GAS LAW

Boyle‘s Law

1. A sample of an ideal gas occupies 2.00 L at 760 torr. What volume will this amount of gas
occupy if the temperature remains constant but the pressure changes to 1.25 atm? Remember that 1 atm
= 760 torr.
Solution: use Boyle’s law and substitute in the values for conditions 1 and 2.

2. A 1.00 L sample of an ideal gas at 760 torr is compressed to 0.800 L at constant temperature.
Calculate the final pressure of the gas.
Solution: use Boyle’s law and substitute in the values for conditions 1 and 2.

Charles’ Law
3. A given mass of chlorine gas occupies 25.0 L at 20 °C. What is the new volume at 45 °C,
assuming that the pressure remains constant? Remember that T must be in Kelvin.
Solution: Use Charles’ Law and substitute the values for conditions 1 and 2. Remember
temperature must be in Kelvin.
 4. A sample of gaseous argon is maintained at a constant pressure. The sample has an initial
volume of 10.5 L at 25 °C. What will be volume be if the same sample is kept at the same
pressure, but heated to 250 °C?

Gay-Lussac’s Law
5. The air in a cylindrical tank has a pressure of 640 torr at 23 °C. When the tank was placed in
the sun, the temperature rose to 48 °C. What was the final pressure in the tank if the mass and volume of
the gas does not change?

Solution : Use Gay-Lussac’s Law. Remember that temperature must be in Kelvin.

The Combined Gas Law

6. What would be the new pressure for a 2.00 L sample of gas at 1.00 atm and -20 °C that is
compressed to a new volume of 0.500 L at 40 °C?
Solution: Use the combined gas law. Temperatures must be converted to Kelvin.
 The Ideal Gas Law
7. What is the pressure in atmospheres of 3.4x10-3 moles of argon gas in a 75-mL glass bulb at 20
°C?
Solution: The problem gives three out of the four properties of an ideal gas (moles, volume, and
temperature) and asks for the fourth (pressure). Use the Ideal Gas Law.

8. How many liters of carbon dioxide at STP will

be formed from the complete combustion of
82.60 g of ethanol, C2H5OH(l)? What would this volume be if we then changed the conditions of the gas
to 23 °C and 0.95 atm to expand the gas after formation?
Solution: First we need to write the balanced equation for the reaction.
C2H5OH(l) + 3 O2(g) → 2 CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)
Next, we need to know how many moles of ethanol we have as starting material. This will allow us to use
this procedure: g C2H5OH → mol C2H5OH → mol CO2 → L CO2 @ STP
For the last step, since the conditions are at STP, we know that each mole of CO2 = 22.414 L. If the
conditions are different than STP, we have to use the Ideal Gas Law to determine the volume.

9. Calculate the volume of O2 that can be prepared at 60 C and 760 torr by the decomposition of 20.0 g
H2O2 to H2O and O2. The reaction is: 2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2.
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
10. Exactly 100 mL of oxygen gas is collected over water at 23 °C and 800 torr. Calculate the standard
volume of the dry oxygen if the vapor pressure of water at 23 °C is 21.1 torr.

STOICHIOMETRY
11. A stainless steel alloy contains 5.0% nickel by mass.
(a) What mass of nickel is contained in 1.8 kg of the alloy?
1.8 × 5.0 / 100 = 0.090 kg or 90 g Ni
(b) What mass of the alloy would contain one mole of nickel?
one mol, 58.7 g Ni, in 58.7 × 100 / 5.0 = 1174 g or 1.17 kg alloy

12. Natural gallium contains two isotopes. 60.4 atom % is in the form of Ga, molar mass 69 68.926 g
molG . What is the mass number of the other gallium isotope?
Suppose the mass of the other isotope is x, then we can write:
(68.926 × 60.4 / 100) + (x × 39.6 / 100) = 69.71 [known av at mass of Ga]
hence x = 70.9 and the mass number is 71

13. A element Q forms a chloride QCl containing 46.62% chlorine by mass. Calculate the atomic weight of
the element. Referring to the Periodic Table, identify element Q.
53.38 g Q combines 46.62 g Cl
53.38 × (3 × 35.45) / 46.62
combines 3 mol Cl in one mol
QCl3
one mol Q mass 121.8 g; Q
must be Antimony, Sb

14. Natural bromine consists of two isotopes:

Br, mass 78.9183 g molG , 50.69 atom % abundance 79
Br, mass 80.9163 g molG , 49.31 atom % abundance 81
Calculate the average atomic mass of natural bromine to the appropriate number of significant
figures.
(78.9183 × 50.69 / 100) + (80.9163 × 49.31 / 100) = 79.90 4 S.F.
 15. A compound contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only. When a sample of mass 1.60 g 2 2 is burned
in excess oxygen, 2.20 g of CO and 1.80 g of H O are produced.
(a) What is the mass percentage of oxygen in the compound?
2.20 g CO2 2 is 2.20 / 44.0 = 0.0500 mol CO2
from 0.0500 mol C in compound, mass 0.0500 × 12.0 = 0.600 g C
1.80 g H2O is 1.80 / 18.0 = 0.100 mol H2O
from 0.100 × 2 = 0.200 mol H, mass 0.200 × 1.01 = 0.202 g H
By difference, mass of oxygen in sample 1.60-0.600-0.20 = 0.80 g O
100 × 0.80 / 1.60 = 50% oxygen by mass
(b) Calculate the empirical formula.
mol of oxygen 0.80 / 16 = 0.050 mol,
combining ratio is 0.0500:0.200:0.0500, 1 : 4 4 : 1 or CH4O

Use the following to answer questions 16 & 17.

2 NaCl + MgO  Na2O + MgCl2

16. If 24 grams of sodium chloride reacts with an excess amount of magnesium oxide, how many grams
of sodium oxide will be produced?
A B
Given: 24 g NaCl = ? grams Na2O

Conversions: Molar mass of NaCl: 1 mole NaCl = 58 g NaCl

Mole to mole ratio: 2 mole NaCl = 1 mole Na2O
Molar mass of Na2O: 1 mole Na2O = 62 g Na2O

Setup:
24 g NaCl X 1 mole NaCl X 1 mole Na2O X 62 g Na2O = 12.8 g Na2O
58 grams NaCl 2 mole NaCl 1 mole Na 2O

17. If 53 grams of magnesium oxide reacts with an excess amount of sodium chloride, how many grams
of magnesium chloride will be made?
A B
Given: 53 g MgO = ? g MgCl2

Conversions: Molar mass of MgO: 1 mole MgO = 40 g MgO

Mole to Mole Ratio : 1 mole MgO = 1 mole MgCl2
Molar mass of MgCl2 : 1 mole MgCl2 = 94 g MgCl2

Setup:
53 g MgO X 1 mole MgO X 1 mole MgCl2 X 94 g MgCl2 = 124.55 g MgCl2
40 g MgO 1 mole MgO 1 mole MgCl; 2

Use the following to answer questions 18-20.

C3H8 + 5 O2  4 H2O + 3 CO2

18. 32 grams of propane (C3H8) is burned in excess oxygen gas to produce how many grams of water?
A B
Given: 32 g C3H8 = ? g H2O

Conversions: Molar mass C3H8 : 1 mole C3H8 = 44 g C3H8

Mole to Mole ratio: 1 mole C3H8 = 4 moles H2O
Molar mass H2O : 1 mole H2O = 18 g H2O
 Setup:
32 g C3H8 X 1 mole C3H8 X 4 moles H2O X 18 g H2O = 52.4 g H2O
44 g C3H8 1 mole C3H8 1 mole H2O

19. How many grams of oxygen gas is needed to make 30 grams of carbon dioxide?
A B
Given: 30 g CO2 = ? g O2

Conversions: Molar mass CO2 : 1 mole CO2 = 44 g CO2

Mole to mole ratio: 3 moles CO2 = 5 moles O2
Molar mass of O2 : 1 mole O2 = 32 g O2

Setup:
30 g CO2 X 1 mole CO2 X 5 moles O2 X 32 g O2 = 36.4 g O2
44 g CO2 3 moles CO2 1 mole O2

20. If 0.45 grams of water is formed during the combustion of propane, how many grams of carbon
dioxide is formed?
A B
Given: 0.45 g H2O = ? grams CO2
Conversions: Molar mass of H2O: 1 mole H2O = 18 g H2O
Mole to mole ratio: 4 moles H2O = 3 moles CO2
Molar mass of CO2 : 1 mole CO2 = 44 g CO2

Setup:
0.45 g H2O X 1 mole H2O X 3 moles CO2 X 44 g CO2 = .825 g CO2
18 g H2O 4 moles H2O 1 mole CO2
BALANCING EQUATION

21. ____ AlBr3 + ____ K  ____ KBr + ____ Al

1 AlBr3 + 3 K  3 KBr + 1 Al

22. ____ FeO + ____ PdF2  ____ FeF2 + ____ PdO

1 FeO + 1 PdF2  1 FeF2 + 1 PdO

23. ____ P4 + ____ Br2  ____ PBr3

1 P4 + 6 Br2  4 PBr3

24. ____ LiCl + ____ Br2  ____ LiBr + ____ Cl2

2 LiCl + 1 Br2  2 LiBr + 1 Cl2

25. ____ PbBr2 + ____ HCl  ____ HBr + ____ PbCl2

1 PbBr2 + 2 HCl  2 HBr + 1 PbCl2

26. ____ CoBr3 + ____ CaSO4  ____ CaBr2 + ____ Co2(SO4)3

2 CoBr3 + 3 CaSO4  3 CaBr2 + 1 Co2(SO4)3

 27. ____ Na3P + ____ CaF2  ____ NaF + ____ Ca3P2

2 Na3P + 3 CaF2  6 NaF + 1 Ca3P2

28. ____ Mn + ____ HI  ____ H2 + ____ MnI3

2 Mn + 6 HI  3 H2 + 2 MnI3

29. ____ Li3PO4 + ____ NaBr  ____ Na3PO4 + ____ LiBr

1 Li3PO4 + 3 NaBr  1 Na3PO4 + 3 LiBr

30. ____ CaF2 + ____ Li2SO4  ____ CaSO4 + ____ LiF

1 CaF2 + 1 Li2SO4  1 CaSO4 + 2 LiF

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION AND QUANTUM NUMBER

In the space below, write the unabbreviated electron configurations of the following elements:

31. sodium ________________________________________________

1s22s22p63s1

32. iron ________________________________________________

1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6

Determine what elements are denoted by the following electron configurations:

33. 1s22s22p63s23p64s24d104p5 ____________________

Sulfur

34. 1s22s22p63s33d5 ____________________

Rubidium

Give the maximum number of electrons in an atom that can have these quantum numbers:
35. n = 4 
The total number of mℓ values (derived from all possible ℓ states for a given n
value) is given by n2. This gives us 16 mℓ values when n = 4. Here is a listing of the
mℓ values when n = 4:
ℓ mℓ total mℓ
0    0 1
1    -1, 0, 1 3
2    -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 5
3    -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 7
4    -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 9
Since you also have to include ms, you multiple n2 by 2 to get the maximum
amount of electrons in the entire energy level:
 2n2
2(4)2
32

36. n = 5, mℓ = +1 

The value of ℓ has not been specified; therefore, we need to take into
account all the possibilities for ℓ. When n = 5, the permitted values for ℓ are 0, 1, 2, 3,
4. Let's look at each ℓ in the context of m ℓ being equal to 1.
When ℓ = 0, mℓ can only equal 0. ℓ = 0 is not part of the correct answer
When ℓ = 1, mℓ can take on the values of -1, 0, 1. ℓ = 1 is part of the correct
answer.
In like manner, ℓ = 2, 3, 4 are all part of the correct answer. Here are the
mℓ values:
ℓ = 2     mℓ = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2
ℓ = 3     mℓ = -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3
ℓ = 4     mℓ = -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
Each ℓ value has an mℓ of 1 allowed.
Four different orbitals (n, ℓ, mℓ just below) are possible for n = 5 and m ℓ = 1:

Each orbital can hold two electrons

(ms = ½ and ms = -½), 5, 1, 1     5, 2, 1     5, 3, 1     5, 4, 1 so the total number of
electrons is 8.

37. For principal quantum number n = 4, the total number of orbitals having ℓ = 3 is?
With ℓ = 3 we examine the mℓ values to determine how many orbitals are
present:
by enumeration: 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3 ---> 7 orbitals 
by formula: 2(3) + 1 = 7
38. How many electrons can have n = 3, mℓ = 0, ms = +½?
Based on n = 3, the ℓ values can be 0, 1, 2.
For each of the three ℓ values (0, 1, 2), there exists an m ℓ = 0.
In each of those orbitals, (the 3s, 3p, and 3d) there can exist one electron with
ms = +½. Three electrons is the answer.
39. What is the maximum number of electrons that are allowed to have the following set of
quantum numbers in one atom?
n = 4 and ml = +2
4 e–
only l = 2 (d) and l = 3 (f) on n = 4 can have ml = +2 orbitals, each of which can
hold 2 e–

40. What are the four quantum numbers for the last electron in each of the following elements?
Note: Orbital notation (Chapter 8) makes this easier. Assume that ml values fill from more
negative to more positive, and that a spin up e – (ms = +1 /2) each fill an orbital before spin down
e – begin to pair.
 ELECTROCHEMISTRY
41. Find the charge in coulomb on 1 g-ion of N 3-.
Charge on one ion of N3-
= 3 × 1.6 × 10-19 coulomb
Thus, charge on one g-ion of N3-
=3× 1.6 × 10-19 × 6.02 × 1023
= 2.89 × 105  coulomb

42. How much charge is required to reduce (a) 1 mole of Al 3+ to Al and (b)1 mole  of to Mn2+ ? 
(a) The reduction reaction is 
Al3+ + 3e-  →  Al
Thus, 3 mole of electrons are needed to reduce 1 mole of Al3+
Q = 3 × F   = 3 × 96500 = 289500 coulomb
(b) The reduction is
Mn4-+ 8H+ 5e-  →  Mn2+ + 4H2O 
1 mole 5 mole 
Q = 5 × F   = 5 × 96500 = 48500 coulomb

43. How much electric charge is required to oxidise (a) 1 mole of H 2O to O2 and  (b)1 mole of FeO to Fe2O3? 
(a) The oxidation reaction is
H2O →  1/2 O2 + 2H+  + 2e-
Q = 2 × F   = 2 × 96500 =193000 coulomb
(b) The oxidation reaction is
FeO + 1/2 H2O → 1/2 Fe2O3 + H+  + e-
Q = F = 96500 coulomb
44. Exactly 0.4 faraday electric charge is passed through three electrolytic cells in series, first containing AgNO3,
second CuSO4 and third FeCl3 solution. How many gram of  rach metal will be deposited assuming only cathodic
reaction in each cell? 
The cathodic reactions in the cells are respectively. 
 Ag+ + e-  →  Ag 

Cu2+ + 2e-  → >Cu 

and Fe3+ + 3e- →  Fe

Hence, Ag deposited = 108 × 0.4 = 43.2 g
Cu deposited = 63.5/2×0.4=12.7 g
and Fe deposited = 56/3 ×0.4=7.47 g

45. An electric current of 100 ampere is passed through a molten liquid of sodium chloride for 5 hours. Calculate
the volume of chlorine gas liberated at the electrode at NTP. 
The reaction taking place at anode is 
2Cl-  →  Cl2 + 2e-
Q = I × t = 100 × 5 × 600 coulomb 
The amount of chlorine liberated by passing 100 × 5 × 60 × 60 coulomb of electric charge.
=1/(2×96500)×100×5×60×60=9.3264 mole 
Volume of Cl2 liberated at NTP = 9.3264 × 22.4 = 208.91 L
46. A 100 watt, 100 volt incandescent lamp is connected in series with an  electrolytic cell containing cadmium
sulphate solution. What mass of cadmium will be deposited by the current flowing for 10 hours? 
We know that
Watt = ampere × volt
100 = ampere × 110
Ampere = 100/110 
Quantity of charge = ampere × second = 100/110×10×60×60 coulomb
The cathodic reaction is 
Cd2+ + 2e- →  Cd 
Mass of cadmium deposited by passing 100/110×10×60×60 
Coulomb charge = 112.4/(2×96500)×100/110×10×60×60=19.0598 g

47. In an electrolysis experiment, a current was passed for 5 hours through two cells  connected in series. The first
cell contains a solution gold salt and the second cell contains  copper sulphate solution. 9.85 g of gold was
deposited in the first cell. If the oxidation number of  gold is +3, find the amount of copper deposited on the
cathode in the second cell. Also calculate 
the magnitude of the current in ampere. 
We know that  E = Z × 96500 
(Mass of Au deposited)/(Mass f Cu or Z =E/96500=63.5/(2×96500) 
deposited)=(Eq.mass of Au)/(Eq.Mass of Cu)  Applying W = Z × I × t 
Eq. mass of Au = 197/3; T = 5 hour = 5 × 3600 second 
Eq. mass of Cu 63.5/2  4.7625 = 63.5/(2×96500) × I × 5 × 3600 
Mass of copper deposited   = 9.85 × 63.5/2 x 3/197 or I = (4.7625 × 2 × 96500)/(63.5 × 5 × 3600)=0.0804
g = 4.7625 g  ampere
Let Z be the electrochemical equivalent of Cu. 
48. How long has a current of 3 ampere to be applied through a solution of silver nitrate to coat a metal surface of
80 cm2 with 0.005 cm thick layer? Density of silver is 10.5 
3
g/cm .
Mass of silver to be deposited  = Volume × Applying to silver E = Z × 96500 
density  = Area ×thickness × density  Z = 108/96500 g 
Given: Area = 80 cm2 Let the current be passed for r seconds. 
thickness = 0.0005 cm and density = 10.5 g/cm 3 We know that 
  W = Z × I × t 
Mass of silver to be deposited = 80 × 0.0005 × 10.5 = So, 0.42 = 108/96500 x 3 x t 
0.42 g  or t = (0.42 × 96500)/(108×3)=125.09 second

49. What current strength in ampere will be required to liberate 10 g of chlorine  from sodium chloride solution in
one hour? 
Applying E = Z × 96500 (E for chlorine = 35.5) 
35.5 = Z × 96500 
or Z = 35.5/96500 g 
Now, applying the formula
W=Z×I×t
Where W = 10 g, Z= 35.5/96500 t = 60×60 =3600 second
I = 10x96500/35.5x96500 = 7.55 ampere

50. 0.2964 g of copper was deposited on passage of a current of 0.5 ampere for 30 minutes through a solution of
copper sulphate. Calculate the atomic mass of copper. (1 faraday = 96500 coulomb) 
Quantity of charge passed
0.5 × 30 × 60 = 900 coulomb 
900 coulomb deposit copper = 0.2964 g 
96500 coulomb deposit copper = 0.2964/900×96500=31.78 g 
 Thus, 31.78 is the equivalent mass of copper. 
At. mass = Eq. mass × Valency = 31.78 × 2 = 63.56

51. 19 g of molten SnCI2 is electrolysed for some time using inert electrodes until 0.119 g of Sn is deposited at the
cathode. No substance is lost during electrolysis. Find the ratio of the masses of SnCI2 : SnCI4 after electrolysis. 
The chemical reaction occurring during electrolysis 380/119×0.119=0.380 g of SnCl2
is  Remaining amount of SnCl2 = (19-0.380) = 18.62 g
 2SnCl2 →  SnCl4 + Sn  380 g of SnCl2 produce = 261 g of SnCl4
2×190 g 261 g 119 g So 0.380 g of SnCl2 produce = 261/380×0.380=0.261
119 g of Sn is deposited by the decomposition of g of SnCl 
380 g of SnCl2 Thus, the ratio SnCl2 : SnCl4 =18.2/0.261 , i.e., 71.34
So, 0.119 g of SnCl2 of Sn is deposited by the :1
decomposition of 

52. A current of 2.68 ampere is passed for one hour through an aqueous solution of copper sulphate using copper
electrodes. Calculate the change in mass of cathode and that of the anode. (At. mass of copper = 63.5). 
The electrode reactions are:  as copper from it dissolves. 
Cu2+ + 2e- →  Cu (Cathode)  Charge passed through cell = 2.68 × 60 × 60
1 mole 2 × 96500 C  coulomb 
Cu →  Cu2+ + 2e- Copper deposited or dissolved =
(Anode)  63,5/(2×96500)×2.68×60×60 =3.174 g 
Thus, cathode increases in mass as copper is Increase in mass of cathode = Decrease in mass of
deposited on it and the anode decreases in mass anode = 3.174 g
53. An ammeter and a copper voltameter are connected in series through which a  constant current flows. The
ammeter shows 0.52 ampere. If 0.635 g of copper is deposited in one hour, what is the percentage error of the
ammeter? (At. mass of copper = 63.5) 
The electrode reaction is:  We know that 
Cu2+ + 2e →  Cu Q = l × t 
1 mole 2 × 96500 C  1930 = I × 60 × 60 
63.5 g of copper deposited by passing charge = 2 × I= 1930/3600=0.536 ampere 
96500 Coulomb  Percentage error = ((0.536-0.52))/0.536×100=2.985
0.635 g of copper deposited by passing
charge =(2×96500)/63.5×0.653 coulomb  = 2 × 965
coulomb  = 1930 coulomb

54. A current of 3.7 ampere is passed for 6 hours between platinum electrodes in  0.5 litre of a 2 M solution of
Ni(NO3)2. What will be the molarity of the solution at the end of  electrolysis?
What will be the molarity of solution if nickel electrodes are used? (1 F = 96500  coulomb; Ni = 58.7)
The electrode reaction is Since 0.586 moles are present in 0.5 litre, 
Ni2+ + 2e- →  Ni Molarity of the solution = 2 × 0.586 = 1.72 M 
1 mole 2 × 96500 C When nickel electrodes are used, anodic nickel will
Quantity of electric charge passed  = 3.7 × 6 × 60 × dissolve and get deposited at the cathode. 
60 coulomb = 79920 coulomb  The molarity of the solution will, thus, remain
Number of moles of Ni(NO3)2 decomposed or unaffected
nickel deposited = (1.0 - 0.4140) = 0.586 

55. An acidic solution of Cu 2+ salt containing 0.4 g of Cu 2+ is electrolysed until all the copper is deposited. The
electrolysis is continued for seven more minutes with volume of  solution kept at 100 mL and the current at 1.2
amp. Calculate the gases evolved at NTP during the entire electrolysis. 
 0.4 g of Cu2+ = 0.4/31.75 = 0.0126 g equivalent  equivalent 
At the same time, the oxygen deposited at anode = = 8/32 × 0.00523 = 0.001307 g mole
0.0126 g equivalent  = 8/32 × 0.0126 = 0.00315 g Hydrogen liberated = 0.00523 g equivalent 
mol  = 1/2 × 0.00523 = 0.00261 g mole 
After the complete deposited of copper, the Total gases evolved = (0.00315 + 0.001307 +
electrolysis will discharge hydrogen at cathode  0.00261) g mole 
and oxygen at anode. The amount of charge passed = 0.007067 g mole 
= 1.2 × 7 × 60 = 504 coulomb  Volume of gases evolved at NTP = 22400 × 0.007067
So, Oxygen liberated = 1/96500 × 504 = 0.00523 g mL = 158.3 mL

56. Consider the reaction,

2Ag+ + Cd →   2Ag + Cd2+
The standard electrode potentials for Ag+ --> Ag and Cd2+ --> Cd couples are 0.80 volt and -0.40 volt, respectively.
(i) What is the standard potential Eo for this reaction?
(ii) For the electrochemical cell in which this reaction takes place which electrode is negative electrode?
(i) The half reactions are: EoCd+/Cd = -0.40 volt               (Reduction potential)
+ -
2Ag   + 2e  →   2Ag. or     EoCd+/Cd2 = +0.40 volt
Reduction E  = E Cd /Cd2 + EoAg+/Ag = 0.40+0.80 = 1.20  volt
o o +

Cathode) (ii) The negative electrode is always the electrode

EoAg+/Ag =0.80  volt          (Reduction potential) whose reduction potential has smaller value or the
Cd → Cd2+  + 2e-, electrode where oxidation occurs. Thus, Cd
Oxidation electrode is the negative electrode.
(Anode)

57. Calculate the electricity that would be required to reduce 12.3 g of nitrobenzene  to aniline, if the current
efficiency for the process is 50 per cent. If the potential drop across the  cell is 3.0 volt, how much energy will be
consumed?
The reduction reaction is 
C6H5NO2 + 3H2 C6H5NH2 + 2H2O  
Hydrogen required for reduction of 12.3/123 or 0.1 mole of nitrobenzene = 0.1 × 3 = 0.3 mole 
Amount of charge required for liberation of 0.3 mole of hydrogen = 2 × 96500 × 0.3 = 57900  coulomb
Actual amount of charge required as efficiency is 50%  = 2 × 57900 = 115800 coulomb
Energy consumed = 115800 × 3.0 = 347400 J  = 347.4 kJ

58. After electrolysis of a sodium chloride solution with inert electrodes for a certain period of time, 600 mL of the
solution was left which was found to be 1 N in NaOH. During the same period 31.75 g of copper was deposited in
the copper voltameter in series with the electrolytic cell. Calculate the percentage theoretical yield of NaOH
obtained. 
Equivalent mass of NaOH = 40/1000 × 600 = 24 g 
Amount of NaOH formed = 40/1000 × 600 = 24 g 
31.75 g of Cu = 1 g equivalent of Cu. 
During the same period, 1 g equivalent of NaOH should have been formed. 
1 g equivalent of NaOH = 40 g 
% yield = 24/40 × 100 = 60

59. To find the standard potential of M3+/M electrode, the following cell is constituted:
Pt|M|M3+(0.0018 mol-1L)||Ag+(0.01 mol-1L)|Ag
The emf of this cell is found to be 0.42 volt. Calculate the standard potential of the half reaction M 3+ + 3e-  M3+. =
0.80 volt.
The cell reaction is 0.42 =  Ecello - 0.0591/n log (0.0018)/(0.01)3 =  Ecello -
+ 3+
M + 3Ag  →  3Ag + M 0.064
Applying Nernst equation, Ecello =(0.042+0.064)= 0.484 volt
Ecell = Ecello - 0.0591/n log(Mg2+)/[Ag+]3 Eocell = Eocathode - Eoanode
 or Eoanode  = Eocathode  - Eocell = (0.80-0.484) = 0.32 volt

60. Cadmium amalgam is prepared by electrolysis of a solution of CdCl 2 using a mercury c0thode. Find how long a
current of 5 ampere should be passed in order to prepare 12%  Cd-Hg amalgam on a cathode of 2 g mercury. At
mass of Cd = 112.40. 
2 g Hg require Cd to prepare 12% amalgam = 12/88 × 2 = 0.273 g 
Cd2+ + 2e- →  Cd 
1 mole 2 × 96500C 
112.40g 
Charge required to deposit 0.273 g of Cd  = 2*96500/112.40 × 0.273 coulomb 
Charge = ampere × second 
Second = 2*96500*0.273/112.40*5 = 93.75

NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY

61. Find whether 90231Th is stable or not.

n+p=Mass Number n0/p+=141/90=1,56
90+n=231 Since ratio is greater than 1, 90231Th has unstable
n=141 nucleus and it is radioactive element
where n is number of neutrons and p is number of
protons.Thus ratio between n and p is;
.
 62. A, B, C and D elements form compounds AC, A2D and BD. If AC and A2D are radioactive and BD is not
radioactive compound, find whether the following compounds are radioactive or not.
I. A2 III. C2D
II. A2C IV. BC

If a compound is radioactive, at least one of the elements of this compound must be radioactive. Since BD is not
radioactive, B and D are not radioactive elements. If AC and A2D are radioactive then A must be radioactive
element C can be radioactive or not we can not say anything about it.
A2 and A2C are radioactive compounds because of radioactive element A but we can not say whether C 2D and BC
are radioactive or not.
 
63. Find number of protons and mass number of Y in given reaction below.
234
92 X + β- + α → Y + γ + 2β+
Number of protons in left side of reaction is; Mass number of reactants must be equal to mass
92 +(-1) + 2 =93 numbers of products.
Thus, number of protons in right side of reaction 234+4=238 mass number of reactants
must be 89. Y+ 1.(0) + 2.(0) =238
Y+1.(0) + 2.(+1) = 93 Y =238
Y=91 Y=238 mass number of Y
238
Y=91 number of protons 91
64. Find X and Y in given reactions.
I. 1938K → 1838Ar + X
II. 80197Hg + Y → 79197Au
I. 1938K → 1838Ar + abX
mass number and atomic numbers must be equal; II. 80197Hg + cdY → 79197Au
38=38+b 80 + c = 79
b=0 c=-1
19=18+a 197 + d = 197
a=1 thus, +10X or +10β d=0 So, Y = -10β
 
65. Which ones of the following statements are true for atom having following reaction in its nucleus?
1 1 0
1 p → 0 n + +1 β
I. Its mass number increases by 1. IV. Its atomic number decreases by 1.
II. Its isotope is formed. V. Its number of protons increases by 1.
III. Its netron number decreases by 1.
In given reaction one proton is converted into one neutron. Thus, atomic number decreases by 1. IV is true.
66. If radioactive atom does one alpha and 2 beta decay, which ones of the following statements are true for this
atom?
I. Its isotope is formed.
II. Its location in the periodic table does not change.
III. Its mass number decreases.
If an atom does 1 alpha decay, its mass number decreases 4 and atomic number decreases 2. If an atom does 2
beta decay, mass number of it does not change but its atomic number increases 2.To sum up, mass number of
this atom decreases 4 and atomic number does not change. Since number of protons does not change, location
in the periodic table also does not change. Is mass number decreases and its isotope is formed. I, II and III are
true.
 
67. Which ones of the following reactions are artificial radioactive decay?
I. 92238U → 90234Th + α III. 49Be + 24He → 612C + n
24 +  24
II. 12 Mg + β → 13 Al
I. In this reaction 92238U does α decay and 90234Th is formed. It is natural decay.
II. In this reaction nonradioactive Mg atom does β+ and 1324Al is formed. It is artificial decay.
III. In this reaction nonradioactive Be atom does 24He decay and 612C is formed. It is also artificial decay.
 68.. Which ones of the following statements are true for given reaction?
9 3 11 1
4 Be + 1 H → 5 B + 0 n
I. It is fusion reaction
II. It is natural dasioactive decay
III. Total neutron number is conserved
9
Be and 13Hcome together and form 511B atom. Thus, it is artificial radioactive decay or fusion. I is true and II is
false.
We write number of neutrons in both sides;
9 3 11 1
4 Be + 1 H → 5 B + 0 n
5 + 2 =6 + 1
7=7
We can say that number of neutrons in this reaction is conserved. III is true.
 
69. Which ones of the following statements are true for half life of radioactive matters?
I. It depends on amount of matter III. It depends on phase of matter
II. It depends on types of matter IV. It depends on temperature of matter
Half life of radioactive matters depends on types of nucleus or neutron/proton ratio. Physical properties like
amount of matter, temperature or phase do not affect half life. Isotopes of same atom can have different half
life since there are changes in their nucleus and neutron/proton ratio. II is true ans I, III and IV are false.

70. If the decrease between 18. and 24. years in mass of radioactive matter is 4g, find its initial mass. Half life of
this matter is 6 years.
Let initial mass of matter be m0.
 
 
 
 We find difference between 18. and 24. years;
m0/8 - m0/16=4
m0/16=4
m0=64 g

71. Pd-100 has a half-life of 3.6 days. If one had 6.02 x 1023 atoms at the start, how many atoms would be present
after 20.0 days?

20.0 / 3.6 = 5.56 half-lives

(1/2)5.56 = 0.0213 (the decimal fraction remaining after 5.56 half-lives)

(6.02 x 1023) (0.0213) = 1.28 x 1022 atoms remain

72.  Os-182 has a half-life of 21.5 hours. How many grams of a 10.0 gram sample would have decayed after exactly
three half-lives?

(1/2)3 = 0.125 (the amount remaining after 3 half-lives)

10.0 g x 0.125 = 1.25 g remain

10.0 g - 1.25 g = 8.75 g have decayed

Note that the length of the half-life played no role in this calculation. In addition, note that the question asked
for the amount that decayed, not the amount that remaning.

73. After 24.0 days, 2.00 milligrams of an original 128.0 milligram sample remain. What is the half-life of the
sample?

2.00 mg / 128.0 mg = 0.015625

How many half-lives must have elaspsed to get to 0.015625 remaining?

(1/2)n = 0.015625 
n log 0.5 = log 0.015625 
n = log 0.5 / log 0.015625 
n=6

24 days / 6 half-lives = 4.00 days (the length of the half-life)

74. U-238 has a half-life of 4.46 x 109 years. How much U-238 should be present in a sample 2.5 x 10 9 years old, if
2.00 grams was present initially?
 (2.5 x 109) / (4.46 x 109) = 0.560 (the number of half-lves that have elapsed)

(1/2)0.560 = 0.678 (the decimal fraction of U-238 remaining)

2.00 g x 0.678 = 1.36 g remain

75. How long will it take for a 40.0 gram sample of I-131 (half-life = 8.040 days) to decay to 1/100 its original mass?

(1/2)n = 0.01

n log 0.5 = log 0.01

n = 6.64

6.64 x 8.040 days = 53.4 days

76.  Fermium-253 has a half-life of 0.334 seconds. A radioactive sample is considered to be completely decayed
after 10 half-lives. How much time will elapse for this sample to be considered gone?

0.334 x 10 = 3.34 seconds

77.  At time zero, there are 10.0 grams of W-187. If the half-life is 23.9 hours, how much will be present at the end
of one day? Two days? Seven days?

24.0 hr / 23.9 hr/half-life = 1.0042 half-lives

One day = one half-life; (1/2)1.0042 = 0.4985465 remaining = 4.98 g

Two days = two half-lives; (1/2)2.0084 = 0.2485486 remaining = 2.48 g

78. 100.0 grams of an isotope with a half-life of 36.0 hours is present at time zero. How much time will have
elapsed when 5.00 grams remains?

5.00 / 100.0 = 0.05 (decimal fraction remaining)

(1/2)n = 0.05

n log 0.5 = log 0.05

n = 4.32 half-lives
 36.0 hours x 4.32 = 155.6 hours

79. How much time will be required for a sample of H-3 to lose 75% of its radioactivity? The half-life of tritium is
12.26 years.

If you lose 75%, then 25% remains. Use 0.25 rather than 25%.

(1/2)n = 0.25

n = 2 (remember (1/2)2 = 1/4 and 1/4 = 0.25)

12.26 x 2 = 24.52 years

Comment: the more general explanation follows:

(1/2)n = 0.25

n log 0.5 = log 0.25

n = log 0.25 / log 0.5

n=2

80. The half-life of Zn-71 is 2.4 minutes. If one had 100.0 g at the beginning, how many grams would be left after
7.2 minutes has elapsed?

7.2 / 2.4 = 3 half-lives

(1/2)3 = 0.125 (the amount remaining after 3 half-lives)

100.0 g x 0.125 = 12.5 g remaining

THERMOCHEMISTRY
81. Which ones of the following reactions are endothermic in other words ∆H is positive?
I. H2O(l) + 10,5kcal → H2O(g)     ∆H1
II. 2NH3 +22kcal →N2 + 3H2 ∆H2
III. Na + Energy → Na+1 + e-     ∆H3
When matters change state from liquid to gas, they absorb energy. I is endothermic reaction. ∆H 1 is positive.
In decomposition reactions energy (heat) is absorbed. III is endothermic reaction. ∆H 2 is positive.
To remove one electron from atom we should give energy, so III is endothermic reaction and  ∆H3 is positive.
 
82. Given table shows  standard molar enthalpy of formation of some matters.
 
 
 

Find enthalpy of C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) using data given in the table below.
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)
∆H=[3∆HCO2 + 4∆HH2O] - [1∆HC3H8 + 5∆HO2]
Since O2 is element, molar formation enthalpy of it is zero.
∆H=[3.(-94) + 4.(-60)] - [1.(-25) + 5.0]
∆H=-522 + 25
∆H=-497 kcal/mol (it is negative, in other words reaction is exothermic)
 
83. To calculate enthalpy of ; CO2(g) + H2(g) → CO(g) + H2O(g) which ones of the following must be known?
I. Molar formation enthalpy of H2O(g)
II. Molar formation enthalpies of CO(g) and CO 2(g)
III. Enthalpy of reaction; H2(g) + 1/2O2(g) → H2O(g)
We find enthalpy of CO2(g) + H2(g) → CO(g) + H2O(g);
∆H=Σa∆H(F.(Products) - Σb∆H(F.(Reactants)
∆H=[∆HCO + ∆HH2O] - [∆HCO2 + ∆HH2]
Since H2 is element, molar formation enthalpy of it zero.
So, we must know I and II to find enthalpy of given reaction.
 
84. Find molar combustion enthalpy of C2H5OH using following molar enthalpies of matters;
∆H C2H5OH(l)= -67 kcal/mol
∆H CO2(g)= -94 kcal/mol
∆H H2O(l)= -68 kcal/mol
We should first write combustion reaction of C2H5OH;
C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(s)
We use following formula to find unknown enthalpy;
∆HReaction=Σa∆H(Products) - Σb∆H(Reactants)
∆HCombustion=(2∆HCO2(g) + 3 ∆HH2O(l) ) - (∆HC2H5OH(l) + 3∆HO2)
∆HCombustion=[2.(-94) + 3.(-68)] - [-67]
∆HCombustion= -325 kcal/mol

85. There are 32 g S in 1000 g vitreous calorimeter having 1000 g water in it. If 32 g S is burned up in calorimeter,
temperature rises from 20 0C to 90 0C. Find molar combustion enthalpy of S.
We find heat gained by glass and water during combustion by formula;
Q=m.c.∆T
Qglass=1000.0,2.(90-20)=14000 cal
Qwater=1000.1.(90-20)=70000 cal
Qcalorimeter=70000 + 14000= 84000 cal
1 mol S is 32 g.
Molar combustion enthalpy of S is 84000 cal or 84 kcal.
Since it is combustion enthalpy;
∆HCombustionS= -84 kcal/mol

86. How many kJ are required to heat 45.0 g of H 2O at 25.0 °C and then boil it all away?
 1) The first calculation uses this equation: q = (moles of water) (ΔHvap)
q = (mass) (Δt) (Cp) This summarizes the information needed:
This summarizes the information needed: ΔHvap = 40.7 kJ/mol
Δt = 75.0 °C The mass = 45.0 g
The mass = 45.0 g The molar mass of H2O = 18.0 gram/mol
Cp = 4.184 J g¯1 °C¯1 4) Substituting, we obtain:
2) Substituting, we have: q = (45.0 g / 18.0 g mol¯1) (40.7 kJ/mol)
q = (45.0 g) (75.0 °C) (4.184 J g¯1 °C¯1) q = 101.75 kJ
q = 14121 J = 14.121 kJ 5) Adding:
3) The second calculation uses this equation: 101.75 kJ + 14.121 kJ = 116 kJ (to three sig figs)

87. How many kJ need to be removed from a 120.0 g sample of water, initially at 25.0 °C, in order to freeze it at 0
°C? (Area three, then area two on the time-temperature graph.)
1) The first calculation:
q = (mass) (Δt) (Cp)
q = (120.0 g) (25.0 °C) (4.184 J g¯1 °C¯1)
q = 12,552 J = 12.552 kJ
2) The second calculation:
q = (moles of water) (ΔHvap)
q = (120.0 g / 18.0 g mol¯1) (6.02 kJ/mol)
q = 40.13 kJ
3) Summing up the values from the two steps gives 52.8 kJ.

88.  You are given 12.0 g of ice at -5.00 °C. How much energy is needed to melt the ice completely to water?
1) The first calculation:
q = (mass) (Δt) (Cp)
q = (12.0 g) (5.0 °C) (2.06 J g¯1 °C¯1)
q = 123.6 J = 0.1236 kJ
2) The second calculation:
q = (moles of water) (ΔHvap)
q = (12.0 g / 18.0 g mol¯1) (6.02 kJ/mol)
q = 4.0133 kJ
3) Summing up the values from the two steps gives 4.14 kJ, to three significant figures.

89.  Lead has a melting point of 327.5 °C, its specific heat is 0.128 J/g ⋅°C, and its molar enthalpy of fusion is 4.80
kJ/mol. How much heat, in kilojoules, will be required to heat a 500.0 g sample of lead from 23.0 °C to its melting
point and then melt it?
1) Two calculations are required:
1) heat iron from 23.0 to 327.5 
2) melt iron at 327.5
2) Here are the calculation set-ups:
q1 = (500.0 g) (304.5 °C) (0.128 J/g⋅°C) = 19488 J 
q2 = (500.0 g / 55.845 g/mol) (4.80 kJ/mol) = 42.976 kJ
3) Add:
19.488 kJ + 42.976 kJ = 62.5 kJ (to three sig figs)
Note that I changed 19488 J to kJ before adding.

90. The specific heat capacity of silver is 0.235 J/g-K. Its melting point is 962.0 °C, and its enthalpy of fusion is 11.3
kJ/mol. What quantity of energy, in Joules, is required to change 9.10 g of silver from a solid at 25.0 °C to a liquid at
962 °C?
1) Two calculations are required: 2) Here are the calculation set-ups:
1) heat silver from 25.0 to 962 
2) melt silver at 962
 q1 = (9.10 g) (937.0 K) (0.235 J/g-K) = 2003.77 J  Note how I use 937.0 K. This is because it is a
q2 = (9.10 g / 107.87 g/mol) (11.3 kJ/mol) = difference, not an actual temperature. The
0.953277 kJ = 953.277 J difference between 962.0 °C and 25.0 °C is 937.0 K.
3) The answer: You can see this by converting the two Celsius
2003.77 J + 953.277 J = 2957.047 J values to their Kelvin values and then subtracting.
To three sig figs, 2960 J You'll get 937.0 K for the difference.

91. Which ones of the following statements must be known to find enthalpy of ;
CO2(g) + H2(g) → CO(g) + H2O(g)
I. Molar formation enthalpy of H2O(g)
II. Molar formation enthalpy of  CO(g) and CO2(g)
III. Molar combustion enthalpy of C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
Enthalpy of given reaction is found by;
∆H=[∆HCO + ∆HH2O] - [∆HCO2 + ∆HH2]
Since enthalpy of H2 is zero, we must know molar formation enthalpies of CO 2(g), CO(g) and H2O(g).
 

92. During reaction of formation Al2O3 from 5,4 g Al and enough amount of O 2, temperature of 2 kg water increases
20 0C. Find formation enthalpy of Al2O3 ? (Al=27, cwater=1 cal/g.0C)
Amount of heat required for increasing If 5,4 g Al gives 40 kcal heat
temperature of 2 kg water 20 0C is; 54 g Al gives ? kcal heat
Q=m.c.∆t —————————————————
Q=2000g.1 cal/g.0C. 20 0C ?= 400 kcal
Q=40000 cal=40 kcal Since reaction is exothermic, formation enthalpy of
2Al + 3/2O2 → Al2O3 Al2O3 is -400kcal.
Energy released from combustion ıf 2mol Al (54 g)
gives formation enthalpy of Al2O3.

93. Enthalpies of two reaction are given below.

I. A + B → C + 2D ∆H1=+X kcal/mol
II. C + E → A + F  ∆H2=-Y kcal/mol
Find enthalpy of A + 2B + E → C + 4D + F reaction in terms of X and Y.
To get this reaction A + 2B + E → C + 4D + F; we should multiply first reaction by 2 then sum it up with second
reaction.
2A + 2B → 2C + 4D ∆H1=+2X kcal/mol
+  C + E → A + F  ∆H2=-Y kcal/mol
———————————————————
A + 2B + E → C + 4D + F ∆H3=2X-Y

94. C(s) reacts with O2(g) and after reaction, 8,96 L CO2 gas is formed and 37,6 kcal heat is released. According to
this information, which one of the following statements are true? (C=12, O=16)
I. Reaction is exothermic
I. Since heat is released, reaction is exothermic. I is true.
II. Number of moles of CO2(g);
nCO2=8,96/22,4=0,4mol
During formation of 0,4mol CO2, -37,6 kcal heat is released
During formation of 1mol CO2,  ? kcal heat is released

95. Which one of the given reaction-name couple is false?

I. MgSO4(s) → Mg+2(aq) + SO4-2(aq) : Decomposition
II. CO(g) + 1/2O2(g) → CO2(g) : Combustion
III. Al(s) + 3/2N2(g) + 9/2O2(g) → Al(NO3)3(s) : Formation
I. It is dissolution of 1mol MgSO 4(s), I is false.
 II. It is combustion of 1mol CO. II is true.
III. It is formation of 1mol Al(NO3)3(s). III is true.

96. Calculate the heat necessary to raise 27.0 g of water from 10.0 °C to 90.0 °C

The important factor about this problem is that a ONLY temperature change is involved. Therefore, the equation to
use is:

q = (mass) (Δt) (Cp)

This summarizes the information needed:

Δt = 80.0 °C 
The mass = 27.0 g 
Cp = 4.184 J g¯1 °C¯1

Only one calculation is needed and it is:

q = (27.0 g) (80.0 °C) (4.184 J g¯1 °C¯1)

q = 9037.44 J

97.  Calculate the heat given off when 159.7 g of copper cools from 155.0 °C to 23.0 °C. The specific heat capacity
of copper is 0.385 J/g °C.

q = (159.7 g) (132.0 °C) (0.385 J/g °C)

q = 8115.954 J = 8.12 kJ (to three sig figs)

98. How many joules of energy would be required to heat 15.9 g of diamond from 23.6 °C to 54.2 °C? (Specific heat
capacity of diamond = 0.5091 J/g °C.)

q = (15.9 g) (30.6 °C) (0.5091 J/g °C)

q = 247.697514 J = 248 J (to three sig figs)

99. Assume that 491.8 J of heat is added to 5.00 g of water originally at 23.0 °C. What would be the final
temperature of the water? (Specific heat capacity of water = 4.184 J/g °C)

491.8 J = (5.00 g) (x) (4.184 J/g °C)

x = 23.5 °C

However, 23.5 is the change in temperature. To get the final temperature, we do this:

23.0 °C + 23.5 °C = 46.5 °C

100.  The temperature of a sample of water increases from 21.5 °C to 46.5 °C as it absorbs 5605 J of heat. What is
the mass of the sample?

q = (mass) (Δt) (Cp)

 5605 J = (x) (25.0 °C) (4.184 J/g °C)

x = 53.6 g (to three sig figs)

SOURCE

Gas Law: https://www.hartnell.edu/sites/default/files/u76/using_the_gas_laws.pdf

Stoichiometry: https://www.cbsd.org/cms/lib/PA01916442/.../2209/Solution%20Stoichiometry.doc

https://www.murrieta.k12.ca.us/cms/lib5/.../Mixed%20Stoichiometry%20Problems.doc

Balance Equation: https://teachercavalcade.files.wordpress.com

Electron Configuration and Quantum Nmber: misterguch.brinkster.net/PRA014.doc

http://www.cabrillo.edu/~aromero/CHEM_1A/1A_Practice_Problems/Practice%20Problems
%20(Chapter%202)%20Quantum%20Theory%20and%20Atomic%20Structure%20-%20KEY.pdf

Electrochemistry: https://www.askiitians.com/iit-jee-chemistry/physical-chemistry/solved-examples-on-
electrochemistry.aspx

Nuclear Chemistry: http://www.chemistrytutorials.org/content/exams-and-problem-solutions/nuclear-chemistry-

radioactivity-exams-and-problem-solutions/nuclear-chemistry-radioactivity-exam1-and-problem-solutions

https://www.chemteam.info/Radioactivity/Radioactivity-Half-Life-probs1-10.html

Thermochemistry: http://www.chemistrytutorials.org/content/exams-and-problem-solutions/thermochemistry-
exams-and-problem-solutions