or sixteen;[15]
and the historian Eric Quayle says sixteen.[16]
b. Some sources spell the surname "Whittaker",[3][4] although the Oxford Dictionary of National
Biography and the National Portrait Gallery, among others, use Whitaker.[1][5]
c. £16 in 1760 equates to around £2,437 in 2021, according to calculations based on the
Consumer Price Index measure of inflation.[8]
d. John was described by the reporter and antiquary John Harland as being "a very handsome,
gentlemanly, intelligent man, about six feet (1.8 m) in height".[10] John, who had been raised in
Stockport, Lancashire, had worked at Arley Hall since 1 January 1760 and was on a salary of
£20 a year.[11] (£20 in 1760 equates to around £3,046 in 2021, according to calculations based
on the Consumer Price Index measure of inflation.[8]
e. The historian Hannah Barker, in her examination of businesswomen in northern England, puts
the address as 12 Market Place.[19]
 f. The full title of the work is The Experienced English House-keeper: For the Use and Ease of
Ladies, House-Keepers, Cooks, &c.: Wrote Purely from Practice, and Dedicated to the Hon.
Lady Elizabeth Warburton, Whom the Author Lately Served as House-keeper: Consisting of
Near 800 Original Receipts, Most of Which Never Appeared in Print.[24]
g. £800 in 1769 equates to around £112,000 in 2021, according to calculations based on the
Consumer Price Index measure of inflation.[8]
h. £1,400 in 1769 equates to around £196,000 in 2021, according to calculations based on the
Consumer Price Index measure of inflation.[8]
i. The 1772 Dublin printing and 1773 London printing are both classed as the second edition.[36]
j. The full title of the work was The Manchester Directory for the Year 1772. Containing an
Alphabetical List of the Merchants, Tradesmen, and Principal Inhabitants in the Town of
Manchester, with the Situation of Their Respective Warehouses, and Places of Abode.[38]
k. Lancashire was growing quickly in this period. The population of Salford Hundred, which
included Manchester, grew from 96,516 in 1761 to 301,251 in 1801, an average annual growth
rate of nearly 3 per cent.[40] Manchester had a population of around 30,000 in 1772.[41]
l. Raffald used the phrase when describing how to preserve bacon by using salt.[58]
m. The recipe, "To barbicue a pig" took four hours to barbecue a whole ten-week-old pig.[62]
n. These include Margaret R. Hunt's The Middling Sort: Commerce, Gender, and the Family in
England, 1680–1780 (1996),[69] Hannah Barker's 2006 work The Business of Women: Female
Enterprise and Urban Development in Northern England 1760–1830[70] and P. J. Corfield's
studies in the Urban History journal.[71][72]
o. The American social historian Janet Theophano calls Raffald "the Martha Stewart of her
time".[104]

References
1. Cox 2004.
2. Shipperbottom 1997, p. vii.
3. Aylett & Ordish 1965, p. 126.
4. Quayle 1978, p. 101.
5. "Elizabeth Raffald (née Whitaker)". National Portrait Gallery.
6. Shipperbottom 1997, pp. vii–viii.
7. Cox 2004; Foster 1996, p. 260; Shipperbottom 1997, p. viii.
8. Clark 2018.
9. Aylett & Ordish 1965, pp. 126–127.
10. Harland 1843, p. 149.
11. Foster 1996, pp. 258–260, 269.
12. Foster 1996, p. 260.
13. Shipperbottom 1997, pp. ix, x.
14. Shipperbottom 1997, p. xii.
15. Grigson 1993, p. 251.
16. Quayle 1978, p. 102.
17. Shipperbottom 1996, p. 234.
18. Raffald 1763, p. 4.
19. Barker 2006, p. 76.
20. Foster 1996, p. 206.
21. Raffald 1766, p. 3.
22. Raffald 1767, p. 2.
23. Raffald 1769, Dedication page.
24. Raffald 1769, Title page.
25. Shipperbottom 1996, p. 235.
26. Procter 1866, p. 160.
27. Raffald 1769, p. i.
28. Barker 2006, p. 77.
29. Raffald 1769, p. ii.
30. Quayle 1978, p. 103.
31. Colquhoun 2007, p. 199.
32. Raffald 1771b, p. 1; Maclean 2004, p. 121; Shipperbottom 1996, p. 236.
33. Quayle 1978, p. 100.
34. Shipperbottom 1997, p. xv.
35. Harland 1843, p. 147.
36. Maclean 2004, p. 121.
37. Raffald 1771a, p. 4.
38. Hunt 1996, p. 267.
39. Shipperbottom 1997, p. xiv.
40. Wrigley 2007, p. 66.
41. Corfield & Kelly 1984, p. 22.
42. Raffald 1772, p. 1.
43. Shipperbottom 1997, p. xvi.
44. Barker 2006, p. 132.
45. Shipperbottom 1996, p. 236.
46. Corfield 2012, p. 36.
47. Harland 1843, pp. 150–151.
48. Harland 1843, p. 151.
49. Colquhoun 2007, p. 214.
50. (Raffald 1769, pp. 258, 133, 265, 261, 289); recipes cited respectively.
51. Colquhoun 2007, pp. 209, 215.
52. Aylett & Ordish 1965, p. 130.
53. Colquhoun 2007, p. 231.
54. Aresty 1964, p. 122.
55. Raffald 1769, pp. 123–124.
56. Colquhoun 2007, p. 215.
57. Raffald 1769, p. 125.
58. Raffald 1769, p. 285.
59. Raffald 1769, p. 317.
60. Ayto 1990, pp. 88, 321.
61. Miller 2014, p. 142.
62. Raffald 1769, p. 99.
63. Raffald 1769, p. 70.
64. Corfield 2012, p. 26.
65. Barker 2006, p. 49.
66. Hunt 1996, pp. 130–131.
67. Barker 2006, pp. 75–76.
68. Hunt 1996, p. 130.
69. Hunt 1996, pp. 129–130.
70. Barker 2006, pp. 47–50, 75–77, 132–133.
71. Corfield 2012, pp. 26, 36.
72. Corfield & Kelly 1984, pp. 22, 32.
73. Barker 2006, p. 48.
74. Colquhoun 2007, p. 213.
75. Hardy 2011, p. 95.
76. Quayle 1978, p. 104.
77. Sherman 2004, pp. 36–37.
78. Lehman 2003, 2302.
79. Hughes 2006, p. 209.
80. Davidson 1983, p. 102.
81. Lehman 2003, 22337, 3253.
82. Lucraft 1992, p. 7.
83. Ayto 1990, p. 130.
84. Davidson 2014, p. 273.
85. Charsley 1988, pp. 235–236.
86. MacGregor 1993, p. 6.
87. Wilson 2005, p. 70.
88. Charsley 1988, p. 236.
89. Charsley 2003, p. 522.
90. David 2001, pp. 251, 266.
91. David 2001, p. 271.
92. David 2014, pp. 222, 225, 235.
93. David 1979, pp. 344–345, 420, 433 and 485–487, 480–481.
94. (Grigson 1993, pp. 38, 124, 187, 249, 251); recipes cited respectively.
95. Brewer 2012, p. 103.
96. "bride cake". Oxford English Dictionary.
97. "gofer-tongs". Oxford English Dictionary.
98. "hedgehog soup". Oxford English Dictionary.
99. "Hottentot pie". Oxford English Dictionary.
00. "Blue commemorative plaques in Manchester". Manchester City Council.
01. "Manchester returns to the tradition of bronze plaques". BBC.
02. "Georgian chef Elizabeth Raffald's recipes return to Arley Hall menu". BBC.
03. "The Gardener's Kitchen". Arley Hall & Gardens.
04. Theophano 2003, p. 203.

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Hardy, Sheila (2011). The Real Mrs Beeton: The Story of Eliza Acton (https://archive.org/detail
s/realmrsbeetonsto0000hard). Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-
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30522134/page/n3). Manchester: J. Harrop. OCLC 28369687 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28
369687).
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Brewer, Charlotte (February 2012). " 'Happy Copiousness'? OED's Recording of Female
Authors of the Eighteenth Century". The Review of English Studies. 63 (258): 86–117.
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232–241. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1988.9716445 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587X.1988.9
716445). JSTOR 1260461 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1260461).
Corfield, Penelope J. (10 January 2012). "Business Leaders and Town Gentry in Early
Industrial Britain: Specialist Occupations and Shared Urbanism". Urban History. 39 (1): 20–50.
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American Scholar. 52 (1): 98–106. JSTOR 41210911 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41210911).
Foster, Charles (November 1996). "The History of the Gardens at Arley Hall, Cheshire". Garden
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7–24. ISSN 0142-7857 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0142-7857).
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121995). S2CID 153990070 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153990070).

News
"Georgian chef Elizabeth Raffald's recipes return to Arley Hall menu" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/ne
ws/uk-england-22048430). BBC. 6 April 2013.
"Manchester returns to the tradition of bronze plaques" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england
-manchester-12773511). BBC. 17 March 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
 Raffald, Elizabeth (22 November 1763). "E. Raffald". Manchester Mercury. p. 4.
Raffald, Elizabeth (14 October 1766). "Elizabeth Raffald". Manchester Mercury. p. 3.
Raffald, Elizabeth (28 July 1767). "Elizabeth Raffald, Confectioner". Manchester Mercury. p. 2.
Raffald, Elizabeth (21 May 1771a). "Elizabeth Raffald". Manchester Mercury. p. 4.
Raffald, Elizabeth (9 August 1771b). "This Day is Published, Price 6s. bound, The Second
Edition of that Valuable Work The Experienced English Housekeeper by Elizabeth Raffald".
Derby Mercury. p. 1.
Raffald, Elizabeth (25 August 1772). "John and Elizabeth Raffald". Manchester Mercury. p. 1.

Internet
"Blue commemorative plaques in Manchester" (https://secure.manchester.gov.uk/info/500004/e
vents_and_tourism/1436/commemorative_plaques/2). Manchester City Council. Retrieved
20 May 2019.
"bride cake" (https://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=bride+cake). Oxford English
Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 5 June 2019. (Subscription or
participating institution membership (https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary) required.)
Clark, Gregory (2018). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present
(New Series)" (https://www.measuringworth.com/ukearncpi/). MeasuringWorth. Retrieved
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Cox, Nancy (23 September 2004). "Raffald [née Whitaker], Elizabeth". Oxford Dictionary of
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ww.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public) required.)
"Elizabeth Raffald (née Whitaker)" (https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw4223
7/Elizabeth-Raffald-ne-Whitaker). National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
"The Gardener's Kitchen" (http://www.arleyhallandgardens.com/thegardenerskitchen). Arley
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"gofer-tongs" (https://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=gofer-tongs). Oxford English
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"hedgehog soup" (https://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=hedgehog+soup). Oxford
English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 5 June 2019. (Subscription or
participating institution membership (https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary) required.)
"Hottentot pie" (https://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=Hottentot+pie). Oxford
English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 5 June 2019. (Subscription or
participating institution membership (https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary) required.)

External links
Works by or about Elizabeth Raffald (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3
A%22Raffald%2C%20Elizabeth%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Elizabeth%20Raffald%22%2
0OR%20creator%3A%22Raffald%2C%20Elizabeth%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Elizabet
h%20Raffald%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Raffald%2C%20E%2E%22%20OR%20title%3
A%22Elizabeth%20Raffald%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Raffald%2C%20Elizabeth%2
2%20OR%20description%3A%22Elizabeth%20Raffald%22%29%20OR%20%28%221733-17
81%22%20AND%20Raffald%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at Internet
Archive
Works by Elizabeth Raffald (https://librivox.org/author/6147) at LibriVox (public domain
audiobooks)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Raffald&oldid=1005690709"

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