MOLLIQ-04724; No of Pages 5

Journal of Molecular Liquids xxx (2015) xxx–xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Molecular Liquids

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/molliq

1Q1 Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using seed extract of Calendula

2 officinalis in liquid phase

F
3Q2 Amin Baghizadeh a,⁎, Shahla Ranjbar b, Vinod Kumar Gupta c,d,⁎⁎, Mohammad Asif e, Shahram Pourseyedi f,
Mohammad J. Karimi g,⁎, Reza Mohammadinejad a

O
4

5 a
Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
6 b

O
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Science and Modern Technologies, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
7 c
Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
8 d
Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
9 e
Chemical Engineering Department, King Saud University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

R
10 f
Department of Plant breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
11 g
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran

P
1 2 a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

13 Article history:
D
The biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag/NPs) at a different condition using hot water seed extract of 23
14 Received 23 November 2014 Calendula officinalis as reducing agent is reported. The as-prepared Ag/NPs were characterized by UV–vis 24
15 Received in revised form 14 March 2015 spectroscopy; transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 25
E
16 Accepted 16 March 2015
analysis. UV–visible spectrum indicated a good absorption peak at 440 nm relative to Ag/NPs. TEM result 26
17 Available online xxxx
shows a spherical cubic structure with an average size ranging from 5–10 nm for silver nanoparticle. Stability 27
T

18 Keywords:
of bio-reduced silver nanoparticles was analyzed using UV–vis absorption spectra. Result shows that the 28
19 Calendula officinalis Ag/NPs were found to be amazingly stable even after 4 months. 29
20 © 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. 30
C

Green synthesis
21 Silver nanoparticles
22 Seed extract
E

34
32
31
33
R

35 1. Introduction in material synthesis. Silver nanoparticles have unique properties that 51

find its way in different files [42]. AgNO3 were proven to be most 52
Q3
R

36 Nanoscience and nanotechnology represent new and enabling efficient as they possess good antimicrobial and antioxidant activities 53
37 platforms that promise to provide a broad range of novel uses and [43]. Ag/NPs are also reported to possess anti-fungal [44], anti- 54
38 improved technologies for environmental, biological and other scientific inflammatory [45], anti-viral [46] and anti-angiogenesis properties [47]. 55
O

39 applications [1–5]. Nano-materials such as nanoparticles, carbon They can be used as biological tags and biosensors in diagnostic applica- 56
40 nanotubes or nanocomposite connected with biomolecules are being tions too [48]. Silver nanoparticles are widely applied to human contact 57
C

41 used for several bioanalytical applications such as electrochemical and areas such as medical and pharmaceutical applications. According to the 58
42 sensor techniques [6–24], carbon nanotubes [25–31], MWCNTs [32], above points, there is a growing need to develop eco-friendly processes 59
43 nanoparticles and nanocomposites [33–35], and other low cost adsor- for nanoparticle synthesis that do not use toxic solvents. Biological 60
N

44 bents [36–41]. Hence, silver nano particles can be used for the removal routes of nanoparticles synthesis using microorganism, enzymes, and 61
45 of noxious impurities from the aqueous solution. On the other hand, plants or plant extracts have been suggested as possible eco-friendly al- 62
U

46 silver nanoparticles have advantages such as narrow size distribution, ternatives to other methods [49]. The usage of plants for NP synthesis 63
47 efficient surface modification, and desirable biocompatibility. because it omit the process of maintaining cell cultures is more simple, 64
48 The biosynthesis of nanoparticles as an emerging highlight of the faster, reliable and cost effective over other biological processes and also 65
49 intersection of nano-biotechnology has received increasing attention can be suitably for up scaling synthesis of nanoparticles [50]. 66
50 due to a growing need to develop environmentally benign technologies Marigold botanical name Calendula officinalis, is an annual herb and a 67
member of composite family [51]. It is used in common medicine, 68
especially for wound healing, jaundice, and blood purification, and 69
⁎ Corresponding authors. used as an antispasmodic. Chemical studies have enforced the presence 70
⁎⁎ Correspondence to: V.K. Gupta, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of
Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India.
of different types of compounds, the main being triterpenoids, flavo- 71
E-mail addresses: baghizadeh@kgut.ac.ir (A. Baghizadeh), vinodfcy@gmail.com noids, coumarines, quinones, volatile oil, carotenoids and amino acids. 72
(V.K. Gupta). The extract of this plant as well as pure compounds isolated from it, 73

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2015.03.029
0167-7322/© 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Please cite this article as: A. Baghizadeh, et al., Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using seed extract of Calendula officinalis in liquid phase, J.
Mol. Liq. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2015.03.029
 2 A. Baghizadeh et al. / Journal of Molecular Liquids xxx (2015) xxx–xxx

74 have been known for its pharmacological effects such as anti-HIV,

75 cytotoxic, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and antitumor [52]. With
76 these evidences, in this study we investigated the facile and stable
77 green synthesis of Ag/NPs using aqueous seed extract from
78 C. officinalis which were further characterized using UV–vis spectrosco-
79 py, XRD, TEM and FTIR. Table 1 shows comparing obtained results for
80 biosynthesis of Ag/NPs in this work compare to previous published
81 papers [53–62].

82 2. Experimental section

83 2.1. Reagent material and preparation of the seed extract

84 Silver nitrate (AgNO3) was purchased from Merck (Germany).

F
85 C. officinalis seed was purchased from Pakanbazr Isfahan Company and
86 doubly distilled water was used in all experiments. A certain weight of

O
87 seed (5 g) was washed several times with doubly distilled water and
88 then boiled with 100 ml water for 30 min. Seed extract was prepared Fig. 1. Absorption spectrum of silver nanoparticles. Inset of the figure shows cuvette
89 after filtration with Whatman no. 1 filter paper. The filtrate extract containing sonicated sample of the Calendula officinalis biomass with silver nanoparticle

O
at the beginning and after 24 of the reaction.
90 was used as reducing and stabilizer agent.

coated copper grid and kept for drying at room temperature. The TEM 109

R
91 2.2. Synthesis of Ag nanoparticles
images were obtained using a Philips cm10HT version of transmission 110
electron microscopy which operated at 100 kV. 111
92 For the synthesis of the Ag nanoparticles, a certain volume of the

P
93 seed extracts (5 ml) was added to the silver nitrate solution
94 (1 × 10−3 M) and the volume was adjusted to 45 ml with de-ionized 2.5. X-ray diffraction measurements 112
95 water. The flask (aqueous) was then incubated at room temperature. D
96 The measured pH was 5.95. Crystalline metallic pattern of silver nanoparticles powder was 113
analyzed using X-ray diffraction [63]. In order to obtain a pellet of 114
E
97 2.3. UV–vis spectroscopy pure nanoparticles for XRD analysis, reaction medium was centrifuged 115
by five cycles at 18,000 rpm for 20 min followed by redispersion in DI 116
98 The formation and stability of Ag nanoparticles were followed by
T

water. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were conducted on X'Pert 117
99 UV–vis spectrophotometry (Cary, UV-50, Japan). The absorption spec- Pro MPD which operated at a voltage of 40 kV and a current of 40 mA 118
100 trum of reaction solutions as a function of reaction time and different with Cu K(a) radiation. The scanning was done in the region of 2θ 119
C

101 biomaterials and AgNO3 dosage at the same time were recorded at from 20 to 80. 120
102 wavelengths ranging from 300 to 600 nm. Distilled water was used as
E

103 a blank solution. Stability of bio reduced silver nanoparticles was ana-
104 lyzed using UV–Vis absorption spectra. For this 4-fold diluted solution 2.6. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy 121
105
R

was prepared.
FT-IR was used for determining the biomolecules present on the 122
106 2.4. Transmission electron microscopy seed extracts of C. officinalis. AgNPs were purified by repeating centrifu- 123
R

gation thrice at 18000 rpm for 30 min. FTIR analysis of the dried powder 124
Q4
107 The transmission electron microscopy was applied for morphologi- of AgNPs by scanning it in the range of 450–4000 at a resolution of 125
4 cm−1. The sample was added to KBr. 126
O

108 cal analysis of nanoparticles. 3 μl of the sample was placed on the carbon
C

t1:1 Table 1
t1:2 Uses of various plant material in the biosynthesis of nanoparticles and its size range.
N

t1:3 No. Used plants Average nanoparticle size Ref.

t1:4 1 Alternantherasessilis (Linn.) 0.1–10,000 nm [43]

U

t1:5 2 Meliaazedarach 78 nm [53]

t1:6 3 Lippiacitriodora 15–30 nm [54]
t1:7 4 Ocimum tenuiflorum 25–40 nm [55]
t1:8 5 Euphorbia prostrate 52.4 nm [49]
t1:9 6 Artemisia nilagirica 70–90 nm [47]
t1:10 7 Papaver somniferum 3.2–7.6 μm [42]
t1:11 8 Trachyspermum ammi 87–998 nm [42]
t1:12 9 Coccinia grandis 20–30 nm [48]
t1:13 10 Piper betel 4–30 nm [56]
t1:14 11 Andrographis paniculata 13–27 nm [57]
t1:15 12 Gliricidiasepium 10–50 nm [58]
t1:16 13 Jatrophacurcas b20 nm [59]
t1:17 14 Medicago sativa 5–51 nm [60]
t1:18 15 Emblica officinalis 7.5–25 nm [61]
t1:19 16 Daturametel 20–40 nm [59]
t1:20 17 Cyprus sp. 2–5 nm [62]
Fig. 2. XRD patterns of silver nanoparticles synthesized by treating Calendula officinalis
t1:21 18 Calendula officinalis 5–10 nm This work
with silver nitrate aqueous solution.

Please cite this article as: A. Baghizadeh, et al., Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using seed extract of Calendula officinalis in liquid phase, J.
Mol. Liq. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2015.03.029
 A. Baghizadeh et al. / Journal of Molecular Liquids xxx (2015) xxx–xxx 3

127 3. Results and discussion

128 3.1. Characterization of silver nanoparticle

129 During the incubation period of silver nitrate with seed extract, the
130 solution color changed to pale yellow/brown which is a clear indication
131 of the formation of silver nanoparticles [64]. This color occurs due to
132 excitation of surface plasmon vibrations in Ag nanoparticles [65]. As
133 the C. officinalis extract was mixed with aqueous solution of the silver
134 nitrate, it started to change the color from watery to brown due to the
135 reduction of silver ion; which indicated the formation of silver nanopar-
136 ticles (see Fig. 1 inset). As we know UV–vis spectroscopy technique
137 could be used to examine the size and shape-controlled nanoparticles
138 in aqueous suspensions [66]. The UV–vis spectrum of reaction was

F
139 shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen the maximum absorbance band appears
140 around 440 nm that it is related to the synthesis of silver nanoparticles.

O
141 The XRD pattern recorded for silver nanoparticles shows four intense Fig. 4. UV–vis spectrum of silver nanoparticles at temperature of 30 °C and 60 °C,
142 peaks in the whole spectrum of 2θ values ranging from 20 to 80. Fig. 2 respectively.
143 shows that the XRD patterns obtained for the silver nanoparticles synthe-

O
144 sized this method. The presence of intense peaks of nanoparticles (1 1 1),
145 (2 0 0), (2 2 0) and (3 1 1) appeared which are indexed as crystalline 3.3. Effect of pH 166

R
146 silver face centered cubic phase. An average diameter of as-synthesized
147 silver nanoparticle was calculated from the broadness peak of (2θ = The effect of pH was investigated at three different conditions in- 167
148 38) by using Scherrer equation D = Kλ/βcos θ, and it is about 9.0 nm. cluding acidic, neutral and basic forms. Fig. 5 shows the UV–vis spectra 168

P
149 TEM images indicate that they are relatively uniform in diameter of silver nanoparticles at pH = 3.0, 5.0, 7.0 and 9.0, respectively. The 169
150 and spherical in shape (Fig. 3A). The histogram shows that the particles result shows that the synthesis of silver nanoparticles completed at a 170
151 have a single size distribution with an average diameter of about 7.5 nm neutral condition and with an increase in pH can not show any upheaval
D 171
152 that confirms obtained data from XRD investigation (Fig. 3B). in UV–vis spectra for silver nanoparticles. On the other hand, in the 172
153 FT-IR analysis was used for the characterization of the extract and acidic condition we cannot observe any absorbance band for silver 173
154 the resulting nanoparticles (not shown). Absorbance bands were ob- nanoparticles. The aggregation of silver nanoparticles to form larger 174
E
155 served at 1385, 1505, 1638 and 3441 cm−1. The FT-IR spectra reveal nanoparticles was believed to be favored over the nucleation. In 175
156 the presence of different functional groups like amide linkages and – addition, the Fig. 3 inset shows the changing silver nanoparticle color 176
T

157 COO–, these may be between amino acid residues in protein and at a different temperature that confirms UV–vis spectra in Fig. 5. 177
158 synthesized silver nanoparticles, which give rise to the well-known
C

159 signatures in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

3.4. Effect of time 178
E

160 3.2. Effect of temperature As we know, time is one of the most important factors in the forma- 179
tion of nanoparticles during biosynthesis techniques. As the duration of 180
R

161 The effect of temperature was investigated for biosynthesis of reaction increases, more silver nanoparticles are formed. Due to the 181
162 Ag/NPs. Fig. 4 shows the UV–vis spectra of silver nanoparticles at two instability of the silver nanoparticles formed, an optimum duration is 182
163 different temperatures 30 °C and 60 °C, respectively. As can be seen, required, as silver nanoparticle agglomeration after the optimum 183
R

164 the rate of silver nanoparticle formation also increased with increasing duration resulting in larger particle sizes. The optimum time required 184
165 temperature. for the completion of reaction from our study was 24 h (Fig. 6). 185
O
C
N
U

Fig. 3. A) TEM micrograph of silver nanoparticle synthesis in this work. B) Histogram of size distribution of silver nanoparticles.

Please cite this article as: A. Baghizadeh, et al., Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using seed extract of Calendula officinalis in liquid phase, J.
Mol. Liq. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2015.03.029
4 A. Baghizadeh et al. / Journal of Molecular Liquids xxx (2015) xxx–xxx

F
O
O
Fig. 5. UV–vis spectrum of silver nanoparticles at different pH (pH = 3.0; pH = 5.0; pH = 7.0 and pH = 9.0). Inset of the figure shows cuvette containing sonicated sample of the Calendula
officinalis biomass with silver nanoparticle at the different pH.

R
3.5. Effect of initial concentration 186

P
The effect of concentration silver nitrate solution and wt.% of seed 187
extract was used in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Different
D 188
concentration of silver nitrate solution was used to get maximum silver 189
nanoparticles. We got a maximum yield with 10 mM silver nitrate 190
E
solution (see Fig. 7). On the other hand, we found a maximum yield 191
with 14 wt.% seed extract (not shown). 192
T

4. Conclusion 193
C

The high phenolic content of the hot water extract of C. officinalis 194
possesses strong anti-oxidant properties, that helped in the reduction 195
E

of Ag cations to Ag/NPs. The particles were synthesized using 196

C. officinalis and were characterized using various analytical techniques 197
R

such as XRD, TEM and FT-IR. UV–vis showed peaks at a wavelength of 198
430 nm, which established the formation of spherical nanoparticles. Fi- 199
Fig. 6. UV–vis spectrum of silver nanoparticles at different reaction time. nally, we study the effect of some important parameter for the synthesis 200
R
O
C
N
U

Fig. 7. UV–vis spectrum of silver nanoparticles at different concentration silver nitrate solution. (Inset of the figure shows cuvette containing sonicated sample of the Calendula officinalis
biomass with silver nanoparticle at the different concentration silver nitrate solution.)

Please cite this article as: A. Baghizadeh, et al., Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using seed extract of Calendula officinalis in liquid phase, J.
Mol. Liq. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2015.03.029
 A. Baghizadeh et al. / Journal of Molecular Liquids xxx (2015) xxx–xxx 5

201 of silver nanoparticles such as temperature, pH, formation time, [32] H. Khani, M.K. Rofouei, P. Arab, V.K. Gupta, Z. Vafaei, J. Hazard. Mater. 183 (2010) 250
402–409. 251
202 concentration of silver nitrate solution and wt.% of seed extract for the [33] V.K. Gupta, R. Jain, A. Mittal, S. Agarwal, S. Sikarwar, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 32 (2012) 252
203 proposed method. 12–17. 253
[34] V.K. Gupta, A. Nayak, Chem. Eng. J. 180 (2012) 81–90. 254
[35] V.K. Gupta, R. Jain, S. Agarwal, M. Shrivastava, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 31 (2011) 255
204 Acknowledgment 1062–1067. 256
[36] V.K. Gupta, A. Mittal, J. Mittal, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 344 (2010) 497–507. 257
205 Support of the Deanship of Scientific Research grant for the Research [37] V.K. Gupta, S.K. Srivastava, D. Mohan, S. Sharma, Waste Manag. 17 (1998) 517–522. 258
[38] V.K. Gupta, A. Mittal, J. Mittal, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 342 (2010) 518–527. 259
206 Group RGP-VPP-292 at King Saud University is appreciated by M. Asif. [39] V.K. Gupta, A. Mittal, D. Kaur, A. Malviya, J. Mittal, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 337 (2009) 260
345–354. 261
207 References [40] V.K. Gupta, I. Ali, T.A. Saleh, A. Nayak, S. Agarwal, RSC Adv. 2 (2012) 6380–6388. 262
[41] A. Mittal, A. Malviya, J. Mittal, V.K. Gupta, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 340 (2009) 16–26. 263
208 [1] H. Karimi-Maleh, P. Biparva, M. Hatami, Biosens. Bioelectron. 48 (2013) 270–275. [42] K. Kalishwaralal, V. Deepak, S.B.R. Kumar Pandian, M. Kottaisamy, S.B. ManiKanth, B. 264
209 [2] R. Moradi, S.A. Sebt, H. Karimi-Maleh, R. Sadeghi, F. Karimi, A. Bahari, H. Arabi, Phys. Kartikeyan, S. Gurunathan, Colloids Surf. B 77 (2010) 257–262. 265
210 Chem. 15 (2013) 5888–5897. [43] K.L. Niraimathi, V. Sudha, R. Lavanya, P. Brindha, Colloids Surf. B 102 (2012) 266
211 [3] R. Sadeghi, H. Karimi-Maleh, M.A. Khalilzadeh, H. Beitollahi, Z. Ranjbarha, M.B. Pasha 288–291. 267
268

F
212 Zanousi, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 20 (2013) 6584–6593. [44] K.J. Kim, W.S. Sung, B.K. Suh, S.K. Moon, J.S. Choi, J.G. Kim, D.G. Lee, Biometals 22
213 [4] M. Elyasi, M.A. Khalilzadeh, H. Karimi-Maleh, Food Chem. 141 (2013) 4311–4317. (2009) 235–242. 269
214 [5] A.A. Ensafi, H. Karimi-Maleh, J. Electroanal. Chem. 640 (2010) 75–83. [45] P.L. Nadworny, J.F. Wang, E.E. Tredget, R.E. Burrell, J. Inflamm. 7 (2010) 13–33. 270

O
215 [6] A.A. Ensafi, H. Karimi-Maleh, M. Ghiaci, M. Arshadi, J. Mater. Chem. 21 (2011) [46] K. Kalishwaralal, E. Banumathi, P.S. Ram Kumar, V. Deepak, J. Muniyandi, S.H. Eom, S. 271
216 15022–15030. Gurunathan, Colloids Surf. B 73 (2009) 51–57. 272
217 [7] T. Tavana, M.A. Khalilzadeh, H. Karimi-Maleh, A.A. Ensafi, H. Beitollahi, D. Zareyee, [47] M. Vijayakumar, K. Priya, F.T. Nancy, A. Noorlidah, A.B.A. Ahmed, Ind. Crop. Prod. 41 273
218 J. Mol. Liq. 168 (2012) 69–74. (2013) 235–240. 274

O
219 [8] H. Beitollah, M. Goodarzian, M.A. Khalilzadeh, H. Karimi-Maleh, M. Hassanzadeh, M. [48] R. Arunachalam, S. Dhanasingh, B. Kalimuthu, M. Uthirappan, C. Rose, A.B. Mandal, 275
220 Tajbakhsh, J. Mol. Liq. 173 (2012) 137–143. Colloids Surf. B 94 (2012) 226–230. 276
221 [9] D. Afzali, H. Karimi-Maleh, M.A. Khalilzadeh, Environ. Chem. Lett. 9 (2011) 375–381. [49] A.A. Zahir, A.A. Rahuman, Vet. Parasitol. 187 (2012) 511–520. 277

R
222 [10] M. Roodbari Shahmiria, A. Bahari, H. Karimi-Maleh, R. Hosseinzadeh, N. Mirnia, Sens. [50] A. Nabikhan, K. Kandasamy, A. Raj, N.M. Alikunhi, Colloids Surf. B 79 (2010) 278
223 Actuators B 177 (2013) 70–77. 488–493. 279
224 [11] B.J. Sanghavi, W. Varhue, J.L. Chávez, C.F. Chou, N.S. Swami, Anal. Chem. 86 (2014) [51] S.N. Ostad, H.R. Monsef-Esfahani, S. Taheri, E. Azizi, M.A. Faramarzi, Iran. J. Pharm. 280
225 281

P
4120–4125. Sci. 1 (2005) 161–166.
226 [12] B.J. Sanghavi, S. Sitaula, M.H. Griep, S.P. Karna, M.F. Ali, N.S. Swami, Anal. Chem. 85 [52] B. Muley, S. Khadabadi, N. Banarase, J. Pharm. Res. 8 (2009) 455–465. 282
227 (2013) 8158–8165. [53] R. Sukirtha, K.M. Priyanka, J.J. Antony, S. Kamalakkannan, R. Thangam, P. 283
228 [13] B.J. Sanghavi, O.S. Wolfbeis, T. Hirsch, N.S. Swami, Microchim. Acta 182 (2015) 1–41. Gunasekaran, M. Krishnan, S. Achiraman, Process Biochem. 47 (2012) 273–279. 284
229 [14] B.J. Sanghavi, S.M. Mobin, P. Mathur, G.K. Lahiri, A.K. Srivastava, Biosens. Bioelectron. [54] D. Cruz, P.L. Falé, A. Mourato, P.D. Vaz, M.L. Serralheiro, A.R. Lino, Colloids Surf. B 81
D 285
230 39 (2013) 124–132. (2010) 67–73. 286
231 [15] B.J. Sanghavi, A.K. Srivastava, Electrochim. Acta 55 (2010) 8638–8864. [55] R.S. Patil, M.R. Kokate, S.S. Kolekar, Spectrochim. Acta A 91 (2012) 234–238. 287
232 [16] V.K. Gupta, A.K. Jain, G. Maheshwari, Talanta 72 (2007) 1469–1473. [56] Z. Khan, O. Bashir, J.I. Hussain, S. Kumar, R. Ahmad, Colloids Surf. B 98 (2012) 85–90. 288
E
233 [17] V.K. Gupta, M.R. Ganjali, P. Norouzi, H. Khani, A. Nayak, S. Agarwal, Crit. Rev. Anal. [57] U. Suriyakalaa, J.J. Antony, S. Suganya, D. Siva, R. Sukirtha, S. Kamalakkannan, P.B. 289
234 Chem. 41 (2011) 282–313. Pichiah, S. Achiraman, Colloids Surf. B 102 (2012) 189–194. 290
235 [18] R.N. Goyal, V.K. Gupta, S. Chatterjee, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 149 (2010) 252–258. [58] W. Raut, R. Rajesh, S. Lakkakula Jaya, D. Kolekar Niranjan, B. Mendhulkar Vijay, K. 291
T

236 [19] V.K. Gupta, A.K. Jain, S. Agarwal, G. Maheshwari, Talanta 71 (2007) 1964–1968. Sahebrao, Curr. Nanosci. 5 (2009) 117–122. 292
237 [20] R. Jain, V.K. Gupta, N. Jadon, K. Radhapyari, Anal. Biochem. 407 (2010) 79–88. [59] P. Rajasekharreddy, P. Usha Rani, B. Sreedhar, J. Nanopart. Res. 12 (2010) 293
238 [21] V.K. Gupta, A.K. Singh, S. Mehtab, B. Gupta, Anal. Chim. Acta 566 (2006) 5–10. 1711–1721. 294
C

239 [22] R.N. Goyal, V.K. Gupta, S. Chatterjee, Electrochim. Acta 53 (2008) 5354–5360. [60] A.I. Lukman, et al., J. Colloid Interface Sci. 353 (2011) 433–444. 295
240 [23] V.K. Gupta, A.K. Singh, M. Al Khayat, B. Gupta, Anal. Chim. Acta 590 (2007) 81–90. [61] B. Ankamwar, C. Damle, A. Ahmad, M. Sastry, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 5 (2005) 296
241 [24] V.K. Gupta, R. Prasad, R. Mangla, P. Kumar, Anal. Chim. Acta 420 (2000) 19–27. 1665–1671. 297
E

242 [25] T.A. Saleh, V.K. Gupta, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 19 (2012) 1224–1228. [62] A.K. Jha, K. Prasad, A. Kulkarni, Colloids Surf. B 73 (2009) 219–223. 298
243 [26] V.K. Gupta, S. Agarwal, T.A. Saleh, J. Hazard. Mater. 185 (2011) 17–23. [63] A.D. Dwivedi, K. Gopal, Colloids Surf. A 369 (2010) 27–33. 299
244 [27] V.K. Gupta, A.K. Jain, S.K. Shoora, Electrochim. Acta 93 (2013) 248–253. [64] S.S. Shankar, A. Rai, B. Ankamwar, A. Singh, A. Ahmad, M. Sastry, Nat. Mater. 3 300
R

245 [28] V.K. Gupta, T.A. Saleh, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 20 (2013) 2828–2843. (2004) 482–488. 301
246 [29] V.K. Gupta, R. Kumar, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 194 (2013) 24–34. [65] P. Mulvaney, Langmuir 12 (1996) 788–800. 302
247 [30] A. Pahlavan, V.K. Gupta, A.L. Sanati, F. Karimi, M. Yoosefian, M. Ghadami, [66] S. Shrivastava, D. Dash, J. Nanotechnol. 12 (2009) 240–243. 303
248
R

Electrochim. Acta 123 (2014) 456–462.

249 [31] T.A. Saleh, V.K. Gupta, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 371 (2012) 101–106.
304
O
C
N
U

Please cite this article as: A. Baghizadeh, et al., Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using seed extract of Calendula officinalis in liquid phase, J.
Mol. Liq. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2015.03.029