Professional Documents
Culture Documents
h i g h l i g h t s g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: We report the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using Euphorbia condylocarpa M. bieb root extract
Received 5 January 2014 for the synthesis of N-monosubstituted ureas in water. UV–visible studies show the absorption band at
Received in revised form 26 April 2014 420 nm due to surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of the silver nanoparticles. This reveals the reduction of
Accepted 30 April 2014
silver ions (Ag+) to silver (Ago) which indicates the formation of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). This
Available online 17 May 2014
method has the advantages of high yields, simple methodology and easy work up.
Ó 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
UV–visible
N-Monosubstituted urea
Surface plasmon resonance
Ag nanoparticles
Euphorbia condylocarpa M. bieb
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.04.186
1386-1425/Ó 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
424 M. Nasrollahzadeh et al. / Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 132 (2014) 423–429
NMR, FT-IR, elemental analysis (CHN), and melting points. The Entry Cyanamide Product Yield (%)a
physical data (mp, IR, NMR) of known compounds were found to 1 MeO NH 93
be identical with those reported in the literature [15,17]. CN
2 92
where (as, ap),(rs, rp)and (ts, tp) are the amplitudes of incident plane
wave, and reflected and transmitted waves with S- or P-polariza-
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
tions, K 0 ¼ x l0 e0 ¼ 2p=k0 is the free space wave number,
k0 is the free space wavelength, e0 = 8.854 1012Fm1, and
l0 = 4p 107Hm1 are the permittivity and permeability of free
space (vacuum), respectively, and ux;y;z are the unit vectors in
Cartesian coordinates system.
The reflectance and transmittance amplitudes can be obtained,
using the continuity of the tangential components of electrical and
magnetic fields at interfaces and solving the algebraic matrix equa-
tion [43–45]:
Fig. 3. UV–vis spectrum of green synthesized Ag NPs at different times. 2 3 2 3
ts as
6t 7 6a 7
band at 3387 cm1 corresponds to free OAH or stretching vibra- 6 p7 1 6 p7
6 7 ¼ ½K :½MAgWater ½K 6 7 ð2Þ
tions of hydroxyl group of alcohols or phenols in bonding. Signals 405 4 rs 5
ranging under 3000–2900 cm1 identify the methylene stretching 0 rp
bonds. As shown in Fig. 4, a prominent shift in the wave numbers
was observed from 1381 to 1000 cm1 characterize the CAC The different terms and parameters of this equation are given in
stretching bond of hydrocarbon skeletal vibrations. From the anal- detail by Lakhtakia and Messier [42]. In our work the absorption
ysis of FT-IR bands of silver nanoparticles studies we grasp that the for natural light is considered as A ¼ AS þA
2
P
, where
antioxidant polyphenolics have the stronger ability to bind metal ! 2 2
X ri ti
indicating that could possibly from the metal nanoparticles Ai ¼ 1:0 Rji þ T ji ; Ri;j ¼ ; T i;j ¼ ; i; j ¼ s; p:
a j aj
(capping of silver nanoparticles) to form biometallic complex (bio j¼s;p
Fig. 4. FT-IR spectrum of Ag NPs produced from the root of the Euphorbia condylocarpa M. bieb extract.
Nevertheless some disadvantages of the literature works are as The reaction system is simple.
below: Organic solvents are not needed.
Brønsted acids and organic reagents such as acetaldoxime are
The use of organic solvent and toxic and volatile reagents such not needed.
as phosgene and isocyanates. The use of water as a green solvent.
Long reaction times, low yield and harsh reaction conditions. The yields of the products are very high.
The use of Flash chromatography or recrystallization for purifi- The use of plant extract as an economic and effective alternative
cation of the products. represents an interesting, fast and clean synthetic route for the
The use of corrosive acids or bases. large scale synthesis of silver nanoparticles.
The use of homogeneous catalysts. The Ag NPs catalyst can be easily recovered.
Several-step methods. High reaction pressure are avoided; and;
No side product was observed under the reaction conditions,
All above items are wasting money and time consuming, so thus this method did not require any further purification.
our proposed method can be considered as a green protocol
which the reaction will take place at room temperature with high The second principle of green chemistry states that the syn-
atom economy, high yields and easy operations without applica- thetic systems should be focused to improve the atom economy
tion of toxic organic solvents, bases, acids and expensive reagents or atom efficiency [49]. Atom economy (AE) is a useful concept
or catalysts. Compared with the other literature works on the for estimating the environmental impacts of starting materials in
synthesis of N-monosubstituted ureas, the notable features of a reaction to reach a desired product [50]. In comparison with of
our method are: the literature works, atom economy of our work is very excellent.
To the best of our knowledge, Ag NPs catalyst is one of the most References
general and active catalysts reported so far for the synthesis of
N-monosubstituted ureas. The Ag NPs catalyst has an important [1] A. Tsopmo, D. Ngnokam, D. Ngamga, J.F. Ayafor, O. Sterner, J. Nat. Prod. 62
(1999) 1435.
role in promotion of the synthesis of N-monosubstituted ureas as [2] K. Matsuda, Med. Res. Rev. 14 (1994) 271.
a Lewis acid. The catalyst may show complexation towards nitrile [3] V. Papesch, E.F. Schroeder, J. Org. Chem. 16 (1951) 1879.
group of cyanamides and thus may enhance the electrophilic [4] R.L. Clark, A.A. Pessolano, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80 (1958) 1658.
[5] K. Burgess, J. Ibarzo, S.D. Linthicum, D.H. Russell, H. Shin, A. Shitangkoon, R.
character. It involves activation of the nitrile group over surface Totani, A.J. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119 (1997) 1556.
of the catalyst and subsequent nucleophilic attack of the water. [6] S. Knapp, J.J. Hale, M. Bastos, A. Molina, K.Y. Cheng, J. Org. Chem. 57 (1992)
The products were characterized by IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR 6239.
[7] X. Peng, F. Li, C. Xia, Synlett (2006) 1161.
spectroscopy and from melting points. The disappearance of one
[8] B. Zhu, R.J. Angelici, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 (2006) 14460.
strong and sharp absorption band (CN stretching band), and the [9] P.-A. Enquist, P. Nilsson, J. Edin, M. Larhed, Tetrahedron Lett. 46 (2005) 3335.
appearance of NH, NH2 and C@O stretching bands in the IR spectra, [10] F. Bigi, R. Maggi, G. Sartori, Green Chem. 2 (2000) 140.
were evidence for the formation of N-monosubstituted ureas [11] E. Wertheim, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 53 (1931) 200.
[12] V.D. Jadhav, E. Herdtweck, F.P. Schmidtchen, Chem. Eur. J. 14 (2008) 6098.
(Fig. 7). The 1H NMR spectra of the products showed one NH proton [13] D. Schade, K. Topker-Lehmann, J. Kotthaus, B. Clement, J. Org. Chem. 73 (2008)
signal and another signal for the NH2 protons (Fig. 8). 13C NMR 1025.
spectra displayed signal for the CO carbon. [14] G. Haufe, U. Rolle, E. Kleinpeter, J. Kivikoski, K. Rissanen, J. Org. Chem. 58
(1993) 7084.
[15] S.M. Sajadi, M. Maham, J. Chem. Res. 10 (2013) 623.
Catalyst recyclability [16] E. Artuso, I. Degani, R. Fochi, C. Magistris, Synthesis (2007) 3497.
[17] S.H. Kim, B.R. Park, J.N. Kim, Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 32 (2011) 716.
[18] P.E. Savage, Chem. Rev. 99 (1999) 603.
The catalyst recycling is an important step as it reduces the cost [19] M. Watanabe, T. Sato, H. Inomata, R.L. Smith Jr., K. Arai, A. Kruse, E. Dinjus,
of the process. The reusability of the catalyst was checked in the Chem. Rev. 104 (2004) 5803.
reaction of 4-methylphenylcyanamide with water under the pres- [20] M.C. Daniel, D. Astruc, Chem. Soc. Rev. 104 (2004) 293.
[21] T. Sun, K. Seff, Chem. Rev. 94 (1994) 857.
ent reaction conditions (Table 2, entry 3). After the completion of [22] L.T. Chang, C.C. Yen, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 55 (1995) 371.
the reaction, Ag nanoparticles were separated from the reaction [23] A.L. Stepanov, V.N. Popok, I.B. Khaibullin, U. Kreibig, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B 191
mixture by centrifugation. The catalyst was washed with water (2002) 473.
[24] P. Matejka, B. Vlckova, J. Vohidal, P. Pancoska, V. Baumrunk, J. Phys. Chem. 96
several times, dried and employed for the next reaction. The activ-
(1992) 1361.
ity of the four consecutive runs (95%, 95%, 94% and 93%) revealed [25] F. Martinez-Gutierrez, P.L. Olive, A. Banuelos, E. Orrantia, N. Nino, E. Sanchez,
the practical recyclability of the applied catalyst. This reusability Nanomedicine 6 (2010) 681.
demonstrates the high stability and turnover of catalyst under [26] R.P. Andres, J. Bielefield, J.L. Henderson, O.B. Janes, V.K. Kolayunta, C.P. Kubiak,
W.J. Maloney, R.P. Osifachin, J. Sci. 273 (2006) 1690.
operating conditions. [27] S. Anilkumar, M. Kazeman, G. Suabha, 2007, www. Springer.com.
[28] J.P. Kottmann, J.F. Martin, D.R. Smith, S. Schultz, Phys. Rev. B 64 (2002) 235402.
[29] E.S. Abdel-Halim, M.H. El-Rafie, S.S. Al-Deyab, Carbohydr. Polym. 85 (2011)
Conclusions 692.
[30] S.S. Shankar, A. Ahmad, M. Sastry, Biotechnol. Prog. 19 (2003) 1627.
In summary, we synthesized silver nanoparticles with E. condy- [31] S.P. Dubey, M. Lahtinen, M. Sillanpa, Process Biochem. 45 (2010) 1065.
[32] D. Philip, Spectrochim. Acta Part A 73 (2009) 374.
locarpa M. bieb root extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent
[33] A. Rizk, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 94 (1987) 293.
without application of toxic reagents or surfactant template. The [34] A.R. Jasbi, Phytochemistry 67 (2006) 1977.
optical properties and catalytic activity of the silver nanoparticles [35] Y.V. Roshchin, N.P. Kir’yalov, Chem. Nat. Compd. 6 (4) (1970) 501.
[36] M. Nasrollahzadeh, S.M. Sajadi, M. Maham, P. Salaryan, A. Enayati, S.A. Sajjadi,
were also studied. This fast and green synthetic method has the
K. Naderi, Chem. Nat. Compd. 47 (2011) 434.
advantages of high yields, elimination of homogeneous catalysts, [37] M. Nasrollahzadeh, A. Rostami-Vartouni, A. Ehsani, M. Moghadam, J. Mol.
simple methodology, easy preparation and handling of the catalyst Catal. A Chem. 387 (2014) 123.
and easy work up. The Ag NPs is eco-friendly catalyst because it [38] M. Nasrollahzadeh, A. Azarian, A. Ehsani, A. Zahraei, Tetrahedron Lett. 55
(2014) 2813.
produces little waste, and can be recovered and successively [39] M. Nasrollahzadeh, A. Ehsani, A. Rostami-Vartouni, Ultrason. Sonochem. 21
reused without the significant loss of activity. The synthesized sil- (2014) 275.
ver nanoparticles by this method are quite stable and can be kept [40] M. Nasrollahzadeh, A. Ehsani, M. Maham, Synlett 25 (2014) 505.
[41] D. Habibi, M. Nasrollahzadeh, Monatsh. Chem. 143 (2012) 925.
under inert atmosphere for several months. [42] A. Lakhtakia, R. Messier, Sculptured thin Films, Nanoengineered Morphology
and Optics, SPIE, USA, 2005.
Acknowledgements [43] J.A. Polo Jr., A. Lakhtakia, Proc. R. Soc. A456 (2009) 87.
[44] A. Lakhtakia, Optics. Commun. 279 (2007) 291.
[45] F. Babaei, M. Omidi, Plasmonics 8 (2013) 1051.
We gratefully acknowledge from the Iranian Nano Council and [46] A. Garahan, L. Pilon, J. Yin, J. Appl. Phys. 101 (2007) 014320.
University of Qom for the support of this work. [47] E.D. Palik, Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, Academic Press, New York,
USA, 1985.
[48] M. Mansuripur, A.R. Zakharian, J.V. Moloney, Opt. Photon. News 18 (2007) 44.
Appendix A. Supplementary material [49] P.T. Anastas, J.C. Warner, Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, Oxford
University Press, New York, 1998. p. 30.
[50] R.A. Sheldon, Pure Appl. Chem. 72 (2000) 1233.
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in
the online version, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.04.186.