TFN
FINALS
1st Discussion
Harry Stack Sullivan
Sullivan’s transactional analysis
 Transactional analysis (TA) is a psychoanalytical
theory and method of therapy wherein social
transactions are analysed to determine the ego
state of the patient (whether parent-like,
childlike or adult-like) as a basis for
understanding behaviour
 Is based on the idea that people’s early life
experiences determine the decisions they’ll
make. These can be both positive and negative
decisions that influence their quality of life. This
is also refers to scripts.
 We all have the three ego states (Parent, adult,
and child). We all have transactions (with other
people, or internally with ourselves). We all
(unconsciously) activate our ego states in our
transactions, which can lead to conflict,
negative emotions, pain, etc.
 In therapy, transactional analysis can be used to
address one’s interactions and communications
with the purpose of establishing and reinforcing
the idea that each individual is valuable and has
the capacity for positive change and personal
growth
 Transactional leader- someone who values
order and structure
 Transactional leadership- depends on self-
motivated people who work well in a structure,
directed environment
o By contrast, transformational
leadership seeks to motivate and
inspire workers, choosing to influence
rather direct others
 Transactional leader is happy to work within the
existing systems and constraints, and will
operate from within with the boundaries to
achieve the goals of organization. They tend to
think inside the box of solving problems.
 Transactional- is something related to a process
or other action. An example of transactional is
the process to negotiate a contract between
two people
Types of EGO
 The id, ego, super ego are three distinct, yet
interacting agents in the psychic apparatus
define is Sigmund Freud’s structural model of
the psyche. The three parts are the theoretical
constructs off how the activity and interaction
in our mental life is described.
 Parent ego state- refers to the behaviours
thoughts and feelings that are copied, learned
or even borrowed from our parents, parental
figures or significant others.
 The child ego- refers to the state of an
individual when he behaves illogically and takes
quick actions to satisfy the immediate needs
without thinking much about its consequences.
 Parent ego state- an ego state that incorporates
the feelings and behaviour learned from
parents or other authority figures, a part of the
self that offers advice like that one’s own
parents containing message that emphasize
what one “ought to” or “should not” do.
Parent Ego State
- Behaviours, thoughts and feelings copied from
parents or parent figures
Adult Ego State
- Behaviours, thoughts and feelings which are
direct responses to the here and now
Child Ego State
- Behaviours, thoughts and feelings replayed
from childhood
Ludwig Von Bertalanffy
General System’s Theory
 Its premise is that complex systems share
organizing principles which can be discovered
and modelled mathematically. The term came
to relate to finding a general theory to explain
all systems in all fields of science.
 Describes “how to break whole things into parts
and then to learn how the parts work together
in systems”
ULSON, DENCEL G. | BSN 1A1-12
  Equifinality is the principle that in open systems
a given and state can be reached by many
potential means
 The term and concept is due to Hans Driesch,
the developmental biologist after applied by
Ludwig Von Bertalanffy, the founder of General
Systems Theory
 General Systems Theory is based on the
assumption that there are universal principles
of organization, which hold for all systems, be
they physical, chemical, biological, mental or
Six Stages of Change
social
 Systems management is the combination of
four key elements processes, data, tools and
organization, which are all needed to manage a
system efficiently and effectively.
 Characteristics of system theory
 Open system- a system keeps evolving and its
properties keep emerging through its
interaction with environment.
 Holistic view- systems theory focuses on the
arrangement of and relations between the parts
that connect them into a whole.
Kurt Lewin
Change Theory
change. It gives a manager or other change
agent a framework to implement a change
effort, which is always very sensitive and must
be made as seamless as possible.
 One of the cornerstone models understanding
organizational change was developed by Kurt
Lewin back in the 1940’s, and still holds true
today. His model is known as unfreeze-change-
refreeze, which refers to the three stages of
process of change that describes.
1. Precontemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation
4. Action
5. Maintenance
6. Termination
The theory of change is a specific type of
methodology for planning, participation and
evaluation that is used in companies,
philantrophy, not for profit and government
sectors to promote social change. Theory of
change defines long term goals and then maps
backward to identify necessary precondition

 Considered the father of social psychology, he is

known for Group dynamics, action research. T-
groups is often considered he as the father of
modern change management theory,
developed a change model involving three
steps: unfreezing, changing and refreezing.
 For Lewin, the process of change entails
creating the perception that a change is needed
then moving toward the new, desired level of
behaviour and finally, solidifying that the new
behaviour as the norm
 Kurt Lewin theorized a three stages model of
change that is known unfreezing-change –
refreeze model that requires prior learning to
be rejected and replaces. Lewin’s theory states
behaviours dyanamic balance of forces working
in opposing directions.
 The Kurt Lewin change theory model is based
around a 3 step process (unfreeze-change-
freeze) that provides a high level approach to

ULSON, DENCEL G. | BSN 1A1-12