BUSINESS COMMUNICATION AND ETHICS

Date: 12/01/2021

A. Communication:
Taking place between us right now. Sender is sending the message to the receiver and
receiver is receiving message. That is communication. Personal, Organisational
communication

Q. How do we communicate with others in our daily life??

Verbal – Oral/Written / Non-verbal | Individual/ Organisational communication

1. Mobile phone (Verbal) (O)

2. Social media apps (Non-Verbal)
3. Chat (Verbal) (W)
4. One to one (Verbal) (W)
5. E-mail (V)(W)
6. Letters/ Notices (V)(W)
7. Through facial expressions or body language (NV)
8. Videos (YouTube) (V, O)
9. Radio (V, O)
10. Blogs (V, W)
11. Fax (V, W)
12. Internet (V, W/O)
13. Eye contact (Staring) (NV)
14. Through art/ performances
15. SMS (V, W)
16. MMS (NV | V, W/O)
17. Push notifications (V, W)
18. Business reports, memos, circulars (V, W, Organisational)
19. Point of purchase displays (NV/ V, W)
20. Traffic lights (NV)
21. Announcement of offers in a shop (V, O)
22. Advertisements, Posters
 23. Gesture/ Posture/Props
24. PPT’s
25. Jingles
26. Punchline
27. Print ad
28. Pamphlets
29. Logo of organisation
30. Signage
31. Symbols
32. Uniform
33. Movies
34. Role Plays
35. Classical dances- Bharathanatyam (Expressions) (Non-verbal)

Date: 14/01/2021

B. Characteristics of communication
1. Always takes place btw two or more people. There has to be a sender and a receiver
2. Communication requires an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions, emotions or thoughts
3. Comm uses verbal and non-verbal modes of interaction
4. Common ground: Comm needs a mutuality of understanding btw the sender and the
receiver
5. Two-way process. For successful comm, sender has to see to it that receiver has
interpreted the msg in the same manner. So that can be identified through a feedback
mechanism. Receiver has to understand the message from the perspective of the
sender. If taken a different meaning, then not a successful comm.

C. Role of communication
1. It helps in quicker problem solving: If comm is done, the problem can be solved because
the sup-sub communication is successful, then becomes easier for sub to follow the
instructions of the superior. But if sub not able to interpret msg in a successful manner,
then problem might not be eradicated completely
2. Stronger decision making: Meeting- issues- need to take a call- if info is comm to sup by
sub and if that info is complete in all respects and whatever questions raised have been
 handled by sub, the decision taken will be very fruitful- Stronger decision making. Have
not left out any info which is relevant, then decision will be strong.
3. Increased productivity: effective comm- directions/ instructions clearly given by mgmt. to
organisation workers- there is going to be increased productivity, will know what to do,
so there will not be any unnecessary discrepancy. Also, the manner in which you are
motivating your workers and employees- enhancing the morale of the workers, have to be
good in communication.
4. Steadier workflow: When workers know what they are supposed to do, will result into a
constant kind of productivity from them. There is not going to be any deviation. Work
flow which is not un-put by any disruptions. And when achieved a steadier workforce,
then increased productivity
5. Stronger business relationships: Suppliers, intermediaries, customers, government
officials, the relationship with them will be stronger if proper comm, very good public
relations with diff outside agencies, effective comm- will result in dev. strong relations
with outside people.
6. Clearer promotional materials: When communicating to customers, the ads, the message
that we are comm should be short and precise and should be able to comm the benefits of
using the product also. If this is clear, it will directly hit out on the customers.
Promotional campaigns will have a max impact if comm is clear
7. Effective comm. results in enhanced professional image: If PR is very good, good rel with
ppl, if customers are able to identify the uses of the products, then professional image of
the org also increases
8. Improved stakeholder response: When org comm with customer, shareholders on regular
basis, improved stakeholder response. Business rel good, Ppl will be more receptive to
the comm of the organisation
9. To inform people about the existence of product in the market: Or new policy coming in
10. To persuade: persuasive advertising- to buy the product
11. To entertain
12. Motivating employee
13. Controls member behaviour: If someone is not adhering to the rules, eg: always coming
late, thru comm, sup will make sure that sub is adhering to the rules. If not showing
productivity- either negative or positive motivation
14. Fulfilment of social needs: Informal grps will survive only when comm takes place btw
them. Experiment by Elton mayo: not only monetary benefit, not only incentive, but
 workers will also get a sense of belongingness, dev of informal grp, which will also
motivate them to work. Trying to fulfil social needs. The also motivate the others to
perform well. Person working in formal and informal grp, that way his social needs are
also fulfilled. Sense of belongingness.
15. Effective comm will result into emotional expression of feelings: If performed sub very
well, then leader will express feelings emotionally If a person has truly done very well.
Through comm, release of feelings.

COMMUNICATION PROCESS: Steps undertaken to achieve successful communication

Sender

Encoding message

NOISE FEEDBACK

Message Channel

Decoding Message

Receiver

1. Sender: the party that wants to send the message. From where the message originates.
Source
2. Development of a message or transforming the thoughts or info that is to be conveyed
in a form which can be communicated
3. Channel of comm. From which channel message is going to be sent. Through mobile,
TV, radio etc. deciding most appropriate channel
4. Interpretation of the message or mentally processing message and trying to
understand it
5. Receiving the message in the same manner and perceiving it in the same manner

Feedback: If interpreted in same manner or not?

NOISE: Any type of disturbance that interferes with the interpretation of information.

Categories: semantic noise and internal noise and external noise

INTERNAL NOISE: Physiological noise and psychological noise

EXTERNAL NOISE: Physical noise and environmental noise

SEMANTIC NOISE: There is disturbance due to ambiguity in words. Eg: BOW

INTERNAL NOISE: Something to do with the person who is receiving the message.
receiver.

1. Physiological noise: Having a headache, taking medicine, will have an effect on way
you receive message. Drowsiness, so may not be able to receive the message in the
same manner.
2. Psychological: biasness to a certain person. If you like that person, will leave it, if not
will take the negative aspect only. If boss is angry. The attitude of a particular person

External: 1. Physical: phone call, but driving car, need to see safety also. Mind is focusing
on something else, so may not be listening properly

2.environmental: songs on loudspeaker being played.

20/01/2021

Elements of communication: BOOKPRINT ELEMENTS

1. Sender:
2. Ideas: wrt to the message to be sent.
3. Encoding
4. Communication channel
5. Receiver
6. Decoding
7. Feedback
8. Context: environment in which the message is being delivered. In terms of the
channels that are selected.
9. Noise
Facilitators of Communication: (3)

Credibility: anybody having technical expertise in a particular area. Somebody involved in

process of communication. Tech expertise: so will convince ppl that he knows what he is
talking about. Eg: toothpaste industry: there is a person who tells about the benefits. Certified
by Indian medical communication: credibility about product and the advertisement. so a
facilitator. People get convinced when u say something

Emotional connection: Communication: tries to convey to people on trust, reliability,

connection. Feelings, emotions of people is being captured. Product being advertised,
audience have an emotional connection. Eg: Parachute: used by generations, showing
grandmother, mother and daughter, emotional connection. Also, toothpaste advertisement.
“Aapka Suraksha Guard”. Bring about an emotional content.

Logic: Very essential. If people are communicated to in a systematic manner, using info that
targets a particular need, then there is some logic and the message makes some sense. Clear
message is going to be developed. Sensodyne toothpaste, shown that how usage is going to
strengthen the gums. Cause and effect relationship is shown. They also get to know the
rationale behind it.

EXERCISE: Process of communication: Take up any communication happening across any

channel. Talk show, debate, discussion and try to identify the different elements source,
sender, receiver etc. Identify elements of comm.

Two-way process: perspective of anchors and viewers, those who watch it sitting at home:
not communication.

One-way communication: misinterpreted information is also possible, has no way to revert

back.

D. Barriers to communication
1. Noise
2. Filtering: Sender manipulates info so that it is seen more favourably by the receiver
3. Selective perception: As a receiver, only what I want to hear, I listen. Receiver
selectively selecting info on the basis of their own interest. Listening only to that info
that is relevant to him as per his needs.
4. Information overload: Situation when you give lot of info to the receiver. A condition
when the info exceeds the processing capacity of the individual. A condition when the
information in-flow exceeds an individual’s processing capacity. So has to
communicate it slowly, separately.
5. Defensiveness: Either try to defend yourself, or there will be no communication When
the receiver interprets the message of the sender a threatening, there will be a
retardation. So the sender and receiver are not of the same platform, so will not be
effective communication. No feedback at all. There is distortion in the communication
process. Receiver will be defensive. Maybe that sender is superior and receiver is
subordinate.
6. Jargons: Specialised terminologies or technical language that members of a group use
to aid communication among themselves. Eg: legal terminology not understood by the
group.
7. Stereotyping: Categorising ppl according to what you expect those ppl to be. Done
wrt to a particular community, a part group of ppl. Sometimes ppl may feel that the
receiver is a person who might not have got education from a premiere institute, so a
stereotype that the person might not be able to interpret, Even from receiver’s side,
there is stereotyping, might not take the info in the same manner.

E. OTHER TYPES OF BARRIERS:

1. Faulty planning on the part of the sender: faulty planning of what is to be
communicated.
2. Poorly expressed content: might know what to express but not putting forth well. Not
in a position to express yourself properly
3. Emphasising the wrong part of the message: ppl will think that that particular word is
important, and not focus on the other parts
4. Inconsistent verbal and non-verbal communication: saying something funny with a
stone face or reprimanding when smiling
5. Emotional factor: Emotional about a particular issue. Sender will not be able to send
entire info to the receiver because of the emotional aspect.
6. Status effect: Sender on higher platform than the receiver. Sender might ignore certain
info, because he feels that the receiver must be aware about the particular info.
Superior expects the subordinate to be aware of certain facts.
7. Distraction: When talking from part of receiver, while receiving certain distractions.
Distraction is caused by something external. Receiver because of certain distractions
might not be able to listen properly. Distraction from external medium
8. Poor listening: Physically present, mentally absent. Mind getting diverted somewhere
else. Might also occur due to the incapability of the receiver. Not in a position to
understand what the speaker is speaking.
9. Instant interpretation: A barrier to communication, when the sender is sending info,
might acknowledge a certain viewpoint, but will later try to figure out how that
viewpoint is not right. But in this case, instantly interpret that what the sender speaks
doesn’t make sense, Not listening to what he says further.
10. Closed mind: Not willing to listen to others
11. Insufficient time:
12. Barrier due to organisational structure: if more hierarchies in an organisation, lot of
time for communication to take place and for the message to reach to a particular
hierarchical level. Also when there is hierarchy, at the end of the chain, the distorted
info reaches
13. Cultural Barrier: Different cultures, diff meaning for a part word, message sent out
may vary. What you intend to communicate, meaning of those words might be
different across diff cultures. Cross-cultural communication.
14. Language: When a person is not in a position to understand what you are speaking

F. 7 C’s of effective communication

1. Completeness: Comm must be complete. The sender should convey all the facts
required by the receiver or the audience. Only when this is done will it help in
bringing the desired response. Otherwise, the response desired by sender might not be
there.
2. Conciseness: Wordiness. You should comm in the least possible words. Whatever
info u need, if possible comm the info in two sentences only, Least possible words. If
you go on speaking for a longer period of time, sending same info in diff ways, may
get bored, may not be able to process. So try to comm entire info in least possible
words. Will also help in saving the words.
3. Consideration: Try to step into the shoes of others. The viewpoints, the background
of the receiver should be seen by the sender.
 4. Clarity: First send first message, then second message, so that there is clarity.
Emphasising on one point at a time rather than speaking multiple points.
5. Concreteness: Have to be very clear and particular about a message. If there is a
detail and has to communicate to a part person of department, and need to give bad
feedback, should take the name of the particular person rather than speaking generally
and beating around the bush. Will make the receiver properly know what is to be
done.
6. Courtesy: Try to focus on the expression of the sender. Should show that sender has
got some respect for the receiver also. Sender should be enthusiastic and judicious,
This will help in strengthening the relation, the other person has some character and
will not hide his or her own faults. Should respect the relation. Should admit upfront
about any lacunae.
7. Correctness: No grammatical errors in communication.

G. Communication models:

1. Aristotle’s communication model:

Speaker

Speech

(Occasion)

Audience

Effect

Mass Communication Model: Model focuses more on public speaking rather than
interpersonal communication.

5 basic elements – Speaker, speech, occasion, audience and effect.

Advising speakers to prepare speech for different audience at different points of time which
will have different effects. Eg: politician-speech- to tell about the word Occasion- time of
election, audience- voters. Effect- to win election.

Concepts:

1. Speaker plays and important role in public speaking.

2. Speaker must prepare his speech: should be knowledgeable enough

3. Speaker must analyse the needs of the audience before he enters on the stage (if
people are interested in a part subject but you start talking about something else, there
will be no effect of the speech)
4. The words of the speaker should influence the minds of the audience and persuade
their thoughts towards it. Should also start thinking from the perspective of the
speaker.

Three elements that need to be present in a good speaker:

1. Ethos: Means that a particular trait which makes the speaker credible before the audience.
If a politician is corrupt, no credibility, so audience will not believe in him.

2. Pathos: There has to be some sort of an emotional connect with the audience. What one
says should matter or matters to the audience. If a village needs water, but politician speaks
about building roads, maybe ppl will not get influenced.

3. Logos: Logic. You need to present factual data to the audience for them to believe in you.
People will believe only if they are in a position to understand or reason out.

Criticisms:

1. Completely ignored interpersonal communication. Has focused only on one form of

communication. Not a general model. Only applicable to public speaking
2. Does not speak about the mode of communication
3. Heterogeneous set of audience- to have emotional connect is not possible
4. No scope of sharing confidential information
5. Does not account for the noise factor
6. Prepare speech: there are lot of impromptu communications also
7. No scope for feedback
8. Model ignores other roles of communication and focused only on public speaking
 9. More speaker oriented

H. Shannon and Weaver’s model of communication

Sender: originator of the message. Choosing channel and sending message. Makes the
message. This is based on technical aspects.

Encoder: converts messages to signals

Decoder: at the receiver’s end where the signals are converted into message and receiver is
the destination.

Receiver: is where the message is to be sent. Destination of the message.

CRITICISMS:

Has not focused on public speaking. Focusing on interpersonal communication. Limited

reach

It is a slower form of communication

Main focus on message and not on the feedback

Technical problem with the instrument

Semantic problem. Maybe long symbol gets typed.

Receiver is playing a passive role in the communication process

I. Lasswell’s model of communication or Action model of communication or

Linear model of communication or One-way model of communication
It says that the manner in which an act of comm can be decided or described is to ask 5
question – principle of 5 W’s .

Communicator or sender has all the power in relation to identifying the message, choosing
the channel. This is called as control analysis. Communicator can control the message, the
channel. Emphasis on control. Control analysis takes place in the first block and it is done by
the sender.

Says what? Hovers around the message. Reflects upon content. Content analysis. What kind
of message and how much info is to be communicated to the receiver

In which channel? Complete media analysis. This means that which medium is to be selected
such that max impact is felt. What timing.

To whom? Audience analysis? Which segment? Need to do an analysis to identify education

level of audience, cultural background of the audience. Whether receiver is superior or sub

Analysis of effect. Effect analysis. It is in the end for what impact this part message thru this
particular channel. What is the outcome of the comm?

Communicator is in control and receiver has a minimal role

CRITCISM:

Again focusing only on mass communication. One-way. More suitable for mass
communication.

Ignores noise element

No feedback as such

Aim of sender not only to send the message but also to envisage the outcome so will
manipulate it in a way so that right effect will achieve. Sender himself is trying to identify
outcome. Keeps outcome into consideration such that easier for receiver. There is a
possibility of manipulation of message which can have a positive or negative effect.

It does not consider any other barriers to communication.

BERLO’s Model of communication or SMCR Model of communication:

Source message channel receiver

Sender and receiver have to be on the same level. For comm to take place, they have to be on
the same level.

Source: Person from where the message originates. Source of sender: Parameters: comm
skills, if excellent, comm will be successful. If comm skills are below avg, then sender might
not be able to express what to communicate. Ability to read write listen. If receiver is lagging
behind, Attention criteria, to listen carefully to sender is not there, then comm might not be
successful. Sender and receiver have to match. Com skill of sender: if good, then sender will
be in a position to express in terms of a message what he intends to communicate, but if
comm skills are not good, then will not be in a position to properly justify his point. Comm
skill: individual’s skill to communicate, ability to read.

Attitude of sender towards the audience: Whether sender is taking a humane approach? He
should not seem insulting towards the audience. When talking about the attitude of the
receiver towards the sender, if there is a biased opinion, then there will be a problem as far as
communication. Attitude towards the subject is also very important- whether starts from a
very basic level? Receiver: Might show arrogance that he knows much more than the sender.
Attitude: Sender: to give something more than what audience expects and receiver ‘s attitude
should be to grasp what is said.

Aka SMCR model of communication

S- Source

M- Message

C-Channel

R- Receiver

Basic premise of this model- The sender and receiver have to be on the same level for a
successful communication

Source- The person from where the message originates. Important parameters:

1.      Communication skill:

-          If it is excellent then, communication is successful. If the skill is below average, the
sender will not be at a position to express himself.

-          In receiver also, the communication skill should be at par with that of the sender.

-          The individuals skill to communication, ability to speak, read, write and listen is the
communication skill.

-          If the receiver lags behind then there may be a problem with the communication. The
criteria to listen carefully to what the sender is saying (paying attention) is not there then, the
communication may not be successful.

2.      Attitude

-          Sender: towards the audience. That is, whether the sender is thinking from the point of
view of audience, is the sender trying to dominate over audience, does the sender try to take a
humane approach and then approach the audience so that he does not seem insulting to the
audience

-          Attitude of receiver: does he have a biased opinion towards the sender. If unbiased then,
successful communication
-          Attitude towards the subject: Sender: Whether the sender starts from the beginning/ basic
level and then slowly brings the audience to the technical aspect or whether he starts directly
from the technical topic. Of the receiver- the arrogance of the receiver that he knows much
more than the sender then, it may be problematic.

-          Sender- give something more than what the receiver expects. Receiver must try to simply
listen and grasp what is being said.

-          Knowledge: How knowledgeable the sender is on the topic. Whether the receiver or
audience members are well versed with the area on which the sender is going to communicate
with them. The message that the sender is going to communicate should not come as a
surprise to them. The receiver should be aware of the communication

-          Social system: Culture is a sub-part of this. Social system refers to the values, beliefs,
value system, general society etc. If you are conversing with someone who is from another
social system, you will need to draft your message accordingly. If a person is from another
cultural background then also you need to be careful. This applies to both the sender and
receiver.

3.      Encoder: Converting thoughts to words. This is known as encoding.

4.      Message:

-          Content- beginning of message to end of message is known as content. The entire

message

-          Elements- non-verbal things like body language and gestures. In print ads, the pictures
etc, if there are 2 people then, their body language, tone etc. will be included.

-          Treatment- something that is referred to as packing if the message. Manner in which the
message is to be delivered- if a superior has to fire an employee, he had to be authoritative
(talk sternly etc.) in his approach rather than friendly and casual (you smile and talk etc.)
How you communicate the message. This is different from non-verbal communication.
Everything together (content+ tone+ body language etc.) is treatment- combination with non-
verbal cues here.

-          Structures- arrangement of message in various parts. How do you arrange the message.
What should be the introduction, body, conclusion etc. This is structuring of message. Will
you start with highlighting main points of discussion, then go ahead with discussion and
finally conclude? This is structuring of the message.

-          Code- the form in which the message will be sent. Language- usage of words, videos,
sms etc.

5.      Channel: In the form of 5 senses

-          Hearing- use of ears to receive the message

-          Seeing- visual messages- pics and visual commercials, TV ads etc.

-          Touch- hugging can also be used to communicate (it is a type of non-verbal

communication)

-          Tasting- through tongue you can taste the food

-          Smelling: perfume

6.      Decoding

CRITICISM:

There is a lack of feedback. The effects are practically unknown.

It does not mention the barriers to communication.

There is no room for noise.

It is a rather complex model.

It is a linear model of communication largely dominated by the sender.

Vagueness of the message.

Does not include other senses like understanding, thinking, analysing.

It requires people to be on the same level for effective communication to happen. However,
that rarely happens in everyday life.

There is a lot of room for misinterpretation

Quality of words, might vary. For eg vocabulary.

 J. Helical model
ASSUMPTION: That the communication process is just like a helix, if u leave it, will
move forward and backward and it is largely dependent on the past behaviour of the
individual. Comm. If you meet a person: comm process starts slowly, will only share
limited information. Only after developing good relationship, will start communicating.
In org- start with polite conversation, then start working on the same project, comm will
continue and as a result of interaction, more comfort, more open. Start convo, come back,
take higher leap, higher level of comm, come back. Comm keeps on changing on the
basis of interaction. Introduces the concept of time. Relational interaction: interact with
that part person wrt to the part past interaction. Based on past interaction, will decide if
want to comm, and Continuation of Communication process. To move forward, after
meeting after 15 years, it will take some time.

CRITICISMS

Focuses only on interpersonal communication

Other variables are also there, which might affect the communication process

Not necessary that communication is always continuous, there can be breaks. But there is
some continuity.

First interaction should always be positive, only then there will be continuity.

Interpersonal relationship will affect this model of communication

K. Westley and MacLean’s model

X1..Xn: Information in the environment

F: Feedback

A: Writers, the journalists

B: Readers or audience

C: Newspaper, editor of the newspaper

Fbc: Feedback loop btw the reader and the newspaper

Fca: feedback loop btw the newspaper and the writers

Fba: Feedback loop btw the reader and the writer
15/01/2021

ETHICS

Establish ethical standards that people down the line will implement and apply. The concept
of business ethics is study of where the business determines what is the moral right for its
organisation and also assesses the dimension of wrong, determines a standard. BE is a
specialisation of determining what is moral right for a business practice and also assess the
wrong in conduct of the business and set standard to ensure that ppl in the organisation
follow.

Concept of BE: Institution itself determines. There may not be any kind of body. Institution
with its maturity, intent will determine what is right for them within its internal system, Will
spell out the right assessment and wrong assessment. Self-evolving concept.

Why should it even contemplate a BE?

Is it a requirement? Should a manager churn this down to determine what is right or wrong,
or should it do this to in fact be a business.

Mgmt of org is binding ppl to look into the business framework from a particular perspective
only. But what if this poses hindrances?

Example: speaking out the truth

Q) If it is hindering, then should it be removed?

What stage should ethics be embraced? Maybe in inception, may not be very concerned.
Question of ethics comes when there is a knowledge of what is unethical. Later stage when it
has a certain kind of standing in the market, then they may contemplate ethics. Eg:-
corruption going on, But now want to change it, so bring in a system of ethics. Now want to
ensure that all kind of sacrosanct practices are followed.

Following principles, will itself lead to profit maximisation

But why should we give so much focus on ethics??

Principles are more important.

ETHICS: 1. Is a dynamic study, no straight jacket formula. Lot of confusion, and
interpretative study to understand ethics. Have a proper discussion of what is ethics.
Irrespective of whether they attain profits or not, they will want to have a system of ethics
and will want to follow it as much as possible

2. Many org will not have the courage to introduce a system of ethics because it is a
reflection of how business is done. Some business, will not even give weightage to this, and
will continue to do what they are doing because it is prevalent. But large org like WIPRO
have put in effort to bring in what they think as ethical process, brought a code, tried to
reduce ambiguity. Eg: Johnson & Johnson- tries to bring in interest of stakeholders, and
ensure that stakeholders are also fall in line with the ethical principles. To do business with
J&J, they have to fall in line with ethical principles. Corp will have its own principles; it is
the stakeholders who have to follow it. Choice lies with the corporation. There has to be a
consensus- broad as to what is ethical, for acceptance to be there. Ethics is how an employer
deals with employees and the stakeholders.

Ethics: 1. Relevancy of business ethics: ethics is a process of understanding how a business

organisation has the maturity to instil ethics. So institution itself tries to bring in ethics,
irrespective of the profits. Having a thought process where everyone will comply.BE:
Determination of right way of doing things will be thought about. Top level management

2. Ethics as a concept may have different interpretation. They will try to influence others
irrespective of whether management has a code of ethics in place or not. influence choices of
others and ensure that other understand what is the right way of doing things and ensure that
other fall in line

Business ethics- whose ethics is right and whose ethics is wrong? Everyone’s interpretation
might be different. Each individual will assess

When we deal with business ethics, whether the course of action initiated leads to a broad
conclusion or not is it determined by some investigation. To understand whose all ethical
principle is right or wrong. When people try to thrust decisions, there is a dead end. People
might have an apprehension. Everyone will have different situational encounter.

Two aspects: why should we agree with someone else’s measure of right or wrong. We need
not directly accept.
Course of action- is it leading to broad conclusion of determination of right or wrong. Is the
outcome beneficial for everyone?

NORMATIVE STUDY What is good for larger number of people. What is best for all?
Reasons entailed in making the decision. In normative- Why is a person saying so?
Investigation, examination. When talking about business ethics, how is course of action of
righteousness is determined? Figure out how this has emerged. when new practice comes up,
there will be questions about such practices. There could be some kind of analytical info.
Narrow down info to say that course of action is relevant.

Descriptive STUDY. Need to describe what is actually wrong in this. Descriptive info itself
will help in making a conclusion.

To determine right itself, two course of actions. Make our own assessment about how we
do our business practice and determine righteousness. What ought to be done. Reflects
about upbringing of family, how much we are concerned about the stakeholders. Become
more concerned about economic factors, legal factors. Determining larger good for larger
number of people. Course of action: in BE we are not standardising anything by a
measurement. A particular way in which a person conducts a business is questionable in
nature. Cannot standardise an intention of a person. Determining the right course of
action- what ought to be. Puristic form of an outcome. Code of ethics. We are
determining the right way of doing things rather than fixing a standard.

29/01/2021

Moral Development: Lawrence Coleberg

Question: Man intends to steal because wife is dying out of cancer. Is there any question
of morality here. Question is about stealing. May justify the stealing by giving the reason
of dying wife. Taken loan and then bought medication. When stealing- putting down self-
esteem. A matured person- taking loan. A person is seeking charity, putting down self-
esteem to a certain level. Whether the person has a moral stand?

Lawrence Coleberg Stages of moral development, his q of inquiry: when does moral dev
start in a person, when does he or she decide? Evaluation of q: Raised this question before
a group of children.
Focus of Coleberg: interviewed 72 male children on the moral dilemma. He conducted his
finding and drew a comprehensive understanding of how this develops.

Children form a morality based on the environment in which he grows. Indoctrinate right
or wrong through punishment. Based on self-absorption or avoidance of pain, As children
mature- teenager- adult etc, the question of standards also change and based on that
conventional understanding of right and wrong also say, there will be some element of
inquisitiveness.

Stages of moral development.

3 levels: 2 stages each

LEVEL 1: Pre-conventional stage

STAGE 1:

Punishment and obedience orientation: Child has limited choices, no awareness about the
world. So behaviour based on punishment. Age 1 to 5. In an environment- restricted
space, constantly monitoring of parents, and constant indoctrination, systematically
telling what is right or wrong. Can a child rebel? Not really. Child may not have
knowledge about the world. Their cognitive level of showing anger has not developed.
Trust the other person a lot. Parents transfer their value to the child. May also do it to
ensure that child has a more comfortable life. Parents in a more assertive position. Child
has limited needs and desires. When a person sacrifices something or shares something,
then they may feel uncomfortable, needs to ensure that something gets back

STAGE 2: Instrumental and relative orientation: right actions are those which satisfy the
needs of the child. Maybe aware that other needs are also imp. May draw a comparison
btw their needs and others needs If I do this, parents will be happy and so I will get
something in return, or parents may become angry. Someone else in home, an element of
sharing. What if I do will I get a return. Child will make assessment of course of action
and the outcome also. In ensuring that they share, sacrifice or so on, they get an element
of satisfaction. Child becomes aware that others happiness is also important to them –
relative orientation in becoming compassionate, sharing etc. In relative orientation, the
child may be willing to sacrifice something so that the other person is also happy and she
is also happy. Child is aware that if behaves in a certain manner, will get a reward and
lead to satisfaction of someone else. In instrumental, child is trying to demonstrate a
behaviour where the other person is satisfied and pleased. This is also a kind of
indoctrination. Respect other, the elders. EXPRESSION OF CARE, give something that
you have to your brother or sister.

LEVEL 2: Conventional Stage: people try to maintain expectations from family, peer
group etc. Gives an entitlement to person to be part of family, peer group. Their
expectation is that family should stand by them. Tries to draw a sense of loyalty. A person
will try to fall in line with such orientation and they try to meet with such expectations.
Righteous behaviour determines on what family says So becomes subservient t moral
ideas of family. Child feels that if they do not, may face hostility, isolation, humiliation.
So people think from perspective of larger aspect of life. So think to become more loyal.
WHAT WILL OTHERS THINK. Give more weightage to what others think.

STAGE 3: Interpersonal concordance orientation: Good behaviour is crystallised as

convention. Living with expectations with those who are loyal. Constantly weigh relation
btw family and friends. What is the right action and to what extent which we go on
confirming it. May have some kind of expectation. To make something more right, there
is a use of means. Family, friends and right action is just in conformity. If not in
conformity, you are wrong. Don’t question those values, you enjoy trust, affection,
loyalty,

STAGE 4: Law and order orientation: Originates from principles of law of a particular
nation. If laws upheld, then righteous.

LEVEL 3: Post conventional stage Autonomous or principled stage

Autonomous or principled stage: May look into evaluation of provision of law and may
even question it. May question what is right and fair, based on human rights. May assess
legal provisions and values associated with it and may seek a remedy.

STAGE 5: Social contract orientation: Aware of the fact that individuals have a variety of
contradicting views and a person searches for consensus and formulation of agreement.
Norms relative and might change and to develop new norm, there needs to be democratic
consensus. Develops a sense of respect for diff views and interpretations. Contemplating
at arriving at best of solution. People may believe that democratic consensus can be
developed to bring in justice of a realm of righteous way of thinking.
STAGE 6: Universal ethical principles. An action is considered as right based on
universality and consistence. Preventing child abuse

Moral Reasoning

Ethical Relativism